Expansion of Hong Kong International Airport into a Three-Runway System Environmental Impact Assessment Report Appendix 12.3 Field Survey Results
Field Survey Results
1 Field Survey Schedule
1.1.1 A summary of the survey dates for various types of terrestrial ecological surveys is presented in Table 1 below.
Table 1: Terrestrial ecological field surveys schedule 2012 2013 Survey Wet Season Dry Season Wet Season Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Habitat - - - - - 8 4, 21 8, 30 10, 3 - 16, 3 Mapping and 15 23 Flora Survey Avifauna 22, 22, 13, 11, 14, 21, 12 2*, 9, 6, 22 19, 10, 8, 21 - Survey – 29 30 26 17 29 26 22 24 24 Boat Survey NE 24, 16, 20, 5, 13 11, 4, 19 8, 21 11, 9, 15 10, 12, 2, 26 -
25 24 28 22 25 21 22 -
N 25, 19, 14, 12, 9, 21 6, 25 5, 18 3, 16 2, 13, 6, 13 19, 22, - Land
26 29 26, 19 31 29 28
– 28
W 20, 18, 14, 14, 16, 15, 1, 25 18, 3*, 6, 26 3, 23 9, 19 - 27 25 30 27 25 20 19 27, 29 SC 27, 17, 27 11*, 7, 18 6, 18 7, 21 8, 24 20, 17, 19, 12, -
28 26 27, 23 27 29 28 based Survey based Avifauna Survey Survey Avifauna 28 Egretry ------24 23 17 19 - - Survey Avifauna - - - - 29 8 21 - 10, 3 10, 6, 27 - Transect 23 19 Survey Verification - 10 ------Survey for Birds at Existing Runway Herpetofauna ------10, 3 10, 6, 27 - Survey 23 19 Macroinverte - - - - 29 8 21 - 10, 3 10 6 - brate Survey 23 Stream/estua ------8, 9, - 8, 13, 1, 29, 3, 4, 6, 8, - rine Fauna 12, 17, 30 8, 9, 9, 10 Survey 13, 18, 17, 23, 23, 24, 24, 26, 29, 29, 30 30 Notes: *Additional survey to catch up the survey scheduled in the month before which has been cancelled due to adverse weather.
308875/ENL/ENL/03/07/C March 2014 P:\Hong Kong\ENL\PROJECTS\308875 3rd runway\03 Deliverables\07 Final EIA Report\Appendices\Ch 12 Terrestrial Ecology\Appendix 12.3 Field Survey Result.doc 1
Expansion of Hong Kong International Airport into a Three-Runway System Environmental Impact Assessment Report
2 Habitat Mapping and Flora Survey
2.1 Habitat Type and Vegetation within the Study Area
2.1.1 There are 10 major terrestrial habitats identified in the study area.
Secondary Woodland
Plantation Woodland
Tall Shrubland
Shrubby Grassland
Seasonally Wet Grassland
Cultivated Land
Stream and Riparian
Salt Marsh
Wasteland
Developed Area
2.1.2 There were also four major coastal habitats identified in the study area. Terrestrial fauna recorded within these coastal habitats are presented in Chapter 12. However, floral and seashore fauna recorded within these habitats are discussed and assessed in detail in Chapter 13. The four coastal habitats included:
Mangrove and intertidal mudflat
Sandy Shore
Rocky Shore
Artificial Seawall
2.1.3 The distribution of habitats is shown in the habitat map in Drawings MCL/P132/EIA/12-001 to MCL/P132/EIA/12-007. The areas of each habitat type within the study area are listed in Table 2.
Table 2: Habitats within the study area Habitat Area (ha) Location A Location B Location C Location D Sub-total % of Total study area Secondary Woodland 248.2 51.0 4.3 4.5 308.0 13.9 %
308875/ENL/ENL/03/07/C March 2014 P:\Hong Kong\ENL\PROJECTS\308875 3rd runway\03 Deliverables\07 Final EIA Report\Appendices\Ch 12 Terrestrial Ecology\Appendix 12.3 Field Survey Result.doc 2
Expansion of Hong Kong International Airport into a Three-Runway System Environmental Impact Assessment Report
Habitat Area (ha) Location A Location B Location C Location D Sub-total % of Total study area Plantation Woodland 13.6 6.9 2.2 - 22.7 1.0 % Tall Shrubland 82.4 13.6 1.0 43.6 140.6 6.4 % Shrubby Grassland 124.0 111.5 11.5 - 247.0 11.1 % Seasonally Wet Grassland 1.3 1.4 - - 2.7 0.1 % Cultivated Land 15.4 16.1 - - 31.5 1.4 % Stream and Riparian 2.4 2.4 - - 4.8 0.2 % Salt Marsh 0.5 0.7 - - 1.2 0.1 % Wasteland 5.2 2.0 - - 7.2 0.3 % Developed Area 94.4 115.6 1,237.7 0.6 1,448.3 65.4 % Total 587.4 321.2 1,256.7 48.7 2,214.0 100.0 %
2.1.4 Representative photographs of each habitat type are illustrated in Plates 1 to 29 in Annex A.
2.2 Secondary Woodland
2.2.1 Within Location A, secondary woodland was mainly found on hill slopes near the North Lantau coastline from Sham Wat to Tung Chung except Sha Lo Wan and Hau Hok Wan. The canopy of secondary woodland consisted mostly of semi-mature trees. This habitat supported a high floristic diversity in the tree, shrub and herbaceous layers. A total of 273 floral species have been recorded in this habitat in Location A. Dominant tree species observed included Celtis sinensis, Cratoxylum cochinchinense, Litsea glutinosa, Mallotus paniculatus, Schefflera heptaphylla and Sterculia lanceolata. Dominant shrub species include Litsea rotundifolia var. oblongifolia, Psychotria asiatica, Rhaphiolepis indica and Rhodomyrtus tomentosa. Floral species of conservation interest recorded included Chinese Antirhea Antirhea chinensis, Incense Tree Aquilaria sinensis, Cansjera rheedii, Biond’s Hackberry Celtis biondii, Lamb of Tartary Cibotium barometz, Small Persimmon Diospyros vaccinioides, Little-leaved Rourea Gmelina chinensis, Night Blooming Cereus Hylocereus undatus, Hong Kong Pavetta Pavetta hongkongensis and Spiny-fruited Uvaria Uvaria calamistrata.
2.2.2 Within Location B, secondary woodland was mainly found in small patches near Pak Mong and Tai Ho. The canopy of secondary woodland consisted mostly of semi-mature trees. This habitat supported a high floristic diversity in the tree, shrub and herbaceous layers. A total of 269 floral species have been recorded in this habitat in Location B. Dominant tree species observed included Celtis sinensis, Cratoxylum cochinchinense, Litsea glutinosa, Mallotus paniculatus, Schefflera heptaphylla and Sterculia lanceolata. Dominant shrub species include Litsea rotundifolia var. oblongifolia, Psychotria asiatica, Rhaphiolepis indica and Rhodomyrtus tomentosa. Floral species of conservation interest recorded included Chinese Antirhea Antirhea chinensis, Incense Tree Aquilaria sinensis, Silver-back Artocarpus Artocarpus hypargyreus, Cansjera rheedii, Biond’s Hackberry Celtis biondii, Lamb of Tartary Cibotium barometz, Small Persimmon Diospyros vaccinioides, Little-leaved Rourea Gmelina chinensis, Night Blooming Cereus Hylocereus undatus, Pitcher Plant Nepenthes mirabilis and Hong Kong Pavetta Pavetta hongkongensis.
2.2.3 Within Location C, secondary woodland was found on the north-facing slope of Scenic Hill. The canopy of secondary woodland consists mostly of semi-mature trees. This habitat supported a
308875/ENL/ENL/03/07/C March 2014 P:\Hong Kong\ENL\PROJECTS\308875 3rd runway\03 Deliverables\07 Final EIA Report\Appendices\Ch 12 Terrestrial Ecology\Appendix 12.3 Field Survey Result.doc 3
Expansion of Hong Kong International Airport into a Three-Runway System Environmental Impact Assessment Report
medium floristic diversity in the tree, shrub and herbaceous layers. A total of 134 floral species have been recorded in this habitat in Location C. Dominant tree species observed included Celtis sinensis, Cratoxylum cochinchinense, Litsea glutinosa, Mallotus paniculatus, Schefflera heptaphylla and Sterculia lanceolata. Dominant shrub species included Litsea rotundifolia var. oblongifolia, Psychotria asiatica and Scolopia saeva. Floral species of conservation interest recorded include Incense Tree Aquilaria sinensis and Cansjera rheedii.
2.2.4 Within Location D, isolated patches of secondary woodland were found close to the coast line on Lung Kwu Chau and Cha Chau, on the east-facing slope of Sha Chau and behind the temple on the northern tip of Sha Chau. The canopy of secondary woodland consisted mostly of semi- mature trees. This habitat supported a low to moderate floristic diversity in the tree, shrub and herbaceous layers. A total of 58 floral species have been recorded in this habitat in Location D. Dominant tree species observed include Casuarina equisetifolia, Ficus microcarpa, Schefflera heptaphylla and Sterculia lanceolata. Dominant shrub species include Atalantia buxifolia, Daphniphyllum calycinum and Scolopia chinensis. Floral species of conservation interest recorded included Cansjera rheedii.
2.3 Plantation Woodland
2.3.1 Within Location A, plantation woodland was mainly found on North Lantau hill slopes near Sha Lo Wan, Hau Hok Wan and San Tau. It was mostly dominated by semi-mature native and exotic trees of similar age and size. A total of 150 floral species have been recorded in this habitat in Location A. Dominant tree species observed included Acacia confusa, Casuarina equisetifolia, Celtis sinensis, Litsea glutinosa and Mallotus paniculatus. Dominant shrub species include Bidens alba and Litsea rotundifolia var. oblongifolia. Floral species of conservation interest recorded included Chinese Antirhea Antirhea chinensis and Incense Tree Aquilaria sinensis.
2.3.2 Within Location B, plantation woodland was mainly found on North Lantau hill slopes along North Lantau Expressway and near village settlement in Pak Mong. The woodland behind Pak Mong is known to have fung shui significance, but has been heavily modified (AECOM, 2009) and therefore grouped under this habitat type. The woodland along North Lantau Expressway is young to semi-mature plantation composed of mainly landscape trees. This habitat was mostly dominated by semi-mature native and exotic trees. A total of 105 floral species have been recorded in this habitat in Location B. Dominant tree species observed included Acacia confusa, Aporusa dioica, Celtis sinensis, Litsea glutinosa, Mallotus paniculatus and Pinus massoniana. Dominant shrub species include Bridelia tomentosa and Litsea rotundifolia var. oblongifolia. Floral species of conservation interest recorded included Chinese Antirhea Antirhea chinensis and Incense Tree Aquilaria sinensis.
2.3.3 Within Location C, plantation woodland was mainly found at the northern periphery of Scenic Hill as a buffer between the secondary woodland and the developed area. It was mostly dominated by semi-mature native and exotic trees of similar age and size. A total of 147 floral species have been recorded in this habitat in Location C. Dominant tree species observed included Acacia confusa, Acacia mangium, Bauhinia spp., Hibiscus tiliaceus, Lophostemon confertus and Melia azedarach. Dominant shrub species included Calliandra haematocephala, Lantana camara and Wedelia trilobata. No floral species of conservation interest has been recorded in this habitat in Location C.
2.3.4 Within Location D, no plantation woodland was found. 308875/ENL/ENL/03/07/C March 2014 P:\Hong Kong\ENL\PROJECTS\308875 3rd runway\03 Deliverables\07 Final EIA Report\Appendices\Ch 12 Terrestrial Ecology\Appendix 12.3 Field Survey Result.doc 4
Expansion of Hong Kong International Airport into a Three-Runway System Environmental Impact Assessment Report
2.4 Tall Shrubland
2.4.1 Within Location A, tall shrubland was the dominant habitat type on hill slopes of North Lantau from Sham Wat to Tung Chung. It was dominated by highly diverse native shrubs and herbaceous plants of no more than 2 m in height with some scattered trees. A total of 228 floral species have been recorded in this habitat in Location A. Dominant woody species observed include Aporusa dioica, Bridelia tomentosa, Litsea glutinosa, Litsea rotundifolia var. oblongifolia, Psychotria asiatica, Rhaphiolepis indica, Schefflera heptaphylla and Sterculia lanceolata. Dominant herbaceous plants included Lygodium japonicum, Melastoma sanguineum and Tetracera asiatica. Floral species of conservation interest recorded include Chinese Antirhea Antirhea chinensis, Incense Tree Aquilaria sinensis, Cansjera rheedii, Carex tristachya, Biond’s Hackberry Celtis biondii, Small Persimmon Diospyros vaccinioides, Pale Purple Eulophia Eulophia graminea, Little-leaved Rourea Gmelina chinensis, Night Blooming Cereus Hylocereus undatus and Hong Kong Pavetta Pavetta hongkongensis.
2.4.2 Within Location B, tall shrubland was mainly found on an east-facing slope near Tai Ho. It was dominated by diverse native shrubs and herbaceous plants of no more than 2 m in height with some scattered trees. A total of 205 floral species have been recorded in this habitat in Location B. Dominant woody species observed included Aporusa dioica, Celtis sinensis, Litsea glutinosa, Litsea rotundifolia var. oblongifolia, Psychotria asiatica, Rhaphiolepis indica and Schefflera heptaphylla. Dominant herbaceous plants include Lygodium japonicum, Melastoma sanguineum, Rhodomyrtus tomentosa and Tetracera asiatica. Floral species of conservation interest recorded included Chinese Antirhea Antirhea chinensis, Incense Tree Aquilaria sinensis, Cansjera rheedii, Small Persimmon Diospyros vaccinioides, Little-leaved Rourea Gmelina chinensis and Hong Kong Pavetta Pavetta hongkongensis.
2.4.3 Within Location C, tall shrubland was found as a narrow strip between the secondary woodland to the north and the shrubby grassland to the east on the north-facing slope of Scenic Hill. It was dominated by native shrubs and herbaceous plants of no more than 2 m in height with some scattered trees. A total of 81 floral species have been recorded in this habitat in Location C. Dominant woody species observed included Cratoxylum cochinchinense, Eurya nitida, Litsea rotundifolia var. oblongifolia, Phyllanthus emblica and Rhaphiolepis indica. Dominant herbaceous plants included Lygodium japonicum, Melastoma sanguineum, Rhodomyrtus tomentosa and Tetracera asiatica. Floral species of conservation interest recorded include Chinese Antirhea Antirhea chinensis, Cansjera rheedii and Small Persimmon Diospyros vaccinioides.
2.4.4 Within Location D, tall shrubland was the dominant habitat type on hill slopes of Lung Kwu Chau and Sha Chau. It was dominated by native shrubs and herbaceous plants of no more than 2 m in height with few scattered trees. A total of 111 floral species have been recorded in this habitat in Location D. Dominant woody species observed included Bridelia tomentosa, Cerbera manghas, Ficus microcarpa, Ficus subpisocarpa, Litsea glutinosa, Rhaphiolepis indica and Schefflera heptaphylla. Dominant herbaceous plants include Lantana camara, Lygodium japonicum, Rubus parvifolius, Wedelia biflora and Wedelia trilobata. Floral species of conservation interest recorded included Cansjera rheedii and Portia Tree Thespesia populnea.
2.5 Shrubby Grassland
2.5.1 Within Location A, shrubby grassland was generally found on hill slopes of relatively high altitudes from Sham Wat to Tung Chung. This habitat was dominated by herbaceous cover with 308875/ENL/ENL/03/07/C March 2014 P:\Hong Kong\ENL\PROJECTS\308875 3rd runway\03 Deliverables\07 Final EIA Report\Appendices\Ch 12 Terrestrial Ecology\Appendix 12.3 Field Survey Result.doc 5
Expansion of Hong Kong International Airport into a Three-Runway System Environmental Impact Assessment Report
shrubs no more than 2 m in height scattered in patches. A total of 181 floral species have been recorded in this habitat in Location A. Dominant shrub species observed included Baeckea frutescens, Breynia fruticosa, Eurya chinensis, Litsea rotundifolia var. oblongifolia, Phyllanthus emblica, Rhaphiolepis indica and Rhodomyrtus tomentosa. Dominant herbaceous plants included Dianella ensifolia, Dicranopteris pedata, Eremochloa ciliaris, Gahnia tristis and Ischaemum ciliare. Floral species of conservation interest recorded included Banana Orchid Acampe rigida, Chinese Antirhea Antirhea chinensis, Bamboo Orchid Arundina graminifolia, Cansjera rheedii, Bee Orchid Cleisostoma simondii and Small Persimmon Diospyros vaccinioides.
2.5.2 Within Location B, shrubby grassland was the habitat type dominating the hill slopes along North Lantau Expressway between Tung Chung and Pak Mong and the west-facing hill slopes east of Tai Ho. This habitat was dominated by herbaceous cover with shrubs no more than 2 m in height scattered in patches. A total of 145 floral species have been recorded in this habitat in Location B. Dominant shrub species observed included Baeckea frutescens, Breynia fruticosa, Litsea rotundifolia var. oblongifolia, Rhaphiolepis indica and Rhodomyrtus tomentosa. Dominant herbaceous plants included Arundinella setosa, Dicranopteris pedata, Eremochloa ciliaris, Gahnia tristis and Melastoma malabathricum. Floral species of conservation interest recorded included Bamboo Orchid Arundina graminifolia, Cansjera rheedii and Small Persimmon Diospyros vaccinioides.
2.5.3 Within Location C, shrubby grassland was the habitat type dominating the southeast-facing slopes of Scenic Hill. This habitat was dominated by herbaceous cover with shrubs no more than 2 m in height scattered in patches. A total of 137 floral species have been recorded in this habitat in Location C. Dominant shrub species observed included Baeckea frutescens, Bridelia tomentosa, Eurya nitida, Litsea rotundifolia var. oblongifolia, Phyllanthus emblica, Rhaphiolepis indica and Rhodomyrtus tomentosa. Dominant herbaceous plants included Arundinella setosa, Dianella ensifolia, Dicranopteris pedata, Eremochloa ciliaris, Gahnia tristis and Tetracera asiatica. Floral species of conservation interest recorded included Chinese Antirhea Antirhea chinensis, Cansjera rheedii, Small Persimmon Diospyros vaccinioides and Pale Purple Eulophia Eulophia graminea.
2.5.4 Within Location D, no shrubby grassland was found.
2.6 Seasonally Wet Grassland
2.6.1 Within Location A, a piece of seasonally wet grassland was found at Sha Lo Wan near the coastline. It was an open flat land dominated by herbaceous plants, some of which were associated with damp habitats. This habitat type was relatively homogeneous with low floral species diversity. It was likely developed from abandoned wet agricultural land as agricultural crops such as Colocasia esculenta is often observed. A total of 54 floral species have been recorded in this habitat. Dominant plant species included Alocasia macrorrhizos, Cyclosorus parasiticus, Ipomoea cairica and Mikania micrantha. Floral species of conservation interest recorded included Portia Tree Thespesia populnea.
2.6.2 Within Location B, a piece of seasonally wet grassland was found at Tai Ho near the village settlement. It was an open flat land dominated by herbaceous plants, some of which were associated with damp habitats. This habitat type was relatively homogeneous with low floral species diversity. It was likely developed from abandoned wet agricultural land as agricultural crops such as Colocasia esculenta is often observed. A total of 18 floral species have been 308875/ENL/ENL/03/07/C March 2014 P:\Hong Kong\ENL\PROJECTS\308875 3rd runway\03 Deliverables\07 Final EIA Report\Appendices\Ch 12 Terrestrial Ecology\Appendix 12.3 Field Survey Result.doc 6
Expansion of Hong Kong International Airport into a Three-Runway System Environmental Impact Assessment Report
recorded in this habitat. Dominant plant species included Colocasia esculenta, Ipomoea cairica and Mikania micrantha. No floral species of conservation interest has been recorded in this habitat in Location B.
2.6.3 Within Locations C and D, no seasonally wet grassland was found.
2.7 Cultivated Land
2.7.1 Within Location A, patches of cultivated land were found near village settlements in Sham Wat, San Shek Wan, San Tau and Tung Chung. A total of 140 floral species have been recorded in this habitat in Location A. Dominant fruit trees observed included Artocarpus heterophyllus, Averrhoa carambola, Dimocarpus longan, Litchi chinensis, Mangifera indica and Musa x paradisiaca. Dominant agricultural crops include Ananas comosus, Ipomoea batatas and Zea mays. Night Blooming Cereus Hylocereus undatus was the only floral species of conservation interest recorded in this habitat in Location A. However, it was likely cultivated as an agricultural crop.
2.7.2 Within Location B, patches of cultivated land were found surrounding the village settlement in Pak Mong. A total of 123 floral species have been recorded in this habitat in Location B. Dominant fruit trees observed included Artocarpus heterophyllus, Averrhoa carambola, Dimocarpus longan, Litchi chinensis and Musa x paradisiaca. Dominant agricultural crops included Ananas comosus, Benincasa hispida, Ipomoea batatas, Saccharum officinarum, Zea mays and Zingibor officinale. Floral species of conservation interest recorded included Biond’s Hackberry Celtis biondii and Night Blooming Cereus Hylocereus undatus. Night Blooming Cereus Hylocereus undatus was likely cultivated as an agricultural crop.
2.7.3 Within Locations C and D, no cultivated land was found.
2.8 Stream and Riparian
2.8.1 Within Location A, several streams were present, some of which were seasonal. Most of the streams were pristine, but the larger ones that discharge to the north Lantau waters, such as Tung Chung Stream, were modified at the lower courses with gabion stream banks, particularly near village settlements. This habitat also included the riparian zone beside the stream banks. A total of 99 floral species have been recorded in this habitat. Dominant species observed included Alpinia stachyodes, Cleistocalyx operculatus, Ficus microcarpa and Hedychium coronarium. Salt- tolerant species such as Acanthus ilicifolius, Bruguiera gymnorhiza, Clerodendrum inerme, Hibiscus tiliaceus and Suaeda australis were also commonly found at the lower stream courses near the coast. Three floral species of conservation interest that have been recorded in this habitat in Location A were Indian Sundew Drosera indica, Pitcher Plant Nepenthes mirabilis and Hong Kong Spiranthes Spiranthes hongkongensis.
2.8.2 Within Location B, several streams were present, some of which were seasonal. Most of the streams were pristine, but the larger ones that discharge to the north Lantau waters, such as Tai Ho Stream, were modified at the lower courses with gabion stream banks, particularly near village settlements. This habitat also included the riparian zone beside the stream banks. A total of 29 floral species have been recorded in this habitat. Dominant species observed included Alocasia macrorrhizos, Cleistocalyx operculatus and Ficus microcarpa. Salt-tolerant species such as Acanthus ilicifolius, Clerodendrum inerme and Hibiscus tiliaceus were also commonly found at 308875/ENL/ENL/03/07/C March 2014 P:\Hong Kong\ENL\PROJECTS\308875 3rd runway\03 Deliverables\07 Final EIA Report\Appendices\Ch 12 Terrestrial Ecology\Appendix 12.3 Field Survey Result.doc 7
Expansion of Hong Kong International Airport into a Three-Runway System Environmental Impact Assessment Report
the lower stream courses near the coast. No floral species of conservation interest has been recorded in this habitat in Location B.
2.8.3 Within Locations C and D, no stream or riparian was found.
2.9 Salt Marsh
2.9.1 Within Location A, salt marsh habitat was found near the coast at Sham Wat and Tung Chung Bay. This habitat mainly comprised flat open areas dominated by salt tolerant herbaceous plants of medium floral diversity. A total of 90 floral species have been recorded in this habitat in Location A. Dominant species observed included Acrostichum aureum, Clerodendrum inerme, Phragmites australis and Suaeda australis. Floral species of conservation interest recorded included Portia Tree Thespesia populnea.
2.9.2 Within Location B, salt marsh habitat was found near the north Lantau coast at Tai Ho. This habitat mainly comprised flat open areas dominated by salt tolerant herbaceous plants of medium floral diversity. A total of 95 floral species have been recorded in this habitat in Location B. Dominant species observed included Acrostichum aureum, Clerodendrum inerme, Cyclosorus parasiticus and Sporobolus virginicus. No floral species of conservation interest have been recorded in this habitat in Location B.
2.9.3 Within Locations C and D, no salt marsh was found.
2.10 Wasteland
2.10.1 A patch of wasteland was found near Tung Chung within Location A. This habitat showed signs of heavy disturbance and was dominated by common weeds. A total of 150 floral species have been recorded in this habitat. Dominant species observed include Cynodon dactylon, Eleusine indica, Ipomoea cairica, Melinis repens, Mikania micrantha, Panicum maximum and Pueraria lobata. One floral species of conservation interest, which was Night Blooming Cereus Hylocereus undatus, has been recorded in this habitat in Location A.
2.10.2 A patch of wasteland was found along North Lantau Expressway near Tai Ho within Location B. This habitat showed signs of heavy disturbance and dominated by common weeds. A total of 145 floral species have been recorded in this habitat. Dominant species observed included Cynodon dactylon, Eleusine indica, Ipomoea cairica, Leucaena leucocephala, Melinis repens, Miscanthus sinensis, Panicum maximum and Pueraria lobata. One floral species of conservation interest, which was Night Blooming Cereus Hylocereus undatus, has been recorded in this habitat in Location B.
2.10.3 Within Locations C and D, no wasteland was found.
2.11 Developed Area
2.11.1 Within Location A, developed area covered the village settlements at Sham Wat, San Shek Wan, Sha Lo Wan, San Tau and Tung Chung. It also includes urban development in Tung Chung. This habitat was heavily modified and covered with mostly paved areas. Landscape planting such as open lawn, shrubs and trees were commonly observed. A total of 297 floral species have been recorded in this habitat in Location A. Dominant species observed included Bidens alba, 308875/ENL/ENL/03/07/C March 2014 P:\Hong Kong\ENL\PROJECTS\308875 3rd runway\03 Deliverables\07 Final EIA Report\Appendices\Ch 12 Terrestrial Ecology\Appendix 12.3 Field Survey Result.doc 8
Expansion of Hong Kong International Airport into a Three-Runway System Environmental Impact Assessment Report
Calliandra haematocephala, Lantana camara and Nerium oleander. Floral species of conservation interest recorded in this habitat included Incense Tree Aquilaria sinensis, Cansjera rheedii, Night Blooming Cereus Hylocereus undatus, Indian Azalea Rhododendron indica, Rhododendron mucronatum ‘Akemono’, Rhododendron mucronatum 'Omuraski', Purple Azalea Rhododendron pulchrum, Red Azalea Rhododendron simsii and Portia Tree Thespesia populnea. These species were likely to have been cultivated except Incense Tree Aquilaria sinensis and Portia Tree Thespesia populnea.
2.11.2 Within Location B, developed area covered the village settlements at Pak Mong, Ngau Kwu Long and Tai Ho. This habitat was heavily modified. Landscape planting such as shrubs and trees were commonly observed. Fruit trees were also common. A total of 161 floral species have been recorded in this habitat in Location B. Species commonly observed included Amaranthus viridis, Bidens alba and Clausena lansium. Incense Tree Aquilaria sinensis was the only floral species of conservation interest recorded in this habitat type in Location B.
2.11.3 Within Location C, developed area covered almost the entire airport island except for Scenic Hill. This habitat was heavily modified and covered with mostly paved areas with buildings and aviation facilities. Landscape planting such as open lawn, shrubs and trees were commonly observed. A total of 295 floral species have been recorded in this habitat in Location C. Dominant species observed included Acacia auriculiformis, Acacia confusa, Calliandra haematocephala, Ficus microcarpa 'Golden Leaves', Hibiscus tiliaceus and Nerium oleander. Floral species of conservation interest recorded in this habitat included Mrs. Farrer’s Rhododendron Rhododendron farrerae, Kurume Azalea Rhododendron hybridum, Indian Azalea Rhododendron indica, Rhododendron lateritum, Rhododendron mucronatum ‘Akemono’, Rhododendron mucronatum 'Omuraski', Purple Azalea Rhododendron pulchrum, Red Azalea Rhododendron simsii and Portia Tree Thespesia populnea. These species were likely to have been cultivated except Portia Tree Thespesia populnea.
2.11.4 Within Location D, two small patches of developed area were found at the hill tops of Lung Kwu Chau and Sha Chau.This habitat was heavily modified and covered with paved areas and built facilities. Plants were only observed growing from cracks of the concrete paving. Only six floral species have been recorded in very low abundance in this habitat in Location D. They included Bidens alba, Euphorbia hirta and Melinis repens. No floral species of conservation interest has been recorded in this habitat in Location D.
2.12 Floral Species of Conservation Interest
2.12.1 The total number of floral species recorded in the field survey in 2013 was 618. The plant list is presented in Annex B. The floral species identified as conservation interest included those protected under the Forestry Regulations of the ‘Forests and Countryside Ordinance’ (Cap. 96A), listed in CITES Appendices and therefore regulated under the ‘Protection of Endangered Species of Animals and Plants Ordinance’ (Cap. 586) and in the ‘Rare and Precious Plants of Hong Kong’ published by AFCD (2003)”. In addition, the conservation status are also evaluated with reference to previous studies covered in the literature review.
2.12.2 Among the 23 terrestrial floral species of conservation interest previously recorded within the study area (AECOM, 2009; ARUP, 2008; ARUP, 2013; Asia Ecological Consultants Ltd, 2009; Mouchel, 2004), 10 of them were recorded again in the field surveys in 2013. These terrestrial floral species of conservation interest are described as follows. 308875/ENL/ENL/03/07/C March 2014 P:\Hong Kong\ENL\PROJECTS\308875 3rd runway\03 Deliverables\07 Final EIA Report\Appendices\Ch 12 Terrestrial Ecology\Appendix 12.3 Field Survey Result.doc 9
Expansion of Hong Kong International Airport into a Three-Runway System Environmental Impact Assessment Report
2.12.3 A patch of Chinese Antirhea Antirhea chinensis has been recorded within the secondary woodland on the northwest of Tai Ho Wan near Pak Mong (AECOM, 2009). The presence of this species in the secondary woodland habitat near Tai Ho was confirmed in the field surveys in 2013.
2.12.4 Several tree specimens and seedlings of Incense Tree Aquilaria sinensis have been reported along the footpath near the tall shrubland from Hau Hok Wan to Sha Lo Wan and within the secondary woodland of Scenic Hill (Asia Ecological Consultants Ltd, 2009). It has also been recorded within the secondary woodland in Tung Chung (KFBG, 2013), on the northwest of Tai Ho Wan and in the plantation behind Pak Mong (AECOM, 2009). During the field surveys in 2013, this species was recorded beside the footpath in tall shrubland near Hau Hok Wan, within the secondary woodland near Tai Ho Wan and in the plantation woodland behind Pak Mong.
2.12.5 Cansjera rheedii, which has been recorded in secondary woodland, tall shrubland and shrubby grassland at various locations in North Lantau (ARUP, 2008; Asia Ecological Consultants Ltd, 2009; Mouchel, 2004), was also observed in various locations in North Lantau, Scenic Hill and Sha Chau during the field surveys in 2013.
2.12.6 Biond’s Hackberry Celtis biondii has been recorded at various locations in secondary woodland and tall shrubland in North Lantau (AECOM, 2009; ARUP, 2008; Asia Ecological Consultants Ltd, 2009; Mouchel, 2004). Its presence in these habitats in North Lantau was confirmed in the field surveys in 2013.
2.12.7 Small Persimmon Diospyros vaccinioides, which has been recorded in secondary woodland at Tai Ho (AECOM, 2009), was also observed in the secondary woodland habitat near Tai Ho during the field surveys in 2013.
2.12.8 Clammy Hop Seed Dodonaea viscosa has been recorded near tall shrubland close to the coastline of Sha Lo Wan (Asia Ecological Consultants Ltd, 2009 & Mouchel, 2004). It was not observed at the same location but recorded on the sandy shore at Sham Wat during the field surveys in 2013.
2.12.9 The orchid species Pale Purple Eulophia Eulophia graminea has been found within the tall shrubland near Hau Hok Wan and at Sha Lo Wan (Mouchel, 2004) and within the stone crevices along a stream at Hau Hok Wan (Asia Ecological Consultants Ltd, 2009). It was not recorded in these locations in the field surveys in 2013, but was observed beside a footpath on Scenic Hill in Chek Lap Kok.
2.12.10 Little-leaved Rourea Gmelina chinensis has been recorded in secondary woodland and tall shrubland at various locations in North Lantau (ARUP, 2013; Asia Ecological Consultants Ltd, 2009; KFBG, 2013; Mouchel, 2004). It was also observed in the field surveys in 2013 at various locations in secondary woodland and tall shrubland in North Lantau.
2.12.11 Red Azalea Rhododendron simsii has been recorded on the airport island (AAHK, 2013) and urban Tung Chung (ARUP, 2013). Its presence in urban Tung Chung was confirmed during the surveys in 2013.
2.12.12 Portia Tree Thespesia populnea has been recorded at numerous locations along the coastal and associate mangrove habitats in North Lantau (AECOM, 2009; Asia Ecological Consultants Ltd, 308875/ENL/ENL/03/07/C March 2014 P:\Hong Kong\ENL\PROJECTS\308875 3rd runway\03 Deliverables\07 Final EIA Report\Appendices\Ch 12 Terrestrial Ecology\Appendix 12.3 Field Survey Result.doc 10
Expansion of Hong Kong International Airport into a Three-Runway System Environmental Impact Assessment Report
2009; Mouchel, 2004). It was also observed at various coastal locations in the field surveys in 2013 and appeared to be common in Tung Chung Bay.
2.12.13 In addition to the aforementioned floral species of conservation interest, another nine terrestrial floral species of conservation interest, namely Night Blooming Cereus Hylocereus undatus, seven species of Rhododendron and Chinese Lawn Grass Zoysia sinica, have been identified within the study area during literature review (AAHK, 2013; Asia Ecological Consultants Ltd, 2009; Mouchel, 2004) but were not highlighted as species of conservation interest in those studies. Among these nine floral species, Night Blooming Cereus Hylocereus undatus, Indian Azalea Rhododendron indica, R. mucronatum ‘Akemono’, R. mucronatum 'Omuraski' and Purple Azalea R. pulchrum were also recorded during the field surveys of this assessment in 2013.
2.12.14 Night Blooming Cereus Hylocereus undatus has been recorded in various habitats including secondary woodland, tall shrubland, cultivated land, wasteland and developed area (Asia Ecological Consultants Ltd, 2009 & Mouchel, 2004). It is widely cultivated in Hong Kong but listed under the Protection of Endangered Species of Animals and Plants Ordinance (Cap.586). It was observed in the field surveys in 2013 in secondary woodland, tall shrubland, cultivated land, wasteland and developed area at various locations.
2.12.15 The seven species of Rhododendron, namely Mrs. Farrer’s Rhododendron Rhododendron farrerae, Kurume Azalea R. hybridum, Indian Azalea R. indica, Satsuki Azalea R. lateritum, R. mucronatum ‘Akemono’, R. mucronatum 'Omuraski' and Purple Azalea R. pulchrum, have been recorded within the developed area on the airport island (AAHK, 2013). All Rhododendron species in Hong Kong are protected under the Forestry Regulations (Cap. 96. sub. leg.) except “plants grown outside Hong Kong or on any land held from the Government under a lease, licence or permit or by virtue of an Ordinance”. Since all the recorded Rhododendron species were observed on the airport island as ornamental shrubs, they are therefore not protected under the Forestry Regulations (Cap. 96. sub. leg.). In the field surveys in 2013, four of the seven Rhododendron species, which were Indian Azalea R. indica, R. mucronatum ‘Akemono’, R. mucronatum 'Omuraski' and Purple Azalea R. pulchrum, were observed in planters and landscaped planting in developed areas in Sham Wat, Tung Chung and on Airport Island.
2.12.16 The approximate locations of these floral species of conservation interest are shown in Drawings MCL/P132/EIA/12-017 to 022.
3 Avifauna Survey
3.1 General
3.1.1 The avifauna survey comprises boat survey for marine habitat, land-based point count survey for flight movement along coastal habitat, direct count and flight path survey for egretry and transect survey for terrestrial habitat. A verification survey was also conducted in early winter to verify the survey results from the AAHK’s current surveys. A full list of all avifauna species recorded within the study area during all types of avifauna surveys is presented in Annex C. For the avifauna recorded in the survey, the standard terms and definitions adopted in this study in relation to bird’s ecology are elaborated below:
3.1.2 Seasonality: the definition of season follows the general weather condition in Hong Kong, where it is spring from March to May; summer from June to August; autumn from September to November; 308875/ENL/ENL/03/07/C March 2014 P:\Hong Kong\ENL\PROJECTS\308875 3rd runway\03 Deliverables\07 Final EIA Report\Appendices\Ch 12 Terrestrial Ecology\Appendix 12.3 Field Survey Result.doc 11
Expansion of Hong Kong International Airport into a Three-Runway System Environmental Impact Assessment Report
and winter from December to February. From avifauna perspective, spring and autumn are migratory seasons for passage migrants, winter is the season with rich number of winter visitors, whilst summer is the lowest season for migration but active for breeding activities.
3.1.3 Bird Group: the definition of bird group takes into account both taxonomic classification and habitat use. Ardeid simply refers to all species under the family Ardeidae, which includes egret and heron; Landbird includes all passerines that use terrestrial habitat, e.g. pipit, raptor and thrush; seabird includes those families that are adapted to pelagic environment, e.g. gull and tern; and waterbird (except ardeid) include mainly waders. In this categorisation, raptors are grouped under landbird for general analysis; where it is necessary specific raptor species, noticeably Black Kite and White-bellied Sea Eagle, are discussed separately.
3.1.4 Record Habitat: Record habitat is the habitat type where the bird was recorded. “Coastal” refers to all transitional habitats between land and sea regardless natural or artificial; “Land” refers to terrestrial habitats; whilst “Pelagic” refers to open sea.
3.1.5 Categorisation of flight height is defined according to the bird’s flying practice over open sea. 0-10 m includes most of the activities that is associated with open sea surface, such as foraging over sea; 11-50 m includes most of the flight activities related to travelling; whilst >50 m includes the soaring behaviour of some species, noticeably large raptor species.
3.2 Boat Survey for Flight Movement Investigation
3.2.1 A total of 24 surveys were conducted between September 2012 and August 2013 and resulted in a total of 1,151 sighting records with 57 species and 5,571 individuals. Records of the boat survey sightings are presented in Annex D, whilst a summary is provided in Table 3. The dominant group recorded is the ardeid species including Little Egret, Great Egret and Pacific Reef Heron; these three species were recorded in almost all 24 surveys. The most abundant bird species recorded in the boat transect survey are Little Egret (a total of 2,791 individuals) and Black-headed Gull (a total of 1,040 individuals). Ardeid and seabird are the abundant bird groups encountered in the boat survey. For seabird, the majority is Great Cormorant and gull species, comprising mainly Black-headed Gull and Heuglin’s Gull, that winter visitors in Hong Kong, therefore they were recorded only from November to February.
Table 3: General observation from the avifauna boat surveys in the study area Observation Number of Birds Percentage(%) Fall 1478 (21 species) 26.5 %
Spring 817 (30 species) 14.7 % Seasonality Summer 1195 (17 species) 21.4 %
Winter 2081 (26 species) 37.4 % Sub – total 5571 100 % 0-10 m 1450 68.7 % 11-50 m 565 26.7 % Flight Height* >50 m 97 4.6 % Sub – total 2112 100 % Bird Group Ardeid 3084 55.3 %
308875/ENL/ENL/03/07/C March 2014 P:\Hong Kong\ENL\PROJECTS\308875 3rd runway\03 Deliverables\07 Final EIA Report\Appendices\Ch 12 Terrestrial Ecology\Appendix 12.3 Field Survey Result.doc 12
Expansion of Hong Kong International Airport into a Three-Runway System Environmental Impact Assessment Report
Observation Number of Birds Percentage(%) Waterbird (except Ardeid) 39 0.7 % Seabird 1578 28.4 % Landbird 870 15.6 % Sub – total 5571 100 % Flying - Foraging 723 13.0 % Flying - Travelling 1025 18.4 % Flying - Unknown 256 4.6 % Perching - Foraging 825 14.8 % Behaviour and Activity Perching - Roosting 2349 42.2 % Perching - Unknown 275 4.9 % Other 118 2.1 % Sub – total 5571 100 % Note: * Note: * Only the records with flying behaviour and defined flight height are extracted for analysis.
3.2.2 In order to gather the most relevant information for further analysis in relation to impact assessment, the distribution of the birds over in the study area is presented by grid mapping method in Drawings MCL/P132/EIA/12-016a. The bird records are marked in a grid map according to their recorded location. The unit adopted in the grid method is defined as “Number of Birds Recorded per Visit” during the boat survey, which is a unit obtained from dividing the total number of birds by number of visits. Darker colour indicates higher density whilst lighter colour indicates lower density.
Seasonality
3.2.3 It was observed from the boat survey that the abundance of bird over north Lantau waters has a noticeable seasonal pattern (as shown in Table 3). This is consistent with bird’s general seasonality pattern in Hong Kong when higher abundance occurring in winter, which is due to the influx of winter visitors.
3.2.4 The seasonal distribution and relative abundance of the four major bird groups, i.e. ardeid, landbird, seabird and waterbird, are presented in grid maps (Drawings MCL/P132/EIA/12-016a3 to MCL/P132/EIA/12-016a8). Ardeids were recorded all over the study area with high association on the coastal area. As shown in Drawing MCL/P132/EIA/12-016a4, the distribution and relative abundance in the four season maps are similar. These bird groups have a preference over coastal area, with an exception that more ardeid aggregated at the construction area (e.g. the silt curtains) of the HZMB-HKBCF near the northeastern corner of the airport island during summer. Similarly, seasonality for landbirds is also not obviously shown in the boat transect survey which is probably due to the lack of suitable habitat in the study area for landbirds except the increase in abundance of Barn Swallow in the north Lantau waters in August (as shown in Annex D).
3.2.5 High seasonal variation is shown in seabird’s distribution and abundance. As shown in Drawing MCL/P132/EIA/12-016a6, the peak season is winter, which is due to the influx of gull species noticeably Black-headed Gull and Caspian Gull. In spring, the departure of wintering gulls is followed by the arrival of spring migrants, such as Whiskered Tern and Gull-billed Tern. In
308875/ENL/ENL/03/07/C March 2014 P:\Hong Kong\ENL\PROJECTS\308875 3rd runway\03 Deliverables\07 Final EIA Report\Appendices\Ch 12 Terrestrial Ecology\Appendix 12.3 Field Survey Result.doc 13
Expansion of Hong Kong International Airport into a Three-Runway System Environmental Impact Assessment Report
summer and fall, the abundance of seabirds further dropped to a very low level; and the records are mainly attributed to occasional record of terns.
3.2.6 The abundance of waterbirds is the lowest amongst the four major bird groups (as shown in Drawing MCL/P132/EIA/12-016a7). Waterbirds normally occur in wetland area (including coastal area) and seldom in open sea unless they are in transit, i.e. travelling. It is shown in the maps that they are usually associated with coastal area. In Hong Kong, waterbirds are mostly passage migrants or winter visitors but rare in summer; it explains why there is a lack of waterbird record in summer.
3.2.7 In terms of species richness, the highest number of bird species (30 species) was recorded in spring while the lowest (17 species) was recorded in summer. The higher species richness in spring is due to the arrival of spring migrants such as Caspian Tern, Curlew Sandpiper, Grey- tailed Tattler, Gull-billed Tern, Red-necked Phalarope, Ruddy Turnstone and Whiskered Tern. Relative high species richness (26 species) was also recorded in winter owing to the influx of winter visitor, e.g. Black-headed Gull, Black-tailed Gull and Heuglin’s Gull.
Flight Height
3.2.8 The flying height was recorded during boat surveys according to three categories, i.e. 0-10 m, 11- 50 m and >50 m above sea level. The result is showed in grid maps Drawing MCL/P132/EIA/12- 016b. As showed in the drawing and Table 3, the majority of the bird record fell into category 0- 10 m which accounted for 68.7% of total record. The category 11-50 m accounted for 26.8% of the total record whilst >50 m accounted for 4.6% of the total record.
3.2.9 The flight height maps further break down into major bird groups (Drawing MCL/P132/EIA/12- 016b2 to MCL/P132/EIA/12-016b6). The information showed that they are mostly at 0-10 m above sea level, fewer at the 11-50 m category and rare in >50 m category. This gradual descending pattern with height is also shown in seabird, which has higher abundance in 0-10 m and 11-50 m, and no record for >50 m; the pattern relates to the bird group’s sea surface associated behaviour. Waterbird also has similar pattern in the analysis, but the relative low sampling size makes it difficult to draw any deduction.
3.2.10 The flight elevation pattern for landbirds also follow a similar pattern. Compared to other bird groups, landbird has a higher portion falling in 11-50 m category, which is attributed to the behaviour of a single species, Black Kite (Drawing MCL/P132/EIA/12-016b3).
Bird Group
3.2.11 Distribution of the four bird groups are shown in Drawing MCL/P132/EIA/12-016a2. It shows that the ardeids are mostly associated with coastal habitat because they mostly forage at seashore habitat. High abundance was recorded in Sha Chau and around HKBCF construction site. The high record in Sha Chau is attributed to the egretry and roosting community whilst the record associated with HKBCF construction site is attributed to the foraging community in North Lantau area. The use of marine construction sites for foraging place is shown in Drawing MCL/P132/EIA/12-016a2, in which a high number of ardeids were recorded in the HKBCF construction site. The egrets were found perching at the floating curtain around the construction site for foraging.
308875/ENL/ENL/03/07/C March 2014 P:\Hong Kong\ENL\PROJECTS\308875 3rd runway\03 Deliverables\07 Final EIA Report\Appendices\Ch 12 Terrestrial Ecology\Appendix 12.3 Field Survey Result.doc 14
Expansion of Hong Kong International Airport into a Three-Runway System Environmental Impact Assessment Report
3.2.12 Seabird is a true pelagic bird group that forage and roost in open sea. In contrast to ardeid, they are mostly associated with open sea areas instead of coastal habitats. They are widespread in the study area but were mostly distributed at the south and southwest of Tuen Mun. The distribution coincided with the extent of Urmston Road.
3.2.13 Relative low abundance of waterbirds and landbirds were recorded. For waterbirds, even with small sampling size, it shows in the map that they mostly occur along coastal area. Landbird is usually scarce in open sea area, except the wetland associated species such as Barn Swallow and Black Kite. Owing to their habit, both species were widely recorded over the open sea of the study area.
3.2.14 An analysis of the distribution of marine associated raptor species, i.e. Black Kite and White- bellied Sea Eagle, was conducted. The distribution of these two species are also shown in grid maps (Drawing MCL/P132/EIA/12-016a8 and Drawing MCL/P132/EIA/12-016a9). Black Kite is an ubiquitous species which is widespread in Hong Kong. In the study area, they are also widely recorded without particular preferred areas. In contrast, the distribution of White-bellied Sea Eagle recorded under this study is rather confined to Lung Kwu Chau and adjacent waters, which is due to its established nesting location in Lung Kwu Chau and inshore water foraging behaviour.
Behaviour and Activity
3.2.15 Behaviour is defined as the actual action of the bird when it was being recorded while activity is defined as the purpose behind the action (behaviour) of the bird when it was being recorded. Therefore, the activity was recorded with consideration of behaviour and the categories are denoted as “Flying-travelling”, “Flying-foraging”, “Flying-unknown”, “Perching-foraging”, “Perching-roosting”, “Perching-unknown”, “Moving locally-foraging”, “Moving locally-unknown” and “Other”.
3.2.16 The dominant behaviours of the birds recorded within the study area for bird boat transect survey are flying (36.0 %) and perching (61.9 %). Among the flying record, the predominant behaviour (51.1 %) is in travelling near water surface. Drawing MCL/P132/EIA/12-016c indicates that travelling activities are widely recorded over the study area and the land formation area does not show any particular importance for the travelling behaviour. And the travelling behaviour recorded within the land formation area was mainly attributed by ardeids. Foraging accounts for 27.8 % of the total number of birds recorded within the study area and it mostly happens in coastal water. For further analysis the foraging records were extracted and presented in grid maps (Drawing MCL/P132/EIA/12-016c). It is found that foraging activities were widely recorded in the study area. The major bird group that utilises the study area for foraging is ardeid, followed by seabird. The foraging behaviour shown in the landbird group is mainly attributed to Black Kite. Roosting accounts for 42.2% of the total number of birds recorded during the boat survey. Roosting activities mainly distributed in coastal areas including both natural and artificial coastline. Drawing MCL/P132/EIA/12-016c2 indicates a particularly high density of roosting birds found in coastal area around Sheung Sha Chau island attributed by the ardeids, while a particularly high density of wintering seabirds roosting in the open water near Urmston Road was indicated in Drawing MCL/P132/EIA/12-016c4. As shown in Drawing MCL/P132/EIA/12-16c2, roosting activities on the northern artificial seawall of the existing runway is mainly attributed by low density of ardeid, which ranges from 0.13 to 1.08 individuals recorded per visit. Communal roosting is not noted in the northern artificial seawall. The ardeids only temporarily roost along the artificial seawall of the land formation area during foraging. 308875/ENL/ENL/03/07/C March 2014 P:\Hong Kong\ENL\PROJECTS\308875 3rd runway\03 Deliverables\07 Final EIA Report\Appendices\Ch 12 Terrestrial Ecology\Appendix 12.3 Field Survey Result.doc 15
Expansion of Hong Kong International Airport into a Three-Runway System Environmental Impact Assessment Report
Species Richness
3.2.17 The species richness of bird species recorded in the boat survey is presented in Drawing MCL/P132/EIA/12-016d. High bird species richness is mostly recorded in terrestrial habitats in islands, such as Sha Chau, Lung Kwu Chau and Tai Mo To. Over the open sea, the bird species richness is comparatively low and with no obvious trend/pattern on the distribution.
Summary of Boat Survey Result
3.2.18 The main bird group recorded in the boat survey is ardeid. They were mostly associated with coastal area but were also widely recorded over the study area. Seasonal distribution for this bird group was similar except an aggregation at the construction area of HZMB-BCF during summer.
3.2.19 In contrast, seabird showed a strong seasonality in the boat transect survey, with the highest abundance in winter. They were mostly recorded in open sea and rarely in coastal area in the study area except the Great Cormorant which is mainly recorded in coastal area around Sha Chau and Lung Kwu Chau Marine Park. Their flight activities were mostly confined in low elevation above sea level.
3.2.20 The distribution of landbird is rather widespread in the land formation area and has no obvious seasonality except Barn Swallow which increased in August in the boat transect survey. The abundance for waterbird group is the lowest amongst the four major bird groups. Other than occasional records along coastal area, this bird group is seldom seen on open area in this study.
3.3 Land-based Survey for Flight Movement Investigation
3.3.1 Land-based surveys were conducted at three survey stations located at west, north and northeast direction of existing runways between September 2012 and August 2013. When the survey was interrupted by adverse weather or other reasons, remaining uncompleted survey hours were completed on other days. As a result, 96 surveys comprising a total of 288 hours were conducted during the whole course of land-based survey. The general survey data summary is presented in Table 4, whilst a list of birds encountered during the land-based survey in each station with breakdown of different seasons is presented in Annex E. Also, the flight direction of all birds with breakdown of four major bird groups are presented in radar charts in Annexes F to J.
Table 4: General observation from the avifauna land-based surveys in the study area No. of Birds Overall Observation Northeast North West Sha Chau Abundance Fall 453 23.5% 225 20.9% 443 37.2% 1297 40.1% 2418 Spring 409 21.2% 314 29.2% 378 31.7% 600 18.5% 1701 Seasonality Summer 414 21.4% 322 29.9% 170 14.3% 443 13.7% 1349
Winter 655 33.9% 215 20.0% 200 16.8% 895 27.7% 1965
Sub – total 1931 100% 1076 100% 1191 100% 3235 100% 7433 0-10m 331 59.6% 269 60.4% 320 56.4% 556 27.9% 1476 Flight 11-50m 178 32.1% 176 39.6% 174 30.7% 1276 63.9% 1804 Height* >50m 46 8.3% 0 0% 73 12.9% 163 8.2% 282
308875/ENL/ENL/03/07/C March 2014 P:\Hong Kong\ENL\PROJECTS\308875 3rd runway\03 Deliverables\07 Final EIA Report\Appendices\Ch 12 Terrestrial Ecology\Appendix 12.3 Field Survey Result.doc 16
Expansion of Hong Kong International Airport into a Three-Runway System Environmental Impact Assessment Report
No. of Birds Overall Observation Northeast North West Sha Chau Abundance Sub – total 555 100% 445 100% 567 100% 1995 100% 3562 Ardeid 506 26.2% 295 27.4% 456 38.3% 1057 32.7% 2314 Landbird 1291 66.9% 619 57.5% 700 58.8% 1940 59.9% 4550 Seabird 30 1.6% 63 5.9% 7 0.6% 194 6.0% 294 Bird Group Waterbird (except 104 5.4% 99 9.2% 28 2.3% 44 1.4% 275 ardeid) Sub – total 1931 100% 1076 100% 1191 100% 3235 100% 7433 Flying - 12 0.6% 10 0.9% 32 2.7% 100 3.1% 154 Foraging Flying - 579 30.0% 299 27.8% 520 43.6% 1772 54.8% 3170 Travelling Flying - 41 2.1% 180 16.7% 104 8.7% 159 4.9% 484 Unknown Perching - 152 7.9% 179 16.6% 102 8.6% 329 10.2% 762 Foraging Perching - 604 31.3% 152 14.1% 258 21.7% 483 14.9% 1497 Behaviour Roosting and Activity Perching - 71 3.7% 84 7.8% 74 6.2% 29 0.9% 258 Unknown Moving Locally – 81 4.2% 23 2.2% 20 1.7% 60 1.9% 184 Foraging Moving Locally - 383 19.8% 149 13.9% 80 6.7% 263 8.1% 875 Unknown Other 8 0.4% 0 0% 1 0.1% 40 1.2% 49 Sub – total 1931 100% 1076 100% 1191 100% 3235 100% 7433 Note: * Only the records with flying behaviour and defined flight height are extracted for analysis.
3.3.2 During the whole course of avifauna point count surveys, a total of 7,433 birds from 113 species were recorded within 1 km distance from the survey stations. It was found that the majority of the bird community recorded in the land-based survey is landbird species, including generalist species such as Chinese Bulbul and open country species such as Crested Myna and Eurasian Tree Sparrow. Despite the dominance of landbird record in the land-based survey, the most common species recorded in the survey is Little Egret, an ardeid species. Little Egret was recorded on all survey days. The other two bird groups, seabird and waterbird, were very low in abundance in the land-based survey record. Low abundance of seabird was due to the bird group’s open sea associated habit, which was hardly recorded in the land-based survey that was undertaken in coastal area. Low abundance of waterbirds has been recorded in the survey as the coastal habitat is generally not an optimal habitat for waterbirds in Hong Kong, with the exception of Common Sandpiper which mainly occurs in rocky shore.
Seasonality
3.3.3 The number of species recorded in different survey stations in four seasons are shown in Annex E. At Northeast Station, the peak number occurs in winter, which is due to winter visitor species, 308875/ENL/ENL/03/07/C March 2014 P:\Hong Kong\ENL\PROJECTS\308875 3rd runway\03 Deliverables\07 Final EIA Report\Appendices\Ch 12 Terrestrial Ecology\Appendix 12.3 Field Survey Result.doc 17
Expansion of Hong Kong International Airport into a Three-Runway System Environmental Impact Assessment Report
whilst for Sha Chau Station, the peak number occurred in autumn, which was due to autumn migrant. The highest numbers occurred in autumn for West Station and in spring for North Station but the magnitude was not significant.
3.3.4 A similar pattern is shown in bird abundance (data shown in Table 4). The highest abundance was recorded in winter for Northeast Station (33.9 %), in autumn for West (37.2 %) and Sha Chau (40.1 %) Stations but in summer for North Station (29.9 %).
3.3.5 In reviewing both abundance and species richness data collectively, it was found that Sha Chau survey station showed a more prominent seasonal variation than other three survey stations. It was probably due to the presence of natural habitat on Sha Chau which was used by birds such as Chinese Bulbul as a stopover point during migration or dispersive movement in fall and winter, and also due to the high number of Little Egrets recorded on Sha Chau in fall.
Flight Height
3.3.6 At Northeast, North and West Stations, the data follow the trend of higher bird abundance in category 0-10 m, lower in 11-50 m and the lowest in >50 m category. In contrast, the Sha Chau Station showed a higher number in 11-50 m, lower in 0-10 m and the lowest in >50 m category. The reversed pattern found at Sha Chau Station for the categories 0-10 m and 11-50 m was due to the geographical setting of Sha Chau. The small hill on Sha Chau allows the landbirds to gain a certain elevation level before departure for migratory journey, therefore they mostly fall within the 11-50 m category. Nonetheless, the flight height data showed that the majority of the bird record in the study area were confined to a lower elevation, i.e. <50 m.
Flight Direction
3.3.7 The flight directions are presented in radar charts (Annexes F to J) for showing the flight direction of the bird recorded with flying activities. The data help to investigate the bird’s major flight direction near the survey stations, although it is not highly conclusive, especially for the stations with relatively small sampling size. The flight record consists of a mix of local movement (which is usually rather random) of resident species as well as some potential migratory flight (which should be rather unidirectional if it exists). During the survey it was difficult to distinguish between random and unidirectional movement. In the case the sampling size is too small the pattern of migratory flight is not strong, the flight direction result would become rather random and inconclusive.
3.3.8 Nonetheless, higher sample size recorded at Sha Chau Station, which has at least 270 flight records even in the low season, i.e. summer, was found useful for flight direction analysis. During peak migratory season in autumn, there is a dominant southward movement detected, which matches with general flight direction of autumn migration in Hong Kong. Similarly, south- westward movement is noted in winter season, which also matches with the general bird migration pattern in Hong Kong. The sample size at four stations in spring are moderate, a dominant northeastern flight direction was observed in three stations on the airport island that was mainly due to the flying movement of landbird such as Barn Swallow. In contrast, the flight movement in summer is a little random and no observable unidirectional flight movement is noted.
308875/ENL/ENL/03/07/C March 2014 P:\Hong Kong\ENL\PROJECTS\308875 3rd runway\03 Deliverables\07 Final EIA Report\Appendices\Ch 12 Terrestrial Ecology\Appendix 12.3 Field Survey Result.doc 18
Expansion of Hong Kong International Airport into a Three-Runway System Environmental Impact Assessment Report
Behaviour and Activity
3.3.9 Birds were in general recorded to be travelling while flying and roosting while perching during land-based survey. In all four survey stations, the majority of birds were travelling when they were recorded. A particularly high percentage of birds was recorded travelling while flying at Sha Chau Station (54.8 % of the total number of bird recorded from Sha Chau Station). This is probably due to observation that birds such as Chinese Bulbul used Sha Chau as a stopover point during migration or dispersive movement. The flying movement of ardeid between Sha Chau egretry and North Lantau also attribute to the high number of traveling while flying records.
3.4 Egretry Survey
Number of Breeding Nests
3.4.1 The total number of ardeid nests in Sha Chau egretry was counted monthly during April to July 2013. A maximum of 97 ardeid nests comprising 61 Little Egret, 28 Black-crowned Night Heron, 5 Great Egret and 3 Pacific Reef Heron nests were observed. The most active breeding period was found between April and May when the peak number of nests were recorded and the activities scale down after May.
3.4.2 In the Waterbird Monitoring Programme for 2012/2013 conducted by the Hong Kong Bird Watching Society (Anon, 2012b), an estimated total of 93 nests were recorded in the Sha Chau egretry, comprising two Great Egret, 69 Little Egret and 22 Black-crowned Night Heron nests. The egret count survey conducted by the HKBWS in 2013 (data to be published) indicated that the Sha Chau egretry retains its status as a significant egretry in Hong Kong, with a maximum of 83 ardeid nests during April to July 2013, comprising 40 Little Egret, 40 Black-crowned Night Heron and three Great Egret nests. Both HKBWS egretry survey and this EIA study share comparable egretry survey result.
Flight Path
3.4.3 Flight path survey was conducted during April to July 2013 for investigation of foraging habitat used by the ardeids breeding in the Sha Chau egretry. The flight direction of ardeids leaving the egretry were followed to estimate their destination.
3.4.4 For ardeids flying from the Sha Chau egretry, a large portion of ardeids (38.1 %) was found making a short flight around the coastal area adjacent to Sha Chau. They were mostly associated with coastal habitat, including natural and artificial habitats along the shoreline and the inshore area. Other than staying within Sha Chau, a considerable amount of ardeids (28.6 %) was found taking a southwestward direction. During the course of field survey, the southwestward flying ardeids were tracked and found that they were mostly heading to northwest Lantau. Meanwhile a comparable portion (19 %) was found taking a southward direction heading to North Lantau direction, which covers the shoreline at HKIA and North Lantau. Relatively small amount (9.5 %) was found heading towards the northern, northeastern and eastern directions to Urmston Road and Tuen Mun.
3.4.5 The return flight from presumably a foraging ground to Sha Chau was also recorded, and it was found that majority of the ardeids (69.8 %) came from the southern and southeastern directions. The flight movement recorded was checked against data from the land-based survey, which was 308875/ENL/ENL/03/07/C March 2014 P:\Hong Kong\ENL\PROJECTS\308875 3rd runway\03 Deliverables\07 Final EIA Report\Appendices\Ch 12 Terrestrial Ecology\Appendix 12.3 Field Survey Result.doc 19
Expansion of Hong Kong International Airport into a Three-Runway System Environmental Impact Assessment Report
conducted concurrently, to track the origin of the flight. It was found that North Lantau is a common origin for the returning flight for the population breeding in the Sha Chau egretry. By the same method, it was found that one-fifth of ardeids came from the eastern direction, presumably from Urmston Road or Tuen Mun (18.9 %). Small portion were from northwest Lantau and Sha Chau. It is worth noting that the return path for those foraging on Sha Chau could have been undercounted because the flight from the sea near Sha Chau to the egretry is very short and random, which may not constitute a flight path and thus it was not recorded in the flight path survey.
3.4.6 The flight direction of Little Egret leaving or arriving the Sha Chau egretry is shown in Drawing MCL/P132/012/016e. Great Egret was not noted in the flight path survey owing to its small proportion of population in the egretry. On the other hand, the flight movement of Black-crowned Night Heron at daytime is infrequent and mainly confined to Sheung Sha Chau which do not form any traceable flight path; therefore it is not used for analysis. It appears that the inshore area adjacent to Sha Chau is a main foraging ground for those breeding in the Sha Chau egretry. Other than Sha Chau, the ardeids take a longer flight to north and northwest Lantau. As the sea is open and the coastline (including in HKIA) is continuous, it is impossible to infer which specific area in northern and northwestern parts of Lantau is particularly attractive to the ardeids breeding in Sha Chau egretry.
3.5 Avifauna Transect Survey
3.5.1 A total number of 535 individuals from 66 bird species were recorded during the terrestrial surveys conducted between January and August 2013.
3.5.2 Among the four locations defined in Appendix 12.2, the highest bird abundance and species richness was recorded in Location A (310 individuals from 54 species).
3.5.3 Twelve out of 66 species recorded are of conservation interest. The bird species of conservation interest recorded from terrestrial transect survey included Crested Goshawk, Bonelli’s Eagle, Great Egret, Grey Heron, Lesser Coucal, Greater Coucal, Common Emerald Dove, Little Egret, Pacific Reef Heron, Black Kite, Collared Scops Owl and Red-billed Starling. A species list with information on abundance, recorded locations and habitats were presented in Table A of Annex K.
3.6 Verification Survey for Birds at Existing Runways
3.6.1 The avifauna in the existing runways was also investigated. A landbird survey is regularly conducted for the existing two-runway system by AAHK. The survey was verified in a joint survey conducted on 10 October 2012. The bird community in the existing runways was found to consist of mainly open country species such as Richard’s Pipit and Crested Myna, and the survey result from AAHK Bird Control Unit and Expert Consultant are credible. A species list of the survey together with a data set extracted from the survey results between December 2011 and November 2012 are presented in Annex D of Appendix 12.1.
3.7 Bird Community in Land Formation Area
3.7.1 A total number of 273 individuals (boat survey) and 1,615 individuals (land-based survey at North and Northeast stations) from 67 bird species were recorded in the land formation area as shown 308875/ENL/ENL/03/07/C March 2014 P:\Hong Kong\ENL\PROJECTS\308875 3rd runway\03 Deliverables\07 Final EIA Report\Appendices\Ch 12 Terrestrial Ecology\Appendix 12.3 Field Survey Result.doc 20
Expansion of Hong Kong International Airport into a Three-Runway System Environmental Impact Assessment Report
in Table A of Annex M. During both boat survey and land-based survey, the majority of the birds were recorded travelling across the land formation area (i.e. 35.53 % and 43.28 % respectively). Survey results from the boat transect survey were specifically analysed to compare the birds records in the study area of boat transect to that within the land formation area. The result of the analyses are presented in various charts in Annex N and Annex O. Although the size of the land formation area and study area are not directly comparable, the charts show the importance of the land formation area for birds in the context of the whole study area in north Lantau waters. The overall number of birds recorded in the land formation area is only about 5.2 % of the total number of birds recorded during the boat transect survey. The overall sighting number of birds per trip in the land formation area is only 4.92 compared to 48.34 within the entire study area for the boat transect survey. The above figures indicate that the density of birds in the land formation area is very low compared with that within the entire study area.
3.7.2 Seasonal patterns of the bird records within the land formation area and the study area are quite different. Winter has the highest number of birds attributed by the clusters of wintering seabirds recorded in the open sea outside the land formation area. Only nine individuals of seabirds were recorded in the land formation area during winter. In the land formation area, higher number of birds was recorded during spring and summer.
3.8 Bird Species of Conservation Interest
3.8.1 A total number of 45 avifauna species of conservation interest were reported from the literature review and / or avifauna surveys for this assessment. Among these 45 species, 35 were recorded from the avifauna surveys and their approximate locations are presented in Drawings MCL/P132/EIA/12-025a, 026, 027a, 028a, 029, 030, 031a, 032a, 032b, 033a and 034a.
3.8.2 Twenty six bird species of conservation interest previously reported from literature review were recorded during the field surveys again including Crested Goshawk, Besra, Bonelli's Eagle, Great Egret, Grey Heron, Chinese Pond Heron, Eastern Buzzard, Greater Coucal, Common Emerald Dove, Kentish Plover, Greater Sand Plover, Collared Crow, Little Egret, Intermediate Egret, Pacific Reef Heron, Yellow-breasted Bunting, Peregrine Falcon, Eurasian Hobby, Common Kestrel, White-bellied Sea Eagle, Black Kite, Collared Scops Owl, Great Cormorant, White- cheeked Starling, Red-billed Starling and Common Greenshank.
3.8.3 The nine newly recorded bird species of conservation interest are Curlew Sandpiper, Great Knot, Lesser Coucal, Black-headed Gull, Caspian Tern, Black-tailed Godwit, Western Osprey, Ancient Murrelet and Terek Sandpiper.
3.8.4 The status of the species and their recorded locations in this study are summarised below. The birds’ status largely follow those adopted in systematic list in the latest HKBWS Bird Report 2011. Those species listed in CITES, China Red Data Book (Zheng and Wang 1998) and IUCN Red list and those listed as “global concern”, “potential global concern”, “regional concern” and “potential regional concern” in local paper Fellowes et al. (2002) are considered as conservation interest.
Ardeid
3.8.5 Great Egret is present all year in wetlands in Hong Kong. The population comprises mainly passage migrants and winter visitors. It was recorded at all survey stations in land-based survey, boat transect survey and terrestrial transect survey. Grey Heron is present all year in wetlands 308875/ENL/ENL/03/07/C March 2014 P:\Hong Kong\ENL\PROJECTS\308875 3rd runway\03 Deliverables\07 Final EIA Report\Appendices\Ch 12 Terrestrial Ecology\Appendix 12.3 Field Survey Result.doc 21
Expansion of Hong Kong International Airport into a Three-Runway System Environmental Impact Assessment Report
and some coastal areas in Hong Kong, with very low number in summer. It was recorded at Northeast and North Stations in land-based survey and in Sham Wat and San Tau in terrestrial transect survey.
3.8.6 Chinese Pond Heron is present all year in wetlands and damp areas in Hong Kong. Its population comprises winter visitor, migrant and breeding community. It was recorded at Northeast, West and Sha Chau Stations in land-based survey and in boat transect survey. Swinhoe’s Egret is a scarce spring migrant to mostly Deep Bay area. It was recorded in Tung Chung Bay in April during the ecological baseline survey of HZMB-HKBCF&HKLR (Mouchel, 2004), however, no sighting was recorded during the avifauna surveys under this EIA study.
3.8.7 Little Egret is present all year in wetland areas throughout Hong Kong. Its population comprises passage migrant, winter visitor and breeding community. It was recorded at all survey stations in land-based survey, in boat transect survey and in Sham Wat, Sha Lo Wan, San Tau, Pak Mong and Sha Chau in terrestrial transect survey. Intermediate Egret is present all year mainly at freshwater wetlands in Deep Bay in Hong Kong. It was recorded in boat transect survey.
Seabird
3.8.8 Black-headed Gull is an abundant winter visitor and passage migrant to Deep Bay and coastal waters. It was recorded at West and Sha Chau Stations in land-based survey and in boat transect survey. Great Cormorant is a winter visitor to coastal waters, ponds and inshore waters, mainly in Deep Bay area. It was recorded at Northeast, West and Sha Chau Stations in land-based survey and in boat transect survey. Ancient Murrelet is a winter visitor and spring passage migrant to coastal waters. It was recorded in boat transect survey. Caspian Tern is a common spring migrant with scarce winter and autumn records. It was recorded in boat transect survey.
Waterbird
3.8.9 Curlew Sandpiper is a passage migrant in Hong Kong, primarily in spring, occasional in winter and summer. It was recorded in boat survey. Great Knot is mainly a passage migrant in Hong Kong but with scarce winter record. It was recorded at Northeast Station in land-based survey. Kentish Plover is a winter visitor and scarce passage migrant to intertidal areas with some summer records. Greater Sand Plover is mainly a passage migrant to intertidal areas in Hong Kong with some rare winter and summer records. It was recorded at Northeast and North Stations in land-based survey.
3.8.10 Black-winged Stilt is mainly a migrant and winter visitor to freshwater marsh and agricultural area but also has breeding records. It was previously recorded in the coastal area of San Tau in September 2003 during the ecological baseline survey of HZMB-HKBCF&HKLR (Mouchel, 2004). Black-tailed Godwit is a common passage migrant, mainly spring and winter visitor to intertidal areas. It was recorded at Northeast Station in land-based survey. Eurasian Curlew is a common winter visitor to intertidal areas. It was recorded at North Station in land-based survey.
3.8.11 Common Greenshank is a winter visitor and passage migrant to intertidal areas. It was recorded in Northeast station in land-based survey and boat transect survey. Terek Sandpiper is a passage migrant, mainly in spring, to intertidal areas with occasional summer records and very rare winter records. It was recorded at North Station in land-based survey. Pied Avocet is an abundant winter visitor to intertidal area in Deep Bay area. It was reported in the SkyCity Nine Eagles Golf Course 308875/ENL/ENL/03/07/C March 2014 P:\Hong Kong\ENL\PROJECTS\308875 3rd runway\03 Deliverables\07 Final EIA Report\Appendices\Ch 12 Terrestrial Ecology\Appendix 12.3 Field Survey Result.doc 22
Expansion of Hong Kong International Airport into a Three-Runway System Environmental Impact Assessment Report
on Chek Lap Kok by a bird watcher but was not recorded during the ecological field survey for this assessment.
Landbird (including Raptors)
3.8.12 Japanese Sparrowhawk is mainly a passage migrant in Hong Kong but with scarce winter visitor record. It was previously recorded in San Shek Wan in a night survey in November 2003 (Mouchel, 2004). Chinese Sparrowhawk is predominantly a spring migrant. Large flocks sometimes happen in spring, but it is scarce in autumn. It was previously recorded by the ecological survey of the EIA Study of Tung Chung New Town Development Extension (ARUP, 2013). Both were not recorded during the avifauna survey of this project. Crested Goshawk is a resident in woodland throughout Hong Kong. It was recorded at West Station in land-based survey and San Tau in terrestrial transect survey. Besra is a resident and autumn migrant in shrubland area. It was recorded at Sha Chau Station in land-based survey and boat transect survey. Bonelli’s Eagle is a resident in open country and upland areas of New Territories. It was recorded flying over Sha Lo Wan in terrestrial transect survey. Grey-faced Buzzard is mainly a spring migrant in Hong Kong. It was recorded in the airfield bird survey at airfield of HKIA. Eastern Buzzard is a common winter visitor to open country and lightly wooded areas in Hong Kong. It was recorded at North, West and Sha Chau Stations in land-based survey and in boat transect survey.
3.8.13 Black Kite is present all year and widespread in Hong Kong. Its population in Hong Kong comprises both winter visitor and breeding community. It was recorded at all survey stations in land-based survey, in boat transect survey and in Sham Wat, San Shek Wan, Sha Lo Wan, Hau Hok Wan, Scenic Hill, Pak Mong, Tai Ho and Sha Chau in terrestrial transect survey. White- bellied Sea Eagle is a widespread resident in coastal area. It was recorded at Sha Chau Station in land-based survey and boat transect survey. Owing to the established nest location, this species is mostly confined to Lung Kwu Chau area. Western Osprey is a common winter visitor, mostly to Deep Bay wetland areas. It was recorded in Northeast, North and Sha Chau Stations in land-based survey and in boat transect survey.
3.8.14 Peregrine Falcon is widespread in Hong Kong including both resident and migrant subspecies. It was recorded at Northwest, North and Sha Chau Stations in land-based survey. Eurasian Hobby is mainly an autumn passage migrant in Hong Kong with scarce record in spring and summer. It was recorded at West and Sha Chau Stations in land-based survey. Common Kestrel is an autumn migrant and winter visitor to open country in Hong Kong. It was recorded at Northeast, North and West Stations in land-based survey and in boat transect survey.
3.8.15 Eurasian Eagle Owl is widespread but locally-distributed and a scarce resident in Hong Kong. It was previously recorded in Pak Mong at night by the ecological baseline survey of HZMB- HKBCF&HKLR in April 2004 (Mouchel, 2004). Brown Fish Owl is widespread though locally- distributed and a scarce resident at the interface of large freshwater streams and the coast or at reservoirs. It was recorded in Tai Ho Wan at night by the ecological baseline survey of HZMB- HKBCF&HKLR too (Mouchel, 2004). Collared Scops Owl is widespread and a common resident in lowland areas of closed-canopy shrubland and woodland. It was recorded in Sham Wat, San Tau and Tai Ho in terrestrial transect survey.
3.8.16 Lesser Coucal is a widespread and common resident in areas of grassland or grassland/shrubland. It was recorded in San Tau in terrestrial transect survey. Greater Coucal is 308875/ENL/ENL/03/07/C March 2014 P:\Hong Kong\ENL\PROJECTS\308875 3rd runway\03 Deliverables\07 Final EIA Report\Appendices\Ch 12 Terrestrial Ecology\Appendix 12.3 Field Survey Result.doc 23
Expansion of Hong Kong International Airport into a Three-Runway System Environmental Impact Assessment Report
a widespread and common resident in lowland shrubland areas. It was recorded at Sha Chau Station in land-based survey and boat transect survey, and Sham Wat, San Tau, Tung Chung Bay, Pak Mong and Sha Chau in terrestrial transect survey.
3.8.17 Common Emerald Dove is widespread in closed-canopy shrubland and forest habitats. It was recorded in Sha Lo Wan, Hau Hok Wai, San Tau, Tung Chung Bay and Tai Ho in terrestrial transect survey. Collared Crow is a locally common resident mainly in coastal areas. It was recorded at Sha Chau Station in land-based survey and boat transect survey. Yellow-breasted Bunting is currently an uncommon migrant to open-country areas in Hong Kong. It was recorded at Northeast Station in land-based survey. Chinese Hwamei is a widespread and common resident in shrubland. It was recorded in several locations in North Lantau including Sham Wat, San Shek Wan, Tung Chung and Pak Mong (Mouchel, 2004), however, it was not recorded during the avifauna survey. White-cheeked Starling is a winter visitor to open-country areas, particularly Deep Bay. It was recorded at Sha Chau Station in land-based survey. Red-billed Starling is a winter visitor and migrant to open-country areas, mainly in northwest New Territories. It was recorded at Northeast and Sha Chau Stations in land-based survey and in San Tau in terrestrial transect survey. White-shouldered Starling is a locally common passage migrant, breeding species and scarce winter visitor to open-country and village edge habitats mainly in the northwest New Territories. It was recorded at Northeast Station in land-based survey.
3.8.18 A full list of avifauna species of conservation interest reported from literature and / or recorded from the ecological field survey of this assessment may refer to Table 32 of Appendix 12.4.
4 Other Terrestrial & Aquatic Fauna Survey
4.1 General
4.1.1 The terrestrial ecological surveys for herpetofauna and macroinvertebrate were conducted along three transect routes (i.e. Sham Wat to Tung Chung Bay, Scenic Hill, Pak Mong to Tai Ho) between January and August 2013. The records of birds, herpetofauna and macroinvertebrate during the transect survey are presented in Annex K, and the record of stream fauna survey is presented in Annex L. The approximate locations of all fauna species of conservation interest recorded during the ecological field surveys are presented in Drawings MCL/P132/EIA/12-031b, 033b and 034b. Those species listed in CITES, China Red Data Book (Zheng and Wang 1998) and IUCN Red list and those listed as “global concern”, “potential global concern”, “regional concern” and “potential regional concern” in local paper Fellowes et al. (2002) are considered as conservation interest. In addition, the conservation status is also evaluated with reference to other information source such as AFCD’s Hong Kong Biodiversity Database and previous studies covered in literature review.
4.2 Herpetofauna
4.2.1 The herpetofauna surveys were conducted between May and August 2013 at both daytime and night time. A total of 18 species were recorded including nine amphibian species and nine reptile species. Among the 18 species recorded, five species are of conservation interest including Romer’s Tree Frog Liuixalus romeri, Short-legged Toad Xenophrys brachykolos, Lesser Spiny Frog Quasipaa exilispinosa, Tokay Gecko Gekko reevesii (Rosler et al. 2010), and Chinese Cobra Naja atra. A total number of five amphibian species and five reptile species of conservation interest were reported from literature review including Short-legged Toad, Lesser Spiny Frog, 308875/ENL/ENL/03/07/C March 2014 P:\Hong Kong\ENL\PROJECTS\308875 3rd runway\03 Deliverables\07 Final EIA Report\Appendices\Ch 12 Terrestrial Ecology\Appendix 12.3 Field Survey Result.doc 24
Expansion of Hong Kong International Airport into a Three-Runway System Environmental Impact Assessment Report
Chinese Bullfrog Hoplobatrachus chinensis, Hong Kong Newt Paramesotriton hongkongensis, Romer’s Tree Frog, Tokay Gecko, Chinese Cobra, King Cobra Ophiophagus hannah, Common Rat Snake Ptyas mucosus and Burmese Python Python bivittatus.
4.2.2 The endemic Romer’s Tree Frog is of potential global concern (Fellowes et al. 2002) and is listed as “Endangered” under the IUCN Red List. This tree frog is also protected by the Wild Animals Protection Ordinance. A total of 14 individuals of Romer’s Tree Frogs including tadpoles were recorded by direct sighting or hearing during the herpetofauna survey. They were recorded at several locations in North Lantau such as Sham Wat, Sha Lo Wan, Hau Hok Wan, Tung Chung Bay and Pak Mong, and also Scenic Hill on the airport island.
4.2.3 Hong Kong Newt is regarded as “Potential Global Concern” by Fellowes et al. (2002) and “Near Threatened” by IUCN (2013). It is also protected by the Wild Animals Protection Ordinance (Cap. 170).
4.2.4 A Chinese Bullfrog was previously recorded in a drain at Scenic Hill (Asia Ecological Consultants Ltd, 2009). It is regarded as a Class ΙΙ Protected Animal in China and is considered to be of “Potential Regional Concern” in Hong Kong because of the depletion of wild populations as food items (Fellowes et al. 2002, Chan et al. 2005).
4.2.5 Short-legged Toad is listed as “Endangered” under the IUCN Red List and is also of potential global concern (Fellowes et al. 2002). It is possibly endemic to Hong Kong. A total of 12 individuals were recorded in various locations in North Lantau including Sham Wat, Hau Hok Wan, Pak Mong and Tai Ho.
4.2.6 One individual of Lesser Spiny Frog, an amphibian species of potential global concern (Fellowes et al. 2002) was recorded at a stream in Hau Hok Wan. Although it is of potential global concern and regarded as “Vulnerable” by IUCN, it is common and widespread within the protected areas in the territory (Chan et al. 2005).
4.2.7 Five individuals of Tokay Gecko were recorded during the surveys. Tokay Gecko is a reptile species of regional concern (Fellowes et al. 2002) and also regarded as endangered by the China Red Data Book. It was detected auditorily in a few localities in Tai Ho, San Shek Wan and Sham Wat and an adult was found hiding behind a signage panel in Sham Shek Tsuen public toilet.
4.2.8 The Chinese Cobra is a highly venomous snake which is distributed over a wide range of habitats such as edges of mangrove swamps, shrubland, grassland and open woodland (Karsen et al. 1998). It is of potential regional concern (Fellowes et al. 2002) and regarded as vulnerable under the China Red Data Book. It is listed under the Protection of Endangered Animals and Plants Ordinance (Cap. 586). A Chinese Cobra was found in the developed area between the Tung Chung River and southern edge of the Tung Chung mangrove during the night time survey in August 2013.
4.2.9 Being the world’s largest venomous snake, the CITES Appendix II species, King Cobra is constantly under potential regional threat. This species is protected under Cap. 586 in Hong Kong and is listed as “Vulnerable” on the IUCN Red List (IUCN, 2013). Moreover, it is regarded as a “Critically Endangered” species in the China Red Data Book of Endangered Animals. King Cobra is a very uncommon species and is distributed irregularly throughout the New Territories and
308875/ENL/ENL/03/07/C March 2014 P:\Hong Kong\ENL\PROJECTS\308875 3rd runway\03 Deliverables\07 Final EIA Report\Appendices\Ch 12 Terrestrial Ecology\Appendix 12.3 Field Survey Result.doc 25
Expansion of Hong Kong International Airport into a Three-Runway System Environmental Impact Assessment Report
Lantau Island. It was recorded in North Lantau by AFCD’s biodiversity survey (AFCD, 2002 to 2013).
4.2.10 The Common Rat Snake is a CITES Appendix II species which is listed as “Endangered” in the China Red Data Book of Endangered Animals and under the protection of Cap. 586. Although it is of potential conservation interest at the regional level, it is common and widespread throughout Hong Kong (Fellowes et al. 2002; Karsen et al. 1998). It was recorded at Tung Chung Bay during the HZMB-HKLR baseline ecological surveys (Mouchel, 2004). It was also recorded on Sha Chau and Lung Kwu Chau during AFCD’s Biodiversity Survey between 2002 and 2013.
4.2.11 Burmese Python is the largest snake in Hong Kong. It is of “Potential Regional Concern” (Fellowes et al. 2002), and is regarded as “Vulnerable” under the IUCN Red List (IUCN, 2013). It is also listed as “Critically Endangered” under the China Red Data Book of Endangered Animals. Burmese Python is listed in Protection of Endangered Species of Animals and Plants Ordinance (Cap. 586) and it is the only snake species listed in Wild Animal Protection Ordinance (Cap. 170). An individual was observed swimming at the mouth of Tung Chung Stream in 2012 (KFBG, 2013).
4.2.12 A detailed list of all herpetofauna species reported from the literature review and / or recorded during the ecological field survey is presented in Table B of Annex K, and the species of conservation interest found during both the literature review and the ecological field survey are listed in Table 5 below.
Table 5: Herpetofauna species of conservation interest within the study area Conservation Status Common Scientific (Level of Concern; Literature Current Status in Hong Kong Name Name China Red Data Book; Review Survey CITES/IUCN) Amphibians Chinese Hoplobatrachus Fairly Common and widespread PRC; Class II protected √ Bullfrog chinensis in NT and Lantau Romer's Tree Endemic to Hong Kong. Locally PGC; IUCN Endangered; Liuixalus romeri √ √ Frog Common in protected areas Cap. 170 Hong Kong Widely distributed in mountain Newt Paramesotriton streams throughout New PGC; IUCN (NT); Cap. √ hongkongensis Territories, Lantau Island and 170 Hong Kong Island Lesser Spiny Quasipaa Common and Widespread in PGC; IUCN Vulnerable √ √ Frog exilispinosa protected areas Short-legged Xenophrys Possibly endemic to Hong Kong. Toad brachykolos Widespread and locally common PGC; IUCN Endangered √ √ within the protected areas on Hong Kong Island Reptile Tokay Gecko Gekko reevesii Rare RC, CRDB Endangered √ √ Chinese PRC; Vulnerable; CITES Naja atra Common √ √ Cobra II; Cap.586 PRC; Critically Ophiophagus Endangered; CITES II; King Cobra Very Uncommon √ hannah IUCN Vulnerable; Cap. 586
308875/ENL/ENL/03/07/C March 2014 P:\Hong Kong\ENL\PROJECTS\308875 3rd runway\03 Deliverables\07 Final EIA Report\Appendices\Ch 12 Terrestrial Ecology\Appendix 12.3 Field Survey Result.doc 26
Expansion of Hong Kong International Airport into a Three-Runway System Environmental Impact Assessment Report
Conservation Status Common Scientific (Level of Concern; Literature Current Status in Hong Kong Name Name China Red Data Book; Review Survey CITES/IUCN) Common Rat PRC; Endangered; Ptyas mucosus Common and Widespread √ Snake CITES II; Cap.586 PRC; Critically Burmese Python Endangered; IUCN Common and Widespread √ Python bivittatus Vulnerable; Cap. 170; Cap. 586 Notes: Status based on Chan et al. 2005 and Karsen et al. 1998 Conservation Status based on Fellowes et al. 2002, CITES Appendices and China Red Data Book of Endangered Animals: Amphibia and Reptila (1998). PGC = Potential Global Concern; GC = Global Concern; PRC = Potential Regional Concern; RC = Regional Concern; LC = Local Concern
4.3 Macroinvertebrates (Butterflies and Odonates)
Butterflies
4.3.1 A total of 60 butterfly species were recorded in various habitat types including secondary woodland, plantation woodland, tall shrubland, shrubby grassland, seasonally wet grassland, cultivated land, stream, riparian, salt marsh, wasteland, developed area, mangrove and sandy shore during the macroinvertebrate surveys between January and August 2013. Locations with high number of butterfly records are Pak Mong and Sha Lo Wan, which account for 22.1 % and 19.5 % of the total record respectively. Among the 60 species recorded, eight are relatively uncommon, four are rare and one is a very rare species.
4.3.2 The uncommon species were Common Sergeant Athyma perius perius recorded in Hau Hok Wan and San Shek Wan, Yellow Rajah Charaxes marmax recorded in Pak Mong, Toothed Sunbeam Curetis dentata denta recorded in Scenic Hill, Yellow Orange Tip Ixias pyrene pyrene recorded in Sha Lo Wan, Common Redeye Matapa aria recorded in Sham Wat, Quaker Neopithecops zalmora zalmora recorded in Sha Lo Wan and Tung Chung Bay, Common Leopard Phalanta phalantha phalantha recorded in Scenic Hill and Shan Nawab Polyura nepenthes nepenthes recorded in Pak Mong.
4.3.3 The four rare butterfly species recorded during the ecological surveys included Small Grass Yellow Eurema brigitta rubella recorded in Hau Hok Wan, Lesser Forest Blue Taraka hamada isona recorded in Pak Mong, Paintbrush Swift Baoris farri farri and Grass Demon Udaspes folus recorded in Tai Ho.
4.3.4 Individual of both the rare Paintbrush Swift and Grass Demon were recorded near a stream in Tai Ho in August 2013. An individual of a rare species, the Small Grass Yellow Eurema brigitta rubella, was recorded in Tall Shrubland in Hau Hok Wan during the survey conducted in June 2013. An individual of Lesser Forest Blue Taraka hamada isona which is a rare species of local concern (Fellow et al, 2002) was recorded in Pak Mong during the survey conducted in May 2013. Two individuals of a very rare butterfly species, Plain Hedge Blue Celastrina lavendularis limbata were recorded at a stream in Sha Lo Wan during the survey conducted in January 2013.
308875/ENL/ENL/03/07/C March 2014 P:\Hong Kong\ENL\PROJECTS\308875 3rd runway\03 Deliverables\07 Final EIA Report\Appendices\Ch 12 Terrestrial Ecology\Appendix 12.3 Field Survey Result.doc 27
Expansion of Hong Kong International Airport into a Three-Runway System Environmental Impact Assessment Report
4.3.5 A detailed list of all butterflies recorded during the ecological field survey is presented in Table C of Annex K and all butterfly species of conservation interest found during both the literature review and the ecological field survey are presented in Table 6 below.
Odonates
4.3.6 Twenty one species with 113 individuals of odonates have been recorded in secondary woodland, plantation woodland, tall shrubland, shrubby grassland, seasonally wet grassland, cultivated land, stream, riparian, salt marsh, developed area and artificial seawall during the surveys. The highest number was recorded in Tai Ho, 31.9% of total number of odonates recorded while the habitats recorded the highest odonate number were stream and riparian, which account for 40.7 % of the total number of odonates.
4.3.7 All the recorded species are common or abundant in Hong Kong. However, the abundant Emerald Cascader Zygonyx iris insignis recorded in Tall Shrubland in Pak Mong is of “Potential Global Concern” (Fellowes et al. 2002). The Emerald Cascader is the largest libellulid found in Hong Kong, which is widely distributed in moderately clean, rapidly flowing forested streams throughout Hong Kong.
4.3.8 A detailed list of all odonates recorded during the ecological field survey is presented in Table D of Annex K and all odonate species of conservation interest found during both the literature review and the ecological field survey are shown in Table 6 below.
Table 6: Macroinvertebrate (butterflies and odonates) species of conservation interest within the study area Conservation Literature Common Name Scientific Name Commonness Current Surveys Status Review Butterflies Grey Scrub Hopper Aeromachus jhora R √ Appias albina Common Albatross R LC, # √ darada Powdered Oak Arhopala bazalus R √ Blue turbata Burmese Bush Arhopala birmana VR LC, # √ Blue birmana Paintbrush Swift Baoris farri farri R √ Bibasis oedipodea Orange Awlet VR √ belesis Caltoris bromus Colon Swift VR √ bromus Dark Swift Caltoris cahira R √ Forget-me-not Catochrysops VR # √ Celastrina Plain Hedge Blue lavendularis VR LC, # √ √ limbata Cirrochroa tyche Common Yeoman VR LC, # √ mithila Deudorix epijarbas Cornelian R √ menesicles Dichorragia Constable R LC, # √ nesimachus 308875/ENL/ENL/03/07/C March 2014 P:\Hong Kong\ENL\PROJECTS\308875 3rd runway\03 Deliverables\07 Final EIA Report\Appendices\Ch 12 Terrestrial Ecology\Appendix 12.3 Field Survey Result.doc 28
Expansion of Hong Kong International Airport into a Three-Runway System Environmental Impact Assessment Report
Conservation Literature Common Name Scientific Name Commonness Current Surveys Status Review formosanus Eurema brigitta Small Grass Yellow R LC, # √ √ rubella Spotless Grass Eurema laeta VR √ Yellow betheseba Hasora chromus Banded Awl R √ chromus Jamides alecto Metallic Cerulean VR √ alocina Jamides celeno Common Cerulean R √ celeno Junonia hierta Yellow Pansy R √ hierta Lamproptera curius White Dragontail R LC, # √ walkeri Oriental Striped Leptotes Plinius VR LC, # √ Blue Megisba malaya Malayan VR LC, # √ sikkima Neptis soma Sullied Sailer VR LC, # √ tayalina Pachliopta Common Rose aristolochiae R √ goniopeltis Southern Chinese Papilio dialis VR LC, # √ Peacock Papilio xuthus Swallowtail R √ xuthus Oriental Straight Parnara bada bada R √ Swift Pelopidas Conjoined Swift conjunctus R √ conjunctus Phalanta phalantha Common Leopard VR √ phalantha Potanthus pava Yellow Band Dart VR √ pava Potanthus trachala Lesser Band Dart R √ trachala Tajuria cippus Peacock Royal R LC, # √ malcolmi Taraka hamada Lesser Forest Blue R LC, # √ √ isona Telicota colon Pale Palm Dart R LC, # √ stinga Telicota ohara Dark Palm Dart R √ formosana Troides aeacus Golden Birdwing R LC, # √ aeacus Grass Demon Udaspes folus R √
308875/ENL/ENL/03/07/C March 2014 P:\Hong Kong\ENL\PROJECTS\308875 3rd runway\03 Deliverables\07 Final EIA Report\Appendices\Ch 12 Terrestrial Ecology\Appendix 12.3 Field Survey Result.doc 29
Expansion of Hong Kong International Airport into a Three-Runway System Environmental Impact Assessment Report
Conservation Literature Common Name Scientific Name Commonness Current Surveys Status Review Painted Lady Vanessa cardui R LC, # √ Tiny Grass Blue Zizula hylax - # √ Odonates Melligomphus Small Hooktail C GC √ moluami Zygonyx iris Emerald Cascader A PGC √ √ insignis Notes: #: Species of conservation interest under AFCD assessment (Chan et al. 2011) Commonness: Chan et al. (2011) for Butterflies and Wilson et al. (2011) for Odonates, VR = Very Rare, R = Rare, UC = Uncommon, C = Common, VC = Very Common and A = Abundant Conservation Status follows Fellowes et al. (2002), LC = Local Concern, GC = Global Concern and PGC = Potential Global Concern Location: CLK = Chek Lap Kok (Scenic Hill); NL = North Lantau and SC&LKC = Sha Chau and Lung Kwu Chau
4.4 Stream Fauna
4.4.1 During the whole course of stream fauna surveys, 2,544 individuals from nine freshwater fish species were recorded. It is noted that some fish species share the habitats of stream and estuary but these nine species mainly inhabit freshwater stream and were recorded in stream; therefore they are discussed in this section, whilst the estuarine fish species are discussed in Chapter 13 Marine Ecology. Among these nine species, Chelon sp. and Chelon subviridis showed the highest abundance (i.e. 944 and 784 individuals respectively). Only one species was found to have conservation interest considered by the IUCN, and it was the Mozambique Tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus which is regarded as “Near Threatened”. However, it is an invasive species to Hong Kong, competing with indigenous fish for food resource and habitats. It is originally native to the eastern coast of Africa and Middle East, but has been popularly introduced throughout the world for aquaculture. In Hong Kong, it is common and widespread in brackish waters, freshwaters ponds ditches, rivers and reservoirs. The fish is also cultivated in some local fish farms. Among the six survey locations in North Lantau, the highest records in terms of both number of species (nine species) and abundance (807 individuals) have been found in Sham Wat.
4.4.2 In addition to freshwater fish, two species of freshwater macroinvertebrate were recorded. These two species were both water striders including Limnogonus fossarum and Metrocoris Lituratus, with no conservation interest.
4.4.3 In addition, nine freshwater fish species of conservation interest were reported from the literature review including Beijiang Thick-lipped Barb Acrossocheilus beijiangensis, Giant Mottled Eel Anguilla marmorata, White-line Chest-sculptured Sisoridfish Glyptothorax pallozonum, Rice Fish Oryzias curvinotus, Purple Neon Goby Stiphodon atropurpureus, Ayu Plecoglossus altivelis Mud Carp Cirrhinus molitorella, Common Carp Cyprinus carpio and Predaceous Chub Parazacco spilurus, and two freshwater macroinvertebrate species of conservation interest were reported including Greasyback Shrimp Metapenaeus ensis and the endemic freshwater crab Somanniathelphusa zanklon.
4.4.4 The numbers of species and abundance of the recorded freshwater fauna in different survey locations are presented in Annex L.
308875/ENL/ENL/03/07/C March 2014 P:\Hong Kong\ENL\PROJECTS\308875 3rd runway\03 Deliverables\07 Final EIA Report\Appendices\Ch 12 Terrestrial Ecology\Appendix 12.3 Field Survey Result.doc 30
Expansion of Hong Kong International Airport into a Three-Runway System Environmental Impact Assessment Report
4.4.5 A full list of stream fauna species of conservation interest reported from literature and / or recorded from the ecological field survey of this assessment may refer to Table 32 of Appendix 12.4.
References
AAHK. (2013). Hong Kong International Airport Approved Plant Species List (Revision 4.0: July 2013).
AECOM. (2009). Tuen Mun-Chek Lap Kok Link – Investigation. Final EIA Report. Submitted to Highways Department of HKSAR Government.
Anon. (2012b). Summer 2012 Report: Egretry Counts in Hong Kong with particular reference to the Mai Po Inner Deep Bay Ramsar Site. Report by The Hong Kong Bird Watching Society to the Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department of HKSAR Government.
ARUP. (2008). Agreement o. CE 23/2004 (CE) Lantau Logistics Park Development – Feasibility Study – Final report. Unpublished information.
ARUP. (2013). EIA Study for Tung Chung New Town Development Extension. Unpublished information.
Asia Ecological Consultants Ltd. (2009). Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge Hong Kong Link Road – Verification Survey for Ecological Baseline Final Report. Prepared for Highways Department of HKSAR Government.
Chan, A., Cheung, J., Sze, P., Wong, A., Wong, E. & Yau, E. (2011). A Review of the Local Restrictedness of Hong Kong Butterflies. Hong Kong Biodiversity 21: 1-12.
Chan, S.K.F., Cheung, K.S., Ho, C.Y., Lam, F.N. and Tang, W.S. (2005). A Field Guide to the Amphibians of Hong Kong. Friends of the Country Parks and Cosmos Books Ltd, Hong Kong.
Fellowes, J.R., Lau M.W-N., Dudgeon, D., Reels, G.T., Ades, G.W.J., Carey, G.J., Chan B.P-L., Kendrick, R.C., Lee K.S., Leven, M.R., Wilson, K.D.P. & Yu Y.T. 2002. Wild animals to watch: terrestrial and freshwater fauna of conservation concern in Hong Kong. Memoirs of the Hong Kong Natural History Society 25: 123-160.
IUCN. (2012). IUCN Red List of Threatened Species Version 2012.2.
Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden. 2013. Ecological and Conservation Importance of Tung Chung, Lantau. Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. 29 pp.
Karsen., S.J., Lau, M.W.N, & Bogadek, A (1998). Hong Kong Amphibians and Reptiles Second Edition. Provisional Urban Council, Hong Kong.
Mouchel. (2004). Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge Hong Kong Boundary Crossing Facilities and Hong Kong Link Road – Final 9 Months Ecological Baseline Survey Report. Prepared for Highways Department of HKSAR Government.
308875/ENL/ENL/03/07/C March 2014 P:\Hong Kong\ENL\PROJECTS\308875 3rd runway\03 Deliverables\07 Final EIA Report\Appendices\Ch 12 Terrestrial Ecology\Appendix 12.3 Field Survey Result.doc 31
Expansion of Hong Kong International Airport into a Three-Runway System Environmental Impact Assessment Report
Rosler et al. 2010. Phylogeny, taxonomy, and zoogeography of the genus Gekko Laurenti, 1768 with the revalidation of G. reevesii Gray, 1831 (Sauria: Gekkonidae). Zootaxa 2989:1-50.
308875/ENL/ENL/03/07/C March 2014 P:\Hong Kong\ENL\PROJECTS\308875 3rd runway\03 Deliverables\07 Final EIA Report\Appendices\Ch 12 Terrestrial Ecology\Appendix 12.3 Field Survey Result.doc 32
Expansion of Hong Kong International Airport into a Three-Runway System Environmental Impact Assessment Report Annex A Plates
Annex A Plates
Plate 1 Secondary Woodland – Location Plate 2 Secondary Woodland – Location A B
Plate 3 Secondary Woodland – Location Plate 4 Secondary Woodland – Location C D
Plate 5 Plantation Woodland – Location Plate 6 Plantation Woodland – Location A B
308875/ENL/ENL/03/07/C March 2014 P:\Hong Kong\ENL\PROJECTS\308875 3rd runway\03 Deliverables\07 Final EIA Report\Appendices\Ch 12 Terrestrial Ecology\Appendix 12.3_Annex A Plates.doc 1
Expansion of Hong Kong International Airport into a Three-Runway System Environmental Impact Assessment Report Annex A Plates
Plate 7 Plantation Woodland – Location Plate 8 Tall Shrubland – Location A C
Plate 9 Tall Shrubland – Location B Plate 10 Tall Shrubland C – Location C
Plate 11 Tall Shrubland – Location D Plate 12 Shrubby Grassland – Location A
308875/ENL/ENL/03/07/C March 2014 P:\Hong Kong\ENL\PROJECTS\308875 3rd runway\03 Deliverables\07 Final EIA Report\Appendices\Ch 12 Terrestrial Ecology\Appendix 12.3_Annex A Plates.doc 2
Expansion of Hong Kong International Airport into a Three-Runway System Environmental Impact Assessment Report Annex A Plates
Plate 13 Shrubby Grassland – Location Plate 14 Shrubby Grassland – Location B C
Plate 15 Seasonally Wet Grassland – Plate 16 Seasonally Wet Grassland – Location A Location B
Plate 17 Cultivated Land – Location A Plate 18 Cultivated Land – Location B
308875/ENL/ENL/03/07/C March 2014 P:\Hong Kong\ENL\PROJECTS\308875 3rd runway\03 Deliverables\07 Final EIA Report\Appendices\Ch 12 Terrestrial Ecology\Appendix 12.3_Annex A Plates.doc 3
Expansion of Hong Kong International Airport into a Three-Runway System Environmental Impact Assessment Report Annex A Plates
Plate 19 Stream and Riparian – Location Plate 20 Stream and Riparian – Location A B
Plate 21 Salt Marsh – Location A Plate 22 Salt Marsh – Location B
308875/ENL/ENL/03/07/C March 2014 P:\Hong Kong\ENL\PROJECTS\308875 3rd runway\03 Deliverables\07 Final EIA Report\Appendices\Ch 12 Terrestrial Ecology\Appendix 12.3_Annex A Plates.doc 4
Expansion of Hong Kong International Airport into a Three-Runway System Environmental Impact Assessment Report Annex A Plates
Plate 23 Artificial Seawall – Location D Plate 24 Wasteland – Location A
Plate 25 Wasteland – Location B Plate 26 Developed Area – Location A
Plate 27 Developed Area – Location B Plate 28 Developed Area – Location C
308875/ENL/ENL/03/07/C March 2014 P:\Hong Kong\ENL\PROJECTS\308875 3rd runway\03 Deliverables\07 Final EIA Report\Appendices\Ch 12 Terrestrial Ecology\Appendix 12.3_Annex A Plates.doc 5
Expansion of Hong Kong International Airport into a Three-Runway System Environmental Impact Assessment Report Annex A Plates
Plate 29 Developed Area – Location D
308875/ENL/ENL/03/07/C March 2014 P:\Hong Kong\ENL\PROJECTS\308875 3rd runway\03 Deliverables\07 Final EIA Report\Appendices\Ch 12 Terrestrial Ecology\Appendix 12.3_Annex A Plates.doc 6
Annex B Flora List Previously Observed in Secondary Woodland Plantation Shrubby Seasonally Cultivated Stream and Salt Marsh Mudflat Mangrove Wasteland recorded in vegetation (SW) Woodland (PW) Tall Shrubland (TS) Grassland (SG) Wet Land (CL) Riparian (SM) (MF) (MG) Sandy Shore (SS) Rocky Shore (RS) Artificial Seawall (AS) (WL) Developed Area (DA) Botanical Name Chinese Name literature survey in 2013 A B C D A B C A B C D A B C A B A B A B A B A B A B A B D A B C D A B C D A B A B C D Abelmoschus moschatus 黃葵 Yes Yes + + + Abrus mollis 毛相思子 Yes Yes + + + + + + Abrus precatorius 相思子 Yes Yes + + + + + + Acacia auriculiformis 耳果相思 Yes Yes + + + + + + Acacia confusa 台灣相思 Yes Yes + + + + ++ ++ +++ + + + + + + + + + + ++ Acacia mangium 馬占相思 Yes Yes + + ++ + ++ Acampe rigida* 多花脆蘭 Yes No + Acanthopanax trifoliatus 白簕 No Yes + Acanthus ilicifolius 老鼠簕 Yes Yes + + + ++ ++ + + + + Achyranthes aspera 土牛膝 Yes No + Acorus gramineus 金錢蒲 Yes No + + Acronychia pedunculata 山油柑 Yes Yes ++ ++ + + + ++ ++ + + + + + Acrostichum aureum 鬯蕨 Yes Yes + ++ ++ + + Actinidia latifolia 闊葉彌猴桃 Yes No + Adenosma glutinosum 毛麝香 Yes Yes + + + + + + + + Adenostemma lavenia 下田菊 No Yes + Adiantum capillus-veneris 鐵線蕨 Yes No + + Adiantum flabellulatum 扇葉鐵線蕨 Yes Yes + + + + + + + + + + + Adiantum malesianum 鞭葉鐵線蕨 No Yes + + + + Adina pilulifera 水團花 Yes Yes + + + + + + Aegiceras corniculatum 桐花樹 Yes Yes + ++ ++ +++ Agave americana 龍舌蘭 Yes Yes + + + + Agave angustifolia 狹葉龍舌蘭 Yes Yes + Ageratum conyzoides 藿香薊 Yes Yes + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Aglaia odorata 米仔蘭 Yes Yes + ++ Aglaia odorata var. microphyllina 小葉米仔蘭 Yes Yes + + Aglaonema ‘Silver King’ 銀王粗肋草 Yes No + Aglaonema commutatum 細斑粗肋草 Yes No + Alangium chinense 八角楓 Yes Yes ++ + + + + + + + + + + + + Albizia corniculata 天香藤 Yes No + + Albizia lebbeck 大葉合歡 Yes Yes + + + + ++ Albizia saman 雨豆樹 Yes No + Alchornea trewioides 紅背山麻桿 Yes Yes + + + + + + + + + + + + + Allamanda schottii 硬枝黃蟬 Yes Yes + + Alocasia cucullata 尖尾芋 Yes No ++ ++ + + Alocasia macrorrhizos 海芋 Yes Yes + + + + + + + ++ + + ++ + + + + + + + + + Aloe vera 蘆薈 No Yes + Alopecurus aequalis 看麥娘 Yes No + + + Alpinia hainanensis 草豆蔻 No Yes + + Alpinia speciosa 月桃 Yes No + Alpinia spp. 山薑屬 No Yes + Alpinia stachyodes 密苞山薑 Yes Yes + + + ++ + + Alpinia zerumbet 艷山薑 Yes Yes + + + + + + + Alpinia zerumbet 'Variegata' 花葉艷山薑 No Yes + + Alternanthera bettzickiana 毛蓮子草 Yes No + Alternanthera philoxeroides 空心蓮子草 Yes Yes + + + + + + Alternanthera sessilis 蓮子草 Yes Yes + + Alternanthera spp. 蓮子草屬 Yes No + Alysicarpus vaginalis 鏈莢豆 Yes Yes + + + + + + + + + Alyxia sinensis 念珠藤 Yes Yes ++ ++ + ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + Amaranthus blitum 凹頭莧 Yes No + Amaranthus viridis 野莧 Yes Yes + + + + ++ + Amorphophallus dunnii 南蛇棒 No Yes + Ampelopsis cantoniensis 廣東蛇葡萄 Yes Yes + + + Ananas comosus 鳳梨 No Yes + Anisomeles indica 廣防風 Yes Yes + + ++ ++ + Anisopappus chinensis 山黃菊 Yes No + Annona squamosa 番荔枝 Yes Yes + + + + Antidesma bunius 五月茶 Yes Yes + + + Antirhea chinensis* 毛茶 Yes Yes + + + + + + + + + Apluda mutica 水蔗草 Yes Yes + ++ ++ ++ + ++ ++ + + Aporusa dioica 銀柴 Yes Yes ++ ++ ++ + ++ ++ + +++ ++ + + + + + + + + + Aquilaria sinensis* 土沉香 Yes Yes + + + + + + + + + Aralia chinensis 楤木 No Yes + + Araucaria heterophylla 異葉南洋杉 No Yes + Archidendron clypearia 猴耳環 Yes Yes + + + + + + + Archidendron lucidum 亮葉猴耳環 Yes Yes + + + + + + + Archontophoenix alxandrae 假檳榔 No Yes + Ardisia crenata 朱砂根 Yes Yes + + + + + + + + Ardisia lindleyana 小羅傘 Yes No + Ardisia quinquegona 羅傘樹 Yes Yes + + + Arecastrum romanzoffianum 皇后葵 Yes No + Aristida chinensis 華三芒草 Yes Yes + + + + Artocarpus heterophyllus 菠蘿蜜 Yes Yes + ++ ++ Artocarpus hypargyreus* 白桂木 Yes No + Arundina graminifolia* 竹葉蘭 Yes No + + Arundinaria cantorii 托竹 No Yes + Arundinella setosa 刺芒野古草 Yes Yes + ++ +++ ++ + + Asparagus cochinchinensis 天門冬 Yes Yes + + + ++ + + + + + + + + + + Asparagus densiflorus cv. Sprengeri 非洲天門冬 Yes Yes + + Asplenium neolaserpitiifolium 大羽鐵角蕨 Yes Yes + + + Aster baccharoides 白舌紫菀 Yes Yes + + + ++ ++ ++ + Atalantia buxifolia 酒餅簕 Yes Yes + + + + ++ + + + ++ + + + + Averrhoa carambola 楊桃 Yes Yes ++ ++ + + Avicennia marina 海欖雌 Yes No ++ ++ Axonopus compressus 地毯草 Yes Yes + Bacopa monnieri 假馬齒莧 Yes No + + + Annex B Flora List Previously Observed in Secondary Woodland Plantation Shrubby Seasonally Cultivated Stream and Salt Marsh Mudflat Mangrove Wasteland recorded in vegetation (SW) Woodland (PW) Tall Shrubland (TS) Grassland (SG) Wet Land (CL) Riparian (SM) (MF) (MG) Sandy Shore (SS) Rocky Shore (RS) Artificial Seawall (AS) (WL) Developed Area (DA) Botanical Name Chinese Name literature survey in 2013 A B C D A B C A B C D A B C A B A B A B A B A B A B A B D A B C D A B C D A B A B C D Baeckea frutescens 崗松 Yes Yes + + + + + ++ ++ ++ Bambusa multiplex 孝順竹 Yes No + Bambusa spp. 簕竹屬 Yes Yes + + + + + + + + + + + Bambusa ventricosa 佛肚竹 Yes No + Bambusa vulgaris 黃金間碧竹 Yes Yes + Bauhinia championii 缺葉藤 Yes Yes ++ ++ + + + ++ ++ + + + + Bauhinia glauca 羊蹄甲藤 Yes Yes + + ++ ++ + Bauhinia purpurea 紅花羊蹄甲 Yes No + + + Bauhinia spp. 羊蹄甲屬 Yes Yes + ++ + + + Bauhinia variegata 宮粉羊蹄甲 Yes Yes + + + + Bauhinia x blakeana 洋紫荊 Yes Yes + + + Begonia spp. 秋海棠屬 Yes Yes + + Benincasa hispida 冬瓜 Yes Yes + Berchemia floribunda 多花勾兒茶 Yes Yes + + + + + Berchemia lineata 鐵包金 No Yes + + Bidens alba 白花鬼針草 Yes Yes ++ + ++ ++ + + + + + + ++ + + + + + ++ ++ + + Bidens bipinnata 婆婆針 Yes Yes + + + + + + + + + + + Bidens pilosa 鬼針草 No Yes + Bischofia javanica 秋楓 Yes Yes + + + + Blechnum orientale 烏毛蕨 Yes Yes + + + + + + ++ ++ + + + + + + + + Boehmeria nivea 苧麻 Yes Yes + + + + Bombax ceiba 木棉 Yes Yes + + Bothriochloa bladhii 臭根子草 Yes Yes + + + + + + + + + + Bougainvillea spectabilis 簕杜鵑 Yes Yes + + + ++ Bowringia callicarpa 藤槐 Yes Yes + Brachiaria subquadripara 四生臂形草 Yes Yes + + + + + Breynia fruticosa 黑面神 Yes Yes ++ + + + + + ++ ++ + + ++ ++ ++ + + + + + + Bridelia penangiana Yes No + + Bridelia tomentosa 土蜜樹 Yes Yes ++ ++ ++ + ++ ++ + ++ + + ++ + ++ + + + + + + + + Broussonetia papyrifera 構樹 Yes No + Brucea javanica 鴉膽子 Yes Yes + + + + + + + + + + + + Bruguiera gymnorhiza 木欖 Yes Yes + + + Bryophyllum pinnatum 落地生根 Yes Yes + + Buxus microphylla 黃楊 Yes No + Byttneria aspera 剌果藤 Yes Yes ++ ++ + + + Caesalpinia bonduc 大托葉雲實 Yes Yes + + + + + + + + + + Caesalpinia crista 華南雲實 Yes Yes + + + + + + + Caesalpinia pulcherrima 洋金鳳 Yes Yes + + Cajanus scarabaeoides 蔓草蟲豆 Yes No + + + Calamus tetradactylus 白藤 Yes Yes + + + Calathea spp. 竹芋屬 Yes No + Calliandra haematocephala 紅絨球 Yes Yes ++ ++ ++ ++ Callicarpa nudiflora 祼花紫珠 Yes Yes + + + + + + + + + Callicarpa spp. 紫珠屬 Yes No + Callistemon viminalis 串錢柳 Yes Yes + + Camellia japonica 茶花 Yes No + Canavalia lineata 狹刀豆 Yes Yes + + + Canavalia maritima 海刀豆 Yes Yes + + Canna indica 美人蕉 Yes No + Canna x generalis 大美人蕉 Yes No + Cansjera rheedii* 山柑藤 Yes Yes + + + + + + + + + + ++ + + + + Capsella bursa-pastoris 薺菜 No Yes + + + Carallia brachiata 竹節樹 Yes Yes + + Carex tristachya* 三穗薹草 Yes No + Carica papaya 番木瓜 Yes Yes + + + + Carmona microphylla 福建茶 No Yes + + Caryota mitis 短穗魚尾葵 No Yes + + Caryopteris incana 蘭香草 Yes No + + + + Cassytha filiformis 無根藤 Yes Yes + + ++ + + ++ ++ ++ + ++ ++ ++ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Castanopsis fissa 黧蒴錐 Yes Yes + + Casuarina equisetifolia 木麻黃 Yes Yes + + ++ ++ + + + + + + + + ++ Catharanthus roseus 長春花 Yes Yes + + + Cayratia corniculata 角花烏蘞莓 Yes Yes + + + Celastrus hindsii 青江藤 Yes Yes + + + + + + + + Celosia argentea 青葙 Yes Yes + + ++ ++ + + + + + Celtis biondii* 紫彈朴 Yes Yes + + + + Celtis sinensis 朴樹 Yes Yes ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + + ++ + + + + + + + + + + + ++ + Celtis timorensis 假玉桂 Yes Yes + ++ + + + + + + Cenchrus echinatus 蒺藜草 Yes Yes + + + + + + Centella asiatica 崩大碗 Yes Yes + + + + + + + + + + + + Centipeda minima 石胡荽 Yes Yes + + Centotheca lappacea 假淡竹葉 Yes Yes + + + + + Cerbera manghas 海芒果 Yes Yes + ++ + + + ++ + + ++ + + + + + + + + + + + Chamaecrista mimosoides 假含羞草 Yes No + + + + + Chloris barbata 孟仁草 Yes Yes + + + + + + + Chloris formosana 台灣虎尾草 Yes No + Chorisis repens 苦 菜 Yes Yes + + Chlorophytum comosum ‘Vittatum’ 中斑吊蘭 No Yes + Chrysalidocarpus lutescens 散尾葵 Yes Yes + + Chrysopogon aciculatus 竹節草 Yes No + Chukrasia tabularis 麻楝 No Yes + Cibotium barometz* 金毛狗 Yes No + + Cinnamomum burmanii 陰香 Yes Yes + + + Cinnamomum camphora 樟 Yes Yes + + + Cinnamomum parthenoxylon 黃樟 No Yes + Cirsium japonicum 大薊 Yes No + + Citrus limonia 黎檸 Yes No + Annex B Flora List Previously Observed in Secondary Woodland Plantation Shrubby Seasonally Cultivated Stream and Salt Marsh Mudflat Mangrove Wasteland recorded in vegetation (SW) Woodland (PW) Tall Shrubland (TS) Grassland (SG) Wet Land (CL) Riparian (SM) (MF) (MG) Sandy Shore (SS) Rocky Shore (RS) Artificial Seawall (AS) (WL) Developed Area (DA) Botanical Name Chinese Name literature survey in 2013 A B C D A B C A B C D A B C A B A B A B A B A B A B A B D A B C D A B C D A B A B C D Citrus maxima 柚 Yes Yes + + Citrus reticulata 桔 Yes Yes + Citrus spp. 柑橘屬 Yes No ++ ++ + + Claoxylon indicum 白桐樹 No Yes + Clausena lansium 黄皮 Yes Yes + + + + + ++ ++ + ++ + Cleisostoma simondii* 廣東隔距蘭 Yes No + Cleistocalyx operculatus 水翁 Yes Yes + + + + + +++ ++ + + Clerodendrum chinense 重瓣臭茉莉 Yes Yes + + + + Clerodendrum cyrtophyllum 大青 Yes Yes + + + + + + Clerodendrum fortunatum 鬼燈籠 Yes Yes + + + + + + + + + Clerodendrum inerme 苦郎樹 Yes Yes + + + + ++ ++ ++ + ++ ++ +++ + ++ + + + + Clinopodium gracile 光風輪 Yes Yes + + Coccoloba uvifera 海葡萄 Yes No + Cocculus orbiculatus 木防己 Yes Yes + + + + + + + Cocos nucifera 椰子 Yes Yes + + Codiaeum variegatum 變葉木 Yes Yes + + Coix lacryma-jobi 薏苡 Yes Yes + + + + Coleus hybridus 彩葉草 Yes Yes + + Colocasia esculenta 芋 Yes Yes + ++ + ++ + ++ ++ + + Commelina benghalensis 飯包草 No Yes + Commelina communis 鴨跖草 Yes No + Commelina diffusa 節節草 Yes Yes + + + + ++ ++ + + Conyza canadensis 小蓬草 Yes Yes + + Conyza sumatrensis 蘇門白酒草 No Yes + + + + + Corchorus aestuans 甜麻 Yes Yes + + + Cordyline fruticosa 朱蕉 Yes Yes + + Crassocephalum crepidioides 野茼蒿 Yes Yes + + + + + + + + + Cratoxylum cochinchinense 黃牛木 Yes Yes ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + + + + + Crinum asiaticum 文殊蘭 Yes Yes + + + + + + + + Crotalaria pallida var. obovata 豬屎豆 Yes Yes + ++ ++ + + Croton crassifolius 雞骨香 Yes Yes + + + + + + + + Croton lachnocarpus 毛果巴豆 Yes Yes + + + Cryptolepis sinensis 白葉藤 No Yes Cuphea hyssopifolia 細葉萼距花 No Yes + + Cuphea spp. 萼距花屬 Yes Yes + Cuscuta chinensis 菟絲子 Yes Yes + + + + + Cuscuta spp. 菟絲子屬 Yes No + + + + + Cyanotis vaga 藍耳草 Yes No + Cycas revolute 蘇鐵 Yes Yes + + Cyclea hypoglauca 粉葉輪環藤 Yes Yes + + + + Cyclobalanopsis myrsinifolia 小葉青岡 Yes No + Cyclosorus acuminatus 漸尖毛蕨 Yes No + + Cyclosorus interruptus 間斷毛蕨 Yes Yes ++ + + + + Cyclosorus parasiticus 華南毛蕨 Yes Yes + + + + + + +++ Cymbopogon nardus 香茅 Yes Yes + Cymbopogon spp. 香茅屬 Yes Yes + + + + ++ ++ ++ ++ + + + + + Cynodon dactylon 狗牙根 Yes Yes ++ + + ++ ++ + + +++ Cyperus compressus 扁穗莎草 No Yes Cyperus distans 疏穗莎草 Yes Yes + + + + Cyperus haspan 畦畔莎草 Yes No + + Cyperus imbricatus 疊穗莎草 Yes Yes + + Cyperus malaccensis 茳芏 Yes Yes + + + + + Cyperus pilosus 毛軸莎草 Yes Yes + + + + + + Cyperus rotundus 香附子 Yes Yes + + + + + + + + + ++ Cyperus spp. 莎草屬 Yes Yes + + Cyrtococcum patens 弓果黍 Yes Yes + + + + + + ++ Dactyloctenium aegyptium 龍爪茅 Yes No + Dalbergia benthamii 兩廣黃檀 Yes Yes + + + + + ++ + Dalbergia hancei 藤黃檀 Yes Yes ++ ++ + + + + ++ ++ + Dalbergia millettii 香港黃檀 Yes Yes + + + + + + Daphniphyllum calycinum 牛耳楓 Yes Yes + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Daphniphyllum oldhamii 虎皮楠 Yes Yes + + + + + + + + + + + + Delonix regia 鳳凰木 Yes Yes + + + + ++ Dendranthema indicum 野菊 No Yes + + + Dendrotrophe varians 寄生藤 Yes No + + + + + + Derris trifoliata 魚藤 Yes Yes + + + + + Desmodium gangeticum 大葉山螞蝗 Yes Yes + + + + Desmodium heterocarpon 假地豆 Yes Yes + + + ++ + Desmodium tortuosum 南美山螞蝗 Yes No + Desmodium triflorum 三點金 Yes No + Desmos chinensis 假鷹爪 Yes Yes ++ ++ + + + + ++ ++ Dianella ensifolia 山菅蘭 Yes Yes + ++ + + + + + + + + ++ + ++ + Dichroa febrifuga 常山 Yes Yes + + + + + Dicliptera chinensis 狗肝菜 Yes No + Dicranopteris pedata 芒萁 Yes Yes + + + + + + + + + + + ++ ++ ++ + + Dieffenbachia amoena 黛粉葉 Yes No + Digitaria ciliaris 升馬唐 Yes Yes + + + + Digitaria longiflora 長花馬唐 No Yes + + + + + Dimocarpus longan 龍眼 Yes Yes + + + ++ ++ ++ + + + + +++ +++ + + + + Dioscorea benthamii 大青薯 Yes Yes + + + Dioscorea bulbifera 黃獨 No Yes + Dioscorea cirrhosa 薯茛 Yes Yes + + Diospyros eriantha 烏柿 Yes No + Diospyros morrisiana 羅浮柿 Yes Yes + + + + Diospyros vaccinioides* 小果柿 Yes Yes + + + + + + + + Diplacrum caricinum 裂穎茅 . Yes No + + Diploclisia glaucescens 蒼白秤 Yes Yes + + + + + + + + + Annex B Flora List Previously Observed in Secondary Woodland Plantation Shrubby Seasonally Cultivated Stream and Salt Marsh Mudflat Mangrove Wasteland recorded in vegetation (SW) Woodland (PW) Tall Shrubland (TS) Grassland (SG) Wet Land (CL) Riparian (SM) (MF) (MG) Sandy Shore (SS) Rocky Shore (RS) Artificial Seawall (AS) (WL) Developed Area (DA) Botanical Name Chinese Name literature survey in 2013 A B C D A B C A B C D A B C A B A B A B A B A B A B A B D A B C D A B C D A B A B C D Diplospora dubia 狗骨柴 Yes Yes + + + + + + + + + Dodonaea viscosa* 車桑子 Yes Yes + Dracaena deremensis 竹蕉 Yes No + Dracaena fragrans 巴西鐵樹 No Yes + Dracaena godseffiana 星點木 Yes No + Dracaena sanderiana 富貴竹 No Yes + Drosera indica* 長葉茅膏菜 Yes No + Drosera spathulata 寬苞茅膏菜 Yes Yes + + + Dryopteris varia 南海鱗毛蕨 Yes No + + Duhaldea cappa 羊耳菊 Yes Yes + ++ ++ ++ Duranta erecta 假連翹 Yes Yes + ++ Duranta erecta 'Gold' 金葉假連翹 Yes Yes + + Dypsis lutescens 散尾葵 No Yes + + Echinochloa crusgalli 稗 Yes Yes + + + + + + + Eclipta prostrata 鱧腸 Yes Yes + + + + + + + + + + + Ehretia longiflora 長花厚殼樹 Yes Yes + + + + Elaeagnus loureirii 羅氏胡頹子 Yes Yes + Elaeis guineensis 油棕 Yes No + Elaeocarpus hainanensis 水石榕 Yes Yes + Elephantopus scaber 地膽草 Yes Yes + + + + + + + + + + + + Elephantopus tomentosus 白花地膽草 Yes Yes + + + + + + + Eleusine indica 牛筋草 Yes Yes ++ + + + ++ ++ + + + Eleutherococcus trifoliatus 白簕 Yes Yes ++ + Embelia laeta 酸藤子 Yes Yes + + + ++ ++ + + + + ++ ++ ++ + Embelia ribes 白花酸藤子 Yes Yes + + + + Emilia sonchifolia 一點紅 Yes Yes + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Epipremnum aureum 黃金葛 Yes No + Eragrostis spp. 畫眉草屬 Yes No + + + + Eragrostis tenella 鯽魚草 No Yes + + + + + Eragrostis unioloides 牛虱草 Yes Yes + Eremochloa ciliaris 蜈蚣草 Yes Yes ++ ++ ++ Erigeron karvinskianus 加勒比飛蓬 Yes No + + + Eriobotrya japonica 枇杷 Yes Yes + + + + Eriocaulon merrillii 菲律賓穀精草 Yes Yes + + + + + Eriocaulon sexangulare 華南穀精草 Yes Yes + + + + + + Eriocaulon spp. 穀精草屬 Yes Yes + + + + Eriochloa procera 高野黍 Yes No + + Erythrina variegata 刺桐 Yes No + + Eucalyptus citriodora 檸檬桉 Yes No + Eucalyptus robusta 大葉桉 Yes Yes + + + + + + + Eulalia spp. 金茅屬 Yes No ++ ++ ++ Eulophia graminea* 美冠蘭 Yes Yes + + Euonymus laxiflorus 疏花衛矛 Yes No + + Euonymus nitidus 中華衛矛 Yes Yes + + + + + + + + + + Eupatorium odoratum 飛機草 No Yes + Euphorbia cotinifolia 紫錦木 Yes No + Euphorbia hirta 飛揚草 Yes Yes + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ++ + Euphorbia prostrata 匍匐大戟 No Yes + + + + Euphorbia thymifolia 小飛揚 Yes Yes + + + + + + + + Eurya chinensis 米碎花 Yes Yes + + ++ + Eurya nitida 光葉柃 Yes Yes + + + + ++ ++ ++ ++ + ++ Evolvulus alsinoides 土丁桂 No Yes + Excoecaria agallocha 海漆 Yes No + + Fagraea ceilanica 灰莉 No Yes + Fatsia japonica 八角金盤 Yes No + Ficus altissima 高山榕 Yes Yes + + Ficus benjamina 垂葉榕 Yes Yes + + ++ Ficus elastica 印度榕 Yes Yes + + Ficus fistulosa 水同木 Yes Yes + + Ficus hirta 粗葉榕 Yes Yes ++ ++ + ++ ++ ++ + + + + + + + + Ficus hispida 對葉榕 Yes Yes + + ++ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Ficus microcarpa 細葉榕 Yes Yes + + + ++ + + + + ++ + ++ + + ++ ++ + + + + + + + + + +++ Ficus microcarpa 'Golden Leaves' 黃金榕 Yes Yes + ++ Ficus. microcarpa var. crassifolia 圓葉榕 No Yes + Ficus pandurata 琴葉榕 Yes No + Ficus pumila 薜荔 Yes Yes ++ ++ + + + + + + + + + + + ++ + Ficus subpisocarpa 筆管榕 Yes Yes ++ ++ + ++ + + + + + + Ficus tinctoria subsp. gibbosa 斜葉榕 No Yes + Ficus variegata 青果榕 Yes Yes ++ ++ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Ficus variolosa 變葉榕 Yes Yes + + + + + ++ ++ ++ + Ficus virens 大葉榕 Yes Yes + + + + + Fimbristylis complanata 扁鞘飄拂草 No Yes + Fimbristylis cymosa 黑果飄拂草 Yes No + + Fimbristylis miliacea 日照飄拂草 No Yes + Fimbristylis subbispicata 雙穗飄拂草 Yes Yes + + + Fimbristylis thomsonii 西南飄拂草 Yes Yes + + + + + + + + + Floscopa scandens 聚花草 Yes No + Fuirena umbellata 芙蘭草 Yes Yes + ++ ++ + + Gahnia tristis 黑莎草 Yes Yes + + ++ ++ ++ Garcinia oblongifolia 黃牙果 Yes Yes + + + + ++ ++ + + + Gardenia jasminoides 水橫枝 Yes Yes + + + + + + + + + + Gardenia jasminoides var. fortuniana 白蟾 No Yes + Glochidion eriocarpum 毛果算盤子 Yes Yes + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Glochidion hirsutum 厚葉算盤子 Yes Yes + + + + + + + + + + Glochidion wrightii 白背算盤子 Yes No + + Glochidion zeylanicum 香港算盤子 Yes Yes + + + + + + + + + + + + Annex B Flora List Previously Observed in Secondary Woodland Plantation Shrubby Seasonally Cultivated Stream and Salt Marsh Mudflat Mangrove Wasteland recorded in vegetation (SW) Woodland (PW) Tall Shrubland (TS) Grassland (SG) Wet Land (CL) Riparian (SM) (MF) (MG) Sandy Shore (SS) Rocky Shore (RS) Artificial Seawall (AS) (WL) Developed Area (DA) Botanical Name Chinese Name literature survey in 2013 A B C D A B C A B C D A B C A B A B A B A B A B A B A B D A B C D A B C D A B A B C D Gmelina chinensis* 石梓 Yes Yes + + + + Gnaphalium affine 鼠麴草 Yes Yes + + + + + + Gnaphalium pensylvanicum 匙葉鼠麴草 No Yes + + Gnetum luofuense 羅浮買麻藤 Yes Yes + + + + + + + + + Gomphrena globosa 千日紅 No Yes + Grevillea robusta 銀樺 Yes Yes + + Grewia biloba 扁擔桿 Yes Yes + + Gymnanthera oblonga 海島藤 No Yes + + + + + + Gymnema sylvestre 匙羹藤 Yes Yes + + + + + + + + + + + + Gynura divaricata 白子菜 Yes Yes + + + + + + + ++ + + + + Halophila beccarii* 貝克喜鹽草 Yes Yes + Halophila minor* 小喜鹽草 Yes No + Halophila ovalis* 喜鹽草 Yes Yes + Hamelia patens 長隔木 Yes No + Hedera helix 洋常春藤 No Yes + Hedychium coccineum Yes No + Hedychium coronarium 薑花 Yes Yes + + Hedyotis acutangula 方骨草 Yes Yes + + + + + ++ + Hedyotis auricularia 耳草 Yes Yes ++ ++ + + + + + + Hedyotis consanguinea 擬金草 Yes Yes ++ ++ + + + + + Hedyotis corymbosa 繖房花耳草 Yes Yes + + + + + + + + + + Hedyotis diffusa 白花蛇舌草 Yes No + + + Hedyotis hedyotidea 牛白藤 Yes Yes ++ ++ + + + + + + Helicteres angustifolia 山芝麻 Yes Yes + + + + + + ++ ++ ++ ++ + + + + Heliotropium indicum 大尾搖 No Yes + Heteropogon contortus 黃茅 Yes No + + + + + Heterosmilax gaudichaudiana 合絲肖菝葜 Yes Yes ++ ++ + + + + + + + + Heterosmilax japonica 肖菝葜 Yes Yes + + + + + Hibiscus hamabo 海濱木槿 Yes No + Hibiscus rosa-sinensis 朱槿 Yes Yes + + + Hibiscus rosa-sinensis var. rubro-plenus 重瓣朱槿 No Yes Hibiscus syricacus 木槿 Yes No + Hibiscus tiliaceus 黃槿 Yes Yes ++ ++ + + + + ++ + + + + + + ++ + ++ ++ + + + + + + + ++ + + + + + + ++ + ++ Hippeastrum spp. 朱頂蘭 Yes Yes + Homalium cochinchinensis 天料木 Yes Yes + + + + + + Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides 天胡荽 No Yes + Hylocereus undatus* 量天尺 Yes Yes + + + + + + + + Hymenocallis littoralis 蜘蛛蘭 Yes Yes + + + Hypericum japonicum 地耳草 Yes Yes + + + + + + Hypserpa nitida 夜花藤 Yes Yes + + + + + + + Ilex asprella 梅葉冬青 Yes Yes ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + ++ ++ + + + + + + Ilex pubescens 毛冬青 Yes Yes + + + + + + + Ilex rotunda 鐡冬青 Yes No + + Ilex viridis 亮葉冬青 Yes No + Imperata cylindrica var. major 大白茅 Yes Yes + + + + ++ ++ + + + + + + Indigofera spicata 穗花木藍 Yes No + Indigofera suffruticosa 野青樹 Yes No + Indocalamus longiauritus 箬葉竹 Yes No + + + + + + Ipomoea aquatica 通菜 Yes No + + + Ipomoea batatas 番薯 Yes No + + + + Ipomoea cairica 五爪金龍 Yes Yes + + + + ++ + ++ + ++ + ++ ++ + + ++ ++ + + ++ ++ + + ++ Ipomoea imperati 厚葉牽牛 Yes No + Ipomoea nil 牽牛花 Yes Yes + + + + + + Ipomoea obscura 小心葉薯 Yes Yes + + + + + + + Ipomoea pes-caprae 海灘牽牛 Yes Yes + + + + + ++ + + + + Ipomoea purpurea 圓葉牽牛 Yes No + + + Ipomoea triloba 三裂葉薯 Yes No + Iris tectorum 鳶尾 Yes No + Isachne globosa 柳葉箬 Yes Yes + + ++ ++ Ischaemum aristatum 有芒鴨嘴草 Yes No + + + + + Ischaemum ciliare 細毛鴨嘴草 Yes Yes ++ ++ ++ + + ++ + Ischaemum rugosum 田間鴨嘴草 Yes No ++ ++ ++ Ischaemum spp. 鴨嘴草屬 Yes No + + Itea chinensis 老鼠刺 Yes Yes + + + + + ++ + ++ Ixora chinensis 龍船花 Yes Yes + + Ixora coccinea 橙紅龍船花 Yes Yes ++ Ixora stricta 細葉龍船花 No Yes + + Jacaranda mimosifolia 藍花楹 Yes No + + Jasminum lanceolaria 清香藤 Yes Yes + + + + Jasminum sambac 茉莉 Yes Yes + + + Jatropha pandurifolia 琴葉珊瑚 Yes No + Juncus prismatocarpus 笄石菖 Yes No + Juniperus chinensis 龍柏 Yes Yes + + + Justicia procumbens 爵床 Yes No + + Kalanchoe pinnata 落地生根 Yes Yes ++ + + + Kandelia obovata 秋茄樹 Yes Yes + ++ + Kyllinga brevifolia 短葉水蜈蚣 Yes Yes + + + + + + + + Kyllinga nemoralis 單穗水蜈蚣 Yes Yes + + + + + ++ + + + + + Kyllinga polyphylla 水蜈蚣 Yes No + Lagerstroemia indica 紫薇 Yes Yes + + Lagerstroemia speciosa 大花紫薇 Yes Yes + + Lantana camara 馬纓丹 Yes Yes + + + + + + ++ ++ ++ ++ + + + ++ ++ + + + + + + + ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ Lantana montevidensis 小葉馬纓丹 Yes Yes + + + + Lasianthus attenuatus 小葉雞屎樹 Yes Yes + + + + + Lasianthus chinensis 粗葉木 Yes Yes + + Leersia hexandra 李氏禾 Yes Yes + + Lemmaphyllum microphyllum 伏石蕨 Yes Yes + Annex B Flora List Previously Observed in Secondary Woodland Plantation Shrubby Seasonally Cultivated Stream and Salt Marsh Mudflat Mangrove Wasteland recorded in vegetation (SW) Woodland (PW) Tall Shrubland (TS) Grassland (SG) Wet Land (CL) Riparian (SM) (MF) (MG) Sandy Shore (SS) Rocky Shore (RS) Artificial Seawall (AS) (WL) Developed Area (DA) Botanical Name Chinese Name literature survey in 2013 A B C D A B C A B C D A B C A B A B A B A B A B A B A B D A B C D A B C D A B A B C D Lepidosperma chinense 鱗子莎 Yes No + + Leucaena leucocephala 銀合歡 Yes Yes + + + + ++ + + + + + + + ++ + + ++ Ligustrum ovalifolium 卵葉女貞 Yes No + Ligustrum punctifolium* 斑葉女貞 Yes No + Ligustrum sinense 山指甲 Yes Yes + + + + + + + + + Limnophila aromatica 紫蘇草 Yes Yes + + Limonium sinense 寶血草 Yes No + + Lindernia anagallis 長蒴母草 Yes Yes + + + + Lindernia antipoda 泥花草 Yes Yes + + Lindernia crustaceae 母草 Yes Yes + + Lindsaea ensifolia 劍葉鱗始蕨 Yes Yes + + Lindsaea heterophylla 異葉鱗始蕨 Yes No + + Liquidambar formosana 楓香 Yes Yes + + Liriope spicata 山麥冬 Yes Yes ++ ++ + + + + + + + ++ + + Litchi chinensis 荔枝 Yes Yes + + +++ +++ + + + + Lithocarpus harlandii 港柯 No Yes + Litsea cubeba 山蒼樹 Yes Yes + + + + + + + Litsea glutinosa 潺槁樹 Yes Yes ++ ++ ++ + ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Litsea monopetala 假柿木薑子 Yes Yes + + Litsea rotundifolia var. oblongifolia 豺皮樟 Yes Yes ++ ++ ++ + ++ ++ + ++ ++ ++ + ++ ++ ++ + Livistonia chinensis 蒲葵 Yes Yes + + Lobelia chinensis 半邊蓮 Yes No + + + + Lonicera japonica 金銀花 Yes Yes + + + Lonicera macrantha 大花忍冬 Yes Yes + Lophatherum gracile 淡竹葉 Yes Yes + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Lophostemon confertus 紅膠木 Yes Yes + + ++ ++ + + Loropetalum chinense f. rubrum 紅花檵木 No Yes + Ludwigia adscendens 水龍 Yes Yes + + Ludwigia octovalvis 毛草龍 Yes Yes + + + Lumnitzera racemosa 欖李 Yes No ++ + Lygodium flexuosum 曲軸海金沙 Yes Yes + + + + + + Lygodium japonicum 海金沙 Yes Yes ++ ++ ++ + ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + ++ ++ + + ++ ++ + + Lygodium scandens 小葉海金沙 Yes Yes + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Macaranga tanarius var. tomentosa 血桐 Yes Yes ++ ++ ++ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ++ ++ + Macroptilium atropurpureum 紫花大翼豆 Yes Yes + + + Macroptilium lathyroides 大翼豆 No Yes + Macroptilium leucocephala Yes No ++ Macrothelypteris torresiana 普通針毛蕨 Yes Yes + Maesa perlarius 鯽魚膽 Yes Yes + + + + + + + + + Magnolia grandifolia 玉蘭木 Yes No + Mallotus apelta 白背葉 Yes Yes + + + + + + + + + + + Mallotus paniculatus 白楸 Yes Yes ++ ++ ++ + +++ +++ ++ ++ ++ + + + + + + + + + ;_ + + + + + + Mallotus repandus 石巖楓 No Yes Malvastrum coromandelianum 賽葵 Yes Yes + + + + + + Malvaviscus arboreus var. penduliflorus 垂花懸鈴花 Yes Yes + + Mangifera indica 芒果 Yes Yes + + + ++ + + + + Manihot esculenta 木薯 Yes No + Manilkara zapota 人心果 No Yes + Mariscus cyperoides 磚子苗 No Yes + Mariscus javanicus 羽穗磚子苗 No Yes + + + Mazus pumilus 通泉草 No Yes + Melaleuca cajuputi subsp. cumingiana 白千層 Yes Yes + + + + + + + + Melastoma dodecandrum 地菍 Yes Yes + + + + + + + Melastoma malabathricum 野牡丹 Yes Yes + + + + + + + + + + ++ + + + + + + + + + + + + Melastoma sanguineum 毛菍 Yes Yes + + + + ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + Melia azedarach 苦楝 Yes Yes + ++ + ++ ++ + + + + + + + + + + ++ Melicope pteleifolia 三椏苦 Yes Yes + + + + + + Melinis repens 紅毛草 Yes Yes + + ++ + ++ + + + + + + + + + + + + + ++ ++ + + + + Melodinus suaveolens 山橙 Yes Yes + + + + + Merremia hederacea 魚黃草 Yes Yes + + + + + + + Merremia umbellata subsp. orientalis 山豬菜 Yes No + + + + + + + Mesona chinensis 涼粉草 Yes Yes + + Michelia figo 含笑 Yes No + Michelia x alba 白蘭 Yes Yes + + Microcos nervosa 布渣葉 Yes Yes ++ ++ + + ++ ++ ++ + + + + + + + + + + + + Microstegium ciliatum 剛莠竹 Yes Yes + + + + + + + Mikania micrantha 薇甘菊 Yes Yes + + + + + + ++ + ++ + ++ ++ + + ++ ++ + + + ++ ++ + + ++ Millettia dielsiana 香花崖豆藤 Yes No + Millettia nitida 亮葉崖豆藤 Yes Yes + + + + + + + ++ ++ ++ Millettia reticulata 雞血藤 Yes Yes + + + Millettia speciosa 美麗崖豆藤 Yes Yes + + + + + + + + Mimosa bimucronata 光莢含羞草 No Yes + Mimosa pudica 含羞草 Yes Yes + + + + + + + + + + + + Miscanthus floridulus 五節芒 No Yes + + + + + + Miscanthus sinensis 芒 Yes Yes + + + + + + + + ++ + + + + + + + ++ + + Monstera deliciosa 龜背竹 Yes No + + Morinda parvifolia 雞眼藤 No Yes + + + Morinda umbellata 羊角藤 Yes Yes + + + + + ++ ++ ++ Morus alba 桑 No Yes + Murraya paniculata 九里香 Yes Yes + + Musa balbisiana 野蕉 Yes No + Musa spp. 芭蕉屬 Yes No ++ ++ + + + + Musa x paradisiaca 大蕉 Yes Yes + + + ++ + + + + Mussaenda pubescens 玉葉金花 Yes Yes ++ ++ + + + ++ ++ Myrsine seguinii 密花樹 Yes No + + Nandina domestica 南天竹 Yes No + Nepenthes mirabilis* 豬籠草 Yes No + + Annex B Flora List Previously Observed in Secondary Woodland Plantation Shrubby Seasonally Cultivated Stream and Salt Marsh Mudflat Mangrove Wasteland recorded in vegetation (SW) Woodland (PW) Tall Shrubland (TS) Grassland (SG) Wet Land (CL) Riparian (SM) (MF) (MG) Sandy Shore (SS) Rocky Shore (RS) Artificial Seawall (AS) (WL) Developed Area (DA) Botanical Name Chinese Name literature survey in 2013 A B C D A B C A B C D A B C A B A B A B A B A B A B A B D A B C D A B C D A B A B C D Nephrolepis auriculata 腎蕨 Yes Yes + + + Nerium oleander 夾竹桃 Yes Yes + + + + ++ + +++ Neyraudia reynaudiana 類蘆 Yes Yes + + + + + ++ + + + + + + + + Ophiopogon jaburan 花葉沿階草 Yes No + Ophiopogon japonicus 麥冬 Yes Yes + + Oplismenus compositus 竹葉草 Yes Yes + + + + + Opuntia stricta 仙人掌 Yes Yes + + + Ormosia emarginata 凹葉紅豆 Yes Yes + Osbeckia chinensis 金錦香 Yes No + + + Osmanthus fragrans 桂花 Yes Yes + + Ottochloa nodosa var. micrantha 小花露籽草 Yes Yes + + + Oxalis corniculata 酢漿草 Yes Yes + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Oxalis debilis subsp. corymbosa 紅花酢漿草 Yes Yes + + + + + + + + + + + + ++ Paederia scandens 雞矢藤 Yes Yes + + ++ + + ++ + + + + + + + ++ Palhinhaea cernua 鋪地蜈蜙 Yes No + + Paliurus ramosissimus 馬甲子 Yes Yes + + + + + + + Pandanus austrosinensis 露兜草 Yes No + Pandanus baptistii 金道露兜樹 Yes No + Pandanus tectorius 露兜樹 Yes Yes + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ++ + + + + + Pandanus urophyllus 分叉露兜 Yes Yes + + + + + + + Panicum brevifolium 短葉黍 No Yes + + + Panicum maximum 大黍 Yes Yes + + ++ ++ + ++ ++ ++ ++ + + + Panicum repens 舖地黍 Yes Yes + + + ++ + Parthenocissus dalzielii 異葉爬山虎 Yes Yes + + Paspalum conjugatum 兩耳草 Yes Yes + ++ ++ + + + Paspalum distichum 雙穗雀稗 Yes Yes + ++ ++ Paspalum scrobiculatum var. orbiculare 圓果雀稗 Yes Yes + + + + Paspalum spp. 雀稗屬 Yes No + Passiflora edulis 雞蛋果 No Yes + Passiflora foetida 龍珠果 Yes Yes + + Passiflora moluccana var. teysmanniana 蛇王藤 No Yes + Pavetta hongkongensis* 香港大沙葉 Yes No + + + + Pellionia scabra 蔓赤車 Yes Yes + Pennisetum alopecuroides 狼尾草 Yes Yes + + + + + + + + + Pennisetum polystachion 牧地狼尾草 Yes Yes + + + + + + Pennisetum purpureum 象草 Yes Yes + + + + + + + + Pentaphylax euryoides 五列木 Yes No + Pericampylus glaucus 細圓藤 Yes Yes + + + + Perotis indica 茅根 Yes No + Philodendron selloum 春羽 Yes Yes + + Philydrum lanuginosum 田蔥 Yes No + Phoenix hanceana 刺葵 Yes Yes + + + + + + + + + + + Phoenix roebelenii 日本葵 Yes Yes + + Photinia benthamiana 閩粵石楠 Yes No + Phragmites australis 蘆葦 Yes Yes + ++ + + + Phragmites vallatorius 卡開蘆 Yes Yes + + + + Phyla nudiflora 過江藤 Yes No + Phyllanthus cochinchinensis 越南葉下珠 Yes Yes ++ ++ + + + + ++ + + + + + + Phyllanthus emblica 油甘子 Yes Yes + + + + + + + ++ + ++ + ++ + + Phyllanthus myrtifolius 錫蘭葉下珠 Yes No + Phyllanthus reticulatus 小果葉下珠 Yes Yes ++ + + + + + Phyllanthus urinaria 葉下珠 Yes Yes + + + + + + + + + Phyllodium elegans 毛排錢草 Yes Yes + + Phyllodium pulchellum 排錢草 Yes Yes + + + + + Pilea microphylla 小葉冷水花 No Yes + + + Pilea nummularifolia 古錢冷水花 Yes No + Pinus elliottii 愛氏松 Yes Yes + + + + + + Pinus massoniana 馬尾松 Yes Yes ++ ++ + + ++ + + + + + + + + Piper sarmentosum 假蒟 Yes Yes + Pittosporum glabratum 光葉海桐 Yes Yes + + + + + + + Pittosporum tobira 海桐 Yes Yes + + Plantago major 車前草 Yes Yes + + + + Platycladus orientalis 扁柏 No Yes + + Pluchea indica 闊苞菊 Yes Yes + + + + Plumbago capensis 藍雪花 Yes No + Plumbago zeylanica 白花丹 Yes Yes + + + + Plumeria rubra 雞蛋花 Yes Yes + + Podocarpus macrophyllus 羅漢松 Yes Yes + + Pogonatherum crinitum 金絲草 Yes No + Pogostemon auricularius 水珍珠菜 Yes Yes + + Polyalthia longifolia ‘Pendula’ 印度塔樹 Yes No + Polygonum barbatum 毛蓼 Yes Yes + + + Polygonum chinense 火炭母 Yes Yes + + + + ++ + + + + + + + + ++ + Polygonum lapathifolium 大馬蓼 Yes Yes + + + + Polygonum plebeium 腋花蓼 Yes No + + + + Polyscias guilfoylei 福祿桐 Yes No + Polyspora axillaris 大頭茶 Yes Yes + + + Pongamia pinnata 水黃皮 Yes Yes + + + + + + + + Portulaca oleracea 馬齒莧 Yes Yes + + + Pouzolzia zeylanica 霧水葛 Yes Yes + + + + Praxelis clematidea 假臭草 Yes Yes + + + + + + Premna serratifolia 傘序臭黃荊 Yes No + + Prunus persica 桃 No Yes + + Psidium guajava 番石榴 Yes Yes + + + + + + Psychotria asiatica 山大刀 Yes Yes ++ ++ ++ + + + + ++ ++ + ++ + + + + + + + + Psychotria serpens 蔓九節 Yes Yes ++ ++ + + + + + + + + + + + + + Pteridium aquilinum 蕨 Yes Yes + + + Annex B Flora List Previously Observed in Secondary Woodland Plantation Shrubby Seasonally Cultivated Stream and Salt Marsh Mudflat Mangrove Wasteland recorded in vegetation (SW) Woodland (PW) Tall Shrubland (TS) Grassland (SG) Wet Land (CL) Riparian (SM) (MF) (MG) Sandy Shore (SS) Rocky Shore (RS) Artificial Seawall (AS) (WL) Developed Area (DA) Botanical Name Chinese Name literature survey in 2013 A B C D A B C A B C D A B C A B A B A B A B A B A B A B D A B C D A B C D A B A B C D Pteris dispar 天草鳳尾蕨 Yes Yes + + + + Pteris ensiformis 劍葉鳳尾蕨 No Yes + + ++ + + + Pteris multifida 井欄邊草 Yes Yes + + + + Pteris semipinnata 半邊旗 Yes Yes + + + + + + + Pteris vittata 長葉甘草蕨 No Yes + Pueraria lobata 野葛 Yes Yes + + + + + + ++ + + + + + + + + ++ ++ + + ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ Pueraria phaseoloides 三裂葉野葛 Yes Yes + + + + + + + + + ++ ++ ++ Punica granatum 安石榴 No Yes + Pycreus polystachyos 多枝扁莎 Yes Yes + + + Pyrostegia venusta 炮仗花 Yes Yes + + Pyrrosia adnascens 貼生石韋 Yes Yes + + + + + + + Pyrrosia lingua 石韋 Yes Yes ++ ++ ++ + + + + Ranunculus sceleratus 石龍芮 Yes No + + + + Ravenala madagascariensis 旅人蕉 Yes Yes + + Reineckia carnea 吉祥草 Yes No + Rhamnus crenata 長葉凍綠 Yes Yes + + + + Rhaphiolepis indica 車輪梅 Yes Yes ++ ++ + + + + ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + + Rhapis excelsa 棕竹 Yes Yes + + Rhododendron farrerae* 華麗杜鵑 Yes No + Rhododendron hybridum* 洋石楠 Yes No + Rhododendron indica* 比利時杜鵑 Yes Yes + + Rhododendron lateritum* 夏杜鵑 Yes No + Rhododendron mucronatum ‘Akemono’* 粉白杜鵑 Yes Yes + + Rhododendron mucronatum 'Omuraski'* 白杜鵑 Yes Yes + + Rhododendron pulchrum* 錦繡杜鵑 Yes Yes + + Rhododendron simsii* 紅杜鵑 Yes Yes + + Rhodomyrtus tomentosa 崗棯 Yes Yes ++ ++ + + + + + + ++ + + ++ ++ ++ + + + + Rhus chinensis 鹽膚木 Yes Yes + + + + + + + ++ + + ++ ++ ++ + + + + + Rhus hypoleuca 白背鹽膚木 Yes Yes + + + + + + + + + Rhus succedanea 野漆樹 Yes Yes ++ ++ + + + + + ++ ++ + + + + + + + + + + Rhynchospora brownii 皺果刺子莞 Yes Yes + Rhynchospora rubra 刺子莞 Yes Yes + + + + + + + Richardia scabra 墨苜蓿 Yes No + Ricinus communis 蓖麻 Yes Yes + + + + + Rosa laevigata 金櫻子 Yes Yes + + + Rosa rugosa 玫瑰 No Yes + Rourea microphylla 小葉紅葉藤 Yes Yes + + ++ + + ++ + + + + + + + + Rourea minor 大葉紅葉藤 Yes Yes + + ++ + + + + + Roystonea regia 王棕 Yes Yes + + Rubus leucanthus 白花懸鈎子 No Yes + Rubus parvifolius 茅莓 Yes Yes + + ++ + Rubus reflexus 蛇泡勒 Yes Yes + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Russelia equisetiformis 爆仗竹 Yes Yes + + Saccharum arundinaceum 斑茅 No Yes + + Saccharum officinarum 甘蔗 Yes Yes + + + + Sacciolepis indica 囊穎草 No Yes + Sageretia thea 雀梅藤 Yes Yes ++ + + + + + + + + Sansevieria trifasciata 虎尾蘭 No Yes + + + Sansevieria trifasciata 金邊虎尾蘭 No Yes + Sapindus saponaria 無患子 Yes No + Sapium discolor 山烏桕 Yes Yes ++ ++ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Sapium sebiferum 烏桕 Yes Yes + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Sarcandra glabra 草珊瑚 Yes Yes + + + + + + + Sarcosperma laurinum 肉實樹 Yes Yes + Saurauia tristyla 水東哥 Yes No + + Scaevola taccada 草海桐 Yes Yes + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ++ Schefflera actinophylla 傘樹 No Yes + Schefflera arboricola 鵝掌藤 Yes Yes + + + Schefflera arboricola 'Variegata' 斑葉鵝掌藤 No Yes + Schefflera heptaphylla 鴨腳木 Yes Yes ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + + ++ ++ + + + + + + Schizachyrium sanguineum 紅裂稃草 Yes No + + ++ Scleria ciliaris 緣毛珍珠茅 Yes Yes ++ + + + + + + + + Scleria levis 毛果珍珠茅 Yes Yes + + + + + + + Scleria parvula 小型珍珠茅 No Yes + Scleria terrestris 高稈珍珠茅 Yes No + + + + Scolopia chinensis 刺柊 Yes Yes + + + + + + + + Scolopia saeva 廣東刺柊 Yes Yes ++ + ++ + + + + + + + + Scoparia dulcis 野甘草 Yes Yes + + + + + Senecio scandens 千里光 Yes Yes + + + + + + Senna alata 翅莢決明 No Yes + + Senna javanica var. indochinensis 節果決明 Yes No + Senna occidentalis 望江南 Yes Yes + + + + + + + + + Senna siamea 鐵刀木 Yes Yes + + + Senna spectabilis 美麗決明 Yes No + Senna surattensis 黃槐決明 Yes Yes ++ + + + ++ Sesbania cannabina 田菁 Yes Yes ++ ++ ++ + + + Sesuvium portulacastrum 海馬齒 Yes Yes + + + + + Setaria pumila 金色狗尾草 Yes Yes + + + + + + + + + + + + + Sida acuta 黃花稔 Yes Yes ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + + + Sida rhombifolia 白背黃花稔 Yes Yes ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + + + Siegesbeckia orientalis 豨薟 Yes Yes + + + + + Sinosideroxylon wightianum 革葉鐵欖 Yes No + + + + + Smilax china 菝葜 Yes Yes + + + + + + + + + + + + + Smilax hypoglauca 粉背菝葜 Yes Yes + + + Smilax glabra 土茯苓 Yes Yes + + + + + + + + + + + Solanum americanum 少花龍葵 Yes Yes + + + + + + Solanum nigrum 龍葵 Yes Yes + + + + + Annex B Flora List Previously Observed in Secondary Woodland Plantation Shrubby Seasonally Cultivated Stream and Salt Marsh Mudflat Mangrove Wasteland recorded in vegetation (SW) Woodland (PW) Tall Shrubland (TS) Grassland (SG) Wet Land (CL) Riparian (SM) (MF) (MG) Sandy Shore (SS) Rocky Shore (RS) Artificial Seawall (AS) (WL) Developed Area (DA) Botanical Name Chinese Name literature survey in 2013 A B C D A B C A B C D A B C A B A B A B A B A B A B A B D A B C D A B C D A B A B C D Solanum torvum 水茄 Yes Yes + + + + + + + Solena amplexicaulis 茅瓜 Yes Yes + + + + + Soliva anthemifolia 裸柱菊 No Yes + Sonchus arvensis 苣蕒菜 Yes Yes + + + + Sonchus oleraceus 苦苣菜 No Yes + Spathodea campanulata 火焰木 No Yes + Spermacoce latifolia 闊葉豐花草 No Yes + Spermacoce stricta 豐花草 Yes Yes + + + + + + + + Sphenomeris biflora 闊片烏蕨 No Yes + Sphenomeris chinensis 烏蕨 No Yes + + + + + Spilanthes paniculata 金鈕扣 Yes Yes + + + + + + Spinifex littoreus 濱刺草 Yes No + Spiranthes hongkongensis* 香港綬草 Yes No + Sporobolus fertilis 鼠尾粟 Yes Yes + + + + + + + + + + Sporobolus virginicus 鹽地鼠尾粟 Yes Yes ++ ++ ++ + + Stellaria media 繁縷 No Yes + Stenoloma biflorum 闊片烏蕨 Yes No + Stephania longa 千金藤 Yes Yes + + + + + + + Sterculia lanceolata 假蘋婆 Yes Yes ++ ++ ++ ++ + + + ++ + ++ + + + + + + + Sterculia nobilis 蘋婆 No Yes + + Strelitzia reginae 天堂鳥 Yes Yes + Strophanthus divaricatus 羊角拗 Yes Yes + + + + + + + + + + + + + Strychnos augustiflora 牛眼馬錢 Yes Yes + + + ++ + ++ ++ + + + + + Strychnos umbellata 傘花馬錢 Yes Yes + + + + ++ ++ + + + + Stylidium uliginosum 花柱草 Yes No + Styrax suberifolius 栓葉安息香 Yes Yes + + + Suaeda australis 南方鹼蓬 Yes Yes + ++ + + + + + Swietenia mahagoni 桃花心木 Yes No + Syagrus romanzoffiana 皇后葵 Yes Yes + + Symplocos congesta 密花山礬 Yes No + Symplocos glauca 羊舌樹 Yes No + Synedrella nodiflora 金腰箭 Yes Yes + + + + + + + + + + Syngonium podophyllum 合果芋 Yes Yes + + Syzygium hancei 韓氏蒲桃 Yes Yes + Syzygium jambos 蒲桃 Yes Yes + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Syzygium levinei 李萬蒲桃 Yes No + + Tadehagi triquetrum 葫蘆茶 Yes Yes + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Tagetes erecta 萬壽菊 No Yes + Tarenna attenuata 假桂烏口樹 Yes No + + Tarenna mollissima 白花苦燈籠 Yes Yes + + + + Taxillus chinensis 廣寄生 No Yes + Tecoma capensis 洋凌宵 Yes No + Tectaria subtriphylla 三叉蕨 Yes Yes + Terminalia catappa 欖仁樹 Yes Yes + + + Tetracera asiatica 錫葉藤 Yes Yes ++ ++ ++ + + + + ++ ++ ++ + + + ++ + + + Tetradium glabrifolium 楝葉吳茱萸 Yes Yes + + Teucrium quadrifarium 鐵軸草 Yes No + + + + Thespesia populnea* 恒春黃槿 Yes Yes + + + + ++ + + + + + + + + + + Thevetia peruviana 黃花夾竹桃 Yes Yes + + + + Thunbergia grandiflora 大花老鴉嘴 Yes Yes + Thysanolaena latifolia 棕葉蘆 Yes No + + + Toddalia asiatica 飛龍掌血 Yes Yes + + + + + + Toxocarpus wightianus 弓果藤 Yes Yes + + + + + Tradescantia spathacea 蚌花 Yes Yes + + Trema orientalis 異色山黃麻 Yes No + Trema tomentosa 山黃麻 Yes Yes + + + + + + + Tridax procumbens 羽芒菊 Yes Yes + + + + + + ++ ++ ++ Triumfetta rhomboidea 刺蒴麻 Yes Yes + + + + + + + + + + + + + Tylophora ovata 娃兒藤 Yes Yes + + + + + + + + Uraria crinita 貓尾草 Yes No + + + + + + Urceola rosea 酸葉膠藤 Yes Yes + + + + + + + + + Urena lobata 肖梵天花 Yes Yes + + + + + + + + + + + + + Utricularia bifida 挖耳草 Yes Yes + + + + Utricularia caerulea 短梗挖耳草 Yes No + + Utricularia striatula 圓葉挖耳草 Yes No + + Utricularia uliginosa 濕地挖耳草 No Yes + Uvaria calamistrata* 刺果紫玉盤 Yes No + Uvaria grandiflora 大花紫玉盤 Yes Yes + + + + + Uvaria macrophylla 紫玉盤 Yes Yes ++ ++ + + + + + + + Vernonia cinerea 夜香牛 Yes Yes + + + + + + + + + Viburnum odoratissimum 珊瑚樹 Yes Yes + + Vinca rosea 長春花 No Yes + + Vinca rosea var. alba 白花長春花 No Yes + Viola betonicifolia 戟葉堇菜 Yes Yes + + Viola diffusa 蔓堇菜 Yes No + Vitex negundo 黃荊 Yes Yes ++ ++ + ++ ++ + + + ++ ++ + + + + + Vitex negundo var. cannabifolia 牡荊 Yes Yes + + + + + + + + + Vitex quinata 山牡荊 Yes Yes + + + ++ ++ Vitex rotundifolia 單葉蔓荊 Yes Yes + + + + + + + + + + Vitis balanseana 小果葡萄 Yes Yes ++ + Wedelia biflora 雙頭菊 Yes Yes ++ + + + + + + ++ + + Wedelia chinensis 蟛蜞菊 Yes Yes + + + + + + + ++ ++ + + + Wedelia prostrata 滷地菊 Yes Yes + + + + + + ++ ++ + + + Wedelia trilobata 三裂葉蟛蜞菊 Yes Yes + + ++ ++ + + + + + ++ Wikstroemia indica 了哥王 Yes Yes + + + + + + + + + Wikstroemia nutans 細軸蕘花 Yes Yes + + + + Xanthium sibiricum 蒼耳 Yes Yes + + + + + + Annex B Flora List Previously Observed in Secondary Woodland Plantation Shrubby Seasonally Cultivated Stream and Salt Marsh Mudflat Mangrove Wasteland recorded in vegetation (SW) Woodland (PW) Tall Shrubland (TS) Grassland (SG) Wet Land (CL) Riparian (SM) (MF) (MG) Sandy Shore (SS) Rocky Shore (RS) Artificial Seawall (AS) (WL) Developed Area (DA) Botanical Name Chinese Name literature survey in 2013 A B C D A B C A B C D A B C A B A B A B A B A B A B A B D A B C D A B C D A B A B C D Xyris indica* 黃眼草 Yes No + Xyris pauciflora 蔥草 Yes No + Youngia japonica 黃鵪菜 Yes Yes + + + + + + + + Yucca aloifolia 王蘭 Yes No + Zanthoxylum avicennae 簕欓花椒 Yes Yes + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Zanthoxylum nitidum 兩面針 Yes Yes + ++ + + + + + ++ + + ++ + + + + + + + + + Zanthoxylum odorum 胡椒木 No Yes + Zanthoxylum scandens 花椒勒 Yes Yes + + + + + + Zea mays 玉蜀黍 No Yes ++ + Zehneria japonica 老鼠拉冬瓜 Yes No + Zephyranthes candida 蔥蓮 Yes Yes + Zephyranthes rosea 玫瑰葱蓮 Yes Yes + Zingiber officinale 薑 No Yes + + Zostera japonica* 矮大葉藻 Yes Yes + Zoysia materlla 溝葉結縷草 Yes No +++ Zoysia sinica* 中華結縷草 Yes No ++ ++ Zoysia spp. 結縷草屬 Yes Yes ++ + TOTAL 799 701 618 273 269 134 58 150 105 147 228 205 81 111 181 145 137 54 18 140 123 101 29 90 95 7 5 28 24 31 14 30 29 36 19 35 26 24 18 21 150 145 297 161 295 6 Relative Abundance: + few; ++ common; +++ abundant * Species of conservation interest
Location A - north Lantau west of North Lantau Expressway Location B - north Lantau east of North Lantau Expressway Location C - the airport island Location D - outlying islands Annex C Avifauna Species Full List (Ecological Field Survey) Recorded Location Boat Egretry Level of China Protected CITES Survey Land-based Survey Survey Terrestrial Transect Survey Species Name Common Name Concern IUCN CRDB Species Appendix Transect NE N W SC SC SW SSW SLW HHW ST TCB SH PM TH SC Accipiter trivirgatus Crested Goshawk R II II √ √ Accipiter virgatus Besra II II √ √ Acridotheres cristatellus Crested Myna √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Acrocephalus dumetorum Blyth's Reed Warbler √ √ Actitis hypoleucos Common Sandpiper √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Aethopyga christinae Fork-tailed Sunbird √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Alcedo atthis Common Kingfisher √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Amaurornis phoenicurus White-breasted Waterhen √ √ Anthus cervinus Red-throated Pipit LC √ √ √ Anthus hodgsoni Olive-backed Pipit √ √ Anthus richardi Richard's Pipit √ √ √ √ √ Anthus rubescens Buff-bellied Pipit LC √ Apus nipalensis House Swift √ √ √ √ √ Apus pacificus Pacific Swift (LC) √ √ √ Aquila fasciata Bonelli's Eagle (RC) R II II √ Ardea alba Great Egret PRC(RC) √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Ardea cinerea Grey Heron PRC √ √ √ √ Ardeola bacchus Chinese Pond Heron PRC(RC) √ √ √ √ Arenaria interpres Ruddy Turnstone LC √ Bubulcus coromandus Eastern Cattle Egret LC √ √ √ √ Buteo japonicus Eastern Buzzard II II √ √ √ Butorides striata Striated Heron (LC) √ √ Calidris ferruginea Curlew Sandpiper RC √ Calidris ruficollis Red-necked Stint LC √ Calidris tenuirostris Great Knot LC VU √ Cecropis daurica Red-rumped Swallow √ √ √ Centropus bengalensis Lesser Coucal V II √ Centropus sinensis Greater Coucal V II √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Ceryle rudis Pied Kingfisher (LC) √ Chalcophaps indica Common Emerald Dove V √ √ √ √ √ Charadrius alexandrinus Kentish Plover RC √ √ Charadrius dubius Little Ringed Plover (LC) √ √ √ Charadrius leschenaultii Greater Sand Plover RC √ Charadrius mongolus Lesser Sand Plover LC √ Chlidonias hybrida Whiskered Tern √ √ Chroicocephalus ridibundus Black-headed Gull PRC √ √ √ Cisticola exilis Golden-headed Cisticola LC √ Cisticola juncidis Zitting Cisticola LC √ √ Columba livia Domestic Pigeon √ √ Copsychus saularis Oriental Magpie Robin √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Corvus macrorhynchos Large-billed Crow √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Corvus torquatus Collared Crow LC NT √ √ Cyornis hainanus Hainan Blue Flycatcher √ Delichon dasypus Asian House Martin √ √ Dicaeum cruentatum Scarlet-backed Flowerpecker √ √ √ √ Dicrurus macrocercus Black Drongo √ √ √ Egretta garzetta Little Egret (RC) √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Egretta intermedia Intermediate Egret RC √ Egretta sacra Pacific Reef Heron (LC) R II √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Emberiza aureola Yellow-breasted Bunting RC EN √ Emberiza fucata Chestnut-eared Bunting LC √ Recorded Location Boat Egretry Level of China Protected CITES Survey Land-based Survey Survey Terrestrial Transect Survey Species Name Common Name Concern IUCN CRDB Species Appendix Transect NE N W SC SC SW SSW SLW HHW ST TCB SH PM TH SC Emberiza pusilla Little Bunting √ Emberiza spodocephala Black-faced Bunting √ Eudynamys scolopaceus Asian Koel √ √ √ Falco peregrinus Peregrine Falcon (LC) II I √ √ √ Falco subbuteo Eurasian Hobby (LC) II II √ Falco tinnunculus Common Kestrel II II √ √ √ √ Ficedula narcissina Narcissus Flycatcher √ Gallinago stenura Pintail Snipe √ Garrulax perspicillatus Masked Laughingthrush √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Gelochelidon nilotica Gull-billed Tern √ Gracupica nigricollis Black-collared Starling √ √ √ √ √ Halcyon pileata Black-capped Kingfisher (LC) √ √ Halcyon smyrnensis White-throated Kingfisher (LC) √ √ √ √ Haliaeetus leucogaster White-bellied Sea Eagle (RC) I II II √ √ Hemixos castanonotus Chestnut Bulbul √ √ √ √ Hirundo rustica Barn Swallow √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Horornis diphone Japanese Bush Warbler √ √ Hydroprogne caspia Caspian Tern RC √ Lanius cristatus Brown Shrike √ √ Lanius schach Long-tailed Shrike √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Lanius tigrinus Tiger Shrike √ Larus cachinnans Caspian Gull LC √ √ Larus canus Mew Gull LC √ Larus crassirostris Black-tailed Gull LC √ √ √ √ Larus fuscus Heuglin's Gull LC √ √ √ √ √ Larus schistisagus Slaty-backed Gull √ Larus vegae Vega Gull √ Limosa limosa Black-tailed Godwit RC NT I √ Lonchura punctulata Scaly-breasted Munia √ √ √ √ √ √ Lonchura striata White-rumped Munia √ Luscinia calliope Siberian Rubythroat √ Luscinia sibilans Rufous-tailed Robin √ √ √ Milvus migrans Black Kite (RC) II II √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Monticola solitarius Blue Rock Thrush √ √ √ √ √ Motacilla alba White Wagtail √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Motacilla cinerea Grey Wagtail √ √ √ √ √ Motacilla tschutschensis Eastern Yellow Wagtail √ √ √ √ √ Muscicapa dauurica Asian Brown Flycatcher √ Myophonus caeruleus Blue Whistling Thrush √ √ Numenius phaeopus Whimbrel LC √ √ Nycticorax nycticorax Black-crowned Night Heron (LC) √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Onychoprion aleuticus Aleutian Tern √ Onychoprion anaethetus Bridled Tern (LC) √ Oriolus chinensis Black-naped Oriole LC √ Orthotomus sutorius Common Tailorbird √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Otus lettia Collared Scops Owl II II √ √ √ Pandion haliaetus Western Osprey RC R II II √ √ √ √ Parus cinereous Cinereous Tit √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Passer montanus Eurasian Tree Sparrow √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Phalacrocorax carbo Great Cormorant PRC √ √ √ Phalaropus lobatus Red-necked Phalarope √ Phoenicurus auroreus Daurian Redstart √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Recorded Location Boat Egretry Level of China Protected CITES Survey Land-based Survey Survey Terrestrial Transect Survey Species Name Common Name Concern IUCN CRDB Species Appendix Transect NE N W SC SC SW SSW SLW HHW ST TCB SH PM TH SC Phylloscopus borealis Arctic Warbler √ Phylloscopus fuscatus Dusky Warbler √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Phylloscopus inornatus Yellow-browed Warbler √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Phylloscopus proregulus Pallas's Leaf Warbler √ √ √ √ Phylloscopus tenellipes Pale-legged Leaf Warbler √ √ Pluvialis fulva Pacific Golden Plover LC √ Prinia flaviventris Yellow-bellied Prinia √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Prinia inornata Plain Prinia √ √ Pycnonotus aurigaster Sooty-headed Bulbul √ √ Pycnonotus jocosus Red-whiskered Bulbul √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Pycnonotus sinensis Chinese Bulbul √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Riparia diluta Pale Martin √ Saxicola stejnegeri Stejneger's Stonechat √ Scolopax rusticola Eurasian Woodcock √ Spilopelia chinensis Spotted Dove √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Spodiopsar cineraceus White-cheeked Starling PRC √ Spodiopsar sericeus Red-billed Starling GC √ √ √ Sterna hirundo Common Tern √ Sternula albifrons Little Tern LC √ √ Streptopelia orientalis Oriental Turtle Dove √ Streptopelia tranquebarica Red Turtle Dove √ Sturnia sinensis White-shouldered Starling (LC) √ Sturnus vulgaris Common Starling LC √ Synthliboramphus antiquus Ancient Murrelet V √ Tarsiger cyanurus Red-flanked Bluetail √ √ Terpsiphone paradisi Asian Paradise-Flycatcher LC √ Thalasseus bergii Greater Crested Tern √ Tringa brevipes Grey-tailed Tattler LC √ √ Tringa nebularia Common Greenshank RC √ √ Tringa ochropus Green Sandpiper √ Turdus cardis Japanese Thrush √ √ Turdus chrysolaus Brown-headed Thrush LC √ Turdus hortulorum Grey-backed Thrush √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Turdus merula Common Blackbird √ √ Turdus pallidus Pale Thrush √ Urocissa erythroryncha Red-billed Blue Magpie √ Xenus cinereus Terek Sandpiper RC √ Yuhina castaniceps Chestnut-collared Yuhina (LC) √ Zoothera aurea White's Thrush √ Zosterops japonicus Japanese White-eye √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Unidentified Tern sp. √ Unidentified Gull sp. √ Unidentified Egret sp. √ Unidentified Plover sp. √ Total No. of Species 57 63 45 30 80 4 24 16 31 23 36 20 22 26 22 19 Level of Concern – LC = Local Concern, RC = Regional Concern, PRC = Potential Regional Concern, PGC = Potential Global Concern, GC = Global Concern. Letters in parentheses indicate that the assessment is on the basis of restrictedness in breeding and/or roosting sites rather than in general occurrence. (Fellowes et al. 2002) IUCN: EN = Endangered, VU = Vulnerable, NT = Near Threatened. CRDB – China Red Data Book of Endangered Animals: E = Endangered, V = Vulnerable, R = Rare, I = Indeterminate Survey Types: T = Terrestrial Transect Survey; L = Land-based Point Count; B = Boat-based Transect Survey Recorded Locations: NE = Airport Island Northeast Station; N = Airport Island North Station; W = Airport Island West Station; SC = Sha Chau Station, T = Boat-based Transect; SW = Sham Wat; SSW = San Shek Wan; SLW = Sha Lo Wan; HHW = Hau Hok Wan; ST = San Tau; SH = Scenic Hill; TCB = Tung Chung Bay; PM = Pak Mong; TH = Tai Ho Annex D Avifauna Vessel-based Transect Survey - Species and Abundance Against Survey Dates Date Grand No. of Bird Group Scientific Name Common Name 22/9/12 29/9/12 22/10/12 30/10/12 13/11/12 26/11/12 11/12/12 17/12/12 14/1/13 29/1/13 21/2/13 26/2/13 12/3/13 2/4/13 9/4/13 22/4/13 6/5/13 29/5/13 19/6/13 24/6/13 10/7/13 24/7/13 16/8/13 21/8/13 Total Birds/visit Landbird Accipiter virgatus Besra 1 1 2 0.083 Landbird Acridotheres cristatellus Crested Myna 2 3 5 1 4 9 6 5 2 2 14 4 57 2.375 Water Bird Actitis hypoleucos Common Sandpiper 1 1 4 6 0.250 Landbird Alcedo atthis Common Kingfisher 1 1 2 0.083 Landbird Anthus richardi Richard's Pipit 1 3 3 7 0.292 Landbird Apus nipalensis House Swift 5 18 23 0.958 Landbird Apus pacificus Pacific Swift 1 7 8 0.333 Ardeid Ardea alba Great Egret 3 5 9 56 15 2 1 6 8 1 3 1 1 3 2 2 3 3 3 9 9 145 6.042 Ardeid Ardea cinerea Grey Heron 1 1 0.042 Ardeid Ardeola bacchus Chinese Pond Heron 1 1 0.042 Water Bird Arenaria interpres Ruddy Turnstone 2 2 0.083 Ardeid Bubulcus coromandus Eastern Cattle Egret 1 2 3 0.125 Landbird Buteo japonicus Eastern Buzzard 1 1 0.042 Water Bird Calidris ferruginea Curlew Sandpiper 13 13 0.542 Landbird Cecropis daurica Red-rumped Swallow 2 2 0.083 Landbird Centropus sinensis Greater Coucal 2 2 4 0.167 Seabird Chlidonias hybrida Whiskered Tern 6 6 0.250 Seabird Chroicocephalus ridibundus Black-headed Gull 108 172 151 9 584 4 7 5 1040 43.333 Landbird Cisticola juncidis Zitting Cisticola 1 1 0.042 Landbird Copsychus saularis Oriental Magpie Robin 1 1 1 3 0.125 Landbird Corvus macrorhynchos Large-billed Crow 1 3 2 1 1 1 3 1 13 0.542 Landbird Corvus torquatus Collared Crow 1 1 2 4 0.167 Landbird Dicrurus macrocercus Black Drongo 4 1 2 7 0.292 Ardeid Egretta garzetta Little Egret 58 241 202 193 184 200 110 178 40 51 69 45 95 126 50 36 79 73 65 20 67 311 134 164 2791 116.292 Ardeid Egretta intermedia Intermediate Egret 1 1 0.042 Ardeid Egretta sacra Pacific Reef Heron 2 7 8 8 4 4 2 5 3 5 3 1 2 5 3 7 6 3 6 3 9 3 3 102 4.250 Landbird Falco tinnunculus Common Kestrel 1 1 2 4 0.167 Seabird Gelochelidon nilotica Gull-billed Tern 2 3 5 0.208 Landbird Halcyon smyrnensis White-throated Kingfisher 1 1 2 0.083 Landbird Haliaeetus leucogaster White-bellied Sea Eagle 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 21 0.875 Landbird Hirundo rustica Barn Swallow 2 2 2 2 1 2 34 2 11 2 1 3 250 314 13.083 Seabird Hydroprogne caspia Caspian Tern 9 9 0.375 Seabird Larus cachinnans Caspian Gull 2 2 0.083 Seabird Larus canus Mew Gull 1 1 0.042 Seabird Larus crassirostris Black-tailed Gull 2 3 6 11 0.458 Seabird Larus fuscus Heuglin's Gull 10 32 100 132 67 22 363 15.125 Seabird Larus schistisagus Slaty-backed Gull 1 1 0.042 Landbird Lonchura punctulata Scaly-breasted Munia 3 3 0.125 Landbird Milvus migrans Black Kite 6 14 28 8 6 45 17 15 24 17 14 6 8 5 10 5 11 9 11 3 8 7 5 282 11.750 Landbird Monticola solitarius Blue Rock Thrush 1 2 1 1 1 6 0.250 Landbird Motacilla alba White Wagtail 1 2 3 0.125 Landbird Motacilla tschutschensis Eastern Yellow Wagtail 17 17 0.708 Ardeid Nycticorax nycticorax Black-crowned Night Heron 2 2 3 3 1 3 14 0.583 Landbird Pandion haliaetus Western Osprey 3 1 4 0.167 Seabird Phalacrocorax carbo Great Cormorant 5 1 1 12 10 27 26 23 105 4.375 Seabird Phalaropus lobatus Red-necked Phalarope 1 13 14 0.583 Landbird Pycnonotus sinensis Chinese Bulbul 3 7 2 2 17 4 3 10 2 4 3 4 1 2 64 2.667 Landbird Spilopelia chinensis Spotted Dove 1 2 1 4 0.167 Seabird Sterna hirundo Common Tern 4 1 9 14 0.583 Seabird Synthliboramphus antiquus Ancient Murrelet 1 1 0.042 Seabird Thalasseus bergii Greater Crested Tern 2 2 0.083 Water Bird Tringa brevipes Grey-tailed Tattler 4 4 0.167 Water Bird Tringa nebularia Common Greenshank 1 1 0.042 Landbird Zosterops japonicus Japanese White-eye 12 12 0.500 Ardeid Unidentified Egret sp. 26 26 1.083 Seabird Unidentified Gull sp. 5 5 0.208 Water Bird Unidentified Plover sp. 12 12 0.500 No. of Species 9 9 10 13 9 8 11 8 11 15 12 14 14 18 5 17 12 8 10 8 12 7 8 8 57 Grand Total 81 281 258 277 217 364 326 369 133 216 843 194 168 221 64 110 153 101 95 43 111 336 163 447 5571 Annex E Avifauna Land-based Point Count Survey - Species and Abundance Against Locations and Seasons Locations and Seasons No. of Airport Island North Station Airport Island Northeast Station Sha Chau Station Airport Island West Station Grand Birds/Vis Bird Group Scientific Name Common Name Fall Spring Summer Winter Sub-total Fall Spring Summer Winter Sub-total Fall Spring Summer Winter Sub-total Fall Spring Summer Winter Sub-total Total it Landbird Accipiter trivirgatus Crested Goshawk 1 1 1 0.042 Landbird Accipiter virgatus Besra 1 1 1 0.042 Landbird Acridotheres cristatellus Crested Myna 6 10 64 5 85 47 36 71 54 208 16 4 3 9 32 16 35 27 34 112 437 18.208 Waterbird Actitis hypoleucos Common Sandpiper 16 8 5 6 35 3 3 2 8 14 11 4 10 39 9 10 7 26 108 4.500 Landbird Aethopyga christinae Fork-tailed Sunbird 1 1 2 2 0.083 Landbird Alcedo atthis Common Kingfisher 3 2 5 1 1 2 1 1 2 4 7 2 4 13 24 1.000 Landbird Anthus cervinus Red-throated Pipit 5 2 7 14 10 4 14 12 12 40 1.667 Landbird Anthus hodgsoni Olive-backed Pipit 4 3 1 8 50 2 52 60 2.500 Landbird Anthus richardi Richard's Pipit 4 13 5 35 57 7 12 17 36 5 5 22 1 4 27 125 5.208 Landbird Anthus rubescens Buff-bellied Pipit 9 9 9 0.375 Landbird Apus nipalensis House Swift 4 1 5 1 1 4 3 7 13 0.542 Landbird Apus pacificus Pacific Swift 2 2 2 0.083 Ardeid Ardea alba Great Egret 1 1 3 6 7 2 18 8 3 2 8 21 4 5 9 49 2.042 Ardeid Ardea cinerea Grey Heron 1 7 8 8 0.333 Ardeid Ardeola bacchus Chinese Pond Heron 1 5 1 7 1 1 9 43 52 60 2.500 Ardeid Bubulcus coromandus Eastern Cattle Egret 2 2 1 1 1 1 4 0.167 Landbird Buteo japonicus Eastern Buzzard 1 1 1 1 2 3 0.125 Waterbird Calidris ruficollis Red-necked Stint 23 23 23 0.958 Waterbird Calidris tenuirostris Great Knot 10 10 10 0.417 Landbird Cecropis daurica Red-rumped Swallow 2 2 1 1 3 0.125 Landbird Centropus sinensis Greater Coucal 4 1 2 7 7 0.292 Waterbird Charadrius alexandrinus Kentish Plover 2 2 54 54 56 2.333 Waterbird Charadrius dubius Little Ringed Plover 7 7 21 21 1 1 29 1.208 Waterbird Charadrius leschenaultii Greater Sand Plover 8 8 8 0.333 Waterbird Charadrius mongolus Lesser Sand Plover 1 1 1 0.042 Seabird Chlidonias hybrida Whiskered Tern 4 4 4 0.167 Seabird Chroicocephalus ridibundus Black-headed Gull 124 17 141 4 4 145 6.042 Landbird Cisticola exilis Golden-headed Cisticola 1 1 1 0.042 Landbird Cisticola juncidis Zitting Cisticola 1 1 1 0.042 Landbird Columba livia Domestic Pigeon 1 1 2 1 1 3 0.125 Landbird Copsychus saularis Oriental Magpie Robin 1 4 3 8 9 5 4 9 27 5 5 4 10 24 11 12 10 17 50 109 4.542 Landbird Corvus macrorhynchos Large-billed Crow 1 1 2 4 2 8 3 2 2 7 1 1 2 18 0.750 Landbird Corvus torquatus Collared Crow 2 2 5 9 9 0.375 Landbird Cyornis hainanus Hainan Blue Flycatcher 1 1 1 0.042 Landbird Delichon dasypus Asian House Martin 1 1 3 3 4 0.167 Landbird Dicaeum cruentatum Scarlet-backed Flowerpecker 2 2 1 1 3 0.125 Landbird Dicrurus macrocercus Black Drongo 6 4 10 66 3 1 70 80 3.333 Ardeid Egretta garzetta Little Egret 96 71 52 64 283 137 67 202 30 436 465 129 182 150 926 119 125 68 64 376 2021 84.208 Ardeid Egretta sacra Pacific Reef Heron 6 1 1 8 5 6 9 7 27 39 18 14 30 101 1 1 5 8 15 151 6.292 Landbird Emberiza aureola Yellow-breasted Bunting 1 1 1 0.042 Landbird Emberiza fucata Chestnut-eared Bunting 2 2 2 0.083 Landbird Emberiza pusilla Little Bunting 1 1 1 0.042 Landbird Eudynamys scolopaceus Asian Koel 3 3 3 0.125 Landbird Falco peregrinus Peregrine Falcon 1 1 2 2 2 2 5 0.208 Landbird Falco subbuteo Eurasian Hobby 2 2 2 0.083 Landbird Falco tinnunculus Common Kestrel 3 3 3 1 2 6 1 1 10 0.417 Landbird Ficedula narcissina Narcissus Flycatcher 1 1 1 0.042 Waterbird Gallinago stenura Pintail Snipe 1 1 1 0.042 Landbird Gracupica nigricollis Black-collared Starling 1 2 3 3 0.125 Landbird Halcyon pileata Black-capped Kingfisher 2 2 2 0.083 Landbird Halcyon smyrnensis White-throated Kingfisher 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 2 8 10 0.417 Landbird Haliaeetus leucogaster White-bellied Sea Eagle 1 1 1 0.042 Landbird Hemixos castanonotus Chestnut Bulbul 10 10 10 0.417 Landbird Hirundo rustica Barn Swallow 23 57 52 7 139 2 101 6 2 111 16 62 83 12 173 81 54 23 3 161 584 24.333 Landbird Lanius cristatus Brown Shrike 2 2 1 1 3 0.125 Landbird Lanius schach Long-tailed Shrike 1 1 7 2 3 12 1 4 2 7 2 1 3 23 0.958 Seabird Larus cachinnans Caspian Gull 1 1 1 0.042 Seabird Larus crassirostris Black-tailed Gull 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 0.125 Seabird Larus fuscus Heuglin's Gull 13 13 3 22 25 9 15 24 2 1 3 65 2.708 Seabird Larus vegae Vega Gull 1 1 1 0.042 Waterbird Limosa limosa Black-tailed Godwit 9 9 9 0.375 Landbird Lonchura punctulata Scaly-breasted Munia 48 48 2 2 4 2 3 5 57 2.375 Landbird Lonchura striata White-rumped Munia 5 2 7 7 0.292 Landbird Luscinia calliope Siberian Rubythroat 2 2 2 0.083 Landbird Milvus migrans Black Kite 4 7 7 13 31 8 7 6 16 37 21 16 9 36 82 10 12 7 9 38 188 7.833 Landbird Monticola solitarius Blue Rock Thrush 2 2 2 4 10 7 6 1 6 20 14 3 1 11 29 7 6 9 22 81 3.375 Landbird Motacilla alba White Wagtail 3 4 12 6 25 9 10 8 29 56 5 1 2 8 25 3 1 7 36 125 5.208 Locations and Seasons No. of Airport Island North Station Airport Island Northeast Station Sha Chau Station Airport Island West Station Grand Birds/Vis Bird Group Scientific Name Common Name Fall Spring Summer Winter Sub-total Fall Spring Summer Winter Sub-total Fall Spring Summer Winter Sub-total Fall Spring Summer Winter Sub-total Total it Landbird Motacilla cinerea Grey Wagtail 3 3 3 3 6 0.250 Landbird Motacilla tschutschensis Eastern Yellow Wagtail 52 18 70 1 4 5 1 1 2 2 78 3.250 Landbird Muscicapa dauurica Asian Brown Flycatcher 3 1 4 4 0.167 Landbird Myophonus caeruleus Blue Whistling Thrush 1 1 1 0.042 Waterbird Numenius phaeopus Whimbrel 1 1 1 0.042 Ardeid Nycticorax nycticorax Black-crowned Night Heron 1 1 3 3 3 9 5 1 1 7 1 3 4 21 0.875 Seabird Onychoprion aleuticus Aleutian Tern 1 1 1 0.042 Seabird Onychoprion anaethetus Bridled Tern 33 33 33 1.375 Landbird Oriolus chinensis Black-naped Oriole 1 1 1 0.042 Landbird Orthotomus sutorius Common Tailorbird 8 9 12 11 40 40 1.667 Landbird Pandion haliaetus Western Osprey 1 1 2 2 2 2 5 0.208 Landbird Parus cinereous Cinereous Tit 1 1 1 0.042 Landbird Passer montanus Eurasian Tree Sparrow 34 8 28 70 55 47 55 122 279 3 20 40 63 102 56 23 27 208 620 25.833 Seabird Phalacrocorax carbo Great Cormorant 2 2 2 21 23 25 1.042 Landbird Phoenicurus auroreus Daurian Redstart 1 1 2 2 3 5 1 2 3 3 3 13 0.542 Landbird Phylloscopus borealis Arctic Warbler 1 1 2 2 0.083 Landbird Phylloscopus fuscatus Dusky Warbler 2 1 3 3 1 2 6 1 1 10 0.417 Landbird Phylloscopus inornatus Yellow-browed Warbler 2 3 5 1 1 1 1 4 9 0.375 Landbird Phylloscopus proregulus Pallas's Leaf Warbler 2 2 2 0.083 Landbird Phylloscopus tenellipes Pale-legged Leaf Warbler 1 1 1 1 2 0.083 Waterbird Pluvialis fulva Pacific Golden Plover 19 2 21 21 0.875 Landbird Prinia flaviventris Yellow-bellied Prinia 1 1 2 2 0.083 Landbird Prinia inornata Plain Prinia 7 1 1 9 9 0.375 Landbird Pycnonotus aurigaster Sooty-headed Bulbul 3 3 3 0.125 Landbird Pycnonotus jocosus Red-whiskered Bulbul 4 9 21 13 47 3 15 9 8 35 82 3.417 Landbird Pycnonotus sinensis Chinese Bulbul 20 4 3 27 61 32 13 130 236 471 86 23 374 954 1 4 1 6 1223 50.958 Landbird Riparia diluta Pale Martin 1 1 1 0.042 Landbird Saxicola stejnegeri Stejneger's Stonechat 1 1 2 2 0.083 Landbird Spilopelia chinensis Spotted Dove 2 6 4 4 16 16 0.667 Landbird Spodiopsar cineraceus White-cheeked Starling 5 5 5 0.208 Landbird Spodiopsar sericeus Red-billed Starling 40 40 80 13 13 93 3.875 Seabird Sternula albifrons Little Tern 14 14 1 1 15 0.625 Landbird Streptopelia orientalis Oriental Turtle Dove 1 4 5 5 0.208 Landbird Streptopelia tranquebarica Red Turtle Dove 12 12 12 0.500 Landbird Sturnia sinensis White-shouldered Starling 1 1 1 0.042 Landbird Sturnus vulgaris Common Starling 1 1 2 2 0.083 Landbird Terpsiphone paradisi Asian Paradise-Flycatcher 1 1 1 0.042 Waterbird Tringa brevipes Grey-tailed Tattler 5 5 5 0.208 Waterbird Tringa nebularia Common Greenshank 1 1 1 0.042 Waterbird Tringa ochropus Green Sandpiper 1 1 1 0.042 Landbird Turdus cardis Japanese Thrush 1 1 1 0.042 Landbird Turdus hortulorum Grey-backed Thrush 1 2 3 5 5 8 0.333 Waterbird Xenus cinereus Terek Sandpiper 1 1 1 0.042 Landbird Yuhina castaniceps Chestnut-collared Yuhina 18 18 18 0.750 Landbird Zosterops japonicus Japanese White-eye 2 2 4 31 35 38 25 94 157 1 1 195 8.125 Seabird Unidentified Tern sp. 1 1 1 0.042 No. of Species 17 24 21 22 45 36 38 18 42 63 48 40 31 42 80 22 19 12 17 30 113 Grand Total 225 314 322 215 1076 453 409 414 655 1931 1297 600 443 895 3235 443 378 170 200 1191 7433 Annex F Radar Chart of Flying Direction of All Birds North North TotalNortheast Northeast TotalSha Chau Sha Chau TotalWest West Total FD Fall SpringNorth Summer- Fall Winter Fall Spring SummerNorth - SpringWinter Fall Spring Summer NorthWinter - Summer Fall Spring Summer Winter North - Winter N 8% (n=36)0% 0% 15% 3% 9% 7% (n=111)6% 1% 6% 5% 11% 4% (n=95)5% 6% 12% 0% 23% 6% (n=40)10% NE 31% 51% 14% 58% 37% 22% 43% 4% 2% 23% 3% 12% 24% 29% 15% 15% 61% 2% 28% 27% E 11% 7%N 11% 10% 9% 20% 18% 17%N 2% 16% 8% 32% 0% 2%N 11% 12% 5% 13% 3% 10%N 100% SE 3% 100%36% 9% 0% 18% 13% 12% 100%19% 68% 23% 18% 10% 17% 9% 14% 12% 10% 13% 25% 100%13% 80% 80% S 14%NW 80%1% 4%NE 3% 4% 1% 0%NW 80%1% 1%NE 1% 44% 4% 20%NW 4% 21%NE 9% 5% 8% NW3% 7% NE SW 11% 60%2% 55% 8% 22% 14% 3% 60%7% 6% 7% 13% 12% 26% 60%46% 23% 39% 8% 8% 16% 60%25% W 6% 40%2% 5% 0% 3% 13% 1% 40%11% 11% 8% 4% 0% 2% 40%1% 2% 0% 2% 28% 13% 40%5% NW 17% 20%1% 2% 8% 4% 7% 14% 20%35% 9% 16% 5% 20% 8% 20%3% 9% 1% 9% 6% 6% 20%4% 100%W 100%0% 100% E 100% 100% 100% W100% 100%0% 100% E 100% 100% 100% W100% 100%0% 100% E 100% 100% 100% W100% 0%100% E
SW SE SW SE SW SE SW SE
S S S S Northeast - Fall Northeast - Spring Northeast - Summer Northeast - Winter (n=127) (n=206) (n=108) (n=90) N N N N 100% 100% 100% 100% NW 80% NE NW 80% NE NW 80% NE NW 80% NE 60% 60% 60% 60% 40% 40% 40% 40% 20% 20% 20% 20% W 0% E W 0% E W 0% E W 0% E
SW SE SW SE SW SE SW SE
S S S S
Sha Chau - Fall Sha Chau - Spring Sha Chau - Summer Sha Chau - Winter (n=634) (n=394) (n=270) (n=464) N N N N 100% 100% 100% 100% NW 80% NE NW 80% NE NW 80% NE NW 80% NE 60% 60% 60% 60% 40% 40% 40% 40% 20% 20% 20% 20% W 0% E W 0% E W 0% E W 0% E
SW SE SW SE SW SE SW SE
S S S S
West - Fall West - Spring West - Summer West - Winter (n=252) (n=124) (n=53) (n=32) N N N N 100% 100% 100% 100% NW 80% NE NW 80% NE NW 80% NE NW 80% NE 60% 60% 60% 60% 40% 40% 40% 40% 20% 20% 20% 20% W 0% E W 0% E W 0% E W 0% E
SW SE SW SE SW SE SW SE
S S S S Annex G Radar Chart of Flying Direction of Ardeids North North TotalNortheast Northeast TotalSha Chau Sha Chau TotalWest West Total FD Fall ArdeidSpring - NorthSummer - FallWinter Fall Spring ArdeidSummer - NorthWinter - Spring Fall Spring SummerArdeidWinter - North - SummerFall Spring Summer WinterArdeid - North - Winter N 10% (n=21)0% 0% 36% 11% 5% 0% (n=6)6% 6% 4% 23% 6% 5% (n=24)7% 9% 14% 0% 12% 10% (n=14)8% NE 14% 0% 21% 29% 18% 8% 0% 2% 6% 3% 20% 34% 32% 15% 28% 3% 57% 2% 25% 25% E 0% 33%N 25% 7% 14% 28% 19% 17%N 0% 20% 0% 2% 0% 9%N 2% 3% 1% 12% 5% 5%N SE 5% 100%17% 29% 0% 14% 5% 35% 100%20% 56% 22% 1% 10% 25% 100%9% 14% 6% 15% 17% 15% 100%13% S 14%NW 80%17% 13%NE 0% 11% 0% 1%NW 80%1% 6%NE 1% 4% 5% NW2% 80%0% 3%NE 12% 8% 10% NW5% 80%10% NE SW 19% 60%0% 0% 7% 8% 20% 0% 60%8% 6% 9% 15% 13% 26% 60%37% 22% 58% 3% 5% 15% 60%23% W 10% 40%33% 4% 0% 8% 20% 4% 40%11% 11% 12% 29% 0% 1% 40%4% 7% 2% 3% 37% 15% 40%11% NW 29% 20%0% 8% 21% 17% 12% 40% 20%36% 11% 29% 9% 31% 8% 20%19% 16% 2% 14% 5% 10% 20%8% 100%W 100%0% 100% E 100% 100% 100% 100%W 100%0% 100% E 100% 100% 100% W100% 100%0% 100% E 100% 100% 100% W100% 0%100% E
SW SE SW SE SW SE SW SE
S S S S Ardeid - Northeast - Fall Ardeid - Northeast - Spring Ardeid - Northeast - Summer Ardeid - Northeast - Winter (n=74) (n=68) (n=106) (n=18) N N N N 100% 100% 100% 100% NW 80% NE NW 80% NE NW 80% NE NW 80% NE 60% 60% 60% 60% 40% 40% 40% 40% 20% 20% 20% 20% W 0% E W 0% E W 0% E W 0% E
SW SE SW SE SW SE SW SE
S S S S
Ardeid - Sha Chau - Fall Ardeid - Sha Chau - Spring Ardeid - Sha Chau - Summer Ardeid - Sha Chau - Winter (n=82) (n=110) (n=170) (n=54) N N N N 100% 100% 100% 100% NW 80% NE NW 80% NE NW 80% NE NW 80% NE 60% 60% 60% 60% 40% 40% 40% 40% 20% 20% 20% 20% W 0% E W 0% E W 0% E W 0% E
SW SE SW SE SW SE SW SE
S S S S
Ardeid - West - Fall Ardeid - West - Spring Ardeid - West - Summer Ardeid - West - Winter (n=65) (n=74) (n=41) (n=20) N N N N 100% 100% 100% 100% NW 80% NE NW 80% NE NW 80% NE NW 80% NE 60% 60% 60% 60% 40% 40% 40% 40% 20% 20% 20% 20% W 0% E W 0% E W 0% E W 0% E
SW SE SW SE SW SE SW SE
S S S S Annex H Radar Chart of Flying Direction of Landbirds North North TotalNortheast Northeast TotalSha Chau Sha Chau TotalWest West Total FD Fall LandbirdSpring - NorthSummer - FallWinter Fall SpringLandbirdSummer - NorthWinter - Spring Fall Spring SummerLandbirdWinter - North - SummerFall Spring Summer WinterLandbird - North - Winter N 7% (n=15)0% 0% 7% 1% 14% 13% (n=77)0% 0% 9% 3% 23% 1% (n=67)4% 5% 12% 0% 58% 0% (n=14)11% NE 53% 38% 12% 57% 31% 41% 59% 100% 1% 39% 0% 6% 10% 30% 12% 19% 68% 0% 50% 29% E 27% 8%N 3% 21% 9% 10% 21% 0%N 3% 13% 9% 1% 0% 0%N 4% 15% 10% 17% 0% 14%N 100% SE 0% 100%51% 3% 0% 24% 25% 1% 100%0% 76% 28% 21% 18% 3% 10% 15% 14% 4% 0% 38% 100%12% 80% 80% S 13%NW 80%0% 1%NE 0% 2% 2% 0%NW 80%0% 0%NE 0% 50% 6% 52%NW 5% 30%NE 8% 0% 0% NW0% 5% NE SW 0% 60%3% 75% 14% 31% 6% 5% 60%0% 6% 6% 12% 18% 24% 60%50% 26% 32% 16% 17% 13% 60%28% W 0% 40%0% 6% 0% 2% 2% 0% 40%0% 4% 2% 0% 0% 3% 40%0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 40%0% NW 0% 20%1% 0% 0% 1% 0% 2% 20%0% 9% 3% 5% 29% 7% 20%1% 7% 1% 2% 8% 0% 20%1% 100%W 100%0% 100% E 100% 100% 100% W100% 100%0% 100% E 100% 100% 100% W100% 100%0% 100% E100% 100% 100% W100% 0%100% E
SW SE SW SE SW SE SW SE
S S S S Landbird - Northeast - Fall Landbird - Northeast - Spring Landbird - Northeast - Summer Landbird - Northeast - Winter (n=51) (n=116) (n=2) (n=67) N N N N 100% 100% 100% 100% NW 80% NE NW 80% NE NW 80% NE NW 80% NE 60% 60% 60% 60% 40% 40% 40% 40% 20% 20% 20% 20% W 0% E W 0% E W 0% E W 0% E
SW SE SW SE SW SE SW SE
S S S S
Landbird - Sha Chau - Fall Landbird - Sha Chau - Spring Landbird - Sha Chau - Summer Landbird - Sha Chau - Winter (n=552) (n=154) (n=100) (n=386) N N N N 100% 100% 100% 100% NW 80% NE NW 80% NE NW 80% NE NW 80% NE 60% 60% 60% 60% 40% 40% 40% 40% 20% 20% 20% 20% W 0% E W 0% E W 0% E W 0% E
SW SE SW SE SW SE SW SE
S S S S
Landbird - West - Fall Landbird - West - Spring Landbird - West - Summer Landbird - West - Winter (n=186) (n=50) (n=12) (n=8) N N N N 100% 100% 100% 100% NW 80% NE NW 80% NE NW 80% NE NW 80% NE 60% 60% 60% 60% 40% 40% 40% 40% 20% 20% 20% 20% W 0% E W 0% E W 0% E W 0% E
SW SE SW SE SW SE SW SE
S S S S Annex I Radar Chart of Flying Direction of Seabirds Seabird - North - Fall Seabird - North - Summer Seabird - North - Winter North North TotalNortheast Seabird - North - SpringNortheast TotalSha Chau Sha Chau TotalWest West Total FD Fall Spring (n=0)Summer Winter Fall Spring Summer(n=1)Winter Fall Spring Summer Winter(n=0) Fall Spring Summer Winter (n=12) N 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 17% 0% 0% 0% 0% N N N N NE 0% 100%100% 0% 92% 0% 67% 100%0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 100%33% 0% 0% 0% 0% 100% E 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 33% 0% 0% 0% 95% 0% 25% 0% 0% 0% 0% 80% 80% NW 80% NE NW 80% NE SE 0%NW 0% 0%NE 0% 0% 0%NW 0% 0%NE 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 60% 60% 60% 60% S 0% 0% 0% 8% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 40% 40% 40% 40% SW 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 4% 0% 4% 0% 0% 0% 0% 20% 20% 20% 20% W 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 100% 0% 0% 0% 13% 0% 0% 0% 100% W 0% E W 0% E W 0% E W 0% E NW 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1% 0% 8% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 100% 0% 100% 0% 100% 0% 100% 0% 100% 0% 100% 0% 0% 0% 100%
SW SE SW SE SW SE SW SE
S S S S
Seabird - Northeast - Fall Seabird - Northeast - Spring Seabird - Northeast - Summer Seabird - Northeast - Winter (n=0) (n=3) (n=0) (n=5) N N N N 100% 100% 100% 100% NW 80% NE NW 80% NE NW 80% NE NW 80% NE 60% 60% 60% 60% 40% 40% 40% 40% 20% 20% 20% 20% W 0% E W 0% E W 0% E W 0% E
SW SE SW SE SW SE SW SE
S S S S
Seabird - Sha Chau - Fall Seabird - Sha Chau - Spring Seabird - Sha Chau - Summer Seabird - Sha Chau - Winter (n=0) (n=130) (n=0) (n=24) N N N N 100% 100% 100% 100% NW 80% NE NW 80% NE NW 80% NE NW 80% NE 60% 60% 60% 60% 40% 40% 40% 40% 20% 20% 20% 20% W 0% E W 0% E W 0% E W 0% E
SW SE SW SE SW SE SW SE
S S S S
Seabird - West - Fall Seabird - West - Spring Seabird - West - Summer Seabird - West - Winter (n=0) (n=0) (n=0) (n=1) N N N N 100% 100% 100% 100% NW 80% NE NW 80% NE NW 80% NE NW 80% NE 60% 60% 60% 60% 40% 40% 40% 40% 20% 20% 20% 20% W 0% E W 0% E W 0% E W 0% E
SW SE SW SE SW SE SW SE
S S S S Annex J Radar Chart of Flying Direction of Waterbirds North North TotalNortheast Northeast TotalSha Chau Sha Chau TotalWest West Total FD FallWaterbirdSpring - WaterSummer NorthWinter - Fall Fall SpringWaterbirdSummer - NorthWinter - Spring Fall Spring SummerWaterbirdWinter - North - SummerFall Spring Summer WinterWaterbird - North - Winter N 0% 0%(n=0) 0% 0% 0% 0% (n=27)0% 0% 0% 0% 0% (n=4)0% 0% 0% 0% 0% (n=0) NE 0% 100% 0% 0% 50% 100% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% E 0% 0%N 50% 0% 0% 0% 0%N 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%N 100% 0% 0% 0% N SE 0% 100%0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 100%0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 100%0% 0% 0% 0% 67% 100% 80% 80% 80% S 0%NW 0% 0%NE 0% 0% 0%NW 0% 0%NE 0% 0% 0%NW 80%0% NE 0% 0% 0% 0%NW NE 60% 60% 60% SW 0% 0% 50% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 60%0% 0% 0% 0% 33% 40% 40% 40% W 0% 0% 0% 0% 50% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 40%0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 20% 20% 20% NW 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 20%0% 0% 0% 0% 0% W 0% E W 0% E W 0% E W 0% E
SW SE SW SE SW SE SW SE
S S S S
Waterbird - Northeast - Fall Waterbird - Northeast - Spring Waterbird - Northeast - Summer Waterbird - Northeast - Winter (n=2) (n=19) (n=0) (n=0) N N N N 100% 100% 100% 100% NW 80% NE NW 80% NE NW 80% NE NW 80% NE 60% 60% 60% 60% 40% 40% 40% 40% 20% 20% 20% 20% W 0% E W 0% E W 0% E W 0% E
SW SE SW SE SW SE SW SE
S S S S
Waterbird - Sha Chau - Fall Waterbird - Sha Chau - Spring Waterbird - Sha Chau - Summer Waterbird - Sha Chau - Winter (n=0) (n=0) (n=0) (n=0) N N N N 100% 100% 100% 100% NW 80% NE NW 80% NE NW 80% NE NW 80% NE 60% 60% 60% 60% 40% 40% 40% 40% 20% 20% 20% 20% W 0% E W 0% E W 0% E W 0% E
SW SE SW SE SW SE SW SE
S S S S
Waterbird - West - Fall Waterbird - West - Spring Waterbird - West - Summer Waterbird - West - Winter (n=1) (n=0) (n=0) (n=3) N N N N 100% 100% 100% 100% NW 80% NE NW 80% NE NW 80% NE NW 80% NE 60% 60% 60% 60% 40% 40% 40% 40% 20% 20% 20% 20% W 0% E W 0% E W 0% E W 0% E
SW SE SW SE SW SE SW SE
S S S S Annex K Other Terrestrial Survey - Species and Abundance Against Habitats and Locations
Table A Avifauna Species Recorded during Terrestrial Transect Survey China Habitats and Locations Level of IUCN Protected CITES AS CL DA MF MG PW RS SG SM SR SS SW WG TS WL Scientific Name Common Name Concern 2013 CRDB Species Appendix B A B A B C A A B A B C A B C D A C D A B A B D A B C D A B A B D A Grand Total Accipiter trivirgatus Crested Goshawk R II II 1 1 Acridotheres cristatellus Crested Myna 1 3 1 1 1 1 8 Acrocephalus dumetorum Blyth's Reed Warbler 1 1 Actitis hypoleucos Common Sandpiper 1 1 3 1 1 7 Aethopyga christinae Fork-tailed Sunbird 2 1 5 2 1 2 13 Alcedo atthis Common Kingfisher 1 1 1 3 Amaurornis phoenicurus White-breasted Waterhen 1 1 2 Anthus hodgsoni Olive-backed Pipit 1 1 Apus nipalensis House Swift 1 1 Apus pacificus Pacific Swift (LC) 1 1 Aquila fasciata Bonelli's Eagle (RC) R II II 1 1 Ardea alba Great Egret PRC(RC) 1 1 1 3 Ardea cinerea Grey Heron PRC 1 1 2 Butorides striata Striated Heron (LC) 1 1 2 Centropus bengalensis Lesser Coucal V II 1 1 Centropus sinensis Greater Coucal V II 1 1 1 2 2 7 Ceryle rudis Pied Kingfisher (LC) 1 1 Chalcophaps indica Common Emerald Dove V 1 1 2 1 5 Copsychus saularis Oriental Magpie Robin 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 2 1 1 29 Corvus macrorhynchos Large-billed Crow 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 13 Dicaeum cruentatum Scarlet-backed Flowerpecker 1 1 2 Egretta garzetta Little Egret PRC(RC) 2 2 4 1 1 1 1 12 Egretta sacra Pacific Reef Heron (LC) R II 4 4 Emberiza spodocephala Black-faced Bunting 1 1 Eudynamys scolopaceus Asian Koel 1 1 2 Garrulax perspicillatus Masked Laughingthrush 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 4 16 Gracupica nigricollis Black-collared Starling 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 Halcyon pileata Black-capped Kingfisher (LC) 1 1 Hemixos castanonotus Chestnut Bulbul 2 2 1 5 Hirundo rustica Barn Swallow 1 1 1 2 1 6 Horornis diphone Japanese Bush Warbler 2 1 3 Lanius schach Long-tailed Shrike 3 1 2 1 1 1 9 Lanius tigrinus Tiger Shrike 1 1 Lonchura punctulata Scaly-breasted Munia 3 3 Luscinia sibilans Rufous-tailed Robin 3 1 4 Milvus migrans Black Kite (RC) II II 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 2 15 Motacilla alba White Wagtail 1 1 1 1 3 2 2 11 Motacilla cinerea Grey Wagtail 1 1 2 4 Myophonus caeruleus Blue Whistling Thrush 1 1 Numenius phaeopus Whimbrel LC 2 2 Nycticorax nycticorax Black-crowned Night Heron (LC) 1 1 1 3 Orthotomus sutorius Common Tailorbird 4 3 1 1 2 1 8 2 2 3 1 28 Otus lettia Collared Scops Owl II II 2 1 3 Parus cinereous Cinereous Tit 1 3 1 1 3 7 2 1 1 2 1 23 Passer montanus Eurasian Tree Sparrow 1 1 2 1 1 6 Phoenicurus auroreus Daurian Redstart 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 6 1 1 17 Phylloscopus fuscatus Dusky Warbler 4 1 5 Phylloscopus inornatus Yellow-browed Warbler 1 1 1 3 2 1 2 11 Phylloscopus proregulus Pallas's Leaf Warbler 5 5 Prinia flaviventris Yellow-bellied Prinia 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 15 Prinia inornata Plain Prinia 1 1 Pycnonotus aurigaster Sooty-headed Bulbul 1 1 Pycnonotus jocosus Red-whiskered Bulbul 5 5 3 2 1 3 2 6 1 2 1 12 3 1 1 1 2 2 1 54 Pycnonotus sinensis Chinese Bulbul 4 3 3 1 1 1 4 2 3 1 1 2 19 3 1 1 2 2 2 1 57 Scolopax rusticola Eurasian Woodcock 1 1 Spilopelia chinensis Spotted Dove 3 2 3 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 6 1 1 1 1 1 28 Spodiopsar sericeus Red-billed Starling GC 1 1 Tarsiger cyanurus Red-flanked Bluetail 1 3 4 Turdus cardis Japanese Thrush 1 1 Turdus chrysolaus Brown-headed Thrush LC 1 1 Turdus hortulorum Grey-backed Thrush 3 1 9 1 1 15 Turdus merula Common Blackbird 2 2 Turdus pallidus Pale Thrush 2 2 Urocissa erythroryncha Red-billed Blue Magpie 1 1 2 Zoothera aurea White's Thrush 1 1 Zosterops japonicus Japanese White-eye 4 2 1 1 4 2 15 2 2 1 3 1 38 Total No. of Species 3 26 15 7 5 2 4 13 9 14 1 8 1 1 2 6 7 19 7 2 3 13 10 1 35 18 8 2 2 6 15 13 10 2 Grand Total 4 56 26 14 7 2 4 17 9 18 2 21 2 1 2 15 8 27 9 2 3 17 12 1 147 30 9 2 2 6 21 23 14 2 535 Level of Concern – LC = Local Concern, RC = Regional Concern, PRC = Potential Regional Concern, PGC = Potential Global Concern, GC = Global Concern. Letters in parentheses indicate that the assessment is on the basis of restrictedness in breeding and/or roosting sites rather than in general occurrence. (Fellowes et al. 2002) IUCN: EN = Endangered, VU = Vulnerable, NT = Near Threatened. CRDB – China Red Data Book of Endangered Animals: E = Endangered, V = Vulnerable, R = Rare, I = Indeterminate Habitats: AS = Artificial Seawall, CL = Cultivated Land; DA = Developed Area; MF = Mudflat; MG = Mangrove; PW = Plantation Woodland; RS: Rocky Shore; SG = Shrubby Grassland; SM = Salt Marsh; SR = Stream and Riparain; SS = Sandy Shore; SW = Secondary Woodland; WG = Seasonally Wet Grassland; TS = Tall Shrubland; WL = Wasteland Locations: A = North Lantau, west of North Lantau Expressway; B = North Lantau, east of North Lantau Expressway; C = Airport Island; D = Outlying Islands Table B Herpetofauna Species Recorded during Herpetofauna Surveys Habitats and Locations Level of CL DA MG PW RS SG SM SR SS SW WG TS Grand Total Scientific Name Common Name concern IUCN Cap. CRDB A B A B A A D B C A A B A A B C B A Calotes versicolor Changeable Lizard 1 1 Fejervarya limnocharis Paddy Frog 1 2 1 1 1 1 7 Gekko chinensis Chinese Gecko 1 1 11 1 2 2 3 13 8 3 45 Hemidactylus bowringii Bowring's Gecko 5 1 3 9 Hemidactylus garnotii Garnot's Gecko 1 1 2 Kaloula pulchra pulchra Asiatic Painted Frog 2 2 3 4 1 12 Liuixalus romeri Romer's Tree Frog PGC EN 170 3 1 4 4 2 14 Polypedates megacephalus Brown Tree Frog 3 1 2 2 1 9 Rana guentheri Gunther's Frog 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 9 Scincella modesta Slender Forest Skink 1 1 Scincella reevesii Reeve's Smooth Skink 1 1 Xenophrys brachykolos Short-legged Toad PGC EN 2 1 7 2 12 Gekko reevesii Tokay Gecko RC E 1 1 1 1 1 5 Microhyla ornata Ornate Pigmy Frog 5 5 Bufo melanostictus Asian Common Toad 3 2 8 16 29 Quasipaa exilispinosa Lesser Spiny Frog PGC VU 1 1 Naja atra Chinese Cobra PRC 586 V 1 1 Trimeresurus albolabris Bamboo Snake 1 1 Total No. of Species 6 2 8 3 2 4 1 1 2 4 4 2 1 6 6 4 2 5 Grand Total 16 3 25 3 3 12 2 1 2 8 4 3 1 9 29 17 2 24 163 Level of Concern: LC = Local Concern, RC = Regional Concern, GC = Global Concern, PGC = Potential Global Concern (Fellowes et al. 2002) IUCN: EN = Endangered IUCN, VU = Vulnerable. (2013). IUCN Red List of Threatened Species Version 2013.1.
Table A Records of Freshwater Fish Family Species Name Chinese Name Commonness Conservation Status Tai Ho Tung Chung San Tau Sha Lo Wan Hau Hok WanSham Wat Grand Total 鰻鱺科 Anguillidae Anguilla japonica 日本鰻鱺 Uncommon -- 1 1 1 2 3 8 鯔科 Mugilidae Mugil cephalus 鯔 [ 烏頭 ] Uncommon IUCN: Least Concern 49 251 99 23 128 550 鯔科 Mugilidae Chelon subviridis 綠背龜鮻 -- -- 190 30 113 146 305 784 鯔科 Mugilidae Chelon sp. 龜鮻 -- -- 285 317 112 62 168 944 麗魚科 Cichlidae Oreochromis mossambicus莫桑比克口孵非鯽 Common IUCN: Near Threatened 7 126 133 麗魚科 Cichlidae Oreochromis niloticus 尼羅口孵非鯽 Common -- 8 8 麗魚科 Cichlidae Tilapia zillii 齊氏非鯽 Common -- 58 58 塘鱧科 Eleotridae Eleotris oxycephala 尖頭塘鱧 -- IUCN: Least Concern 1 1 1 1 3 7 塘鱧科 Eleotridae Eleotris acanthopoma 刺蓋塘鱧 Uncommon IUCN: Least Concern 2 6 5 31 8 52 Total No. of Species 6 7 1 5 6 9 9 Grand Total 528 613 112 219 265 807 2544
Table B Records of Stream Macroinvertebrate Phylum Scientific Name Chinese Name Commonness Conservation Status Tai Ho Tung Chung San Tau Sha Lo Wan Hau Hok WanSham Wat Grand Total Arthropoda Limnogonus fossarum 暗條澤背黽蝽 (大水黽) -- -- 3 83 86 Arthropoda Metrocoris Lituratus 偽齒澗黽蝽 (小水黽) -- -- 85 120 205 Total No. of Species 1 1 0 0 0 2 2 Grand Total 85 3 0 0 0 203 291 Annex M Bird Species Recorded within Land Formation Area
Table A Breakdown of Bird Species within Land Formation Area by Activities During Boat Surveys and Land-based Surveys at North and Northeast Stations Against Recorded Habitat and Activity
Boat Survey Land-Based Point Count (North and Northeast Stations) China IUCN Protected Activity Activity Level of Version Species CITES Species Name Common Name Concern 2012.1 CRDB (Class) Appendix Foraging Roosting Travelling Others Sub-total Foraging Roosting Travelling Others Sub-total Acridotheres cristatellus Crested Myna 5 100.00% 5 3 4.84% 42 67.74% 3 4.84% 14 22.58% 62 Actitis hypoleucos Common Sandpiper 1 100.00% 1 8 19.05% 9 21.43% 5 11.90% 20 47.62% 42 Alcedo atthis Common Kingfisher 1 100.00% 1 3 42.86% 1 14.29% 3 42.86% 7 Anthus cervinus Red-throated Pipit LC 10 100.00% 10 Anthus hodgsoni Olive-backed Pipit 6 100.00% 6 Anthus richardi Richard's Pipit 1 100.00% 1 2 13.33% 4 26.67% 7 46.67% 2 13.33% 15 Apus nipalensis House Swift 4 100.00% 4 Ardea alba Great Egret PRC(RC) 2 40.00% 2 40.00% 1 20.00% 5 3 16.67% 5 27.78% 10 55.56% 18 Ardea cinerea Grey Heron PRC 1 100.00% 1 1 12.50% 2 25.00% 3 37.50% 2 25.00% 8 Ardeola bacchus Chinese Pond Heron PRC(RC) 2 28.57% 4 57.14% 1 14.29% 7 Bubulcus coromandus Eastern Cattle Egret LC 1 33.33% 2 66.67% 3 Calidris ruficollis Red-necked Stint LC 23 100.00% 23 Calidris tenuirostris Great Knot LC VU 10 100.00% 10 Cecropis daurica Red-rumped Swallow 2 100.00% 2 Charadrius alexandrinus Kentish Plover RC 2 100.00% 2 Charadrius dubius Little Ringed Plover (LC) 2 100.00% 2 Charadrius leschenaultii Greater Sand Plover RC 2 100.00% 2 Chroicocephalus ridibundus Black-headed Gull PRC 1 100.00% 1 Columba livia Domestic Pigeon 2 100.00% 2 Copsychus saularis Oriental Magpie Robin 2 18.18% 9 81.82% 11 Corvus macrorhynchos Large-billed Crow 1 16.67% 4 66.67% 1 16.67% 6 Dicaeum cruentatum Scarlet-backed Flowerpecker 1 100.00% 1 Dicrurus macrocercus Black Drongo 9 100.00% 9 Egretta garzetta Little Egret PRC(RC) 78 39.80% 69 35.20% 42 21.43% 7 3.57% 196 127 17.66% 157 21.84% 292 40.61% 143 19.89% 719 Egretta sacra Pacific Reef Heron (LC) R II 1 50.00% 1 50.00% 2 9 26.47% 3 8.82% 13 38.24% 9 26.47% 34 Emberiza aureola Yellow-breasted Bunting RC EN 1 100.00% 1 Falco peregrinus Peregrine Falcon (LC) II II 3 100.00% 3 Falco tinnunculus Common Kestrel II II 1 50.00% 1 50.00% 2 2 66.67% 1 33.33% 3 Halcyon smyrnensis White-throated Kingfisher (LC) 1 50.00% 1 50.00% 2 Hirundo rustica Barn Swallow 18 100.00% 18 124 83.78% 24 16.22% 148 Lanius schach Long-tailed Shrike 1 50.00% 1 50.00% 2 Larus crassirostris Black-tailed Gull LC 1 50.00% 1 50.00% 2 Larus fuscus Heuglin's Gull LC 7 87.50% 1 12.50% 8 2 5.26% 17 44.74% 19 50.00% 38 Larus vegae Vega Gull 1 100.00% 1 Limosa limosa Black-tailed Godwit RC NT I 9 100.00% 9 Lonchura punctulata Scaly-breasted Munia 2 100.00% 2 Milvus migrans Black Kite (RC) II II 4 50.00% 3 37.50% 1 12.50% 8 15 31.25% 1 2.08% 15 31.25% 17 35.42% 48 Monticola solitarius Blue Rock Thrush 4 26.67% 8 53.33% 1 6.67% 2 13.33% 15 Motacilla alba White Wagtail 5 29.41% 3 17.65% 2 11.76% 7 41.18% 17 Motacilla cinerea Grey Wagtail 3 100.00% 3 Motacilla tschutschensis Eastern Yellow Wagtail 1 2.94% 33 97.06% 34 Numenius phaeopus Whimbrel LC 1 100.00% 1 Nycticorax nycticorax Black-crowned Night Heron (LC) 1 100.00% 1 1 10.00% 7 70.00% 2 20.00% 10 Onychoprion aleuticus Aleutian Tern 1 100.00% 1 Onychoprion anaethetus Bridled Tern (LC) 33 100.00% 33 Pandion haliaetus Western Osprey RC R II II 1 33.33% 1 33.33% 1 33.33% 3 Passer montanus Eurasian Tree Sparrow 18 42.86% 6 14.29% 10 23.81% 8 19.05% 42 Phalacrocorax carbo Great Cormorant PRC 2 100.00% 2 Phoenicurus auroreus Daurian Redstart 1 50.00% 1 50.00% 2 Phylloscopus fuscatus Dusky Warbler 1 50.00% 1 50.00% 2 Phylloscopus inornatus Yellow-browed Warbler 1 100.00% 1 Pluvialis fulva Pacific Golden Plover LC 1 33.33% 2 66.67% 3 Pycnonotus jocosus Red-whiskered Bulbul 4 100.00% 4 Pycnonotus sinensis Chinese Bulbul 4 3.60% 35 31.53% 52 46.85% 20 18.02% 111 Riparia diluta Pale Martin 1 100.00% 1 Saxicola stejnegeri Stejneger's Stonechat 1 100.00% 1 Spodiopsar sericeus Red-billed Starling GC 39 97.50% 1 2.50% 40 Sterna hirundo Common Tern LC 9 100.00% 9 Sternula albifrons Little Tern LC 1 6.67% 14 93.33% 15 Streptopelia orientalis Oriental Turtle Dove 1 50.00% 1 50.00% 2 Sturnia sinensis White-shouldered Starling (LC) 1 100.00% 1 Sturnus vulgaris Common Starling LC 1 100.00% 1 Boat Survey Land-Based Point Count (North and Northeast Stations) China IUCN Protected Activity Activity Level of Version Species CITES Species Name Common Name Concern 2012.1 CRDB (Class) Appendix Foraging Roosting Travelling Others Sub-total Foraging Roosting Travelling Others Sub-total Turdus hortulorum Grey-backed Thrush 1 100.00% 1 Xenus cinereus Terek Sandpiper RC 1 100.00% 1 Zosterops japonicus Japanese White-eye 3 60.00% 2 40.00% 5 Plover sp. 12 100.00% 12 Tern sp. 1 100.00% 1 Grand Total: 86 31.50% 82 30.04% 97 35.53% 8 2.93% 273 220 13.62% 343 21.24% 699 43.28% 353 21.86% 1615
Reference: Level of Concern – LC = Local Concern, RC = Regional Concern, PRC = Potential Regional Concern, PGC = Potential Global Concern, GC = Global Concern. Letters in parentheses indicate that the assessment is on the basis of restrictedness in breeding and/or roosting sites rather than in general occurrence. (Fellowes et al. 2002) APA Ref: Fellowes, J.R., Lau, M.W.N., Dudgeon, D., Reels, G.T., Ades, G.W.J., Carey,G.J., Chan, B.P.L., Kendrick, R.C., Lee, K.S., Leven, M.R., Wilson, K.D.P. and Yu, Y.T. (2002). Wild Animals to Watch: Terrestrial and Freshwater Fauna of Conservation Concern in Hong Kong. Memoirs of the Hong Kong Natural History Society, 25, 123-160. IUCN – IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (Version 2010.4); EN = Endangered, VU = Vulnerable, NT = Near Threatened. (Last checked on 24/11/2010) APA Ref: IUCN (2010). IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.4. Retrieved November 24, 2010 from: www.iucnredlist.org CRDB – China Red Data Book of Endangered Animals: Aves; E = Endangered, V = Vulnerable, R = Rare, I = Indeterminate (Zheng & Wang 1998). APA Ref: Zheng, G.M. and Wang, Q.S. (1998). China Red Data Book of Endangered Animals: Aves. Organized by National Environmental Protection Agency Endangered Species Scientific Commission (Editorial Board), People's Republic of China. Beijing: Science Press. Cap. 586 – Listed in Protection of Endangered Species of Animals and Plants Ordinance Table B Breakdown of Bird Sightings and Abundances Within the Land Formation Area by Habitats During the Boat Surveys and Land-based Surveys at North and Northeast Stations
Boat Survey Land-Based Point Count (North and Northeast Stations) China IUCN Level of Protected CITES Species Name Common Name Version CRDB Concern Species Appendix Recorded Habitat Recorded Habitat 2013.1 (Class) Pelagic Coastal Total Pelagic Coastal Total No. of No. of Total no. of Total % of No. of No. of Total no. of Total % of Sighting Abundance Sighting Abundance Sighting % of Sighting Abundance Abundance Sighting Abundance Sighting Abundance Sighting % of Sighting Abundance Abundance Acridotheres cristatellus Crested Myna 2 5 2 1.69% 0.00% 2 2 18 60 20 2.82% 62 3.84% Actitis hypoleucos Common Sandpiper 1 1 1 0.85% 1 0.37% 9 16 24 26 33 4.66% 42 2.60% Alcedo atthis Common Kingfisher 1 1 1 0.85% 1 0.37% 6 7 6 0.85% 7 0.43% Anthus cervinus Red-throated Pipit LC 1 5 2 5 3 0.42% 10 0.62% Anthus hodgsoni Olive-backed Pipit 3 6 3 0.42% 6 0.37% Anthus richardi Richard's Pipit 1 1 1 0.85% 1 0.37% 2 2 7 13 9 1.27% 15 0.93% Apus nipalensis House Swift 1 4 1 0.14% 4 0.25% Ardea alba Great Egret PRC(RC) 1 1 4 4 5 4.24% 5 1.83% 9 13 5 5 14 1.98% 18 1.11% Ardea cinerea Grey Heron PRC 1 1 1 0.85% 1 0.37% 3 3 5 5 8 1.13% 8 0.50% Ardeola bacchus Chinese Pond Heron PRC(RC) 4 7 4 0.56% 7 0.43% Bubulcus coromandus Eastern Cattle Egret LC 1 2 1 1 2 0.28% 3 0.19% Calidris ruficollis Red-necked Stint LC 2 23 2 0.28% 23 1.42% Calidris tenuirostris Great Knot LC VU 1 10 1 0.14% 10 0.62% Cecropis daurica Red-rumped Swallow 1 2 1 0.14% 2 0.12% Charadrius alexandrinus Kentish Plover RC 1 2 1 0.14% 2 0.12% Charadrius dubius Little Ringed Plover (LC) 1 2 1 0.14% 2 0.12% Charadrius leschenaultii Greater Sand Plover RC 1 2 1 0.14% 2 0.12% Chroicocephalus ridibundus Black-headed Gull PRC 1 1 1 0.85% 1 0.37% Columba livia Domestic Pigeon 2 2 2 0.28% 2 0.12% Copsychus saularis Oriental Magpie Robin 8 11 8 1.13% 11 0.68% Corvus macrorhynchos Large-billed Crow 6 6 6 0.85% 6 0.37% Dicaeum cruentatum Scarlet-backed Flowerpecker 1 1 1 0.14% 1 0.06% Dicrurus macrocercus Black Drongo 1 6 2 3 3 0.42% 9 0.56% Egretta garzetta Little Egret PRC(RC) 23 29 63 167 86 72.88% 196 71.79% 218 405 120 314 338 47.74% 719 44.52% Egretta sacra Pacific Reef Heron (LC) R II 2 2 2 1.69% 2 0.73% 12 16 15 18 27 3.81% 34 2.11% Emberiza aureola Yellow-breasted Bunting RC EN 1 1 1 0.14% 1 0.06% Falco peregrinus Peregrine Falcon (LC) II II 2 3 2 0.28% 3 0.19% Falco tinnunculus Common Kestrel II II 1 1 1 1 2 1.69% 2 0.73% 3 3 3 0.42% 3 0.19% Halcyon smyrnensis White-throated Kingfisher (LC) 1 1 1 1 2 0.28% 2 0.12% Hirundo rustica Barn Swallow 3 18 3 2.54% 18 6.59% 26 58 27 90 53 7.49% 148 9.16% Lanius schach Long-tailed Shrike 2 2 2 0.28% 2 0.12% Larus crassirostris Black-tailed Gull LC 2 2 2 0.28% 2 0.12% Larus fuscus Heuglin's Gull LC 2 8 2 1.69% 8 2.93% 16 38 16 2.26% 38 2.35% Larus vegae Vega Gull 1 1 1 0.14% 1 0.06% Limosa limosa Black-tailed Godwit RC NT I 1 9 1 0.14% 9 0.56% Lonchura punctulata Scaly-breasted Munia 1 2 1 0.85% 2 0.73% Milvus migrans Black Kite (RC) II II 4 4 3 4 7 5.93% 8 2.93% 32 38 9 10 41 5.79% 48 2.97% Monticola solitarius Blue Rock Thrush 15 15 15 2.12% 15 0.93% Motacilla alba White Wagtail 1 1 11 16 12 1.69% 17 1.05% Motacilla cinerea Grey Wagtail 2 3 2 0.28% 3 0.19% Motacilla tschutschensis Eastern Yellow Wagtail 3 19 2 15 5 0.71% 34 2.11% Numenius phaeopus Whimbrel LC 1 1 1 0.14% 1 0.06% Nycticorax nycticorax Black-crowned Night Heron (LC) 1 1 1 0.85% 1 0.37% 8 9 1 1 9 1.27% 10 0.62% Onychoprion aleuticus Aleutian Tern 1 1 1 0.14% 1 0.06% Onychoprion anaethetus Bridled Tern (LC) 1 33 1 0.14% 33 2.04% Pandion haliaetus Western Osprey RC R II II 1 1 2 2 3 0.42% 3 0.19% Passer montanus Eurasian Tree Sparrow 2 4 5 38 7 0.99% 42 2.60% Phalacrocorax carbo Great Cormorant PRC 1 2 1 0.14% 2 0.12% Phoenicurus auroreus Daurian Redstart 2 2 2 0.28% 2 0.12% Phylloscopus fuscatus Dusky Warbler 2 2 2 0.28% 2 0.12% Phylloscopus inornatus Yellow-browed Warbler 1 1 1 0.14% 1 0.06% Pluvialis fulva Pacific Golden Plover LC 2 3 2 0.28% 3 0.19% Pycnonotus jocosus Red-whiskered Bulbul 2 4 2 0.28% 4 0.25% Pycnonotus sinensis Chinese Bulbul 2 34 5 77 7 0.99% 111 6.87% Riparia diluta Pale Martin 1 1 1 0.14% 1 0.06% Saxicola stejnegeri Stejneger's Stonechat 1 1 1 0.14% 1 0.06% Spodiopsar sericeus Red-billed Starling GC 3 40 3 0.42% 40 2.48% Sterna hirundo Common Tern LC 1 9 1 0.85% 9 3.30% Sternula albifrons Little Tern LC 2 15 2 0.28% 15 0.93% Streptopelia orientalis Oriental Turtle Dove 2 2 2 0.28% 2 0.12% Sturnia sinensis White-shouldered Starling (LC) 1 1 1 0.14% 1 0.06% Sturnus vulgaris Common Starling LC 1 1 1 0.14% 1 0.06% Turdus hortulorum Grey-backed Thrush 1 1 1 0.14% 1 0.06% Xenus cinereus Terek Sandpiper RC 1 1 1 0.14% 1 0.06% Zosterops japonicus Japanese White-eye 2 5 2 0.28% 5 0.31% Plover sp. 1 12 1 0.85% 12 4.40% 0 0.00% Tern sp. 1 1 1 0.14% 1 0.06% Grand Total: 39 86 79 187 118 100.00% 273 100.00% 375 789 333 826 708 100.00% 1615 100.00%
Reference: Level of Concern – LC = Local Concern, RC = Regional Concern, PRC = Potential Regional Concern, PGC = Potential Global Concern, GC = Global Concern. Letters in parentheses indicate that the assessment is on the basis of restrictedness in breeding and/or roosting sites rather than in general occurrence. (Fellowes et al. 2002) APA Ref: Fellowes, J.R., Lau, M.W.N., Dudgeon, D., Reels, G.T., Ades, G.W.J., Carey,G.J., Chan, B.P.L., Kendrick, R.C., Lee, K.S., Leven, M.R., Wilson, K.D.P. and Yu, Y.T. (2002). Wild Animals to Watch: Terrestrial and Freshwater Fauna of Conservation Concern in Hong Kong. Memoirs of the Hong Kong Natural History Society, 25, 123-160. IUCN – IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (Version 2013.1); EN = Endangered, VU = Vulnerable, NT = Near Threatened. (Last checked on 07/11/2013) Boat Survey Land-Based Point Count (North and Northeast Stations) China IUCN Level of Protected CITES Species Name Common Name Version CRDB Concern Species Appendix Recorded Habitat Recorded Habitat 2013.1 (Class) Pelagic Coastal Total Pelagic Coastal Total No. of No. of Total no. of Total % of No. of No. of Total no. of Total % of Sighting Abundance Sighting Abundance Sighting % of Sighting Abundance Abundance Sighting Abundance Sighting Abundance Sighting % of Sighting Abundance Abundance APA Ref: IUCN (2010). IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.4. Retrieved November 24, 2010 from: www.iucnredlist.org CRDB – China Red Data Book of Endangered Animals: Aves; E = Endangered, V = Vulnerable, R = Rare, I = Indeterminate (Zheng & Wang 1998). APA Ref: Zheng, G.M. and Wang, Q.S. (1998). China Red Data Book of Endangered Animals: Aves. Organized by National Environmental Protection Agency Endangered Species Scientific Commission (Editorial Board), People's Republic of China. Beijing: Science Press. Cap. 586 – Listed in Protection of Endangered Species of Animals and Plants Ordinance Annex N Bird's Abundance in Land Formation Area and Study Area (Boat Survey)
Overall Number of Birds Recorded in Land Formation Area and Study Area 3500
3000
2500
2000
1500 Abundance
1000
500
0 Ardeid Landbird Seabird Waterbird Land Formation Area 205 37 18 13 Study Area 3055 612 1576 39 Number of Birds Recorded in Land Formation Area and Study Number of Birds Recorded in Land Formation Area and Study Area in Spring Area in Summer 1400 1400
1200 1200
1000 1000
800 800
600 600
Abundance Abundance
400 400
200 200
0 0 Ardeid Landbird Seabird Waterbird Ardeid Landbird Seabird Waterbird Land Formation Area 73 5 0 13 Land Formation Area 52 23 9 0 Study Area 504 110 96 36 Study Area 818 278 11 0
Number of Birds Recorded in Land Formation Area and Study Number of Birds Recorded in Land Formation Area and Study Area in Fall Area in Winter 1400 1600
1200 1400
1200
1000
1000 800 800
600 Abundance Abundance 600 400 400
200 200
0 0 Ardeid Landbird Seabird Waterbird Ardeid Landbird Seabird Waterbird Land Formation Area 37 2 0 0 Land Formation Area 43 7 9 0 Study Area 1200 107 112 2 Study Area 533 117 1357 1 Annex O Sighting Number of Birds per Trip in Land Formation Area and Study Area (Boat Survey)
Overall Sighting Number of Birds per Trip in Land Formation Area and Study Area 30.00
25.00
20.00
15.00
10.00 Sighting Sighting NumberperTrip
5.00
0.00 Ardeid Landbird Seabird Waterbird Land Formation Area 3.96 0.71 0.17 0.08 Study Area 28.25 9.92 4.67 0.58 Sighting Number of Birds per Trip in Sighting Number of Birds per Trip in Land Formation Area and Study Area in Spring Land Formation Area and Study Area in Summer 7.00 8.00
6.00 7.00
6.00 5.00
5.00 4.00 4.00 3.00 3.00
2.00 Sighting NumberSighting perTrip Sighting Numberper Trip 2.00
1.00 1.00
0.00 0.00 Ardeid Landbird Seabird Waterbird Ardeid Landbird Seabird Waterbird Land Formation Area 1.13 0.17 0.00 0.08 Land Formation Area 1.21 0.21 0.04 0.00 Study Area 6.63 2.38 0.83 0.46 Study Area 7.25 2.21 0.08 0.00
Sighting Number of Birds per Trip in Sighting Number of Birds per Trip in Land Formation Area and Study Area in Fall Land Formation Area and Study Area in Winter 8.00 8.00
7.00 7.00
6.00 6.00
5.00 5.00
4.00 4.00
3.00 3.00 Sighting NumberSighting Trip per 2.00 Sighting Numberper Trip 2.00
1.00 1.00
0.00 0.00 Ardeid Landbird Seabird Waterbird Ardeid Landbird Seabird Waterbird Land Formation Area 0.75 0.08 0.00 0.00 Land Formation Area 0.88 0.25 0.13 0.00 Study Area 7.54 2.42 0.29 0.08 Study Area 6.83 2.92 3.46 0.04