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International Journal of Botany and Research (IJBR) ISSN (P): 2277-4815; ISSN (E): 2319-4456 Vol. 7, Issue 4, Aug 2017, 41-54 © TJPRC Pvt. Ltd.

ANGIOSPERMIC FLORA OF ACHANAKMAR-AMARKANTAK BIOSPHERE
RESERVE, CENTRAL INDIA

SHILPA VINODIA & A K DIXIT

Department of Botany, Guru-Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Koni, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India

ABSTRACT
A precise report is done in unexplored locales of Achanakmar-Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve (AABR), Central
India, which has uncovered 442 taxa belonging to 345 genera under 109 families. Out of these recorded taxa, 238 are herbs, 49 climbers, 72 trees and 83 bushes species. Most frequent families are Fabaceae with 64 species, Asteraceae with 28 species, Lamiaceae with 22 species, Apocynaceae with 20 species and Acanthaceae with 19 species. Out of 442 taxa, 51 species are assessed as threatened, belonging to 46 genera and 28 families. Habenaria diphylla, Nervillia aragoana, Nervillia crociformis, Dendrobium herbaeceum and Acampe rigida of family Orchidaceae, Abrus precatorious var. alba (Fabaceae), Brugmansia suaveolens (Solanaceae), Cleome rutidosperma, C. gynandra (Cleomaceae), and Cinnamomum tamala (Lauraceae) are accounted for surprisingly and gives update to the angiospermic floral database alongwith IUCN categories.

KEYWORDS: Angiosperms, Flora, Achanakmar-Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve & Threatened Taxa

Received: Jun 28, 2017; Accepted: Jul 18, 2017; Published: Jul 21, 2017; Paper Id: IJBRAUG20176

INTRODUCTION

Achanakmar-Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve (AABR) is the 14th National Biosphere Reserve of India blow out from Maikal Hill Range to Vindhyan and Satpura hill range in Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh state of Central India. It lies between 22015 to 20058 N and 81025 to 8205 E occupies 383551.0 hectare of Geographical area. The forest types are: Northern Indian Tropical moist Deciduous Forest (subtype- moist high level, moist low level and moist valley Sal) and Northern Indian Dry deciduous forest (subtype- Moist mixed deciduous and dry mixed deciduous).The major river originating from the buffer zone of AABR- Narmada river flows toward west, other two Johila and Sone rivers flow towards North. Indian Forest Act VII declared AABR as Reserve forest in 1878. Many tribal communities reside here and relied on forest produces for their livelihood.

AABR is endowed with rich biodiversity with varied climate and support highly medicinal flora. But, in present scenario, it is observed that there has been a continuous decline in floristic pattern, influenced by anthropogenic activity like fire, technology and trade (McNeely, 1994). In India, information on medicinally important RET taxa is given by Jain (1983); Nair and Shastry (1988); Margules and Pressey (2000), Ahmedullah and Nayar (1986); Ghate and Vartak (1990); Vajravelu and Daniel (1983); Reid (1992); Oldfield et al. (1998), IUCN (2001, 2005), Chaudhary and Sarkar (2002), Das (2003); Burton (2003); Jain and Vairale (2007); Modi & Mathad (2016). Documentation of RET plants in Sindhuragiri hills, Southern Western Ghats, Tamil Nadu was done by Aadhan and Anand (2017), enumerated 45 RET Species, out of which 18 are rare, 11 endangered, 10 are vulnerable, 2 are critically endangered and 01 near threatened. In Central India, many contributions on plant diversity and their RET status have been carried out viz., Mujaffar et al.(2013) recorded some Angiospermic plants

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  • 42
  • Shilpa Vinodia & A K Dixit

new to Central India. Ray and Sainkhediya (2014) reported 94 RET plants distributed in 45 families of which 25 are Vulnerable, 40 are Endangered and 18 are Critically Endangered in Nimar Region of Madhya Pradesh. Bharti (2015) enumerated 37 rare and endangered species form Shahdol (M.P). Tewari at al. (2014) investigated 15 threatened wild herbal medicinal species from Bilaspur district. Sinha (2013) reported some threatened plants, 62 as vulnerable, 27 as endangered, and 14 as critically endangered. ENVIS Centre on Conservation of Medicinal Plants reported 47 species as threatened. 1 species has been assigned critically endangered (CR) status, 05 species as Endangered (EN), 11 species as Vulnerable (VU) and 30 species as Near threatened (NT) (ENVIS,2010). Ahirwar and Sandya (2015) highlighted 33 threatened ethnomedicinal plant of 33 genera and 26 families used by tribal community of Achanakmar-Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve (AABR). From AABR, 1572 species of flora was identified by Anon (2007, 2008, 2010) including 511 flowering plants of medicinal values. Joshi et al., (2010) reported more than 1,111 species of Angiosperms from Achanakmar-Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve, Out of which Twenty eight threatened species was reported as threatened (Ved, et al., 2003; Ved et al., 2006). Vinodia and Dixit (2017) reported a new terrestrial orchid H.diphylla from AABR. Literature suggested that previous publication of AABR contain some contradictory, confusing and old data, which needs an updated. An attempt has been made to update existing information along with new taxa and new locales with biosphere reserve.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Plants Specimens have been collected from ten localities of Achanakmar-Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve (Fig. 1) between January 2014 – March 2017 in regular interval. Collected specimens were dried, poisoned and preserved using standard herbarium techniques (Jain and Rao, 1977). Voucher specimens are deposited in the Department of Botany, GuruGhasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur (Chhattisgarh).

Figure 1: Map of Achanakmar-Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve

Identification done with the help of regional Floras, Literature, viz. Hooker (1872-1897), Singh et al., (2001),
Murthi and Panigrahi (1999); Verma et al., (1993); Mudgal et al. (1997), Khanna et. al., (2009).Status of each plant species have been assessed on the basis of IUCN criteria 2010 (Version, 8.1); (2010) and list of angiospermic flora has been prepared alphabetically (Table.1). Database of Threatened plants based on IUCN criteria (IUCN, 2010, Ver. 8.1) was

  • Impact Factor (JCC):3.8754
  • NAAS Rating: 4.08

  • Angiospermic Flora of Achanakmar-Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve, Central India
  • 43

categorized (Table. 2). The five criteria used to frame RET status are: A. declining population (past, present and/or projected).B. Geographic range size, and fragmentation, decline or fluctuations. C. Small population size and fragmentation, decline, or fluctuations. D. Very small population or very restricted distribution. E. Quantitative analysis.

RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS

A total of 442 angiosperm species have been identified on the basis of present investigation in AABR. These species are distributed in 109 families and 345 genera. 54 % of the total species are represented by herbs, whereas shrubs, trees and climbers are represented by 19%, 16% and 11 % respectively. In dicots, Fabaceae is the largest family represented by 64 species, followed by family Asteraceae with 28 species, while in monocots, Poaceae is the largest family represented by 15 species. Some medicinally and economically important plants encountered during field visit are Asparagus recemosus Willd. (Satavar), Buchanania lanzan Spreng. (Char), Celastrus paniculatus Willd. (Malkangini), Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. (Kali-musli), Gloriosa superba (Kalihari), Costus speciosus (Keokand)), Abrus precatorius (Gunchi), Nervillia aragoana, Clerodendrum serratum, Chlorophytum tuberosum, Habenaria digitata, Dioscorea bulbifera L. (Dankkanda) etc.

Moreover, it is likewise watched that there has been a progressive decrease in the vegetation of Biosphere

Reserve. Some intrusive species, for example, Chromolaena odorata, Lantana camara, Parthenium hysterophorus, have

additionally been experienced amid field visits, which influence the recovery and regeneration status of neighboring species. Beside this, abuse of woodland produces by local residents and aboriginal inhabitants creates irrelevant weight on timberland and makes insignificant stress on flora. In this specific situation, 51 threatened plants have been discovered in the investigation zone, out of which 33% are vulnerable, 43% are Endangered and 24% are critically endangered (Table.2).

CONCLUSIONS

From present contemplate, it can be presumed that AABR is rich in botanical wealth and support medicinally and economically important threatened taxa. These important plants require uncommon consideration for their preservation in wild. On the other hand, to mitigate the increasing demands of traditional healers and future challenges, awareness programs should be conducted at local levels for sustainable utilization of threatened restorative plants. Present assessment provides an updated and specific floral diversity in AABR (Central India) yet certain regions remain unexplored. Some plants reported in earlier publications were not encountered during present survey may be due to climate change, habitat loss, introduction of invasive taxa, anthropogenic disturbances, soil erosion etc. Yet, some new taxa has likewise been accounted for interestingly for the first time viz., Habenaria diphylla, Nervillia aragoana, and Nervillia crociformis (Terrestrial orchids), Dendrobium herbaeceum and Acampe rigida (Epiphytic orchids) of family Orchidaceae, Abrus precatorious var. alba (Fabaceae), Brugmansia suaveolens (Solanaceae), Cleome rutidosperma, Cleome. gynandra (Cleomaceae) and Cinnamomum tamala (Lauraceae) which gives an evidence for more conceivable outcomes of discovering fortunes of new taxa and numerous significant threatened species.

Table 1: Angiospermic Flora of Achanakmar-Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve
Plant species

Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench Abelmoschus ficulneus (L.) White & Arn. Ex Wight Abrus precatorius L.

Family

Malvaceae Malvaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae

Habit

Shrub Shrub Climber Climber

Wild/Cultivated

WWWW

Abrus precatorius var. alba*

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Abutilon indicum indicum Acacia leucophloea (Roxb.)Willd. Acacia mearnsii De Wild. Acacia nilotica (L.)Delile Acacia torta (Roxb.) Craib. Acalypha indica L.

Acampe praemorsa (Roxb.) Blatt.& Mc.Cann.

Acampe rigida* Achyranthes aspera L. Adhatoda vasica Nees Adina cordifolia (Roxb.) Brandis Aeginetia indica L. Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa Aegopodium podagraria Aerides multiflora Roxb.

Malvaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Euphorbiaceae Orchidaceae Orchidaceae Amaranthaceae Acanthaceae Rubiaceae Orabanchaceae Rutaceae Apiaceae
Herb Tree Shrub Tree Shrub Herb Herb Herb Herb Shrub Tree Herb Tree Tree Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Climber Tree Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Climber Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Tree
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWC
Orchidaceae Amaranthaceae Fabaceae

Aerva lanata (L) Juss. Ex. Schult Aeschynomene indica Sensee auct. Aeschynomene virginica Ageratum houstonianum Mill. Agertaum conyzoides L.

Fabaceae Asteraceae Asteraceae Simaroubaceae Cornaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae

Ailanthus excelsa Alangium salvifolium (L. F.) Wangerin Albizia lebbeck (L.)Benth. Albizia procera (Roxb.) Benth. Albizia saman (Jacq.) Merr. Allamanda carthica L. Alstonia scholaries (L.) R.Br. Alternanthera parynochoides A. St.-Hil. Alysicarpus sp. Alysicarpus vaginalis (L.) DC. Amaranthus hybridus L. Amaranthus hypochondriacus L. Amaranthus viridis L. Ammannia baccifera L. Ampelocissus latifolia (Roxb.) Planch. Anagalis arvensis L. Andrographis echioides (L.) Nees. Andrographis paniculata (Burm. fil.) Nees Anisochilus carnosus (L.f.) Wall. Anisomeles indica (L.) Annona reticulata L. Annona squamosa L. Anogeissus latifolia (Roxb. ex. DC.) Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb.) Miq. Antigonon leptopus Hook & Arn Apluda sp. Ardisia humilis Blumea Argemone mexicana L. Argemone ochroleuca Sweet Arisaema tortuosum (Wall.) Schott Aristida adscensionis L.

Fabaceae Apocynaceae Apocynaceae Amaranthaceae Fabaceae
CCWWWWWWWWWWWWWC
Fabaceae Amaranthaceae Amaranthaceae Amaranthaceae Lythraceae Vitaceae Primulaceae Acanthaceae Acanthaceae Lamiaceae Lamiaceae Annonaceae Annonaceae Combretaceae Rubiaceae Polygonaceae Poaceae Myrsinaceae Papeveraceae Papaveraceae Araceae
Tree Tree Tree
CWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
Climber Herb Shrub Herb Herb Herb Herb Climber Herb Herb Climber Tree
Poaceae Aristolochiaceae Araceae Poaceae Aspargaceae Moraceae

Aristolochia indica L. Arum maculatum L.

Arundinella pumila (Hochst. Ex A. Rich.) Steud.

Aspargus racemosus Willd Atrocarpus heterophyllus Lam.

  • Impact Factor (JCC):3.8754
  • NAAS Rating: 4.08

  • Angiospermic Flora of Achanakmar-Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve, Central India
  • 45

Bahuniia vahlii Wight & Arn. Barleria cristata L. Barleria prinoitis L. Basella alba L. Bauhinia acuminata L. Bauhinia malabarica Roxb. Bauhinia sp. Bauhinia variegata Linn.

Bidens biternata (Lour.) Merr. & Shreff

Bidens pilosa L. Bigonia picta Sm. Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC. Bixa orellana L. Blainvillea acmella (L.) philipson Blepharis maderaspatensis (L.) B. Heyne ex Roth Blumea fistulosa (Roxb.) Kuntze Blumea lacera (Burm.f.) DC. Boerhavia erecta L. Bombax ceiba L. Borreria stricta (L.f.) DC. Brassica campestris L. Brugmansia suaveolens (Hemp. & Bonpl. Ex Willd)* Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken. Bupleurum ramosissimum W. & A. Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub. Byttneria herbaceae Roxb. Caesalpinia bonducella (L.) Roxb. Caesalpinia decapetala (Roth) Aiston. Caesalpinia pulcherima var. flava Caesulia axillaris Roxb. Cajanus cajan (L.) Millep. Callistemon viminalis (Sol.ex Gaertn.) G.Don Calotropis gigantea (L.) W.T. Aiton Calotropis procera (Aiton) W.T.Aiton Canna indica L. Capparis zeylanica L. Cardamine hirsuta L. Careya arborea Roxb. Carica papaya L. Casearia graveolens Dalzell Cassia alata L. Cassia fistula L. Cassia mimosoides Cassia occidentalis L. Cassia siamea Cassia tora L. Cassia uniflora Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don. Catunaregam spinosa (Thunb.) Tirveng Cayratia trifolia (L.) Domin Celosia argentea L. Cenchrus cilliaris L. Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. Chenopodium album L.

  • Fabaceae
  • Climber

Herb Herb Herb Shrub Tree
WWWWWWWWWWWWCWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWCWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
Acanthaceae Acanthaceae Basellaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae

  • Fabaceae
  • Tree

  • Tree
  • Fabaceae

Asteraceae Asteraceae Bigoniaceae Oxalidaceae Bixaceae Asteraceae Acanthaceae Asteraceae Asteraceae Nyctaginaceae Bombacaceae Rubiaceae Brassicaceae Solanaceae Crassulaceae Apiaceae
Herb Herb Herb Herb Shrub Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Tree Herb Herb Shrub Herb Tree
Fabaceae Malvaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae
Tree Herb Shrub Shrub Shrub Herb Climber Tree Shrub Shrub Herb Climber Herb Tree Shrub Tree Shrub Tree Herb Herb Tree Herb Herb Herb Tree
Asteraceae Fabaceae Myrtaceae Apocynaceae Apocynaceae Cannaceae Capparaceae Brassicaceae Lecythidaceae Caricaceae Salicaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Apocynaceae Rubiaceae Vitaceae Amaranthaceae Poaceae
Climber Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Shrub
Apiaceae Amaranthaceae Aspargaceae Asteraceae

Chlorophytum tuberosum (Roxb) Baker Chromolaena odorata (L.) R. M. King & H. Rob.

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Chrysanthemum indicum L. Cinnamomum tamala* Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. Cissus quandrangularis L. Cissus subrhomboidea (Baker) Planch Citrus limon (L.) Burm. F. Cleistanthus collinus Cleome gynandra L.* Cleome rutidosperma DC.* Cleome viscosa L.

Asteaceae Lauraceae Asteraceae Vitaceae Vitaceae Rutaceae Phyllanthaceae Cleomaceae Cleomaceae Cleomaceae Lamiaceae Lamiaceae Lamiaceae Lamiaceae
Herb Tree Herb Climber Climber Shrub Tree Herb Herb
WWWWWWWWWWWWWW
Herb

Clerodendrum phlomoides

Shrub Shrub Shrub Shrub

Clerodendrum chinensis (Osbeck.)Mabb. Clerodendrum indicum (L.) Kuntze Clerodendrum infortunatum L. Clerodendrum serratum (L.) Moon Synonym of Rotheca serrata (L.) Steane & Mabb. Clitoria ternatea L. Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt Coldenia procumbens L Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott Combretum roxburghii Sprengel. Commelina benghlensis L. Conscora alata (Roth) Wall. Conscora diffusa (Vahl)R. Br. Corchorus olitorius L. Cordia dichotoma G. Forst. Coriandrum sativum L.

  • Lamiaceae
  • Shrub
  • W

  • Fabaceae
  • Climber

Climber Herb Herb Climber Herb Herb Herb Herb Tree
WWWWWWWWWWC
Cucurbitaceae Boraginaceae Araceae Combretaceae Commelinaceae Gentianaceae Gentianaceae Malvaceae Boraginaceae

  • Apiaceae
  • Herb

Costus speciosus (J. Koenig) Sm. Crassocephalum crepidioides (Benth.) S. Moore Crinum herbertii Schreck Crossandra infundibuliformis (L.) Nees Crotolaria juncea L.

  • Costaceae
  • Shrub

Herb Herb Herb Herb
WWWC
Asteraceae Amaryllidaceae Acanthaceae

  • Fabaceae
  • W

WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWC

Crotolaria pallida Aiton

  • Fabaceae
  • Herb

Herb Climber Climber Herb Herb Herb Climber Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Herb Tree Shrub Shrub Tree

Croton sparsiflorus Morong Cryptolepis buchnani Roemer & Schultes Cryptostegia grandiflora (Roxb.) R. Br. Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. Curcuma caesia Roxb.

Euphorbiaceae Apocynaceae Apocynaceae Hypoxidacae Zingiberaceae Zingiberaceae Convolvulaceae Poaceae Commelinaceae Commelinaceae Asteraceae Cyperaceae Cyperaceae Cyperaceae Fabaceae

Curcuma pseudomontana J. Graham Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. Cyanodon dactylon (L.) Pers Cyanotis axillaris (L.) D.Don. Ex Sweet Cyanotis cristata (L.). D. Don. Cyathocline purpurea (Buch.-Ham.ex D.Don) Kuntze Cyperus difformis L. Cyperus polystachyos Rottb. Cyperus rotundus L. Dalbergia sisoo DC. Datura alba Nees. Datura metal L. Delonix regia (Hook.)Raf

Solanaceae Solanaceae Fabaceae

Dendrobium herbaceum Lindl.* Desmodium gangeticum (L.) DC. Desmodium pulchellum (L.) Benth. Desmodium triflorum (L.). DC. Desmodium velutinum (Willd.) Dc

Orchidaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Fabaceae
Herb Herb Herb Herb
WWWW

  • W
  • Herb

  • Impact Factor (JCC):3.8754
  • NAAS Rating: 4.08

  • Angiospermic Flora of Achanakmar-Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve, Central India
  • 47

Dichanthium annulatum (Forssk.) Stapf. Dioscorea bulbifera L. Dioscorea pentaphylla L. Diospyros malabarica (Desr.) Kostel. Diospyros melanoxylon Roxb. Drimia indica (Roxb.) Jessop Drosera burmannii Vahl. Duranta erecta L. Ecilipta prostrata (L.) Ehretia laevis Roxb. Elastostema cuneatum Wight Elephantopus scaber L. Emilia Sonchifolia (L.)Dc. Ex. Wight Eragrostis cilianensis (All.) Janch Eragrostis unioloides (Retz.) Nees ex Steud. Eranthemum purpurascens Wight ex Nees Eriocaulon quinquangulare L. Eryngium foetidum L.

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  • Phylogeny of the Inula Group (Asteraceae: Inuleae): Evidence

    Phylogeny of the Inula Group (Asteraceae: Inuleae): Evidence

    TAXON 67 (1) • February 2018: 149–164 Gutiérrez-Larruscain & al. • Recircumscription of Pentanema (Asteraceae) Phylogeny of the Inula group (Asteraceae: Inuleae): Evidence from nuclear and plastid genomes and a recircumscription of Pentanema David Gutiérrez-Larruscain,1,2 María Santos-Vicente,1 Arne A. Anderberg,3 Enrique Rico1 & María Montserrat Martínez-Ortega1,2 1 University of Salamanca, Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Biología, Licenciado Méndez Nieto Ave., 37007 Salamanca, Spain 2 University of Salamanca, Biobanco de ADN Vegetal, Edificio I+D+i, Espejo st., 37007 Salamanca, Spain 3 Swedish Museum of Natural History, Department of Botany, P.O. Box 50007, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden Author for correspondence: David Gutiérrez-Larruscain, [email protected] DOI https://doi.org/10.12705/671.10 Abstract The Inula complex (Asteraceae: Inulinae) is a monophyletic group which comprises eight genera distributed in Eurasia and Africa: Amblyocarpum, Carpesium, Chrysophthalmum, Inula, Pentanema, Rhanteriopsis, Telekia, and Varthemia. With the aim to shed light on the circumscription of these genera, phylogenetic analyses were performed with 293 new DNA sequences (ITS region from nrDNA and three plastid spacers from cpDNA: rps16-trnQ, rpl32-trnL, ndhF-rpl32). It is concluded that both Inula and Pentanema are paraphyletic and that generic delimitations within the Inula complex need to be revised. Based on the results of the analyses, together with morphological and karyological data, we argue that the best solution is a new circumscription of the genus Pentanema including an amended description and 24 new combinations of former Inula species. Resurrection of the names Codonocephalum, Monactinocephalus and Vicoa is proposed to preserve the monophyly of the genera included in the Inula complex.
  • 3. Plant Taxonomy: Biological Concept of Species. General Characters

    3. Plant Taxonomy: Biological Concept of Species. General Characters

    3. Plant Taxonomy: Biological concept of species. General Characters, with Floral formula and floral diagram citing Examples and Economic importance of following: (classification as per B&H) Dicotyledonae : Polypetlae: Annonaceae, Brassicaceae, Meliaceae, Leguminosae, Myrtaceae. Gamopetalae : Rubiaceae, Asteraceae, Lamiaceae, Apetalae: Euphorbiaceae, and Monocotyledonae : Liliacaeae. Biological concept of species. A biological species is a group of individuals that can breed together. However, they cannot breed with other groups. In other words, the group is reproductively isolated from other groups. "The words 'reproductively isolated' are the key words of the biological species definition". Many systems of classification of angiosperms have been proposed by many taxonomists from time to time. It can be divided into three broad categories: i. Artificial Systems based on superficial features. ii. Natural systems based on form relationships. iii. Phylogenetic systems based on evolutionary and genetic relationships. Natural Systems: In these systems the organisms are classified on the basis of their natural affinities (i.e. the basic similarities in the morphology) rather than on a single character for determining the affinities. Bentham and Hooker’s Classification:The most important and the last of the natural systems of classification of seed plants was proposed by two British taxonomists George Bentham (1800-1884), a self trained botanist, and Joseph Dalton Hooker (1817-1911), the first director of the Royal Botanical Garden, Kew (England). They recorded precise description of most of the plants known at that time. Their monumental work which took about quarter of a century for completion was described in three volumes of Genera Plantarum, published in Latin during July 1862 and April 1883.
  • Floristic Composition of Weeds in Paddy Fields in Mahendranagar, Nepal

    Floristic Composition of Weeds in Paddy Fields in Mahendranagar, Nepal

    ECOPRINT 16: 15-19, 2009 ISSN 1024-8668 Ecological Society (ECOS), Nepal www.ecosnepal.com FLORISTIC COMPOSITION OF WEEDS IN PADDY FIELDS IN MAHENDRANAGAR, NEPAL M.D. Bhatt, A. Tewari1 and S.P. Singh2 Department of Botany Siddhanath Science Campus, Mahendranagar, Nepal Email: [email protected] 1Department of Forestry, Kumaun University, Nainital, India 2Department of Botany, Kumaun University, Nainital, India ABSTRACT Field experiments were conducted during 2004 and 2005 in paddy fields to evaluate the floristic composition of weeds, in lowland and upland areas of Mahendranagar, Nepal. A total of 61 weed species belonging to 42 genera and 23 families were recorded. Of the 23 families, Cyperaceae was the largest (13 spp.), followed by Poaceae (11 spp.), Euphorbiaceae (4 spp.), Amaranthaceae, Commelinaceae and Asteraceae (3 spp. each), Polygonaceae (2 spp.) and one species each belonged to Apiaceae, Acanthaceae, Alismataceae, Pontederiaceae, Leguminosae, Convolvulaceae, Eriocaulaceae, Marsileaceae, Malvaceae, Oxalidaceae, Onagraceae, Parkeriaceae, Portulaceae, Rubiaceae and Verbenaceae. The number of weed species was higher in upland (55) when compared with the lowland sites (48). On the basis of Importance Value Index (IVI) dominating weed species in paddy fields were: Fimbristylis miliacea (13.4), Lindernia oppositifolia (13.2), Eleocharis atropurpurea (13.1), Ageratum conyzoides (13.0), Cyperus iria (13.0), Echinochloa crus-galli (11.9), Ischaemum rugosum (11.7), Echinochloa colona (11.4), Cyperus difformis (11.1) and Schoenoplectus juncoides (11.0). Besides dicots and monocots, two species of pteridophytes (Ceratopteris thalictriodes and Marsilea minuta) were also recorded in lowland paddy fields. Key words: Paddy, weeds, upland, lowland, IVI. INTRODUCTION coming year by poor farmers. The reduction in Paddy is the most important staple crop of paddy yield due to weed composition ranges from Nepal.
  • Centaurea, Asteraceae) Via Scanning Electron Microscopy

    Centaurea, Asteraceae) Via Scanning Electron Microscopy

    Turkish Journal of Botany Turk J Bot (2016) 40: 147-163 http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/botany/ © TÜBİTAK Research Article doi:10.3906/bot-1503-51 The examinations of achene ultrastructural features of section Acrolophus (Centaurea, Asteraceae) via scanning electron microscopy 1 2, 2 2,3 2 2 Feyza CANDAN , Tuna UYSAL *, Osman TUGAY , Meryem BOZKURT , Kuddisi ERTUĞRUL , Hakkı DEMİRELMA 1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Art, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey 2 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey 3 Advanced Technology Research and Application Center, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey Received: 30.03.2015 Accepted/Published Online: 29.06.2015 Final Version: 09.02.2016 Abstract: In this study, the achene surfaces of 31 taxa belonging to the genus Centaurea L. were examined in detail by means of electron microscopy. The main aim of this study was to characterize the microsculpture of the achene surface of the Turkish species of Centaurea sect. Acrolophus (Cass.) DC. (Asteraceae). Detailed descriptions of the achene surface were given for each taxon and a fruitful dendrogram was established by numerical analyses derived from the determined micromorphological features. The relationships among the taxa studied were briefly assessed using this generated dendrogram. The results indicated that the examined taxa had very high variations regarding their achene surfaces and these variations have great importance in determining the taxonomic relationships of the discussed taxa. According to the results, pericarp texture and color could be used for taxonomical diagnosis of the Acrolophus species because they contain differences over a broad spectrum. The fruit coat was usually roguish and its ornamentation was fairly variable; therefore, this taxonomical microcharacter might also be useful in distinguishing closely related taxa.
  • SEM Studies of Achenes in Some Taxa of Asteraceae

    SEM Studies of Achenes in Some Taxa of Asteraceae

    VolumeInternational II Number Journal 2 2011 for [23-28] Environmen tal Rehabilitation and Conservation Volume IV No. 2 2013 [87 – 97] [ISSN 0975 - 6272] [ISSN 0975 - 6272] SEM studies of Achenes in some taxa of Asteraceae S. V. Kulkarni Received: February 28, 2013 ⏐ Accepted: June 27, 2013 ⏐ Online: October 15, 2013 Abstract The present work studied the hispidum DC.; Synedrella vialis (Less.); micromorphological characters of achenes in triangular in Caesulia axillaries (Roxb.), seven taxa of the family Asteraceae from oblong in Amberboa ramosa (Roxb.), Nagpur (M.S.) namely Acanthospermum Spilanthes acmella Linn.; obovate in Conyza hispidum DC., Amberboa ramosa (Roxb.), aegyptiaca Ait. and oblong-obovate in Caesulia axillaries (Roxb.), Conyza Pulicaria angustifolia DC.; hilum basal and aegyptiaca Ait., Pulicaria angustifolia DC., lateral in Amberboa ramosa (Roxb.), basal and Spilanthes acmella Linn. and Synedrella vialis sublateral in Conyza aegyptiaca Ait. and basal (Less.). Dried, matured and healthy achenes in remaining taxa. Variations also observed in were collected, measured, described and surface of achenes of different taxa. Surface illustrated under light and scanning electron spiny in Acanthospermum hispidum DC.; awns microscopy (SEM). Results obtained from this in Caesulia axillaries (Roxb.), Synedrella investigation showed diversity in colour, vialis (Less.); phyllaries in Spilanthus acmella hilum, pappus, shape, size, spine, surface, and Linn. and hairy in remaining taxa. Ribs are ribs. Achenes are conical in Acanthospermum absent in all taxa except Amberboa ramosa (Roxb.). Micro and macro morphological Keywords: Achenes ⏐ SEM ⏐ micro - similarities in structure of achene showed morphology ⏐ taxa ⏐ asteraceae interspecies relationships and reasons for them to be placed in the same family and differences in them showed to exist as distinct species.
  • Asteraceae: a Taxonomically and Medicinally Important Sunflower Family

    Asteraceae: a Taxonomically and Medicinally Important Sunflower Family

    American International Journal of Biology and Life Sciences Vol. 3, No. 1; 2021 ISSN 2641-5615 E-ISSN 2641-5623 Published by American Center of Science and Education, USA ASTERACEAE: A TAXONOMICALLY AND MEDICINALLY IMPORTANT SUNFLOWER FAMILY Mst. Farhana Easmin Plant Taxonomy Laboratory, Department of Botany Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Rajshahi, Bangladesh E-mail: [email protected] Laila Al Faria Ph.D. Research Fellow Plant Taxonomy Laboratory, Department of Botany Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Rajshahi, Bangladesh E-mail: [email protected] Rony Rani Assistant Professor Department of Botany, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Rajshahi, Bangladesh E-mail: [email protected] Dr. A.H.M. Mahbubur Rahman Professor Department of Botany, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Rajshahi, Bangladesh E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT The Purpose of the research: The study aimed to document the Asteraceae species in the study area. The study also examined the species diversity and medicinally important plants. Data, Materials, and Methodology: The work is based on fresh materials collected during thirty-six field visits to Paba Upazila of Rajshahi district, Bangladesh was carried out from November 2018 to October 2019 to cover the seasonal variations. Plant parts with either flower or fruits collected using traditional herbarium techniques to make voucher specimens for documentation. The results: The result shows in all, 44 species under 35 genera of the family Asteraceae were reported, out of which 40 (90.90%) were used medicinal applications for the treatment of more than 59 diseases. Major findings: The findings of the study that 25% of species were very common, 43.18% were common, 25% species were rare and 6.82% species were very rare in the study area.
  • Download File

    Download File

    A CHECKLIST OF FAUNA AND FLORA IN AND AROUND CHITWAN NATIONAL PARK CHITWAN NATIONAL PARK AND NATIONAL TRUST FOR NATURE CONSERVATION BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION CENTER Advisor: Naresh Subedi, Ph.D. Narayan Rupakheti Ram Kumar Aryal Research and compilation team: Gopal Bahadur Ghimire Rishi Ranabhat Baburam Lamichhane, Ph.D. Anil Parsai Birendra Gautam Santosh Bhattarai Dr. Aashish Gurung Saneer Lamichhane Dr. Amir Sadaula Pramod Raj Regmi Rishi Ram Subedi & Binod Shrestha Contributors Kiran Rijal, Susmita Shimkhada, Arati Shrestha, Bishnu Bahadur Lama, Harkman Lama, Kapil Pokheral, Bal Bahadur Lama, Tikaram Giri, Tek Bahadur Gurung, Tirtha Lama, Tikaram Tharu, Binod Darai, Deep Chudharay, Omprakash Chaudhary, Ramesh Darai, Basu Bidari and Rajendra Dhami © NTNC-BCC PUBLISHED BY: National Trust for Nature Conservation (NTNC) Biodiversity Conservation Center (BCC) and Chitwan National Park (CNP) SUGGESTED CITATION: NTNC-BCC and CNP (2020). A Checklist of Fauna and Flora in and around Chitwan National Park. Biodiversity Conservation Center, Natioanl Trust for Nature Conservation and Chitwan National Park, Chitwan First Published: 2020 ISBN : 978-9937-0-7365-3 Front cover photo: NTNC/BCC Back cover photo: NTNC/BCC Design & Layout by: Madan Sencury FOREWORD Biodiversity conservation has been given much emphasis in the context of Nepal which can be seen by conservation commitment of Government of Nepal where 23.39% of the country’s land area being officially protected as National Parks, Wildlife Reserves, Conservation Areas, Hunting Reserve and Buffer Zones. Establishment of Chitwan National Park with an area of 952.63 sq. km and buffer zone having 729.37 sq. km in 1973 A.D after recognizing its unique ecosystems of international significance acts as a milestone in biodiversity conservation in Nepal.
  • Angiospermic Flora of Rajshahi District, Bangladesh

    Angiospermic Flora of Rajshahi District, Bangladesh

    American Journal of Life Sciences 2013; 1(3): 105-112 Published online June 20, 2013 (http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/ajls) doi: 10.11648/j.ajls.20130103.15 Angiospermic flora of Rajshahi district, Bangladesh A. H. M. Mahbubur Rahman Department of Botany, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh E-mail address: [email protected] To cite this article: A. H. M. Mahbubur Rahman. Angiospermic Flora of Rajshahi District, Bangladesh. American Journal of Life Sciences. Vol. 1, No. 3, 2013, PP. 105-112. doi: 10.11648/j.ajls.20130103.15 Abstract: The present article focuses on an inventory of angiospermic flora of Rajshahi district. Using traditional techniques data have been collected from the study area during July 2010 to June 2012. In this preliminary assessment, a total of 425 angiosperm species under 321 genera and 108 families were recorded. Habit analysis shows that herbs, shrubs, climbers and trees are represented by 186, 74, 52 and 113 species, respectively. Out of the total number of species 281 were commom, 76 were very common, 57 were vulnerable and 11 were endangered species in the study area. Keywords: Preliminary Assessment, Angiospermic Flora, Rajshahi District, Bangladesh 1. Introduction district, Bangladesh. Rajshahi district is a district in north-western Bangladesh. 2. Materials and Methods It is a part of the Rajshahi division. The metropolitan city of Rajshahi is in Rajshahi district. The Rajshahi district is Angiospermic plant species growing throughout in the bounded by Naogaon district to the north, Natore district to Rajshahi district of Bangladesh was carried out from July the east, and Chapai Nawabganj district and the river 2010 to June 2012.