5 Progressives Civil Rights

PROGRESSIVES: CIVIL RIGHTS: IT’S TIME FOR SOME CHANGE! Unit 4 Progressives Booker T. Washington £ Black educator, reformer and social activists £ Was actually born a slave! £ Urged African Americans to abandon their efforts to win full civil rights and political power and instead cultivate their industrial and farming skills so as to attain economic security (accommodation). Washington’s Philosophy £ Preached a philosophy of self-help , racial solidarity and accomodation . He urged blacks to accept discrimination for the time being and concentrate on elevating themselves through hard work and material prosperity. £ He believed in education in the crafts, industrial and farming skills and the cultivation of the virtues of patience, enterprise and thrift. £ He believed that whites would gain respect of African Americans through the hard-work Washington’s Speech Atlanta Compromise Speech : an agreement struck in 1895 between African-American leaders and Southern white leaders £ Social Contract 1. Southern blacks would work meekly and submit to white political rule, while Southern whites guaranteed that blacks would receive basic education and due process in law (something that was supposed to enforced from the 14 th Amendment). 2. Blacks would not agitate for equality, integration, or justice, and Northern whites would fund black educational charities Tuskegee Institution £ Tuskegee University is a private, Historically Black University located in Tuskegee, Alabama, USA, established by Booker T. Washington . £ In 1881, Booker T. Washington arrived in Alabama and started building Tuskegee Institute both in reputation and literally brick by brick. £ He recruited the best and the brightest to come and teach here including George Washington Carver who arrived in 1896. £ Carver’s innovations in agriculture, especially with peanuts, expanded Tuskegee’s standing throughout the country. WEB Du Bois £ William Edward Burghardt Du Bouis £ American Sociologists and Black protest leader in the United States during the first half of the 20 th century £ Believed that in a climate of virulent racism, social change could only be accomplished through agitation and protest £ Don’t agree and accommodate with the whites! Niagara Movement 1905 £ The Niagara Movement was a black civil rights organization founded in 1905 by a group led by W. E. B. Du Bois and William Monroe Trotter. £ Organization of black intellectuals that was led by W.E.B. Du Bois and called for full political, civil, and social rights for African Americans £ Stood in direct contrast to the accommodation philosophy proposed by Booker T. Washington £ The movement called for opposition to racial segregation and disenfranchisement, and it was opposed to policies of accommodation WEB Du Bois “Talented Tenth” "The Negro Race, like all races, is going to be saved by its exceptional men. The problem of education then, among Negroes, must first of all deal with the "Talented Tenth." It is the problem of developing the best of this race that they may guide the Mass away from the contamination and death of the worst. " WEB Du Bois, NAACP & The Crisis National Association for the Advancement of Colored People NAACP £ Founded Feb. 12. 1909, the NAACP is the nation's oldest, largest and most widely recognized grassroots- based civil rights organization. £ Primary goal to create equality among all races! £ W. E. B. Du Bois, Ida B. Wells-Barnett and Mary Church Terrell), signed the call, which was released on the centennial of Lincoln's birth. £ The NAACP was formed partly in response to the continuing horrific practice of lynching and the 1908 race riot in Springfield, the capital of Illinois and resting place of President Abraham Lincoln. African Americans were appalled at the violence that was committed against blacks. NAACP Goal £ Echoing the focus of Du Bois' Niagara Movement began in 1905, the NAACP's stated goal was to secure for all people the rights guaranteed in the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments to the United States Constitution, which promised an end to slavery, the equal protection of the law, and universal adult male suffrage, respectively . The Crisis: Magazine £ WEB Du Bois £ The official magazine of the NAACP which is a quarterly journal of civil rights, history, politics, and culture and seeks to educate and challenge its readers about issues that continue to plague African Americans and other communities of color . £ Lasted for over 100 years £ It has chronicled, informed, educated, entertained and, in many instances, set the economic, political and social agenda for our nation and its multiethnic citizens. Washington v WEB Du Bois £ At the time, the Washington/Du Bois dispute polarized African American leaders into two wings-- the 'conservative' supporters of Washington and his 'radical' critics. £ The Du Bois philosophy of agitation and protest for civil rights flowed directly into the Civil Rights movement which began to develop in the 1950s and exploded in the 1960s. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/race/etc/road.html Ida B. Wells Barnett §Investigated, wrote and spoke publicly about lynching §Born a slave in 1862 but freed after Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation §Office was destroyed by white critics §Women’s suffrage and African American rights §Discussed how bad the south was with modern media §Co-founded the National Association of Colored Women (NACW) NACW 1896 £ National Association of Colored Women £ Ida B. Wells & Harriet Tubman £ The NACWC became involved in campaigns in favor of women's suffrage and against lynching and Jim Crow laws. £ They also led efforts to improve education National Urban League 1910 American service agency founded for the purpose of eliminating racial segregation and discrimination and helping African Americans and other minorities to participate in all phases of American Life The group has been interracial since its inception Very progressive! Marcus Garvey “Black Moses” §Jamaican born black nationalist movement leader §Harlem New York 1916-1922 §Help African Americans be proud and assisted with helping blacks return to Africa “back to Africa movement” §Funded the Black Star Line transportation to Africa §Universal Negro Improvement Association §Help African Americans become small-business owners through the black factories §Arrested “mail fraud and deported to Jamaica Republic of Liberia £ Founded by U.S. Colonization £ 1820 freed slaves were brought to this new country in Africa £ leaders thought former slaves would have greater opportunity in Africa. £ 1920 Marcus Garvey “Black Moses” tried to get African Americans to go to Liberia £ Capital named Monrovia after James Monroe who supported the colonization £ Currently a very poor country Great Migration 1910-1970 £ 1910-1930 over 1.6 million African Americans moved out of the South £ Over 6 million total African Americans moved out of the South between 1910-1970 £ Moved to the big cities like New York, Philadelphia, Chicago, Detroit Causes of the Great Migration £ Southern Jim Crow Laws £ KKK threats and violence £ Lack of jobs and pay £ Lynching: over 3,500 African Americans were hanged between 1882-1968 £ North had industries, factory jobs, railroad and stockyard jobs, better education, more equality, voting, rights and respect Effects of the Great Migration £ New European immigrants from 1850s now established in the industries conflicted with the new African American migrants from the South £ Discrimination/Violence in the North £ Congress of Industrial Organization (CIO) union that protected all races The Solid South 1877-1964 £ The term Solid South describes the electoral support of the Southern United States for Democratic Party candidates from 1877 (the end of Reconstruction) to 1964 (the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964). Plessey v Ferguson 1896 £ In 1890, the state of Louisiana passed a law (the Separate Car Act) that required separate accommodations for blacks and whites on railroads, including separate railway cars. £ Segregation of race was legalized in 1896 £ “Separate but Equal” facilities Types of Segregation £ “Jim Crow Laws” £ In American law, particularly after Brown v. Board of Education (1954), the difference between de facto segregation (segregation that existed because of the voluntary associations and neighborhoods) and de jure segregation (segregation that existed because of local laws that mandated the segregation) , became important distinctions for court-mandated remedial purposes. Disenfranchisement The revocation of the right of suffrage (the right to vote) of a person or group of people, or rendering a person's vote less effective, or ineffective. Disfranchisement may occur explicitly through law, or implicitly by intimidation or by placing unreasonable requirements. Voting in U.S.: 1865-1918 £ South £Most of U.S. £ 21 years and older £ 21 years and older £ All white males could £ All males could vote vote guaranteed £ U.S. Citizen £ Must pay poll tax to £ Registered vote (effected Blacks!) £ Take literacy test (effected Blacks!) £ Intimidation (KKK) (effected Blacks!) Voting in U.S.: 1920-1964 South £ 21 years and older £ U.S. citizen £ Registered £ All citizens equally (14th, 15th) could vote, but must… Most of U.S. £ pay poll tax to vote £ 21 years and older £ Take literacy test (read before voting) £ U.S. citizen £ Endure Intimidation (KKK) £ Registered Grandfather Clause £ An old rule continues to apply to some existing situations, while a new rule will apply to all future cases. Those exempt from the new rule are said to have

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