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Crossrail Assessment of Archaeology Impacts, Technical Report

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CROSSRAIL ASSESSMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY IMPACTS, TECHNICAL REPORT. PART 2 OF 6, CENTRAL SECTION 1E0318-C1E00-00001 Cross London Rail Links Limited 1, Butler Place LONDON SW1H 0PT Tel: 020 7941 7600 Fax: 020 7941 7703 www.crossrail.co.uk CROSSRAIL ASSESSMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY IMPACTS TECHNICAL REPORT PART 2 OF 6, CENTRAL SECTION: WESTBOURNE PARK TO STRATFORD AND ISLE OF DOGS FEBRUARY 2005 Project Manager: George Dennis Project Officer: Nicholas J Elsden Authors: Jon Chandler, Robert Cowie, James Drummond-Murray, Isca Howell, Pat Miller, Kieron Tyler, and Robin Wroe-Brown Museum of London Archaeology Service © Museum of London Mortimer Wheeler House, 46 Eagle Wharf Road, London N1 7ED tel 0207 410 2200 fax 0207 410 2201 email [email protected] Archaeology Service 17/02/2005 Crossrail Archaeological Impact Assessment: Central Route Section © MoLAS List of Contents Introduction 1 Route overview 2 Zone A: Royal Oak to Hatton Garden 2 Boundaries and layout 2 Topography and geology 2 Archaeological and historical background 3 Selected research themes 7 Zone B: Hatton Garden to Wilkes Street 9 Boundaries and layout 9 Topography and Geology 9 Archaeological and historical background 9 Selected research themes 14 Zone C: Wilkes Street to West India Dock North and Lea Valley 16 Boundaries and layout 16 Topography and Geology 16 Archaeological and Historical Background 16 Selected Research Themes 19 Zone D: West India Dock to Dartford Tunnel 20 Boundaries and layout 20 Topography and Geology 20 Archaeological and historical background 20 Selected research themes 22 Zone E: The Lea Valley (north) 24 Boundaries and layout 24 Topography and geology 24 0002_R_Central.doc Crossrail Archaeological Impact Assessment: Central Route Section © MoLAS Archaeological and historical background 25 Selected research themes 28 Scheme Description 29 1.1 Overview of Crossrail Works in Central Route Section 29 1.1.1 Construction 37 1.1.2 Design Options 37 1.2 Route Window C1: Royal Oak Portal 37 1.2.1 Overview of Route Window C1 37 1.2.2 The Permanent Works 37 1.3 Route Window C2: Paddington Station 38 1.3.1 Overview of Route Window C2 38 1.3.2 The Permanent Works 38 1.4 Route Window C3: Hyde Park and Park Lane Shafts 39 1.4.1 Overview of Route Window C3 39 1.4.2 The Permanent Works 39 1.5 Route Window C4: Bond Street Station 40 1.5.1 Overview of Route Window C4 40 1.5.2 Permanent Works 40 1.6 Route Window C5: Tottenham Court Road Station 41 1.6.1 Overview of Route Window C5 41 1.6.2 The Permanent Works 41 1.7 Route Window C6: Farringdon Station 43 1.7.1 Overview of Route Window C6 43 1.7.2 Permanent Works 43 1.8 Route Window C7: Liverpool Street Station 45 1.8.1 Overview of Route Window C7 45 1.8.2 The Permanent Works 45 0002_R_Central.doc Crossrail Archaeological Impact Assessment: Central Route Section © MoLAS 1.9 Route Window C8: Whitechapel Station 46 1.9.1 Overview of Route Window C8 46 1.9.2 The Permanent Works 46 1.10 Route Window C8a: Mile End Conveyor Corridor 47 1.10.1 Overview Route Window 8A 47 1.10.2 The Permanent Works 48 1.11 Route Window C9: Stepney Green Shaft 48 1.11.1 Overview of Route Window C9 48 1.11.2 The Permanent Works 48 1.12 Route Window C10: Lowell Street Shaft 49 1.12.1 Overview of Route Window C10 49 1.12.2 The Permanent Works 49 1.13 Route Window C11: Isle of Dogs Station 49 1.13.1 Overview of Route Window C11 49 1.13.2 The Permanent Works 50 Hertsmere Road Shaft 50 Twin-bore Tunnels 50 1.14 Route Window C12: Mile End Park and Eleanor Street Shafts 50 1.14.1 Overview of Route Window C12 50 1.14.2 Permanent Works 51 Mile End Park Shaft 51 Eleanor Street Shaft 51 1.15 Route Window C13: Pudding Mill Lane Portal 51 1.15.1 Overview of Route Window C13 51 1.15.2 Permanent Works 52 Overview 52 Pudding Mill Lane Portal, Ramp and Cut and Cover Box 52 0002_R_Central.doc Crossrail Archaeological Impact Assessment: Central Route Section © MoLAS Changes to the DLR 52 Changes to the GEML 52 Twin-bore Tunnels 53 1.16 Route Window C13A: Abbey Mills 53 1.16.1 Overview of Route Window C13A 53 Assessments of Impacts: Westbourne Park to Stratford and Isle of Dogs 54 Route-wide impacts 54 Route Window C1 54 Site 199 Westbourne Park 54 Site 200 Royal Oak Portal 58 Route Window C2 62 Site 201 Paddington Station 62 Route Window C3 67 Site 202 Hyde Park Vent Shaft 67 Site 203 Park Lane Vent Shaft 72 Route Window C4 77 Site 204 Bond Street Station 77 Site 290 Great Marlborough Street 84 Route Window C5 87 Site 205 Tottenham Court Road Station 87 Site 291 St Giles 93 Site 206 Fisher Street Vent Shaft 97 Route Window C6 101 Site 292 Gray’s Inn 101 Site 207 Farringdon Station 104 Site 229 Farringdon Crossover Cavern 113 0002_R_Central.doc Crossrail Archaeological Impact Assessment: Central Route Section © MoLAS Route Window C7 119 Site 208 Liverpool Street Station 119 Site 293 Spitalfields 130 Route Window C8 133 Site 209 Hanbury Street 133 Site 231 Pedley Street Access Shaft and Mile End Conveyor (to Brady Street) 136 Site 238 Mile End Conveyor: Brady Street to Mile End Park 142 Site 210 Whitechapel Station 149 Site 294 Redman’s Road 161 Route Window C9 163 Site 211 Stepney Green 163 Route Window C10 170 Site 214 Lowell Street 170 Site 230 Hertsmere Road 175 Route Window C11 181 Site 215 Isle of Dogs Station 181 Route Window C12 186 Site 234 Mile End Park Vent Shaft 186 Site 235 Eleanor Street Vent Shaft 190 Route Window C13 194 Site 236 Pudding Mill Lane Portal 194 Site 239 Hackney and Abbey Mills and Wick Lane Sewer Diversion 204 Route Window C13A 212 Appendix 1: Site specific assumptions 213 Appendix 2: Structures at King John Street, Stepney Green, London E1, Architectural and historical appraisal [in separate document] 0002_R_Central.doc Crossrail Archaeological Impact Assessment: Central Route Section © MoLAS Appendix 3: Red Lion Theatre, Whitechapel, Documentary Research Report [in separate document] 0002_R_Central.doc Crossrail Archaeological Impact Assessment: Central Route Section © MoLAS Introduction This report is Part 2 (of 6) in a specialist technical study on archaeological resources, produced as part of the Environmental Impact Assessment for Crossrail. It covers the proposed Crossrail route between Westbourne Park in the west and Pudding Mill Lane / Isle of Dogs in the east, and contains an archaeological overview of that route, plus detailed assessments for individual Crossrail sites along it. A full introduction is included in Part 1 of this technical report, which should be referred to for details of the background to the project, project description, structure of the technical report, and methodology. The potential impacts of virtually all of the proposed works on archaeological remains would be mitigated by preservation by record. At Stepney Green, possible impacts from the temporary works on 16th-century and later post-medieval remains will be mitigated by the redesign of the construction compounds which Crossrail has undertaken, and by protective works, providing preservation in situ. There are no significant residual impacts from this route section. 1 0002_R_Central.doc Crossrail Archaeological Impact Assessment: Central Route Section © MoLAS Route overview For an explanation of the purpose and structure of the route overview, please see Volume 1 of the archaeology technical report, section 1.6.5. Zone A: Royal Oak to Hatton Garden Route windows C1 – C5 Sites 199 Westbourne Park, 200 Royal Oak Portal, 201 Paddington Station, 202 Hyde Park Vent Shaft, 203 Park Lane Vent Shaft, 204 Bond Street Station, 290 Great Marlborough Street, 205 Tottenham Court Road Station, 291 St Giles, 206 Fisher Street Vent Shaft and 292 Gray’s Inn Boundaries and layout The zone takes in c 5km of the Crossrail route, beginning at the arbitrary western limit of the Central section. It ends at the western edge of the valley of the former Fleet River, along which ran Hatton Garden and medieval Shoe Lane, adjacent to St Andrew’s Church marking the eastern boundary of the Saxon manor of Eia. Although now heavily built up, much of the area was formerly rural, as reflected in Hyde Park and Lincolns Inn Fields. From the Roman period onwards there was a major road system centred on the road from London to Silchester, approximately on the lines of modern High Holborn, Oxford Street and Bayswater Road (see below). Historic settlements include a Saxon trading centre and medieval villages such as Paddington, Lisson Grove, Tyburn, Marylebone and St Giles: all protected by Local Authority designation as archaeological priority areas. The expansion of London lead to 17th and 18th-century urbanisation on both sides of the Oxford Street arterial road, seen in the street layout of Marylebone, Mayfair, Soho and Covent Garden. Transport infrastructure was still important in the 19th century, eg Paddington Station and the Grand Union Canal. Topography and geology The western end of Zone A lies on an area of exposed London Clay in the Westbourne Green and Paddington areas, to the east of which the majority of the zone lies on the Thames gravels (Lynch Hill terrace). In a few areas the gravels are capped with brickearth (Langley Silt Complex), notably east of Paddington Station. The sequence described above has been cut by the valleys of two former tributaries flowing south towards the Thames.
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