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1994 Northridge Earthquake Performance of Structures, Lifelines, and Fire Protection Systems

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1994 Northridge Earthquake Performance of Structures, Lifelines, and Fire Protection Systems NIST PUBLICATIONS United States Department of Commerce Technology Administration Nisr National Institute of Standards and Technology NIST Special Publication 862 (ICSSC TR14) 1994 Northridge Earthquake Performance of Structures, Lifelines, and Fire Protection Systems Diana Todd, Nicholas Carino, Riley M. Chung, H. S. Lew, Andrew W. Taylor, William D. Walton, James D. Cooper, and Roland Nimis j .U57 NO. 862 1994 The National Institute of Standards and Technology was established in 1988 by Congress to "assist industry in the development of technology . needed to improve product quality, to modernize manufacturing processes, to ensure product reliability . and to facilitate rapid commercialization ... of products based on new scientific discoveries." NIST, originally founded as the National Bureau of Standards in 1901, works to strengthen U.S. industry's competitiveness; advance science and engineering; and improve public health, safety, and the environment. One of the agency's basic functions is to develop, maintain, and retain custody of the national standards of measurement, and provide the means and methods for comparing standards used in science, engineering, manufacturing, commerce, industry, and education with the standards adopted or recognized by the Federal Government. As an agency of the U.S. Commerce Department's Technology Administration, NIST conducts basic and applied research in the physical sciences and engineering and performs related services. The Institute does generic and precompetitive work on new and advanced technologies. NIST's research facilities are located at Gaithersburg, MD 20899, and at Boulder, CO 80303. Major technical operating units and their principal activities are listed below. For more information contact the Public Inquiries Desk, 301-975-3058. Technology Services Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory • Manufacturing Technology Centers Program • Precision Engineering • Standards Services • Automated Production Technology • Technology Commercialization • Robot Systems • Measurement Services • Factory Automation • Technology Evaluation and Assessment • Fabrication Technology • Information Services Materials Science and Engineering Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory Laboratory • Intelligent Processing of Materials • Microelectronics • Ceramics • Law Enforcement Standards • Materials Reliability' • Electricity • Polymers • Semiconductor Electronics • Metallurgy • Electromagnetic Fields' • Reactor Radiation • Electromagnetic Technology' Building and Fire Research Laboratory Chemical Science and Technology • Structures Laboratory • Building Materials • Biotechnology • Building Environment • Chemical Engineering' • Fire Science and Engineering • Chemical Kinetics and Thermodynamics • Fire Measurement and Research • Inorganic Analytical Research • Organic Analytical Research Computer Systems Laboratory • Process Measurements • Information Systems Engineering • Surface and Microanalysis Science • Systems and Software Technology • Thermophysics^ • Computer Security • Systems and Network Architecture Physics Laboratory • Advanced Systems • Electron and Optical Physics • Atomic Physics Computing and Applied Mathematics • Molecular Physics Laboratory • Radiometric Physics • Applied and Computational Mathematics^ • Quantum Metrology • Statistical Engineering^ • Ionizing Radiation • Scientific Computing Environments^ • Time and Frequency' • Computer Services' • Quantum Physics' • Computer Systems and Communications^ • Information Systems 'At Boulder, CO 80303. ^Some elements at Boulder, CO 80303. NIST Special Publication 862 (ICSSC TR14) 1994 Northridge Earthquake Performance of Structures, Lifelines, and Fire Protection Systems Diana Todd Nicholas Carino Riley M. Chung H. S. Lew Andrew W. Taylor William D. Walton James D. Cooper Roland Nimis Building and Fire Research Laboratory Federal Highway Administration National Institute of Standards and Technology Department of Transportation Gaithersburg, MD 20899-0001 Washington, DC May 1994 U.S. Department of Commerce Ronald H. Brown, Secretary Technology Administration Mary L. Good, Under Secretary for Technology National Institute of Standards and Technology Arati Prabhakar, Director National Institute of Standards U.S. Government Printing Office For sale by the Superintendent and Technology Washington: 1994 of Documents Special Publication 862 U.S. Government Printing Office Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. Washington, DC 20402 Spec. Publ. 862 181 pages (May 1994) CODEN: NSPUE2 ABSTRACT A magnitude 6.8 (Mg) earthquake centered under the community of Northridge in the San Fernando Valley shook the entire Los Angeles metropolitan area at 4:31 a.m. local time on Monday, January 17, 1994. Moderate damage to the built environment was widespread; severe damage included collapsed buildings and highway overpasses. A total of 58 deaths were attributed to the earthquake by the Los Angeles Coroner. About 1,500 people were admitted to hospitals with major injuries; another 16,000 or so were treated and released. Estimates of the number of people tem.porarily or permanendy displaced because of damage to their houses or apartments ranged from 80,000 to 125,000. Estimates indicate that this will be the United States' most cosdy natural disaster ever. A muld-agency team, organized under the auspices of the Interagency Committee on Seismic Safety in Construcdon and headed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, arrived at the earthquake site within days of the event to document the etfects of the earthquake. The team focused on the effects to the built environment, with the goal of capturing perishable data and quickly identifying situadons deserving in-depth study. This report includes a summary of the team's observations. While most structural damage occurred in buildings and bridges of construction type and vintage known to be vulnerable to earthquake shaking, there were some unexpected failures. Notable among these were the collapses of reladvely modern parking structures and a bridge that appeared to be adequate by today's standards. Recommendations are made for further studies of the Northridge earthquake that can lead to improved mitigation of earthquake effects. Key words: bridges; building technology; buildings; earthquake; fire; lifelines; Northridge; overpasses; seismic. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Immediate Impact of the Earthquake 1 1.2 Overview of Report 2 2.0 SEISMOLOGICAL AND GEOTECHNICAL ASPECTS 5 2.1 Seismological Aspects 5 2.2 Strong Ground Motion 9 2.3 Geotechnical Aspects 15 2.4 Summary , 16 3.0 PERFORMANCE OF BUILDINGS 17 3.1 General Observations 17 3.1.1 The Goal of Building Code Adoption and Enforcement 17 3.1.2 Behavior of Buildings 19 3.2 Single and Multi-Family Residences 22 3.2.1 Low-Rise Apartment Buildings 22 3.2.2 High-Rise Apartment Buildings and Hotels 28 3.2.3 Single-Family Dwellings 32 3.2.4 Manufactured Housing 32 3.3 Commercial and Institutional Buildings 36 3.3.1 Hospitals and Medical Facilities 36 3.3.2 Commercial Buildings 41 3.3.3 Unreinforced Masonry Buildings 47 3.3.4 Office Buildings 50 3.4 Parking Structures 62 3.5 Comparison with Effects of the 1971 San Fernando Quake 69 3.6 Summary 71 3.7 Suggestions tor Improving Practice 72 4.0 PERFORMANCE OF BRIDGES 75 4. 1 Overview 75 4.2 Review of Caltrans Seismic Design and Retrofit Program 76 4.2.1 Chronology of Seismic Design Criteria Adoption 76 4.2.2 Seismic Retrofitting of Bridges 77 4.3 Descriptions of Observed Damage 83 4.3.1 Interstate 5 (The Golden State Freeway) at Gavin Canyon Undercrossing 83 4.3.2 State Route 14 (The Antelope Freeway) Interchange with Interstate 5 (The Golden State Freeway) 87 4.3.3 State Route 118 (The Simi Valley Freeway) 98 4.3.4 Interstate 10 (Santa Monica Freeway) Ill 4.3.5 Bearing Damage at Ventura Freeway/Hollywood Freeway Interchange 122 4.3.6 Interstate 5, State Route 118, Southwest Connector 126 4.3.7 State Route 90/Interstate 405 Interchange, Jefferson Blvd. V Undercrossing 128 4.3.8 Abutment Damage 131 4.3.9 Other Bridge Damage 132 4.4 Summary 134 5.0 PERFORMANCE OF LIFELINE SYSTEMS 137 5.1 Introduction 137 5.2 Water and Wastewater Systems 138 5.3 Gas and Liquid Fuels 144 5.4 Electric Power 149 5.5 Transportation 152 5.6 Summary 155 5.6.1 Observations 155 5.6.2 Suggestions for Improving Practice 156 6.0 POSTEARTHQUAKE FIRES 157 6.1 Introduction 157 6.2 Fire Events Following the Earthquake 158 6.3 Fire Causes 159 6.4 Fire Spread 164 6.5 Performance of Fire Protection Systems 166 6.6 Summary 167 7.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 171 7.1 Conclusions 171 7.1.1 General 171 7.1.2 Building Performance 171 7.1.3 Bridge Performance 172 7.1.4 Performance of Lifelines 173 7.1.5 Fire 173 7.2 Recommendations 174 7.2.1 Performance of All Structures 174 7.2.2 Building Performance 174 7.2.3 Bridge Performance 176 7.2.4 Performance of Lifelines 176 7.2.5 Fire Safety 177 8.0 REFERENCES 179 vi CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION A strong earthquake centered under the community of Northridge in the San Fernando Valley shook the entire Los Angeles area at 4:31 a.m. local time on Monday, January 17, 1994. The surface wave magnitude, originally estimated at 6.6, was later revised upward to 6.8. January 17 was a federal holiday (Martin Luther King's Birthday) and, because of this and the early morning hour, most nonresidential buildings were empty and traffic was light. This fortuitous circumstance helped limit the number of deaths and injuries. This earthquake, though not as large as the 1989 magnitude 7.1 Loma Prieta earthquake,
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