DOCSLIB.ORG

Artificial Trees to Harness Solar Energy and Filter the Air

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Artificial Trees to Harness Solar Energy and Filter the Air SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING ARTIFICIAL TREES TO HARNESS SOLAR ENERGY AND FILTER THE AIR Salma Moustaid Dr. Hassane Darhmaoui and Dr. Naeem Nizar Sheikh 16th, April 2018 © SCHOOL OF SCIENCE & ENGINEERING – AL AKHAWAYN UNIVERSITY ​ ARTIFICIAL TREES PROVIDING SOLAR ENERGY AND AIR FILTRATION Capstone Report Student Statement: I, Moustaid Salma, hereby affirm that I have applied ethics to the design process and in the selection of the final proposed design. And that I have held the safety of the public to be paramount and have addressed this in the presented design wherever may be applicable. _____________________________________________________ Salma Moustaid Approved by the Supervisor(s) _____________________________________________________ Dr. H. Darhmaoui & Dr. N. N. Sheikh 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS 2 LIST OF TABLES 4 LIST OF FIGURES 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 7 ABSTRACT 8 INTRODUCTION 9 BACKGROUND AND CONTEXT 12 MOROCCAN PROJECTS IN THE RENEWABLE ENERGIES FIELD 17 EIA Sankey diagram for Morocco 17 Energy laws in Morocco 19 Energy Related Institutions in Morocco 19 NALIDA POWER TREE 22 Specifications of the intelligent solar tree 22 Optional Specifications 23 Benefits 23 SCOPE OF THIS PROJECT 25 ENGINEERING STUDY 26 SOLAR PANELS 26 Tilt angle and global irradiation using PVGis: 32 INDUSTRIAL FILTERING COMPARATIVE STUDY 35 The ten most common atmospheric pollutants 37 How do filters work 39 Types of Air filters 40 Rochling Automotive filter 41 Atlas Copco Air filters 42 Minimum efficiency Reporting Value (MERV) parameters 46 ClimeWorks filters 47 Vivex MCAC filters 47 Carbon Engineering 48 Our potential air filter 50 Wind Speed in Marrakech 51 NATURAL FILTERING MECHANISMS 53 Activated Carbon Filters 54 Types of activated carbon 54 2 POWER NEED 57 Total load calculation 58 Current calculation 58 Required Storage 59 Temperature effect on batteries: 60 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT 62 PASSIVE COOLING SYSTEM 63 Mechanism of passive cooling system 63 Types of wind catchers 64 Canadian Well - passive cooling system 66 Earth-Air heat exchanger for passive air conditioning 67 FINANCIAL STUDY 69 INITIAL INVESTMENT 69 Lifetime 72 Maintenance 72 BENCHMARKING 73 LEVELIZED COST OF ELECTRICITY 74 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY 75 MITIGATION COST 75 CARBON FOOTPRINT 76 STEEPLE ANALYSIS 77 SOCIO-CULTURAL 77 TECHNOLOGICAL 77 ENVIRONMENTAL 77 ECONOMIC 78 POLITICAL 78 LEGAL 79 ETHICAL 79 CONCLUSION 80 FUTURE WORK 81 REFERENCES 82 APPENDIX A: TABLE OF FUNCTIONALITIES 86 APPENDIX B: PVSYST SIMULATION 89 3 LIST OF TABLES Table 2: Polycrystalline solar cells specifications Table 3: PVGIs monthly irradiance data Table 4: Primary PM sources classification Table 5: typical size distribution of atmospheric dust Table 6: Detailed list of 10 major atmospheric pollutants Table 7: Difference between Adsorption and absorption Table 8: Specifications of activated carbon filters Table 9: Calculating load power Table 10: Effective capacity as a function of discharge time Table 11: Design service life of Victron batteries under float service Table 12: Cost of electric part Table 13: Activated carbon cost Table 14: Compressed air filter cost Table 15: Cost of tree construction Table 16: Description of lifetime for each part of the tree Table 17: list of competitors and the cost of their trees Table 18: CO2 emissions in Morocco in 2007 4 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Spiralling Phyllataxy method of solar tree Figure 2: Piezoelectricity used in artificial trees Figure 3: Palm trees in Dubai Figure 4: 100 meters Chinese tower to purify air from smog Figure 5: Sankey Diagram for Morocco year 2011 Figures 6 & 7: Existing designs of Nalida tree Figure 8: solar irradiance in Morocco Figure 9: Max, min and average temperature in Marrakech throughout the year Figure 10: sun hours and sun days in Marrakech Figure 11: daily solar radiation averaged per month in Marrakech Figure 12: Polycrystalline conventional solar panels Figure 13 and 14: front and back view of our solar leafs Figure 15: Different values for irradiance throughout the year in Marrakech Figure 16: Optimal tilt angle for our solar panels. Figure 17: size and type distribution in micrometers of PM Figure 18: pyramid showing balance of air filter attributes Figure 19: parts of a car filter Figure 20: list of contaminants that Atlas Copco filters focus on capturing Figure 21: different designs of air compressed filters Figure 22: mounting of air compressed filters with the compressor Figure 23: H-series compressed air filter Figure 24: Illustration of Climeworks filters’ mechanism Figure 25: Carbon Engineering method of capturing CO2 Figure 26: Steps of CO2 capture, purification and compression Figure 27: graph showing wind speed in Marrakech throughout the year 2016 Figure 28: Jamee-Lfna square in Marrakech Figure 29: Picture of an activated carbon filter 5 Figure 30: buck-boost converter circuit Figure 31: Recommended charge voltage Figure 32: Victron Gel battery Figure 33: Devices for solar tree electric circuit Figure 34 & 35: wind-catcher to cool the hot air using a qanal (left) and water basin (right) Figure 36 & 37: Wind catchers used a long time ago as a passive cooling system tower Figure 38: Direct wind entry design for wind catchers Figure 39: solar chimney passive cooling system. Figure 40: Design of a canadian well system implemented in Rabat Figure 41: Canadian well design in Burkina Faso Figure 42: Sketch of top view of Solis tree Figure 43: Sketch for profile view of Solvis tree Figure 44: Foundation for solar tree (1m 20 cm) × (1m 20 cm) × (1m 20 cm) Figure 45, 46 & 47: different designs of solar trees: eTree (left) Smart Palm (center), Solvis Solar (right) 6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I am grateful to Allah the most merciful and helpful. Second, I am genuinely appreciative to my two dear supervisors Dr. Hassan Darhamoui and Dr. Naeem Nisar Sheikh for their continuous help and instructive feedback. My deep gratitude goes to Mr Noureddine Tabete who is an amazing supervisor and a dear uncle. All the credits for the initial idea of this project and the initial ambitious road map, go to him and the Nalida Power team. My thankfulness is also to my roommates Midri, Oumnya, Bougreen and Khayat with whom I shared the best and worst moments of my AUI years without forgetting other friends. Last but not least, I would love to thank my parents for their support and heart warming surprises and sweet words; even that they always encourage me to sleep enough while expecting me to study deeper. To my wonderful sisters Soukaina and Ibtihal, I would love to thank them from the bottom of my heart on their everlasting love and affection. And to my little brother I would say: “you are my inspiration and my source of happiness”. 7 ABSTRACT The objective of this project is to contribute to the work already started by Nalida Power, a startup working in the renewable energies field to invest in urban equipment since 2017. It is part of any project to make a preliminary study concerning its feasibility. There are many aspects to consider in order to get a complete view about our project before deciding upon the best combination of parts. The technical attention in this project is divided between the electric aspect and filtration aspects of our solar tree. This report will start with giving an overview of the “state of the art” around the world. Then a description of our suggested tree starting with solar panels specifications, their types and the polycrystalline type used in our case is also included. Later, a comparison study is done to present the different filters with different uses and finally the most optimal solution for our case. Followed by a financial study so as to know the cost of the entire project and the levelized cost of electricity. Last but not least an environmental study is held in order to discover the mitigation cost and the advantages of our project. To end up with a conclusion on the best optimum design for our solar tree with the potential features and specifications to attract world wide designers and investors. Keywords: solar energy, solar cell, air filters, artificial tree. 8 INTRODUCTION Morocco is aiming to produce 40% of its energy by 2020 through renewable energies, and 52% by 2030. Our country has done a tremendous work so far in the domain of renewable energies, and now it is time for institutions, administrations, private sector and each individual to act responsibly in order to contribute in this development towards a cleaner future. Both private and public sectors are acting towards this change, though there is much more to be done in the private sector. The ongoing projects and those already achieved together with financial and taxes incentives play a huge role in bringing motivation to citizens regarding the use of renewable energies. There is nothing that has polluted our planet Earth more than the industrial revolutions starting early at the beginning of the 18th century and what came after that related to the invention of combustion engines, different power plants for different purposes and mostly the plastic industry that has been the most polluting among all. There are two main actions that we, humans can do: the first one is reducing the amount of pollutants that already exist in the atmosphere like the nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulphur oxides (SOx), particulate matter (PM), and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) accounts for only 0.04% of the pollutants in the atmosphere and takes the blame for the rising levels of temperature. The second thing we can do to help our planet is to switch to non-conventional energy sources that are not substantially depleted by continued use, clean by not entailing significant pollutant emissions, and do not involve the perpetuation of substantial health hazards. Issues related to fossil fuels have covered environmental hazards, mining accidents and mostly rising prices which makes them just not the right source of energy to use nowadays.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Small-Scale Solar Heating and Cooling Systems
    Small-Scale Solar Heating and Cooling Systems Package Systems for Combined Air Conditioning, Domestic Hot Water Preparation and Space Heating Standardized System Solutions Package Solutions on the Market Solar thermal domestic hot water heating (DHW) DHW & space heating Solar Combi & space cooling Solar Combi+ February 2010 Table of Contents What is a Solar Combi Plus System? ....................................3 Most Promising Climatic Regions .........................................4 Suitable Collector Technology .............................................6 Standard System Configurations .........................................9 Recommendations on System Design................................. 11 Package System - Climatewell........................................... 14 Package System - SOLution.............................................. 16 Package System - SorTech ............................................... 18 Contact .......................................................................... 20 http://www.solarcombiplus.eu Page 2 of 20 What is a Solar Combi Plus System? Solar combi plus systems use heat from solar thermal collectors to provide heating in winter, cooling in summer and domestic hot water (DHW) all year round. The figure below sketches the main components, which make up a typical system: (i) the solar thermal collector to provide the heat usually backed up by an auxiliary heat source, (ii) a storage tank can either be installed on the hot side, as shown in the figure, on the cold side or on both, (iii) a domestic
    [Show full text]
  • Development of Passive Cooling at the Gobabeb Research & Training
    Development of Passive Cooling at the Gobabeb Research & Training Centre and Surrounding Communities By: Jackson Brandin Neel Dhanaraj Zachary Powers Douglas Theberge Project Number: 41-NW1-ABMC Development of Passive Cooling at the Gobabeb Research & Training Centre and Surrounding Communities An Interactive Qualifying Project Report Submitted to the Faculty of the WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science By: Jackson Brandin Neel Dhanaraj Zachary Powers Douglas Theberge Date: 12 October 2018 Report Submitted to: Eugene Marais Gobabeb Research and Training Centre Professors Nicholas Williams, Creighton Peet, and Seeta Sistla Worcester Polytechnic Institute Abstract The Gobabeb Research and Training Centre of the Namib Desert, Namibia has technology rooms that overheat. We were tasked to passively cool these rooms. We acquired contextual information and collected temperature data to determine major heat sources to develop a solution. We concluded that the sun and internal technology were the major sources of heat gain. Based on prototyping, we recommend the GRTC implement evaporative cooling, shading, reflective paints, insulation, and ventilation methods to best cool their buildings. Additionally, we generalized this process for use in surrounding communities. iii Acknowledgements Mr. Eugene Marais (Sponsor) - We would like to thank you for proposing this project, and providing excellent guidance in our research. Dr. Gillian Maggs-Kӧlling - We would like to thank you for making our experience at the GRTC meaningful. Mrs. Elna Irish - We would like to thank you for arranging transportation, housing, and general guidance of the inner workings of the GRTC. Gobabeb Research and Training Centre Facilities Staff - We would like to thank you for working closely with us in accomplishing all of our solution testing.
    [Show full text]
  • Passive Cooling and Human Comfort
    Passive Cooling and Human Comfort Author Fairey, P.W. Publication Number FSEC-DN-5-81 Copyright Copyright © Florida Solar Energy Center/University of Central Florida 1679 Clearlake Road, Cocoa, Florida 32922, USA (321) 638-1000 All rights reserved. Disclaimer The Florida Solar Energy Center/University of Central Florida nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the Florida Solar Energy Center/University of Central Florida or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the Florida Solar Energy Center/University of Central Florida or any agency thereof. DesignNote Passive cooling and human comfort P.W. Fairey Florida Solar Energy Center Comfort within buildings is primarily controlled by dew point. When air is cooled to its dew point it is at four major factors: air temperature, mean radiant 100 percent relative humidity. This saturation point is temperature, humidity and airflow. Each can have a represented by the outer, curved boundary of the dominating effect. Their effects are not necessarily psychrometric chart. additive and practically never linear. There are, addi- The air temperature represented by the horizontal tionally, other factors which affect comfort including axis of the psychrometric chart is known as the dry clothing, activity level and climatization.
    [Show full text]
  • Passive Solar Heating & Cooling Manual, Part 1 of 4
    http://www.azsolarcenter.org/tech-science/solar-architecture/passive-solar-design-manual/passive- solar-design-manual-intro.html Passive Solar Heating & Cooling Manual, Part 1 of 4 NOTE: Booklet available in Microsoft Word format, RTF format and PDF. Published by Rodale Press, Inc., 1980. A project of Western SUN Arizona and Western Solar Utilization Network. Introduction to Solar Energy The sun's energy arrives on earth in the primary form of heat and light. Other aspects of solar radiation are less easily perceived and their detection often requires sophisticated equipment. All solar radiation travels through space in waves, and it is the length of these waves (the shortest is less than a millionth of an inch, the longest more than a thousand yards) by which all solar radiation is classified. The aggregate of all radiation aspects of the sun is called the solar spectrum. There are two important facets about the solar spectrum. 1. While the sun emits radiation in all wavelengths, it is the short wavelength radiation that accounts for the majority of energy in the solar spectrum. For example, the portion of the spectrum perceived as the visible light is a relatively small segment compared to the variety of spectrum wavelengths, yet accounts for 46 percent of the energy radiating from the sun. Another 49 percent, that which is perceived as heat, is derived from the infrared band of the spectrum. 2. The proportion of different wavelengths in the solar spectrum does not change and therefore the energy output of the sun remains constant. A measurement of this phenomenon is known as the Solar Constant, defined as the amount of heat energy delivered by solar radiation to a square foot of material set perpendicular to the sun’s rays for one hour at the outer edge of the earth’s atmosphere.
    [Show full text]
  • Passive Cooling Methods for Energy Efficient Buildings with and Without Thermal Energy Storage – a Review
    Energy Education Science and Technology Part A: Energy Science and Research 2012 Volume (issues) 29(2): 913-946 Passive cooling methods for energy efficient buildings with and without thermal energy storage – A review N. B. Geetha, R. Velraj* Anna University, Institute for Energy Studies, College of Engineering, Chennai, India. Contents 1. Introduction ……………………………………………………………………..914-915 2. Solar and heat protection techniques (Reduce heat gains)……………………...915-919 2.1. Microclimate………………………………………………………………..915-917 2.1.1. Vegetation…………………………………………………………..915-917 2.1.2. Water surfaces………………………………………………………917-917 2.2. Solar control…………………………………………………………………917-919 2.2.1. Aperture……………………………………………………………..917-918 2.2.2. Glazing………………………………………………………………918-919 2.2.3. Insulation…………………………………………………………….919-919 2.2.4. Shading………………………………………………………………919-919 3. Heat modulation or amortization technique (Modify heat gains)………………..919-926 3.1. Shifting of dayheat to night for removal……………………………………..920-924 3.1.1. Thermal mass in the construction material…………………………..920-920 3.1.2. Thermal mass using PCM based system……………………………..920-921 3.1.2.1. PCM in wallboards……………………………………………....921-922 3.1.2.2. PCM in ceiling & roof…………………………………………...922-923 3.1.2.3. PCM in glass windows…………………………………………..924-924 3.2. Use of night coolness for day cooling ……………………………………….924-926 4. Heat dissipation technique (Remove internal heat)……………………………….926-938 4.1. Natural ventilation……………………………………………………………926-932 4.1.1. Wind driven cross ventilation………………………………………...926-927 4.1.2. Buoyancy driven stack ventilation…………………………………....927-930 4.1.3. Single sided ventilation……………………………………………….930-932 4.2. Natural cooling………………………………………………………………..932-938 4.2.1. Evaporative cooling…………………………………………………...932-932 4.2.2. Ground cooling………………………………………………………..933-936 4.2.3.
    [Show full text]
  • Impact of Passive Cooling on Thermal Comfort in a Single-Family Building for Current and Future Climate Conditions
    energies Article Impact of Passive Cooling on Thermal Comfort in a Single-Family Building for Current and Future Climate Conditions Krzysztof Grygierek 1,* and Izabela Sarna 2 1 Faculty of Civil Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 5, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland 2 Faculty of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 20, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +48-32-237-24-97 Received: 25 September 2020; Accepted: 10 October 2020; Published: 13 October 2020 Abstract: Today, there is a great deal of emphasis on reducing energy use in buildings for both economic and environmental reasons. Investors strongly encourage the insulating of buildings. Buildings without cooling systems can lead to a deterioration in thermal comfort, even in transitional climate areas. In this article, the effectiveness of natural ventilation in a passive cooling building is analyzed. Two options are considered: cooling with external air supplied to the building by fans, or by opening windows (automatically or by residents). In both cases, fuzzy controllers for the cooling time and supply airflow control are proposed and optimized. The analysis refers to a typical Polish single-family building. Simulations are made with the use of the EnergyPlus program, and the model is validated based on indoor temperature measurement. The calculations were carried out for different climate data: standard and future (warmed) weather data. Research has shown that cooling with external air can effectively improve thermal comfort with a slight increase in heating demand. However, to be able to reach the potential of such a solution, fans should be used.
    [Show full text]
  • Ground Coupled Heat Exchangers a Review and Applications
    Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 47 (2015) 83–92 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/rser Ground coupled heat exchangers: A review and applications Suresh Kumar Soni a,n, Mukesh Pandey a, Vishvendra Nath Bartaria b a Department of Energy Technology, RGPV, Bhopal, India b Department of Mechanical Engineering, LNCT, Bhopal, India article info abstract Article history: The use of ground coupled heat exchanger (GCHE) systems is increasing worldwide. They are mainly Received 23 September 2014 used for space conditioning, water heating, agricultural drying, bathing, swimming, etc. They reduce Received in revised form cooling load in summer and heating load in winter. GCHE systems make available excellent scope to 6 January 2015 conserve significant amount of primary energy and thus mitigating the impact on environment through Accepted 1 March 2015 emission reduction. This paper reviews the experimental and modeling studies carried out on GCHE systems. The reviewed literature focuses on performance of both types of GCHE systems viz. earth–air Keywords: heat exchanger (EAHE) and ground source heat pump (GSHP) systems and brings out their merits and GCHE demerits. EAHE & 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. GSHP Passive heating/cooling Contents 1. Introduction . 83 2. GCHEsystems.......................................................................................................84 3. Scenario of GCHE systems. 85 3.1. EAHE systems studies . 85 3.1.1. Experimental studies of EAHE systems. 85 3.1.2. Modeling of EAHE systems . 87 3.2. GSHP systems studies . 88 3.2.1. Experimental studies of GSHP systems. 88 3.2.2. Modeling of GSHP systems . 89 4.
    [Show full text]
  • Implementation of Passive Radiative Cooling Technology in Buildings: a Review
    buildings Review Implementation of Passive Radiative Cooling Technology in Buildings: A Review Suhendri , Mingke Hu * , Yuehong Su * , Jo Darkwa and Saffa Riffat Department of Architecture and Built Environment, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; [email protected] (S.); [email protected] (J.D.); saffa.riff[email protected] (S.R.) * Correspondence: [email protected] (M.H.); [email protected] (Y.S.) Received: 29 October 2020; Accepted: 21 November 2020; Published: 26 November 2020 Abstract: Radiative cooling (RC) is attracting more interest from building engineers and architects. Using the sky as the heat sink, a radiative cooling material can be passively cooled by emitting heat to the sky. As a result of the development of material technology, RC research has been revived, with the aim of increasing the materials’ cooling power as well as finding reliable ways to utilize it in cooling for buildings. This review identifies some issues in the current implementation of RC technologies in buildings from an architectural point of view. Besides the technical performance of the RC technologies, some architectural aspects, such as integration with architectural features, aesthetic requirements, as well as fully passive implementations of RC, also need to be considered for building application. In addition, performance evaluation of a building-integrated RC system should begin to account for its benefit to the occupant’s health and comfort alongside the technical performance. In conclusion, this review on RC implementation in buildings provides a meaningful discussion in regard to the direction of the research. Keywords: radiative cooling; architectural application; combination; passive design architecture 1.
    [Show full text]
  • A Water Wall Solar Design Manual for Environmentally Responsive Buildings That Increase Comfort, Save Money, and Protect the Environment
    1 A Water Wall Solar Design Manual For environmentally responsive buildings that increase comfort, save money, and protect the environment David A. Bainbridge ©1981, 2005 1 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................1 A WATER WALL SOLAR .............................................................................................................................................................................................1 DESIGN MANUAL ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................1 TABLE OF CONTENTS.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 2 Build your own water wall home or office complex............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 3 PREFACE ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................3
    [Show full text]
  • Basics of the Aircraft Cabin Environment Enable a Hygienic Environment and Contaminant Control
    Use Tab 'Insert - Header & Footer' for Presentation Title - Siglum - Reference Month 200X CAPSCA-Europe Meeting, Bern 18-21 June 2013 Basics of the aircraft cabin environment Enable a hygienic environment and contaminant control Presented by Dr Joerg CREMERS from Airbus Operations GmbH Expert Cabin Aeromedicine, Health & Comfort Overview Cabin Environment in relation to Hygiene Cabin Environment Air Supply Water/Waste Galley/Food System Potable water System Design & architecture supply Interfaces Contamination Food cooling control Waste water requirements & technologies Disposal Pandemics Page 2 © AIRBUS Operations GmbH. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document. Air Supply System Architecture The Air supply system has three main functions: supply air and pollutant removal; pressurization of the aircraft; temperature control and cooling of technical equipment Page 3 © AIRBUS Operations GmbH. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document. Air Purity and Contaminant Control Outside air Ozone (during cruise) VOC Odours (during ground operation) Converter + Catalytic converters for depletion of Ozone / VOC Ozone Pathogens outside air: adiabatic compression in engine Remover Pure Air Pure Pathogens inside: HEPA filters, also odours PACKs = Conditioned, filtered, pure air = Passenger well-being Air conditioning HEPA* Particles free Gaseous** Cabin air no odour Filter air Filter * HEPA : High Efficiency Particulate Air filter * VOC : Volatile Organic Compounds; ** Option on A330/A340 only Page 4 © AIRBUS Operations GmbH. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary document. Use Tab 'Insert - Header & Footer' for Presentation Title - Siglum - Reference Air Ventilation aspects in Relation to Pandemics Risk of virus transmission is minimized by avoiding longitudinal flow, use of HEPA filters, low humidity of cabin air (5-15 %). Studies [1], [2] indicate that proximity, specifically in the few rows in front of the index case, is a major factor in the transmission.
    [Show full text]
  • Passive Ventilation for Indoor Comfort: a Comparison of Results from Monitoring and Simulation for a Historical Building in a Temperate Climate
    Article Passive Ventilation for Indoor Comfort: A Comparison of Results from Monitoring and Simulation for a Historical Building in a Temperate Climate Eleonora Laurini 1,*, Mariangela De Vita 2, Pierluigi De Berardinis 1 and Avi Friedman 3 1 Department of Civil, Construction-Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila 67100, Italy; [email protected] 2 Construction Technologies Institute CNR, L’Aquila 67100, Italy; [email protected] 3 School of Architecture, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C2, Canada; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-34-0174-6053 Received: 20 March 2018; Accepted: 10 May 2018; Published: 14 May 2018 Abstract: When environmental sustainability is a key feature of an intervention on a building, the design must guarantee minimal impact and damage to the environment. The last ten years have seen a steady increase in the installation of highly efficient systems for winter heating, but this trend has not been mirrored for summer cooling systems. Passive ventilation, however, is a means of summer air conditioning with a low financial and environmental impact. Natural ventilation methods such as “wind towers” have been used to achieve adequate levels of internal comfort in buildings. However, the application of these systems in old town centres, where buildings are often of great architectural value, is complex. This study started with the analysis of various ventilation chimneys in order to identify the most suitable system for temperate climes. Ventilation systems were then designed using static analysis of ventilation with specific software, and installed. The results were assessed and monitored using climatic sensors over the summer period, in order to establish the period of maximum functionality to optimize the system’s performance.
    [Show full text]
  • Passive Cooling
    PlusICE TM PPhhaassee CChhaannggee MMaatteerriiaallss PPaassssiivvee CCoooolliinngg DAY NIGHT Phase Change Material Products Limited NATURAL ALTERNATIVE TO REDUCE ENERGY THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE; Thermal Energy Storage (TES) is the temporary storage of high or low temperature energy for later use. It bridges the gap between energy requirement and energy use. A thermal storage application may involve a 24 hour or alternatively a weekly or seasonal storage cycle depending on the system design requirements. Whilst the output is always thermal, the input energy may be either thermal or electrical. Phase Change Materials (PCMs) are products that store and release thermal energy during the process of melting & freezing (changing from one phase to another). When such a material freezes, it releases large amounts of energy in the form of latent heat of fusion, or energy of crystallisation. Conversely, when the material is melted, an equal amount of energy is absorbed from the immediate environment as it changes from solid to liquid. For the majority of applications, PCM solutions have to be encapsulated in sealed containers. To this end, PCM Products Ltd. have developed many different standard type containers as well as custom-made containers for special applications. These containers can be applied to any water or air based TES systems and can be manufactured using our PlusICE Phase Change Materials (PCM) solutions which have operating temperatures between -40 OC (-40 OF) and +117 OC (+243 OF) . TubeICE TM FEATURES; TubeICE concept is based on custom-made plastic containers filled with our PlusICE Phase Change Materials (PCM) solutions which have operating temperatures between -40ºC (-40ºF) and +117 ºC (+243 ºF) .
    [Show full text]