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Krijgsman-Wout-141-1996-Copy.Pdf GEOLOGICA ULTRAIECTINA Mededelingen van de Faculteit Aardwetenschappen Universiteit Utrecht No. 141 MIOCENE MAGNETOSTRATIGRAPHY AND CYCLOSTRATIGRAPHY IN THE MEDITERRANEAN: EXTENSION OF THE ASTRONOMICAL POLARITY TIME SCALE CIP-GEGEVENS KONINKLIJKE BIBLIOTHEEK, DEN HAAG Krijgsman, Wout Miocene magnetostratigraphy and cyclostratigraphy in the Mediterranean: extension of the astronomical polarity time scale / Wout Krijgsman, - Utrecht: Faculteit Aardwetenschappen, Universiteit Utrecht. - (Geologica Ultraiectina, ISSN 0072-1026; no. 141) Proefschrift Universiteit Utrecht. - Met lit. opg. - Met samenvatting in het Nederlands. ISBN 90-71577-95-3 Trefw.: paleomagnetisme / stratigrafie MIOCENE MAGNETOSTRATIGRAPHY AND CYCLOSTRATIGRAPHY IN THE MEDITERRANEAN: EXTENSION OF THE ASTRONOMICAL POLARITY TIME SCALE MIOCENE MAGNETOSTRATIGRAFIE EN CYCLOSTRATIGRAFIE IN HET MIDDELLANDSE ZEEGEBIED: UITBREIDING VAN DE ASTRONOMISCHE POLARITEITSTIJDSCHAAL (met een samenvatting in het Nederlands) PROEFSCHRIFT TER VERKRIJGING VAN DE GRAAD VAN DOCTOR AAN DE UNIVERSITEIT UTRECHT or GEZAG VAN DE RECTOR MAGNIFICUS PROF. DR. J.A. VAN GINKEL INGEVOLGE HET BESLUIT VAN HET COLLEGE VAN DEKANEN IN HET OPENBAAR TE VERDEDIGEN or MAANDAG 13 MEl 1996 DES NAMIDDAGS TE 14.30 UUR DOOR WOUT KRIJGSMAN geboren op 25 december 1966, te Rotterdam 1996 PROMOTOR: PROF. DR. J.D.A. ZIJDERVELD CO-PROMOTORES: DR. e.G. LANGEREIS DR. F.J. HILGEN I know that we can never live those times again so I let my dreams take me back to where we've been Green on Red, 1991 Voor JooP en Nel /'l This study was supported by The Netherlands Geosciences Foundation (GOA) with financial GOA aid from the Netherlands Organisation of Scientific Research (NWO). /'l Research was carried out at: NU'O Paleomagnetic laboratory "Fort Hoofddijk" Faculty of Earth Sciences Utrecht University Universiteit Utrecht Budapestlaan 17 3584 CD Utrecht The Netherlands The author can be reached through E-mail at:[email protected] CONTENTS Bibliography 8 Samenvatting (summary in Dutch) 9 Prologue 13 Chapter 1: The age ofthe Tortonian/Messinian boundary 21 Chapter 2: Late Miocene magnetostratigraphy, biostratigraphy and cyclostratigraphy 39 in the Mediterranean Chapter 3: Extending the astronomical (polarity) time scale into the Miocene 63 Chapter 4: The Monte del Casino section: A potential TortonianjMessinian boundary 83 stratotype Chapter 5: Astronomical ages and ArjAr dating of some Miocene ash layers ofCrete 105 Chapter 6: Magnetostratigraphic dating of the middle Miocene climate change in the 115 continental deposits ofthe Aragonian type area in the Calatayud-Teruel basin (Central Spain) Chapter 7: A new chronology for the middle to late Miocene continental record 131 in Spain Chapter 8: Cyclicity and NRM acquisition in a continental red bed sequence 149 (Miocene, Spain): potential for an astronomical polarity time scale Chapter 9: Magnetic polarity stratigraphy oflate Oligocene to middle Miocene 171 mammal-bearing localities in Central Anatolia (Turkey) References 189 Epilogue 203 Curriculum Vitae 206 Acknowledgements 207 BIBLIOGRAPHY Chapter 1: Krijgsman, W., F.). Hilgen, CG. Langereis and W.). Zachariasse, The age of the Tortonian-Messinian boundary. Earth Planet Sci. Lett., 121, 533-547, 1994. Chapter 2: Krijgsman, W., F.). Hilgen, CG. Langereis, A. Santarelli and W.). Zachariasse, Late Miocene magnetostratigraphy, biostratigraphy and cyclostratigraphy in the Mediterranean, Earth Planet Sci. Lett., 136, 475-494, 1995. Chapter 3: Hilgen, F.J., W. Krijgsman, CG. Langereis, L.J. Laurens, A. Santarelli and W.). Zachariasse, Extending the astronomical (polarity) time scale into the Miocene, Earth. Planet. Sci. Lett., 136, 495-510, 1995. Chapter 4: Krijgsman, W., F.). Hilgen, A. Negri, ).R. Wijbrans and W.). Zachariasse, The Monte del Casino section: A potential Tortonian-Messinian boundary stratotype, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. submitted. Chapter 5: Hilgen, F.}., W. Krijgsman and ).R. Wijbrans, Age determination of the PCT-sanidine by comparing Ar/ Ar and astronomical ages of late Miocene ash beds in the Mediterranean, Geoph. Res. Lett., (to be) submitted. Chapter 6: Krijgsman, W., CG. Langereis, R. Daams and A.). van der Meulen, Magnetostratigraphic dating of the middle Miocene climate change in the continental deposits of the Aragonian type area in the Calatayud-Teruel basin (Central Spain). Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 128, ] 994. Chapter 7: Krijgsman, W., M. Garces, CG. Langereis, R. Daams, J. van Dam, A.J. van der Meulen, A.). Agustl and L. Cabrera, A new chronology for the middle to late Miocene continental record in Spain Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., accepted. Chapter 8: Krijgsman, W., W. Delahaije, CG. Langereis and P.L. de Boer, Cyclicity and NRM acquisition in a continental red bed sequence: potential for an astronomical polarity time scale, rGeaph. Res., submitted. Chapter 9: Krijgsman, W., C.E. Duermeijer, e.G. Langereis, H. de Bruijn, G. Sarat; and P.A.M. Andriessen, Magnetic polarity stratigraphy of late Oligocene to middle Miocene mammal-bearmg localIties In Central Anatolia (Turkey), Newslett. Stratigr., in press. Samenvatting 9 Samenvatting (Summary in Dutch) In de begin jaren 60 werd aangetoond dat het aardmagneetveld op onregelmatige perioden van de geologische geschiedenis van polariteit is veranderd en sindsdien zijn er verscheidene tijdschalen geconstrueerd op basis van deze polariteits omkeringen. Het correleren van karakteristieke polariteits­ patronen in stratigrafische opeenvolgingen naar deze geomagnetische polariteits­ tijdschalen (GPTS) wordt magnetostratigrafie genoemd. Magnetostratigrafie heeft momenteel een belangrijk tijdskader verschaft en is nu, tesamen met biostratigrafie en radiometrische dateringen een van de standaard methoden in de stratigrafie. Het is een betrouwbare methode om absolute ouderdommen van sedimentaire opeenvolgingen te bepalen en kan ook toegepast worden op secties waar radio-metrisch dateren onmogelijk is door de afwezigheid van vulkanisch materiaal. Een grote doorbraak in ouderdomsbepalingen is, sinds kort, astronomisch dateren. Hierbij worden cyclische variaties in de geologische geschiedenis gecalibreerd naar berekende astronomische tijdseries van periodieke bewegingen van de baan van de aarde en van de rotatie-as. Deze cycli kunnen gebruikt worden om de hoeveelheid aanwezige tijd in sedimentaire afzettingen te schatten. Vooral het Middellandse Zee gebied heeft het voordeel door zijn latitudinale positie in combinatie met zijn semi-gesloten configuratie dat haar sedimenten bijzonder gevoelig zijn om astronomisch beinvloedde veranderingen te registreren. Een astronomische polariteits tijdschaal (APTS) is reeds gecon­ strueerd voor het Pleistoceen en Plioceen, gebaseerd op cyclische variaties in mariene afzettingen. Deze APTS heeft bewezen nauwkeuriger en betrouwbaarder 10 Samenvatting te zijn dan de conventionele tijdschalen en is daarom in zijn geheel ingebed in de meest recente standaard GPTS. Het belangrijkste doel van dit proefschrift is het uitbreiden van de astronomische polariteits tijdschaal naar het Mioceen. Tegelijkertijd zal een gei:ntegreerd magnetostratigrafisch en cyclostratigrafisch raamwerk ontwikkeld worden voor het mariene Midden tot Laat Mioceen. Een tweede doelstelling is, om met behulp van een betrouwbare magnetostratigrafie, een nauwkeurige chronologie te construeren voor de continentale tijdschaal. De basis voor dit proefschrift ligt, zowel voor het mariene gedeelte als het continentale gedeelte, in de uitgebreide veldstudies. Gedurende dit proefschrift zijn er 53 weken in het veld doorgebracht wat ongeveer een kwart van de totale promotietijd besloeg. Mariene secties Het eerste probleem dat zich voordeed bij de ontwikkeling van een ge'integreerd stratigrafisch raamwerk voor mariene afzettingen was de ouderdom van de Tortonien/Messinien (TIM) grens. Bij de aanvang van dit proefschrift was er nog totaal geen overeenstemming over de posititie van de TIM grens in de GPTS, en ouderdommen varieerden van 5.6 tot 6.4 Ma. Hoofdstuk 1 behandelt de resultaten van de (her)bemonstering van secties op Kreta, nu aangevuld met cyclostratigrafische data. Het was de bedoeling om de duur van individuele polariteitszones te bepalen door het aantal precessie gerelateerde sedimentaire cycli per polariteitszone te tellen. Deze astronomische duur kan vervolgens vergeleken worden met de duur van de opeenvolgende (sub)chrons in de GPTS. Een re-evaluatie van de secties op Kreta werd nog relevanter toen een nieuwe ePTS gepubliceerd werd waarin twee niet eerder geregistreerde normale subchrons in het omgekeerde interval van Chron 6 (C3Br.1n, C3Br.2n) waren herkend. Het blijkt dat nu een overduidelijke correlatie gemaakt kan worden tussen de polariteits opeenvolgingen op Kreta en de nieuwe GPTS. Het eerste voorkomen (first occurrence, FO) van de G. conomiozea groep (planktonische foraminiferen), wat per definitie de basis van het Messinien vormt, wordt aangetroffen in het omgekeerde interval van anomalie C3Br.1r. Dit leidt tot een ouderdomsbepaling van 6.92 miljoen jaar (volgens de GPTS van CK92) voor de TIM grens en een duur van 1.76 miljoen jaar voor het Messinien. De astronomische duur voor de polariteits zones zijn in goede overeenstemming met die van de GPTS, maar blijken gemiddeld ongeveer 10% korter te zijn. De secties op Kreta kunnen helaas niet uitgebreid worden naar oudere niveau's, wat weI mogelijk blijkt te zijn op Gavdos (Metochia sectie) en Sicilie (Gibliscemi sectie). In Hoofdstuk 2 wordt een nieuwe chronologie gepresenteerd voor het Laat
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