Geological Survey of Technical Record 1998/6

Bendigo Supply Area - Extractive Industry Interest Areas

A. Olshina and F. Jiricek Bibliographic reference: Olshina, A. & Jiricek, F., 1998. Supply Area - Extractive Industry Interest Areas. Geological Survey of Victoria. Technical Record 1998/6

Crown (State of Victoria) Copyright 1998 Geological Survey of Victoria

ISSN 1324 0307 ISBN 0 7306 7925 X

Keywords: extractive industry quarry planning Bendigo Victoria

This report may be purchased from: Business Centre, Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Eighth Floor, 240 Victoria Parade, East , VIC 3002

For further technical information contact: Manager, Geological Survey, Department of Natural Resources and Environment P O Box 500 East Melbourne, VIC 3002

Acknowledgments: R. Buckley, V. Dods, V. Gaedke, G. Hamilton and C. Wilman (NRE) for facilitating the consultative process and for input into the contents of the report; staff provided the planning overlay and R. Chan, K. Dixon, P. Dunlop, P. Elvey, M. Emmit, J. Haigh, B. James, J. Mills, C. Prowse, R. Thompson and R. Youl provided information on the nature and potential of various deposits in the area. Cover photo: Groundwater information was provided by Sinclair Knight Merz.K. Inan provided the Granite outcrops within the Harcourt statistical information. Granodiorite, Harcourt North. Bendigo Supply Area - Extractive Industry Interest Areas

Executive summary

Quarries provide materials such as clay, sand and rock that have importance for all members of our society. Good management of such resources demands a careful balance of competing land uses to ensure that such resources remain available for future generations at an affordable cost.

The decision to identify stone resources in the Bendigo area has been made because:

S Bendigo is an important industrial centre dependent on locally derived extractive industry resources which are used as raw material for the manufacturing industry ; and,

S Bendigo is also a regional centre with a substantial population, and an important user of quarry products, including sand, gravel and aggregate.

This study aims to facilitate protection of stone resources by identifying Extractive Industry Interest Areas (EIIA) within the City of Greater Bendigo and selected nearby areas (the Bendigo Supply Area). This report has been produced in consultation with industry groups and relevant Government agencies, and will provide a base for identification and protection of stone resources in the Bendigo area.

The Extractive Industry Interest Area designation is applied to land that has been identified as being likely to contain stone resources of sufficient quantity and quality to support a commercial extractive industry operation. This should in no way be taken as an indication that a quarry can be established as-of-right in these areas. Any proposal to establish an extractive industry would be considered in the context of the assessment process under the Planning and Environment Act 1987, where, for example, social and environmental factors are considered.

The purpose of EIIAs is to:

S provide a basis for the long term protection of stone resources from sterilisation by other land uses; S provide a basis for ensuring the long term availability of stone resources for use by the community and at minimal detriment to the environment; S assist in considering extractive industry values in long term strategic planning; S ensure that planning or responsible authorities consult with all relevant agencies about land use proposals which may impact on the reduction of stone resources within these areas, and S create an awareness that extractive industry is a possible land use in these areas.

Geological Survey of V I C T O R I A - i - Bendigo Supply Area - Extractive Industry Interest Areas

EIIAs do not:

S provide statutory protection for stone resources; S allow extractive industry as-of-right, unless specified in a planning scheme; S imply that future extractive industry will be confined to these areas or; S preclude the use and development of land for other purposes.

It is intended that this report will be form part of the Local Planning Policy Framework of the Greater Bendigo Planning Scheme so that:

S planning authorities, when preparing planning scheme amendments within the designated EIIAs, consider the impacts any land use proposal or zoning changes may have on the continuing availability of stone resources, and consult with the Secretary of the Department administering the Extractive Industries Development Act 1995 on these matters; and

S responsible authorities, before considering a planning permit application that, if approved, would introduce residential land uses, rural residential land uses or land uses with residential or rural residential components within designated EIIAs, give notice of an application to the Secretary of the Department administering the Extractive Industries Development Act 1995.

The above provisions will ensure that any proposed land uses which may reduce the availability of stone resources are considered in accordance with Government policies.

The EIIAs are presented on a 1:100 000 scale map, together with brief descriptions of the local resource and also an indication of areas where extractive industries are unlikely to be permitted under current planning provisions.

Geological Survey of V I C T O R I A - ii - Bendigo Supply Area - Extractive Industry Interest Areas

CONTENTS

PAGE Executive summary i 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Aim 1 1.2 Definition of Extractive Industry Interest Areas 1 2. Industry overview 2 2.1 Importance of extractive industries 2 2.2 Extractive industry 5 2.3 Stone in the Bendigo Supply Area 5 3. Methodology 7 3.1 Study area 7 3.2 Study approach 8 4. Protection of stone resources 9 4.1 Extractive Industries Interest Areas and the planning system 10 5. Planning and Environment Act 1987 10 6. New format planning schemes 11 6.1 Introduction 11 6.2 Consistency of planning controls throughout the State 12 6.3 A focus on strategic planning 12 7. Extractive industry operations on Crown Land 12 8. Geology 13 8.1 Geology of the Extractive Industry Interest Areas 13 8.2 Extractive Industry Interest Areas descriptions 19 9. Recommendations 22 10. References 23

Appendix 1 Extractive industry operations, Bendigo Supply Area, June 1998 25

Figures 1 Location map - Bendigo Supply Area (BSA) 3 2 Value of BSA extractive industries production 4 3 Tonnage of BSA extractive industries production 7 4 Simplified geology of the Greater Bendigo Municipality 14

Tables 1 Extractive industry operations in the BSA, 1998 7 2 Secondary minerals in Newer Volcanics basalt 15

Map 1 Extractive Industry Interest Areas, Bendigo Supply Area back of report

Geological Survey of V I C T O R I A iii Bendigo Supply Area - Extractive Industry Interest Areas

Glossary

BSA Bendigo Supply Area NRE Natural Resources and Environment EIIA Extractive Industry Interest Area ENRC Environment and Natural Resources Committee LPPF Local Planning Policy Framework MPV Minerals and Petroleum Victoria (a unit of the Department of Natural Resources and Environment) SPPF State Planning Policy Framework VPP Victoria Planning Provisions

Geological Survey of V I C T O R I A iv Bendigo Supply Area - Extractive Industry Interest Areas

1. Introduction

1.1 Aim

This report provides information and makes recommendations to assist the City of Greater Bendigo, government agencies and the community in strategic planning for identification and protection of stone resources. The application of this information and the implementation of the recommendations will ensure the future supply of quarry products at a cost that is acceptable to the community.

The information is presented as a series of prospective areas or Extractive Industry Interest Areas (EIIAs), located within the Bendigo Supply Area (BSA). This is an area within the borders of the City of Greater Bendigo, and some additional selected areas relevant to the supply of quarry products to the Bendigo area (see Fig. 1). EIIA designation will ensure that the City of Greater Bendigo consider the impact of proposed land uses on availability of stone resources and potential extractive industry operations.

It is intended that the final version of this report will be referenced in the Local Planning Policy Framework of the Greater Bendigo planning scheme.

1.2 Definition of Extractive Industry Interest Areas

The BSA is the third area in Victoria where EIIAs have been identified. This work follows the work of Buckley et al (1993), Olshina & Jiricek (1996) and Olshina & Jiricek (1997) in the Melbourne and Ballarat Supply Areas respectively.

EIIA designation is applied to land which has been identified as being likely to contain stone resources of sufficient quantity and quality to support a commercial extractive industry operation and which has limited environmental and/or social constraints to the establishment of such operations.

The purpose of the EIIAs is to:

S provide a basis for the long term protection of stone resources from sterilisation by inappropriate land uses; S provide a basis for ensuring the long term availability of stone resources for use by the community and at minimal detriment to the environment; S assist in considering extractive industry values in long term strategic planning as well as local strategy plans; S ensure that planning or responsible authorities consult with all relevant agencies about land use proposals which may impact on the reduction of stone resources within these areas; and

Geological Survey of V I C T O R I A - 1 - Bendigo Supply Area - Extractive Industry Interest Areas

S create awareness that extractive industry is a possible land use in these areas.

EIIAs do not:

S provide statutory protection for stone resources; S allow extractive industry as-of-right unless specified in a planning scheme; S imply that future extractive industry will be confined to these areas; or S preclude the use and development of land for other purposes.

Stone resources within EIIAs are identified at a regional scale, or, at best, to an 'inferred' level. EIIA boundaries are likely to be refined from time to time in response to new geological information or changes in social and/or environmental values. EIIAs should not be regarded as totally inclusive of all attainable stone resources. Industry can apply to establish extractive industry operations outside designated EIIAs.

Minerals and Petroleum Victoria's (MPV) position is that most existing quarry operations or sites covered by an extractive industry Work Authority applications (under the Extractive Industries Development Act 1995) have been considered for inclusion within the designated EIIAs. As sites of assumed resource potential, they must at least be considered in strategic discussions. Whether proposed sites are ultimately developed will depend on many factors beyond the mere presence of the resource (eg. environmental and social values). It is beyond the scope of this report to address these matters.

Planning schemes are subject to change, either as a result of municipal strategic reviews, or site specific amendments. Therefore, while the planning schemes and decisions based on provisions included in these schemes are currently valid, future changes may require a review of this report.

2. Industry overview

Extractive industry refers to the various industrial operations associated with the production, processing and distribution of stone resources such as rock, gravel, sand and clay.

2.1 Importance of extractive industries

Extractive industry is an economically important industry to the State of Victoria, and involves the removal of stone from the ground. Products of extractive industry are essential to modern society - everyone is a consumer of these materials through their use in housing, commercial and industrial buildings, roads, railways, ports and bridges. Within the BSA, extractive industries extract stone worth approximately $8.5 million per year, although this value can vary

Geological Survey of V I C T O R I A - 2 - Bendigo Supply Area - Extractive Industry Interest Areas

Figure 1 Location map, Bendigo Supply Area (BSA)

Geological Survey of V I C T O R I A - 3 - Bendigo Supply Area - Extractive Industry Interest Areas significantly from year to year (Fig. 2). This sum includes substantial production from the Lake Cooper quarry to the east of the boundaries of the City of Greater Bendigo, production from operations around Diggora West to the north and the Mt Alexander area to the south. All these areas are relevant to the economy of the Bendigo region but do not lie within the boundaries of the City of Greater Bendigo and so are not included in the statistics of the BSA. However, these areas are included as insets within the map of the BSA for information purposes.

Some of the material quarried within the BSA is also used outside its boundaries, with sand and gravel quarried at Axedale used as far south as Melbourne’s northern suburbs. Axedale ballclay has also been used throughout Victoria as well as interstate in the production of ceramics and Harcourt Granodiorite has been a mainstay of the monumental stone industry throughout Victoria. All the above operations are regarded as being of statewide importance.

$6,000,000

$5,000,000 Hard rock/other

Sand/gravel $4,000,000

$3,000,000 Value

$2,000,000

$1,000,000

$0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 Year

Figure 2 Estimated value of extractive industry production in the City of Greater Bendigo (adjustments made for gaps in the statistical record of individual operations). Note that operations outside this area are not included within the BSA.

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2.2 Extractive industry

The EIDA 1995 defines extractive industry as follows:

Extractive industry means the extraction or removal of stone from land if the primary purpose of the extraction or removal is the sale or commercial use of the stone or the use of the stone in construction, building, road or manufacturing works and includes: a) the treatment of stone or the manufacture of bricks, tiles, pottery or cement products on or adjacent to land from which the stone is extracted; and b) any place, operation or class of operation declared by the Minister, by notice published in the Government Gazette, to be an extractive industry for the purpose of this Act.

Certain types of extractive operations have been exempt from the EIDA 1995 or are being regulated through other legislation. This report only deals with operations that are regulated under the EIDA 1995.

In general terms, assessment process for extractive industry in Victoria is carried out under two Acts of Parliament: the Planning and Environment Act 1987 (PEA 1987) and the Extractive Industries Development Act 1995 (EIDA 1995). Safety and operational requirements are controlled by the Extractive Industries Development Regulations 1996, and the Extractive Industries Regulations 1989 (Divisions 3 and 4 of Part 4, and Parts 5 and 6). The main approval instrument for extractive industry is a planning permit issued either by the responsible authority or in some cases, the Minister for Planning and Local Government. Prior to commencing operation, a quarry site must be covered by a Work Authority.

By nature, stone deposits are fixed in location and are generally worked where they occur. Traditionally, extractive industry operations have been subject to conflict between planning, community, environmental and quarrying interests. Urban areas have been expanding close to operating quarries or over land with potential for further stone resource development. As a result, sources of quality stone close to potential markets or processing plants may become unavailable for extraction. This is particularly important in view of the high weighting of transport costs of quarry products in the price paid for these by the consumer. Due to the on- going competition between various land uses, it is desirable to plan for the future availability of a continuous supply of construction and industrial raw materials to the Bendigo area.

2.3 Stone in the Bendigo Supply Area

Stone extracted within the BSA can be grouped into four main categories, according to production and usage. These are hard rock, sand, clay, and soft rock and gravel (Table1; Figs. 2 and 3)

Hard rock is rock that is durable and strong and is used in building and road construction. Explosives are necessary to break up the raw material for the production of aggregate. In the

Geological Survey of V I C T O R I A - 5 - Bendigo Supply Area - Extractive Industry Interest Areas case of dimension stone, such as granite facing stone on buildings, the rock is extracted using closely spaced drill holes to split off suitably sized blocks. Currently, most hard rock extracted in the Bendigo region consists of basalt, although hornfels and granodiorite could form potential sources for the future. The Bendigo region has substantial outcrops of basalt (both Newer Volcanics filling the ancestral Campaspe Valley and Lower Cambrian Mt William Volcanics exposed in the Heathcote greenstone belt to the east) as well as large outcrops of granodiorite (the Harcourt Granodiorite in the south of the area) and hornfels. The latter tends to be variable in its physical characteristics. In some areas bands of slate and sandstone have yielded material suitable for construction and decorative purposes. Permian sandstone from the Derrinal area has also been used on a small scale in the past and may have some potential for use in the future.

Sand is mostly used in the manufacture of concrete and concrete products. Sand falls into two main categories, depending on grain size: coarse sand, which is usually washed and used in concrete production and fine sand used in the preparation of mortar and other specialised products. Important sources of sand in the BSA include the White Hills Gravel, shoestring sands within the Shepparton Formation, mine tailings and granitic sand. Available statistics on the Bendigo area do not differentiate between sand for concrete and brick manufacture and sand and gravel used for road sub-base. Sand and gravel production in the Bendigo Supply Area averages about 300 000 tpa with a value of about of $2 million per year.

Clay is used in the manufacture of bricks, pavers and roofing tiles and other ceramic products. Both transported (plastic) and residual ('reef', clay shale) clay deposits are currently being worked in the BSA and constitute the essential raw materials for the above industries. Clay production in the BSA is around 50 000 tpa with a value of approximately $500 000 per year. Sources of clay include high quality ballclay from the Tertiary White Hills Gravel Formation near Axedale and residual clay developed on Palaeozoic sedimentary rocks. In addition, deeply weathered Palaeozoic sedimentary rocks (‘reef’) are also used in conjunction with clay in brickmaking, forming up to 50 % of the final brick.

Soft rock and gravel are used for low-grade products such as crushed rock sub-base for unsealed roads. This rock is generally excavated without the use of explosives and is widely distributed.

Extractive industry production figures fluctuate significantly according to economic circumstances with production decreasing during periods of economic downturn and decline in the construction industry (Figs. 2 & 3).

As of June 1998, there were a total of 16 extractive industry operations within the BSA. The type of stone extracted from each operation is presented in Table 1 and a complete list of current operations is presented in Appendix 1.

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Table 1 Extractive industry operations in the BSA, June 1998 Rock type extracted Operations under the EIDA 1995 Basalt 1 Sand/gravel 10 Clay/Shale and Slate 5 TOTAL 16

800000 Hard rock/other 700000 Sand/gravel 600000

500000

400000 Tonne 300000

200000

100000

0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 Year

Figure 3 Estimated BSA extractive industries production (adjustments made for gaps in the statistical record of individual operations).

3. Methodology

3.1 Study Area

This report is confined to the BSA (Fig. 1). This area was defined by Department of Natural Resources and Environment (NRE), in consultation with the City of Greater Bendigo and industry groups, as representing the area of economic interest centred on the City of Greater Bendigo. The BSA includes the City of Greater Bendigo area with some additional areas outside of this boundary. It is expected that the EIIA boundaries will be refined over time as a consequence of feedback from industry and government organisations on this preliminary assessment.

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3.2 Study approach

In consultation with the Greater Bendigo City Council, the approach used in this report in defining EIIAs involved the following three major steps:

1. Interpretation of the Greater Bendigo Planning Scheme with respect to extractive industry land use. This step identified those areas where extractive industry:

S either does not require a planning permit or is a consent use; or

S is a prohibited land use but, in some instances, the possibility exists to amend the planning scheme; or

S in non-urban areas which were already committed to lower density subdivisions.

Specifically:

S identification of those areas within the municipality which allow subdivisions less than 3 ha in area. In accordance with current and proposed planning controls these areas will not, in general, have extractive industry as a permit required land use; and

S identification of those areas most likely to be sensitive from an environmental point of view, where it would be unlikely that approval would be granted for the establishment of new extractive industry operations.

National and State Parks, Flora and Fauna Reserves, areas excluded on the basis of planning and social limitations and land around reservoirs were also excluded from the study. It should be noted that some of the above areas may be available for extractive industries in some circumstances, subject to compliance with relevant planning controls. All other areas were regarded as non-urban, and where extractive industry is subject to normal planning requirements.

2. Analysis of the distribution of rock types based on existing geological maps.

3. Viewing the geology through the planning window and identifying areas where both geology and planning schemes allow for extractive industry subject to normal planning controls.

Within the planning window, areas regarded as having good potential for extractive industry operations were identified. These were based on available geological data, derived primarily from published geological maps. Depth to groundwater was also assessed from available borehole data, with areas being preferentially identified in regions of deeper groundwater.

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Those areas where geology, planning schemes and environmental considerations allow proponents to apply for extractive industries were designated Extractive Industry Interest Areas (see Map 1). These were not field checked by MPV, however draft copies of Map 1 were distributed to the municipal council, relevant statutory authorities and extractive industry for comment and input. A final map was produced after taking these comments into consideration. A summary version of Map 1 is presented as Figure 1.

4. Protection of stone resources

The Government objective regarding development and protection of stone resources in Victoria outlined in the State Planning Policy Framework (SPPF) is to: identify and protect stone resources accessible to major markets and to provide a consistent approval process for extraction in accordance with acceptable environmental standards.

Until recently, resource identification and protection has been largely the responsibility of individual companies. Only in a few cases have Government agencies been involved in delineating stone resources. This approach had led to the present distribution of quarries, which reflects the response of competing companies to their internal requirements and to perceived market demands. However, it appears that growing community concern regarding extractive industry operations has led to unnecessary restrictions on quarrying, sometimes in areas containing high quality stone resources. A greater degree of Government involvement in strategic planning has become necessary to ensure that stone resources of importance to the wider community will not be sterilised by decisions reflecting only local interests.

MPV, together with the Department of Infrastructure, were instrumental in ensuring that the Government's position regarding the protection of stone resources and the development of extractive industry in Victoria is reflected in the planning system. Thus, the SPPF specifies that:

The long-term protection of stone resources in Victoria is to be generally in accordance with:

S Provisions and recommendations expressed in Extractive Industry Interest Areas, Melbourne Supply Area, Geological Survey of Victoria, Technical Record 1996/1 (Department of Natural Resources and Environment 1996); and

S The concept of the Extractive Industry Interest Areas expressed in Extractive Industry Interest Areas, Melbourne Supply Area, Geological Survey of Victoria, Technical Record 1996/1 (Department of Natural Resources and Environment 1996) for the remainder of Victoria. (Note: Extractive Industry Interest Areas will be progressively defined across Victoria by the Department of Natural Resources and Environment.

Therefore, the Bendigo Extractive Interests Areas report is a natural progression of the above Government policy.

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4.1 Extractive Industry Interest Areas and the planning system

It is intended that this report will form part of the Greater Bendigo Planning Scheme, possibly as a reference document and that the following provisions apply:

S planning authorities, when preparing planning scheme amendments within the designated EIIAs should consider the impacts any land use proposal or zoning changes may have on the continuing availability of stone resources, and consult with the Department administering the EIDA 1995 on these matters, and

S responsible authorities, before considering a planning permit application which, if approved, would introduce residential land uses, rural residential land uses or land uses with residential or rural residential components within designated EIIAs must give notice of an application to the Department administering the EIDA 1995.

The above provisions will ensure that any proposed land uses which may reduce the availability of stone resources are considered in accordance with Government policies and that any decision is made in the interest of the whole community.

5. Planning and Environment Act 1987

The Planning and Environment Act 1987 provides the legal basis for the use and development of land in Victoria. The Act sets out planning objectives and aims to:

S provide for the fair, orderly, economic and sustainable use and development of land;

S provide for the protection of natural and man-made resources and the maintenance of ecological processes and genetic diversity;

S secure a pleasant, efficient and safe working, living and recreational environment for all Victorians and visitors to Victoria;

S conserve and enhance those buildings, areas or other places which are of scientific, aesthetic, architectural or historical interest, or otherwise of special cultural value;

S protect public utilities and other assets and enable the orderly provision and coordination of public utilities and other facilities for the benefit of the community;

S facilitate development in accordance with the objectives set out above;

S balance the present and future interests of all Victorians (Source: Planning and Environment Act 1987).

The Act provides for a planning scheme for each municipality. The planning scheme divides the planning area into zones. It sets out for each zone those forms of land use and development

Geological Survey of V I C T O R I A - 10 - Bendigo Supply Area - Extractive Industry Interest Areas of land which may be carried out without any specific approval with or without conditions (as of right), those for which a planning permit is required (consent) and those which may not be carried out at all unless the planning scheme is amended (prohibited). The scheme may also set out areas of special controls, for example land subject to flooding, land reserved for public purposes, or land that is to be acquired for public purposes.

The Act also sets out procedures for amending planning schemes, obtaining planning permits, settling disputes and enforcement of planning scheme provisions.

The Responsible Authority for a planning scheme as a whole is generally the municipal council.

Planning schemes can differ markedly. As well as actual planning zones, the use of overlay controls play a vital factor in determining the land use patterns. Some schemes may contain several sets of overlays dealing with different matters. Therefore, while a planning scheme may allow extractive industry subject to a planning permit, the overlay controls could add another layer of requirements that need to be complied with before any new quarry operation can be established.

6. New format planning schemes

6.1 Introduction

As part of the State Government’s planning reform program, all councils in Victoria have developed new format planning schemes in accordance with the Planning and Environment (Planning Schemes) Act 1996. These new format planning schemes are progressively replacing the existing three sections (State, regional, local) in all planning schemes.

The new format for planning schemes has been designed to implement a new planning system that has three key components:

S a consistent set of standard provisions to be applied across the State;

S a strategic focus at both the State and local levels;

S regular monitoring and review to test the system’s effectiveness.

6.2 Consistency of planning controls throughout the State

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The key to providing clarity and consistency for the users of planning schemes is the introduction of the Victoria Planning Provisions (VPP). The VPP is best considered as a statewide reference document from which local planning schemes are sourced and constructed. It is not a planning scheme and does not apply to any land. It is a statutory device to ensure that consistent provisions for various matters are maintained across Victoria and that the construction and layout of local planning schemes is always the same.

The VPP contains a complete set of standard planning provisions for Victoria and provides the standard format for a local planning scheme.

6.3 A focus on strategic planning

The new planning system has a clear strategic focus at both the State and local levels. A new State Planning Policy Framework (SPPF) replaces the policies in the current State and regional sections of schemes. A specific policy on stone resources is Clause 17.09 of the SPPF. The objective of this policy is to identify and protect stone resources accessible to major markets and provide a consistent planning approval process for extraction in accordance with acceptable environmental standards. This clause also ensures that extractive industry is not prohibited in non-urban zones except where it is prohibited by an Act of Parliament.

This shift in emphasis towards strategic planning means that schemes will no longer be the purely regulatory documents. Instead, they will emphasise the strategic reason for having a particular provision in a planning scheme. In this way, they will become tools for facilitating appropriate development. There will be a logical progression from policy through requirements to the exercise of discretion so that all provisions have a readily discernible basis in the SPPF or LPPF.

7. Extractive industry operations on Crown Land

EIIAs also include public land that is managed by various Government authorities or statutory agencies, including NRE and various water authorities. Extractive industry is not permitted in National and State Parks and Reference Areas. While extractive industry is not prohibited in Regional Parks or nature reserves, consent from NRE as landowner is required either for the establishment of any new quarry operation or to substantially modify an existing operation. Past experience shows that extractive industry in these areas will be allowed only if it does not conflict with values for which the park or reserve were primarily created.

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8. Geology

The geology of the area is covered by the following geological map sheets:

S BENDIGO 1:250 000 (VandenBerg, 1997a) S MELBOURNE 1:250 000 (VandenBerg, 1997b)

A simplified geological map of the area is presented in Figure 4.

The extractive industry potential of the region has also been discussed in a series of reports by Nott, 1979a, 1979b and 1979c.

These published geological maps may be obtained from the Minerals Business Centre, Department of Natural Resources & Environment, Ph: (03) 9412 5103; Fax: (03) 9412 5150.

8.1 Geology of the Extractive Industry Interest Areas

The area within the BSA is characterised by a weathered, dissected landscape of Palaeozoic sediments and granites, covered, in part, by valley-filling and sheet-like sedimentary deposits of Tertiary age. A prominent ridge of Cambrian metavolcanics and metasediments, the Heathcote greenstone belt, runs approximately north-south, and cuts through the eastern portion of the study area. Newer Volcanic valley-filling basalt flows lie within the ancestral valley.

Hard rock sources of aggregate

The Bendigo region has substantial outcrops of basalt (both Newer Volcanics filling the ancestral Campaspe Valley and Lower Cambrian Mt William Volcanics exposed in the Heathcote greenstone belt to the east) as well as large outcrops of granodiorite (the Harcourt and Baringhup Granodiorites in the south of the area) and hornfels. The latter tends to be variable in its physical characteristics.

The primary hard rock sources of aggregate in the BSA include the Newer Volcanics basalt, the Lower Cambrian Mt William Volcanics metabasalt and the Harcourt granodiorite and its metamorphic aureole.

The outcrop of Newer Volcanics basalt consists of a series of remnants of once continuous flows of Pliocene age filling the ancestral Campaspe River valley and an outcrop to the west of (VandenBerg, 1997a; geological map unit Qvn; Cooney, 1989). The Newer Volcanics basalt is prone to alteration in the presence of water, with the formation of montmorillonitic clays (Table 2). In areas where the basalt is relatively fresh, it can produce an excellent aggregate which is either non-plastic, or has a low plasticity index (Cooney, 1989). The basalt

Geological Survey of V I C T O R I A - 13 - Bendigo Supply Area - Extractive Industry Interest Areas

Figure 4 Simplified geology of the City of Greater Bendigo.

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EIIAs were therefore identified as those areas of Newer Volcanic basalt outcrop of which substantial thicknesses (at least 10 m) were above the local watertable (where groundwater information was available) and/or where reserves have been proven by current or past operations.

Table 2: Secondary minerals in Newer Volcanics basalt (after Buckley et al, 1993) Main secondary minerals Replaced minerals Comments Iddingsite Olivine forms a rim around or may replace olivine in part or in full formed by deuteric alteration and/or weathering under oxidising conditions

Clay minerals mainly smectite Olivine and volcanic formed under reducing (montmorillonite); green glass & filling conditions and found in the vesicles lower flows below groundwater table (GWT)

Carbonate and silica minerals filling vesicles, lining may be found above and below calcite, dolomite, siderite, ankerite, cavities GWT magnesite, chalcedony, zeolite

Sand and gravel

There are a number of potential sources of sand and gravel in the BSA. These include the White Hills Gravel (Cherry & Wilkinson, 1994; VandenBerg, 1997a, map unit Tp), Shepparton Formation (Cherry & Wilkinson, 1994; VandenBerg, 1997a, map unit Qs) and mine tailings.

In addition, granitic quartz sand is derived from the weathered portions of the Harcourt Granodiorite and Baringhup Granodiorite (VandenBerg, 1997a; map unit Dug290 and Dug293) and has been extracted in the past (Cooney, 1989). Utilisation of this source on a large scale would require shallow stripping over large areas, and this would generally be undesirable on environmental and visual aspect grounds. However, in those areas where a local source of gravel is required (eg, for minor road repairs) and the visual impact can be minimised, this source of gravel could prove viable. Recent geophysical mapping (airborne radiometrics) has indicated a large potential source of transported granitic sand, sourced from the Harcourt Granodiorite, to the northwest of Marong and this may have potential for extraction without the necessity of shallow stripping.

The White Hills Gravel, also referred to as "high level gravels" or "hill top gravels", forms hill cappings on the interfluves between the present streams, and outcrops over individual areas of up to 2 km2, with thicknesses of up to 20 m. This formation consists predominantly of coarse to very coarse ferruginised quartz gravel, and includes clay, sandstone, grit and conglomerate. The top 1 to 2 m is often silicified and ferruginised and forms a hard cap. The plasticity index of

Geological Survey of V I C T O R I A - 15 - Bendigo Supply Area - Extractive Industry Interest Areas this unit ranges between 3 and 17, due to variation in kaolin content (Stewart, 1976; Cooney, 1989; Cherry & Wilkinson, 1994; Wilkinson, 1975, King, 1977, King, 1979). In the past, this unit was worked for its gold content, and there may be some scope for the production of a little gold, which could be recovered as an adjunct to screening and washing operations.

Prior stream (‘shoestring’) sands of the Shepparton Formation, which has its most extensive development in the northern part of the area (around Drummartin and to the east) is also a proven source of concrete sand, with large potential reserves. These deposits, which tend to be very elongate, have thicknesses of up to 5 m and widths of up to tens of metres, and are often covered by fine-grained overburden material (Stewart, 1976; Cooney, 1989). Where such sand bodies lie under shallow cover, they may be located by various geophysical techniques, including earth resistivity (they tend to show relatively high resistivity compared to surrounding clayey material), shallow seismic refraction (they tend to have higher seismic velocities than surrounding material) and aeromagnetic and/or ground magnetic techniques (they tend to concentrate magnetic minerals, mainly magnetite).

Mine tailings in the BSA often contain substantial quantities of crushed, sand-sized quartz derived from past mining operations. Such material may also contain small amounts of gold. Tailings dumps are not generally sufficiently extensive in area to appear as other than point sources at the scale of the EIIAs map of the BSA, and so are not indicated. They should not be neglected as sources of concrete and construction sand (after appropriate checks on arsenic and other heavy metal content) and it would be in the interests of the City of Greater Bendigo to identify such sites (mapped and measured in the past by Wilkinson, 1974) and apply some planning protection to this resource. The mine dumps of the currently operating Fosterville open cut gold mine in particular have the potential to provide very large tonnages of material suitable for road sub-base and these may become available after the cessation of mining.

Those EIIAs covering the White Hills Gravel and Shepparton Formation Sand were selected on the following criteria:

S Where practicable, areas of sand and gravel which were elevated above known groundwater occurrences were chosen, primarily to reduce the problems associated with groundwater management during quarrying operations. An exception was made in the Drummartin area, where, although groundwater levels appear to lie close to the surface, a viable operation has been established.

S Since the geological maps used in this project do not differentiate between fine-grained Shepparton Formation sediments and the coarser, commercially important units, especially when these are under shallow cover, only those areas of proven deposits and their immediate vicinity, or areas deemed prospective as a result of geophysical surveys were included in the EIIAs. However, it must be recognised that much of the area away from the Palaeozoic outcrops has potential for new discoveries.

S The granitic quartz sand EIIAs are included in the EIIAs over the Harcourt granodiorite.

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Plastic clay

The major source of plastic clay in the Bendigo area is in the vicinity of Axedale, where it has been extracted since around 1905, from the White Hills Gravel Formation (or possibly the Calivil Formation - the stratigraphic relationships around the clay deposits in the area are ambiguous). The clays were deposited in low energy, fluvial environments, and are intercalated with sands and silts, and include occasional gravels of granitic origin. The source of the kaolin is probably weathered Palaeozoic sediments, and possibly weathered intrusives, which were eroded, with the clays being deposited in lakes or abandoned river channels (McHaffie, 1984; McHaffie & Buckley, 1995). The area of known clay workings has been assigned to an EIIAs, however it is quite possible that similar ‘blind’ (ie, no surface outcrop) deposits may exist under shallow cover within this formation in other areas. Should such additional deposits be discovered, they should also be assigned to an EIIAs, in view of their high economic value and apparent rarity.

Weathered Palaeozoic bedrock ('reef')

Deeply weathered (kaolinised) Palaeozoic sedimentary rocks are an important component of brick manufacture, often forming the bulk of the final product. The Bendigo area was subject to a phase of deep weathering during the mid-Tertiary. During subsequent uplift and erosion, those deeply weathered bedrock areas were subject to erosion where they were not protected by overlying resistant material, such as the ferruginised White Hills Gravel unit. Such covered areas often retain an intact weathered profile providing good 'reef' material. In addition, residual clay suitable for brickmaking occurs in the soil profile over such deeply weathered areas, but it is typically less than 1 m thick (Cooney, 1989). The latter is likely to have a very broad distribution, but should not be the subject of special protection unless a resource has been clearly identified.

Those portions of the BSA likely to be good sources of deeply weathered sedimentary rocks ('reef') were selected on the following criteria:

S Proximity (within a few hundred metres) to the contact of overlying White Hills Gravel or other geological unit likely to have protected a weathered bedrock profile from erosion. It is assumed that at least part, if not the entire, weathered profile should be intact near such a contact, especially if local relief is not high. It should also be noted that weathered bedrock is likely to extend beneath the protective cover, so that while the overlying ferruginised gravels may be too thin to exploit as a source of gravel, the underlying weathered bedrock would be a good target as a source of 'reef'.

S Potential areas of 'reef' and overlying plastic clay were chosen to ensure availability throughout the Bendigo area. However, once a few individual sites are identified, and investigated sufficiently to ensure the presence of 'reef' of appropriate quality and quantity for likely future consumption, the extent of EIIAs could be modified. Those areas in close

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proximity to good plastic clay deposits should be given priority for protection, so that sources of raw materials for new (or relocated current) operations do not have to be transported over long distances.

Residual clay from a deeply weathered dyke has been worked in the BSA in the past (Whitelaw, 1936; Cooney, 1989). Such deposits have been extensively worked elsewhere in Victoria (for example those around Egerton and Lal Lal), where they supply very high-grade kaolinite for the ceramic and other industries. Although this particular dyke appears to have had a granitic character, it is likely that quartz-poor varieties also occur within the BSA. However, since such dykes are very narrow, linear features and their degree of weathering near the surface has rarely been investigated, it is not possible to assign such features to EIIAs as presented at the scale of this study.

Dimension stone

At present, the only dimension stone operation within the BSA is the Bendigo Slate Company, which produces small amounts of slate for ornamental stonework. There is potential for additional slate to be produced from within, and north of, the metamorphic aureole of the Harcourt Granodiorite. However, known areas of dimension stone quality slate and sandstone also lie within areas deemed inappropriate for extractive industries (particularly in the vicinity of One Tree Hill, about 5 km south-southwest of Bendigo).

Although the Harcourt Granodiorite is not utilised for dimension stone within the boundaries of the City of Greater Bendigo, there is considerable potential for such operations, especially in the area east of Ravenswood, to the east of the ridgeline running parallel to the Calder Highway. This area is north of the current operations around Harcourt, which is an important source of dimension stone in Victoria (King & Roberts, 1979).

Permian sandstone has been extracted in the past from two sites in the vicinity of Derrinal - one in Precipice Gully, north of Derrinal and one at Moorabbee, about 4 km to the west. The stone is reported to be superior in quality to the Permian sandstone quarried at Bacchus Marsh and comparable to that quarried at Lauriston in the past. Similar stone has been used in such buildings as the interior of the Shrine and the Melbourne University Old Arts Building (C. K. Prowse, pers. comm.).

Resource identification

Under the current regulatory environment there is little incentive to invest in the identification of large, long-term resources away from current operations and beyond about 20 years into the future. This is partially due to the opportunity costs of long-term resource identification. Since it is hoped that the raw materials for extractive industry will continue to be available for longer than the immediate term, it may be appropriate that prospective areas are investigated in detail so that:

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S security of long term availability of raw material supply to local industry is assured, despite the change in the ownership or viability of individual operations, and

S the extent of the EIIAs can be reduced.

Some operations, which are currently held under Work Authority, were not included in the EIIAs. This is not because they were not deemed worthy of identification. In any event, an extractive industry work authority grants a much stronger planning protection than does EIIAs designation. In some instances such operations have been 'stranded' in an area where current planning guidelines would make the likelihood of the grant of a Work Authority very low. In other cases, successful operations were established where the local resource was either of good quality, or well located, but does not conform to the broad criteria used in identifying EIIAs. All such operations should be allowed to run to completion, in the absence of overwhelming external factors.

The presence of viable operations outside the identified EIIAs also emphasises the broad and non-exclusive nature of the definition of EIIAs around Bendigo. Just as good quality resources may be discovered outside the identified EIIAs, and can be pursued under the planning provisions of the Greater Bendigo Planning Scheme at the time an application is made, so those parts of the EIIAs which are subsequently proven not to contain economically viable reserves of raw material should be excised.

8.2 Extractive Industry Interest Areas descriptions

Area 1. Northeast of . This area was identified on the basis of borehole data and airborne magnetic and radiometric survey (VandenBerg, 1997a; Slater, 1998). It consists of an outcropping and sub-cropping area of 11 km2 of Newer Volcanic basalt. Depth to basalt away from the outcrop increases to the east.

Area 2. Mt Camel. This area was identified on the basis of outcrop (VandenBerg, 1997a), as being lithologically equivalent to the unit hosting the Lake Coopers Quarry to the north (the Mt William Volcanics), although the lithology has not been fully differentiated at 1:250 000 scale. The area incorporates a buffer of 500 m around the outcrop, in conformity with maximum required buffer for hardrock (blasting) operations and totals 17 km2.

Area 3. . This area was identified on the basis of outcrop (VandenBerg, 1997a) and includes granite (the Crosbie Pluton) together with a number of patches of White Hills Formation gravel, sand and clay totalling 16 km2. There is also potential for weathered granite underlying White Hills Formation sediments to host residual kaolinite. A buffer of 500 m around outcrop, in conformity with maximum required buffer for hardrock (blasting) operations was incorporated in this EIIA.

Area 4. Campaspe River valley. This area was identified on the basis of outcrop (VandenBerg, 1997a; 1997b), airborne magnetic and radiometric survey data (Slater, 1998),

Geological Survey of V I C T O R I A - 19 - Bendigo Supply Area - Extractive Industry Interest Areas borehole lithology and information provided by extractive industry operators with extensive knowledge of the area. It includes some of the most important extractive industry operations in the area, including the Axedale Gravel and Sand quarry, the Waterfalls quarry and Osterfield’s quarry, producing sand and gravel, basalt and clay respectively. The above three operations are clustered just to the east of Axedale, however all of Area 4 can be regarded as prospective for the above commodities to a greater or lesser degree. Although ballclay of the type extracted from ML1915 (Osterfield’s) does not appear to have wide distribution, basalt similar to that produced at WA484 (Waterfalls) is well developed throughout the Campaspe River valley lying with the Greater Bendigo municipal boundaries. Sand and gravel from the White Hills Formation occurs in patches throughout this EIIA, and has been exploited in the past at various locations, especially from just south of . The total area of this EIIA is 105 km2.

Area 5. Drummartin. This area was identified on the basis of outcrop, borehole data and airborne magnetic survey (VandenBerg, 1997a; Slater, 1998). It hosts one current operation (McKenzie, WA336) and is about 70 km2 in area. The airborne magnetic survey indicates that this area is underlain by a well-developed system of buried stream channels, possibly containing sand and gravel suitable for concrete and brickmaking, as well as for roadbase.

Area 6. Northwest of Marong. This area was identified on the basis of airborne radiometric and magnetic data (Slater, 1998) and represents a drainage system originating within the Harcourt Granodiorite to the south. Only the trunk system was included, since the feeder streams did not appear to have a granitic source. The total area of this EIIA is 37 km2. The prospectivity of this area as a source of granitic sand and gravel was confirmed by extractive industry operators in the area.

Area 7. West of Marong. This area was identified on the basis of airborne radiometric and magnetic data (Slater, 1998) and outcrop (VandenBerg, 1997a) and represents a drainage system originating within the metamorphic aureole of the Harcourt Granodiorite. It is prospective for sand and gravel and is 16 km2 in area.

Area 8. West of Fosterville. This area was identified on the basis of outcrop (VandenBerg, 1997a) and consists of a patch of White Hills Formation sand and gravel overlying presumably weathered Palaeozoic sediments. A buffer around the outcrop of White Hills Formation was designed to allow incorporation of weathered Palaeozoic sediments, a potential source of ‘reef’. The total area of this EIIA is about 7 km2.

Area 9. Harcourt and Baringhup Granodiorites. This area was identified on the basis of airborne radiometric and magnetic data (Slater, 1998) and outcrop (VandenBerg, 1997a) and includes the metamorphic aureole to the north of the intrusives. The area is prospective for dimension stone similar to that extracted around Harcourt to the south. It is also prospective as a source of hard rock aggregate in the long term, as well as granitic sand and possibly decorative slate. It is unlikely that the entire area of about 147 km2 of granodiorite and hornfels outcrop would need to be incorporated in an EIIA in the long term - currently there is insufficient information to favour any particular portions of this large area for preservation, although an appropriate portion should be included to meet the future needs of the region.

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Area 10. Mayreef. This area was identified on the basis of outcrop (VandenBerg, 1997a) and consists of a patch of White Hills Formation sand and gravel overlying presumably weathered Palaeozoic sediments, a potential source of ‘reef’. A buffer around the outcrop of White Hills Formation was designed to allow incorporation of weathered Palaeozoic sediments. The total area of this EIIA is about 24 km2.

Area 11. Bendigo and Whipstick. This area was identified on the basis of outcrop (VandenBerg, 1997a) and consists of patches of White Hills Formation sand and gravel overlying presumably weathered Palaeozoic sediments, a potential source of ‘reef’. It was confirmed as being prospective for sand and gravel by extractive industry operators in the area and incorporates a buffer designed to allow incorporation of surrounding weathered Palaeozoic sediments. The aggregate area of the White Hills Formation and a 200 m wide buffer is about 17 km2.

Area 12. East and northeast of Marong. This area was identified as prospective for residual and transported plastic clay suitable for brickmaking by extractive industry operators. It incorporates areas of weathered Palaeozoic sediments and modern drainage systems and totals about 8 km2.

Area 13. Southwest of Woodstock. This area was identified as prospective for Newer Volcanics basalt on the basis of outcrop (VandenBerg, 1997a) and for residual and transported plastic clay suitable for brickmaking by extractive industry operators in the area. The aggregate area of this EIIA is about 20 km2.

Area 14. East of Bendigo. This small area of less than 1 km2 area was identified as prospective for residual plastic clay suitable for brickmaking by extractive industry operators and is conveniently located to current brickmaking plant.

In addition, three areas important to the Bendigo Supply Area, but lying outside the boundaries of the City of Greater Bendigo were incorporated as insets in Map 1. These include:

Area 15. Diggora West. This area hosts a number of sand and gravel operations and is similar to Area 5 (above).

Area 16. Lake Cooper Quarry. This area hosts a major, long established hard rock operation of regional significance.

Area 17. Harcourt. This area hosts a number of dimension stone operations of State significance and has a long history of dimension stone production.

Area 18. Derrinal. This area encompasses old dimension stone workings and may have potential for good quality sandstone suitable for building facing. The total area of this EIIA is about 5 km2.

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Areas 15, 16 and 17 should form the nuclei of EIIAs within their respective municipalities.

9. Recommendations

S Further investigations, including drilling, geophysics, and other exploration methods, should be encouraged within Extractive Industry Interest Areas as identified in this report. In the event that additional areas of interest are identified outside of the above areas, or currently identified Extractive Industry Interest Areas are investigated and found to be without potential, the maps presented with this report should be modified to take into account such new information. Such investigations should be undertaken by those parties interested in maintaining long-term access to extractive industry resources in order to further refine the stone potential within these areas.

S Information on geological investigations carried out in the past should be collected and retained by the relevant municipal council so that it is available for future reference. Such information is not always retained by those carrying out the investigation, especially if results are negative. However, even negative results may be useful to local planning authorities in that it enables areas to be opened for alternative uses without the risk of sterilising potential resources.

S A review of the effectiveness of the Extractive Industry Interest Areas model should be conducted on an ongoing basis.

S Municipal councils should integrate Extractive Industry Interest Areas into local strategy plans.

S Non-geological criteria used for refining Extractive Industry Interest Areas should be regularly reviewed to incorporate improved information and changing community values.

S Planning, geological and similar information should be made available in digital form to enable prompt review and adjustment of Extractive Industry Interest Areas during a period of rapid technological and social change.

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10. References

BUCKLEY, R.W., GUERIN, B. & INAN, K., 1993. Extractive Industry Interest Areas Melbourne Supply Area. Geological Survey of Victoria Unpublished Report 1993/5.

CHERRY, D. P. & WILKINSON, H.E., 1994. Bendigo and part of Mitiamo, 1:100 000 map geological report. Geological Survey of Victoria Report 99.

COONEY, A.M., 1989. Notes on the extractive materials produced and/or used in the Bendigo 1:100 000 map area. 1989/24, 13 pp.

KING, R.L., 1977. Mines Department contribution to Land Conservation Council's study group report for its North-Central Study Area. Geological Survey of Victoria Unpublished Report 1977/23.

KING, R.L., 1979. Shire gravel requirements from public land in the Land Conservation Council's North-Central Area. Geological Survey of Victoria Unpublished Report 1979/46.

KING, R.L & ROBERTS, P. S., 1979. Mount Alexander (Harcourt) granite quarrying : The potential of the lower slopes for quarrying of granite for dimension stone. Geological Survey of Victoria Unpublished Report 1979/124.

MCHAFFIE, I.W., 1984. The Axedale ball clay deposits. Geological Survey of Victoria Unpublished Report 1984/46.

MCHAFFIE, I.W., & BUCKLEY, R., 1995. Industrial minerals and rocks of Victoria. Geological Survey of Victoria Report 102.

NOTT, R.J., 1979a. Loddon - Campaspe Rural Land Use Project. Recommendations in relation to mineral and stone resources, Shire of Huntly. Geological Survey of Victoria Unpublished Report 1979/13.

NOTT, R.J., 1979b. Loddon - Campaspe Rural Land Use Project : Recommendations in relations to mineral and stone resources, Shire of Marong. Geological Survey of Victoria Unpublished Report 1979/109.

NOTT, R.J., 1979c. Loddon - Campaspe Rural Land Use Project : Recommendations in relation to mineral and stone resources, . Geological Survey of Victoria Unpublished Report 1979/111.

OLSHINA, A. & JIRICEK, F., 1996. Melbourne Supply Area - Extractive Industry Interest Areas. Geological Survey of Victoria Technical Record 1996/1.

Geological Survey of V I C T O R I A - 23 - Bendigo Supply Area - Extractive Industry Interest Areas

OLSHINA, A. & JIRICEK, F., 1997. Extractive Industry Interest Areas - Ballarat Supply Area. Geological Survey of Victoria Technical Record 1997/3.

SLATER, K. R., 1998. Bendigo and part of Mitiamo 1:100 000 map. Geological interpretation of geophysical features. in: Edwards, J., Slater, K.R. and Parenzan, M.A., 1998. Bendigo and part of Mitiamo 1:100 000 geological map area geological report. Victorian Initiative for Minerals and Petroleum Report 58. Department of Natural Resources & Environment.

STEWART, G., 1976. Aggregate resources of the Bendigo district. Geological Survey of Victoria Unpublished Report 1976/49.

VANDENBERG, A. H. M, 1997a. Bendigo. 1:250 000 Geological Map Series. Edition 2. Geological Survey of Victoria.

VANDENBERG, A. H. M, 1997b. Melbourne. 1:250 000 Geological Map Series. Edition 2. Geological Survey of Victoria.

WHITELAW, H. S., 1936. Melbourne Hope Mine, Kangaroo Flat. Geological Survey of Victoria Record 5 (2). pp 235-246.

WILKINSON, H. E., 1975. Notes to accompany geological plan of White Hills Gravel deposits, Bendigo. Geological Survey of Victoria Unpublished Report 1975/44.

WILKINSON, H. E., 1978. Report on mine tailings in the Bendigo area. Geological Survey of Victoria Unpublished Report 1974/19.

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Appendix 1

Extractive industry operations, Bendigo Supply Area, June 1998.

Licence Holder Type Area (Ha) Product WA10 AMATEK LTD Curr 5.7 SAND/GRAVEL WA16 AMATEK LTD Curr 13.3 SAND/GRAVEL WA279 AXEDALE GRAVELS & SANDS Curr 169.5 SAND/GRAVEL WA336 MCKENZIE Curr 166.3 SAND/GRAVEL WA484 WATERFALL QUARRIES P/L Curr 80.4 BASALT NEW WA500 EMMITT Curr 5.6 SAND/GRAVEL WA528 COCHRANE App 309.2 SAND/GRAVEL WA533 AMATEK LTD Curr 11.8 SAND/GRAVEL WA539 HOLLINGWORTH App 16.7 QUARTZITE WA544 CUNNEEN App 3.5 SAND/GRAVEL WA554 EMMITT App 1.3 SAND/GRAVEL WA555 SHOTTON Curr 94.0 SAND/GRAVEL WA563 BURTON & CHAN Trans SAND/GRAVEL WA564 EPSOM SAND & SOIL Trans SAND/GRAVEL WA648 BENDIGO BRICK PTY LTD App SAND WA737 BENDIGO BRICK PTY LTD Curr 8.1 CLAY/CLAYSHALE WA815 CHAN App 3.0 SAND WA851 DIXON Trans SLATE WA861 CITY OF GREATER BENDIGO App 19.9 SANDSTONE ESP166 HOLLINGWORTH App 16.7 SAND/GRAVEL ESP167 EAGLEHAWK SAND SUPPLIES Curr 7.6 SAND/GRAVEL ML1308 AXEDALE BALLCLAY PITS Curr 12.4 CLAY ML1915 OSTERFIELD Curr 171.1 CLAY/CLAYSHALE ML2048 MCKENZIE Curr 18.5 KAOLIN

NB. Curr Current Work Authority App Application for Work Authority Trans In process of transfer from old Department Conservation & Natural Resources licence

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