THEMATIC ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY & ASSOCIATED TASKS
OVERVIEW REPORT
Prepared for City of Greater Bendigo
FINAL REPORT June 2013
Adopted by City of Greater Bendigo Council July 31, 2013
1.0 Introduction 2
1.1 What is a ‘Thematic Environmental History?’ 2 1.2 Background 2 1.3 Heritage places 2 1.4 Project tasks 3 1.5 Acknowledgements 3
2.0 Preparation of the Thematic Environmental History 3
2.1 Secondary sources 4
3.0 Community consultation 4
3.1 Consultation with the Indigenous community 5
4.0 Identification of places of heritage significance 5
5.0 Mapping of places of potential heritage significance 5
6.0 Statement of significance for the municipality 6
7.0 Summary history document 6
8.0 Recommendations for future work 6
8.1 Localities/discrete areas 6 8.2 Twentieth century development 7 8.3 Industrial heritage places 7 8.4 Aboriginal heritage places 8 8.5 Places on public land 8 8.6 Other ‘gaps’ 8
APPENDIX A PLACES OF HERITAGE SIGNIFICANCE & POTENTIAL HERITAGE SIGNIFICANCE A1
APPENDIX B PLACES OF HERITAGE SIGNIFICANCE & POTENTIAL HERITAGE SIGNIFICANCE B1
APPENDIX C STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE C1
APPENDIX D SUMMARY HISTORY D1
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1.0 Introduction
This ‘Overview Report’ has been prepared for the City of Greater Bendigo. It describes and summarises the methodology, tasks and outputs of the recently completed ‘Thematic Environmental History’ (TEH) project.
Lovell Chen was assisted in the preparation of the TEH by sub-consultants Dr Robyn Ballinger and Dr Colin Pardoe; Dr Ballinger was also involved in the community workshops and identification of potential heritage places.
Others who assisted the consultants are identified below under ‘Acknowledgments’.
1.1 What is a ‘Thematic Environmental History?’
A Thematic Environmental History (TEH) documents the principal historical themes in the development of a municipality, in this case Greater Bendigo, with a focus on those which have been instrumental in the development. It examines and analyses the land use and settlement patterns of the municipality within an overriding thematic framework. The TEH is not intended to be a history of the municipality, or a chronology of events, but instead describes and outlines the physical evolution and development of Greater Bendigo, while identifying the important distinguishing characteristics of the municipality.
The report has been structured, at the request of the City of Greater Bendigo, to directly reflect and respond to the main themes and sub-themes of Victoria’s Framework of Historical Themes.1 Accordingly, the history is not structured chronologically.
The Greater Bendigo Thematic Environmental History is a post-contact history that focuses on this municipality after Europeans arrived in the area. How the Aboriginal peoples of this country were affected by, and survived, this contact is detailed in Theme 2 ‘Peopling Greater Bendigo’s places and landscapes’. The latter is a condensed version of the separate ‘Aboriginal history’ report, bounded by the geographical area of the Greater Bendigo municipality and the post-colonial contact timeframe. The history in this separate volume is the unabridged Aboriginal history researched and prepared for the Thematic Environmental History.
1.2 Background
The City of Greater Bendigo places emphasis on identifying, protecting, maintaining and promoting its cultural heritage. The City also anticipates population growth over the next two decades which will likely result in development pressures, in some cases in areas of heritage sensitivity.
Council commissioned preparation of the TEH to assist with managing and protecting its cultural heritage into the future, including through being a resource for the comparative assessment (and understanding) of heritage places and their relative significance to the municipality; and a foundation document which will serve as a basis for a future work program of (gap-filling) heritage studies in the municipality.
1.3 Heritage places
Heritage places in Greater Bendigo encompass buildings, structures, gardens and vegetation, landscapes and other items associated with the history and settlement of the area. These places are located on private and public land, including sites in parks, conservation reserves and forests. Some of these may be Indigenous sites, or ruins such as historical archaeological sites. Sites of natural significance, specifically of geological value, are also within the Greater Bendigo area.
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1.4 Project tasks
The principal project tasks included:
Preparation of study Overview Report (this report) Preparation of Thematic Environmental History (TEH) Community consultation (via public workshops in the municipality), including with the Aboriginal community Identification of places of heritage significance and potential heritage significance (see spreadsheet at Appendix A) Mapping of places of potential heritage significance (in Council’s GIS system and Appendix B) Preparation of a statement of significance for the municipality (included in this report at Appendix C) Preparation of a summary history document (based on the TEH, included in this report at Appendix D) Identification of priorities for future work (heritage places identification and assessment)
The approach to, and outcomes of, the various tasks are outlined below.
1.5 Acknowledgements
The consultants wish to thank the following people for their advice and input into this project.
Dr Dannielle Orr, Heritage Planner, City of Greater Bendigo, provided considerable input and assistance into the final revision and structure of the history, including editorial assistance.
Project Steering Group (includes City of Greater Bendigo)
Rachel Haynes, Katie Nolan, Prue Mansfield, Andrew Cockerall, Nick Byrne, Emma Bryant, Peter Cox, Sue Pilley, David Bannear and Sandra Bruce.
Others
These include members of the Project Reference Group, community workshop attendees, people who responded to the questionnaires (see below), and others who offered their assistance and advice.
Dianne Anderson, Greta Balsillie, Anthony Bier, Sue Bier, Laurie Brown, Helen Bruinier, Leo Bruinier, Brian Chirgwin, Colin Cleary, Jane Cleary, Bill Comer, Maureen Comer, Helen Cronin, Terry Davidson, Mikelle Dingwall, Elaine Doling, Toni Domaschenz, Jim Evans, Stuart Fraser, Faye Frewin, Jeannette Grant, John Hall, Elaine Harrington, Glenis Hawthorne, Michael Hawthorne, Dr Gary Hill, Norma Holmberg, Carol Holsworth, Barbara Huggins, Rita Hull, Anita Jack, Amanda Jean, Pip Johanson, Margaret Justice, Joy Kelly, Aylene Kirkwood, Karoline Klein, Rob Krober, Trevor Lamb, Bambi Lees, James Lerk, Christina Lonsdale, Jordana Lory, Val Lovejoy, David Lubke, Janet McCalman, Daryl McClure, Kathryn Mackenzie, Leigh McKinnon, Dr Michele Matthews, Kim Monohan, Andrew Mooyman, David Mulqueen, Elizabeth Murfitt, Brian O'Mahony, Ann Morton, Noel Morton, Jan Orr, Rod Orr, Judy Pearman, Judith Perry, Rebecca Phillips, Rosemary Porter, Wendy Radford, Kath Read, June Sahwell, Rod Spitty, John Steele, Dorothy Strauch, Wendy Talbot, Rod Thomson, Sally Thomson, Esma Turner, David Walker, Ray Wallace, Tristen Wearne, Wayne Webster, Edna Westhead, Lisa Wheeldon, Neville Whyman, Noelene Wild, and Darren Wright. 2.0 Preparation of the Thematic Environmental History
The following tasks were undertaken in the preparation of the TEH:
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Review existing documentation and undertake research into secondary sources (reports, local histories, municipal heritage studies, etc) and primary sources (historic images, maps and plans, archival records, historical society records, etc). Identification of relevant themes and sub-themes in reference to Victoria’s Framework of Historical Themes. Exploration and explanation of how the themes have influenced and shaped settlement and development patterns in the municipality. Collation of historic images/maps/plans for inclusion in the TEH.
The history also includes reference to places associated with the historical themes, either in the body of the text or listed at the end of each section, as ‘Related places’. These include known extant places; potential but unconfirmed places; places of documented or potential heritage value or significance; and places which are not necessarily of heritage significance. The TEH lists these places to illustrate how tangible the themes are, and how they are physically represented in the municipality.
The ‘Bibliography’ at the end of the TEH identifies the sources used in the preparation of the history.
2.1 Secondary sources
A number of secondary sources, reports of studies and local histories were regularly referred to in the preparation of this report; these are listed in the ‘Bibliography’ at the end of the TEH. These sources, including local histories, were of immense assistance to the authors of the TEH, providing valuable information in terms of documenting the history of the municipality, and affording much appreciated local historical insights and analyses.
3.0 Community consultation
Community consultation workshops were held in 2011, at the following locations:
Bendigo (21 May and 29 July) Marong (23 May) Eaglehawk (23 May) Strathfieldsaye (26 May) Heathcote (26 May) Elmore (7 July) Huntly (7 July)
The workshops were preceded by preparation of a consultation and communication plan, based on the City of Greater Bendigo’s Community Engagement Policy, and modelled on the recommended approach to consultation as outlined in Heritage Victoria’s Model Consultants Brief for Heritage Studies (January 2010, Appendix 7 ‘Community Involvement’). The plan included locations and a timetable for consultation, as well as an agreed approach on the conduct of the consultation. Council advertised and promoted the workshops to community groups, historical societies, local historians, government agencies and representatives from the key ethnic communities in the municipality. The aforementioned Project Reference Group was also consulted, which included representatives from organisations instrumental in the development of Bendigo, as well as individuals with local knowledge and information.
The workshops were conducted as a ‘two-way’ consultation, with communication and information passing between the consultants and the community, and relevant historical themes discussed. The consultation was seen as integral to the success of the project, to ensure valuable local knowledge was included in the TEH; the workshops were also a means of gathering information about heritage places. A proforma (questionnaire) was handed out at the workshops, to encourage attendees to identify significant heritage items.
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3.1 Consultation with the Indigenous community
Consultation with the Indigenous community was also undertaken, based on the broad principles outlined in Ask First: a Guide to Respecting Indigenous Heritage Places and Values (Australian Heritage Commission, 2002); and as anticipated under the Victorian Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006. The consultation involved members and elders of the Jaara people of the Dja Dja Wurrung community, the Barapa Barapa people and the Taungurung people, and incorporated consultation with the Dja Dja Wurrung Clans Corporation and the Taungurung Clans Aboriginal Corporation. 4.0 Identification of places of heritage significance
This task involved the identification of places of heritage significance, including places of potential significance (i.e. places without existing heritage controls), and their listing in the spreadsheet at Appendix A. The places included those which are:
In areas of the municipality subject to development pressures. Under-represented in the existing collection of places included in the Heritage Overlay schedule, i.e. are ‘gaps’ in terms of the identified historical themes.
Potential places were identified through the research for the TEH; through community consultation, workshops and Project Reference Group input; and through accessing the Victorian Heritage Database, Heritage Victoria’s HERMES Database and the National Trust of Australia (Victoria) register of heritage places. Some fieldwork was also undertaken, to assist with mapping places of potential heritage significance (see below), although the scope of this project did not provide for comprehensive field work and systematic surveying of all potential heritage places. The aim of the field work was to collate basic information about potential places, including the name, address and brief details of the place, identification of the related theme, and indication of potential significance.
In addition, already known examples of significant heritage places associated with the historical themes are identified in the TEH (including as ‘Related places’, see above); and included in the spreadsheet at Appendix A (where their current heritage status/control is noted). These include places in the Schedule to the Heritage Overlay of the Greater Bendigo Planning Scheme and the Victorian Heritage Register, which have not previously been associated with the particular theme(s). Their identification as part of this study assists in illustrating and demonstrating the importance of the thematic associations, as well as helping to identify gaps in the representation of places (or place types) with existing heritage controls.
The spreadsheet is not intended to be comprehensive. Rather, the object is to provide examples of places that represent themes (including previously identified places), and to demonstrate connections between places and themes. 5.0 Mapping of places of potential heritage significance
The places of potential significance were mapped, utilising Council’s GIS system.
It is emphasised that these are places of potential significance, not confirmed significance, based on preliminary work and not on the more detailed investigation, assessment and documentation which occurs in the later (field survey and assessment) stage of a heritage study. The mapping is also in draft form, and should be regarded as indicative; again, the mapping of heritage places, including clarifying which components of a place are significant, is more accurately done in the later stage of a heritage study.
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6.0 Statement of significance for the municipality
A statement of significance has been prepared for the study area, being the City of Greater Bendigo. Council required that the statement be approximately 400 words in length. This is included at Appendix C. 7.0 Summary history document
A short summary ‘history’ document has been prepared, based on the TEH. This is included at Appendix D. 8.0 Recommendations for future work
This task requires the identification of priority future heritage studies/’gap’ filling work, including discrete studies which cover geographical areas, or properties associated with under-represented themes, periods or place types.
The recommendations for future work included here are very much preliminary in terms of the potential heritage significance of the places indicated; survey and assessment work are required in order to confirm the heritage values. More detail on potential places is also provided in the spreadsheet at Appendix A.
Areas which have experienced recent heritage studies and surveys, and are therefore not ‘gap’ areas, include McIvor, Strathfieldsaye and Ironbark; and the former Shire of Marong, including Kangaroo Flat.2
It is also noted that what is considered to be of heritage significance is a concept that can vary over time, including in a generational sense. Therefore, areas or places which are currently without protection may warrant consideration or review in the future, to reflect potential changes in community appreciation or understanding of heritage.
8.1 Localities/discrete areas
The following localities have been identified for future heritage assessment/surveys, in conjunction with the City of Greater Bendigo:
White Hills Bendigo CBD (specifically areas to the east and north of the CBD, including Garsed Street, Wills Street and the south end of Mitchell Street) Golden Square Huntly Epsom Areas subject to Neighbourhood Character Overlays (NCOs)
In White Hills, places of interest include the racecourse, the airfield and the Uniting Church and hall on Napier Street. Properties in the CBD that are not currently included in the HO include a number of commercial properties on Mitchell Street dating to the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, a Moderne former dairy on Queen Street and a Federation residence. The area east of the Bendigo CBD includes a range of former and current commercial and manufacturing buildings of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, as well as an abattoir complex, hotel and some residences of interest. In Golden Square, places include the fire station, several commercial buildings, and late Victorian through to interwar residences.
The former Shire of Huntly has not previously been the subject of a heritage assessment, and includes a range of places which should be considered for the Overlay. These include places that evidence Aboriginal life, pastoralism, bridges and road infrastructure, river crossings, coach routes, gold landscapes, water infrastructure, horticulture, broad acre farming, railway infrastructure, forest industries, and the establishment and development of
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settlements, townships and communities. More specifically, there are residences of interest in Huntly, as well as the former church/school on Waratah Street, the Victoria Hotel in Huntly, public gardens, bridges, motor garage and farm houses.
In Epsom, places of interest include the primary school, nineteenth century properties, farm houses and a historic hotel.
A comprehensive review of Neighbourhood Character Overlay (NCO) areas in the municipality was beyond the scope of this report. However, a number of NCO1 and NCO2 areas in the CBD fringe and White Hills were visited. Based on this limited inspection, some properties/areas subject to NCO controls appear to be of potential heritage significance, and could be considered for assessment. These include NCO1 and NCO2 areas to the south-east of the CBD (generally to the east and west of Sternberg Street); and NCO1 areas to the west and south of Lake Weeroona.
It is also noted that many places of individual heritage significance in the municipality with existing heritage controls (either individual or precinct controls), including in the CBD, do not have statements of significance that identify the heritage values and the thematic associations. This is another ‘gap’ in terms of heritage work in Greater Bendigo.
8.2 Twentieth century development
Twentieth century buildings, structures and landscapes throughout the municipality, including civic residential development represent a ‘gap’ in the collection of heritage places with heritage controls. Some buildings and properties from 1920s onwards have individual or heritage precinct-based controls, but there remain other places from this period and later which are of potential significance and deserving of a control.
Examples of some interwar (1920s-1930s) properties that warrant further study include:
the former ‘BCM Dairy Products’ building, 52-56 Queen Street, Bendigo; the McIvor Hotel, 54 McIvor Road, Bendigo (note, this interwar Art Deco building is subject to existing NCO controls); ‘Douglas Chambers’ at 65-73 Mitchell Street, Bendigo; and residences from the interwar periods in the Bendigo CBD and Golden Square.
Mid twentieth century buildings are also underrepresented in the Heritage Overlay. The Former Beaurepaire Motor Garage (1958) has a heritage control (VHR H1736) but other residences from this period, particularly in Golden Square and Flora Hill where there are reasonably intact streetscapes, merit further research.
Construction in Greater Bendigo in the 1970s saw the building of noteworthy civic buildings such as the Bendigo Council offices in Lyttleton Street; such buildings may warrant assessment for potential heritage controls. Residences from this period can also be seen in suburban areas like Strathdale and what were then semi-rural areas on the southern edge of Kangaroo Flat, Big Hill, Mandurang and Spring Gully. There is also housing from this period associated with specific historical events, such as the design response for rebuilding in Darwin after Cyclone Tracy in 1974 that can be seen in Kangaroo Flat. The Heywood Library at La Trobe University, Bendigo (1981) is another development from this general period which is of interest.
8.3 Industrial heritage places
The industrial area of East Bendigo in particular has places of potential heritage significance. These include properties associated with carpet manufacturing, livestock sales yards, woollen mill, flour mill, and timber merchants. Other former industrial properties are located elsewhere in the municipality.
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8.4 Aboriginal heritage places
Most identified Aboriginal places within the City of Greater Bendigo are pre-contact sites, such as axe quarries, oven mounds, grinding grooves, stone arrangements, birthing trees, scar trees and rock wells.
Because of their cultural sensitivity and significance to Aboriginal peoples, most cannot be made publicly known. The Victorian Aboriginal Heritage Register (VAHR) established by the Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006 and administered by Aboriginal Affairs Victoria (AAV) holds the details of all known Aboriginal cultural heritage places and objects within Victoria, including their location and a detailed description. The VAHR cannot be accessed by the consultants for the purposes of this report as the report does not carry out functions or duties associated with the requirements of the Act. However grid maps of the municipality available through AAV show that Aboriginal cultural sensitivity areas exist along all waterways (including swamps), and forested regions, including the Greater Bendigo National Park, Heathcote Graytown National Park, Mount Sugarloaf Nature Conservation Reserve, Pilchers Bridge Nature Conservation Reserve, Whipstick Nature Conservation Reserve, Shelbourne Nature Conservation Reserve, Crosbie Nature Conservation Area, Lockwood State Forest, One Eye State Forest, Argyle State Forest and Spring Plains Nature Conservation Reserve.3
Contact and post-contact Aboriginal places in the City of Greater Bendigo are less well known. Many are likely to be associated with early pastoral runs where some Aboriginal people worked and lived after the incursion of white settlers. Sites such as homesteads, shepherd huts, shearing sheds, sheep dips, stone fences and water infrastructure are likely to have been places shared by both Aboriginal people and squatters. Moreover, Aboriginal labour well may have been used in the construction of these places. In addition, places that reflect intangible cultural heritage values, such as massacre sites, are also located in the municipality. Further investigation of the history, location and significance of these contact and post-contact Aboriginal places is a priority.
8.5 Places on public land
Heritage places on public land, including those in state forests, conservation reserves, and regional and national parks, are poorly represented in the Heritage Overlay. This is in part due to these places already being subject to legislation governing their management and protection in public land areas. However, many places are of potential local heritage significance, and deserving of consideration for inclusion in the Heritage Overlay.
The Victorian Heritage Register (for items of state heritage significance) includes places on public land in the municipality, most of which are associated with historic gold mining activities and related processes. Numerous mining sites of less than state level significance, however, are not represented in the Heritage Overlay. Similarly, places associated with other forest and environment-based activities, including places associated with Crown land leases and licenses, are under-represented. These include, but are not limited to, market gardens; water supply infrastructure; early tracks and routes; temporary (short-lived) settlements; sites associated with forest industries and activities including early timber getting, firewood mills, sawmills, tramways for transporting timbers, and sleeper cutting sites and camps; eucalyptus distilleries and infrastructure; sites associated with bee keeping, charcoal burning and wattle bark harvesting; sites associated with early forest management and conservation activities; and sites associated with extractive industries.
8.6 Other ‘gaps’
Other places or properties associated with themes, periods or place types that are under- represented in the Heritage Overlay (see again the spreadsheet at Appendix A) include pastoral sites; agricultural and horticultural places (including in areas such as Lockwood and
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Lockwood South which were major centres of agricultural production); early coach routes and roads such as stock routes; properties associated with Crown land selection and closer settlement; manufacturing; and immigrant groups.
The Bendigo area is also known for its collection of buildings of vernacular construction, including log and mud brick construction. However, relatively few of these building types are included in the Heritage Overlay.
1 Heritage Council of Victoria, Victoria’s Framework of Historic Themes, Heritage Council of Victoria, Melbourne, Vic, February 2010.
2 Lovell Chen completed a survey and assessment of individual heritage places in the former Shire of Marong in 2011 (Bendigo Heritage Policy Citations Review, 2011).
3 See 'Areas of Cultural Sensitivity in Victoria' Grid Maps: Heathcote 7824, Bendigo 7724, Echuca 7825, Mitiamo 7725 and Woodend 7823, Department of Planning and Community Development, Victoria, July 2011. Available http://www.dpcd.vic.gov.au/indigenous/heritage- tools/areas-of-cultural-sensitivity. Accessed 16 March 2012.
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APPENDIX A PLACES OF HERITAGE SIGNIFICANCE & POTENTIAL HERITAGE SIGNIFICANCE
LOVELL CHEN A 1 Introduction
The following table identifies places of significance and potential heritage significance within the City of Greater Bendigo.
The themes and sub-themes in the table correspond to the structure of the Thematic Environmental History (TEH). The table includes types of places associated with a particular theme/sub-themes listed under ‘related places’ and examples of specific places representative of a theme/sub-theme listed under ‘specific places’.1 ‘Specific places’ include:
places in the Victorian Heritage Register (VHR);
select representative examples of places included in the Heritage Overlay;2
places included in the Victorian Heritage Inventory (VHI, inventory of historical archaeological places); and
places without existing heritage controls but identified through research and consultation associated with preparation of the TEH.
The table is not intended to be comprehensive. Rather, the objective is to provide examples of places that represent themes, to demonstrate connections between places and themes and to identify where there are ‘gaps’ in terms of protected heritage places associated with particular themes.
In addition, places of potential significance that have no existing controls but are located in areas subject to development pressures have also been looked at and included in the table.
Potential places were identified through the research for the TEH, through community consultation, workshops and Project Reference Group input and through accessing the Victorian Heritage Database, Heritage Victoria’s HERMES Database and the National Trust of Australia (Victoria) register of heritage places.3 Some fieldwork was also undertaken by the consultants to assist with mapping places of potential heritage significance without existing controls, although not all potential places have been mapped. Those that have been mapped are identified under ‘Lovell Chen place identifier’ and the maps have been lodged separately with Greater Bendigo.
It is emphasised that those places without existing controls are of potential significance, not confirmed significance. This is based on preliminary work only and not on a more detailed investigation and assessment of heritage values.
The ‘comment’ column includes information relating to the places, in some cases a brief description or other information of interest. Sources are also referred to in this column.
The Aboriginal History table at the end relates to the separate volume that focuses on pre- contact history and the broader history outside the Greater Bendigo area.
A2 LOVELL CHEN 2013 THEME& SUB-THEME RELATED PLACES SPECIFIC PLACES EXISTING CONTROLS COMMENT LOVELL CHEN PLACE IDENTIFIER
Theme 1
Shaping Greater Bendigo’s Environment
Tracing climate and Sites of natural significance Source: Environment Conservation Council, Box-Ironbark Forests topographical change and Woodlands (2001), Appendix IV: Sites of Geological and Sites of geological significance Geomorphological Significance in the Box-Ironbark Study Area; Viewing sites and Rod Orr, member of the Bendigo Field Naturalists Club Inc.
Interpretation sites For further information relating to specific sites contact the Geological Society of Victoria (www.vic.gsa.org.au/), which maintains a register of places. Alternatively, visit Victorian Resources Online at, www.dpi.vic.gov.au/vro
Mount Sugarloaf Nature Conservation Mount Sugar Loaf Nature Conservation Reserve: The area is of Reserve, Fosterville scenic conservation value with rare plants at its base. The Sugarloaf Range also includes a prominent strike ridge in Ordovician sandstone.
Black Rock Road, Whipstick, Blackened Black Rock Road, Whipstick: The blackened sandstone ridge is of sandstone ridge geological interest, and the area contains rare plants. White Hills, Bendigo: Good outcrops of Ordovician sediments and Tertiary gravels.
Big Hill Range Big Hill Range: The prominent ridge is the contact aureole of the Harcourt Batholith. Grasslands on the ridge are a habitat for the flame robin.
Graptolite fossils (including examples at Graptolite fossils: Bendigo is renowned for its graptolite fossils (at Dixons Quarry, Mandurang and Spring least 450 million years old) found in sandstone. Gully)
Kangaroo Gully, Kangaroo Flat Kangaroo Gully: Unusual volcanic feature of Jurassic age.
Lightning Hill quartz ridge, Eaglehawk Lightning Hill, Eaglehawk: Remnant of once extensive quartz ridge features.
White Hills outcrops, Bendigo White Hills, Bendigo: Good outcrops of Ordovician sediments and Tertiary gravels.
Coliban Falls, Redesdale Coliban Falls, Redesdale: Cascades and giant potholes in Coliban River.
Derrinal cutting Derrinal cutting: Exposure of Permian glacial deposits.
Pink Cliffs, Heathcote Pink Cliffs Hydraulic Gild Sluicing Pink Cliffs, Heathcote: Deeply weathered Cambrian granodiorite. site: VHR 1352 (HO473)
Heathcote, mineral and rocks
Victoria Hill anticline, Bendigo
Eaglehawk – Anticline
LOVELL CHEN A3 THEME& SUB-THEME RELATED PLACES SPECIFIC PLACES EXISTING CONTROLS COMMENT LOVELL CHEN PLACE IDENTIFIER
Paddy’s Gully anticlinal fold, Spring Gully
Synclinal fold at One Tree Hill, Bendigo
Striated glacial pavement at Moorabbee, eastern shore of Lake Eppalock
Hills glaciated pavement, eastern shore of Lake Eppalock
Cambrian rocks, Heathcote
Ridge and fossiliferous sandstone at Mount Ida
Exposed folded Cambrian rocks Lady Pass, Heathcote
Tracing the emergence of Important remnant EVC sites 256 sites in Greater Bendigo are Source: Stuart Fraser, Convenor of Bendigo & District Greater Bendigo’s plants included in HERMES under the Item Environmental Council and Rod Orr, member of the Bendigo Field Significant trees like the red and animals Group ‘Parks, Gardens and Trees’. Naturalists Club Inc. ironbarks in Wellsford State Of these, 118 are trees, 20 are Forest Vegetation identified at community consultation meetings ‘Tree Groups Avenue’; 11 are ‘Tree included: summer flowering ironbarks at Lake Weeroona (‘near Groups – street’; and 13 are Trees the rowing club’), grey box at Mandurang Chanel, cherry trees at of social, historic or special Big Hill and a group of 25 gum trees at the former Knowsley significance. School.
Grassland site, Elmore Mitiamo Road, Hunter Rail Reserve Grassland site: Hunter (Hunter Rail Reserve ) HO474
Nine (9x) ironbarks, 500-700 years old, in Not all of the ironbarks were inspected during the fieldwork for the Wellsford Forest this report, and they have not been mapped.
Whipstick-Rifle Range Road & Sky Lark Whipstick-Rifle Range Road & Sky Lark Road areas: Significant Road areas Whipstick vegetation and associated bird species.
Roy Roger’s Tree, Neilborough Road, Roy Roger’s tree (Eucalyptus tricarpa) was identified in the Whipstick Bendigo Heritage Policy Citations Review, prepared by Lovell Chen (2011) and has been recommended for a site specific HO.
Hartlands Eucalyptus Distillery at Phillips Hartlands Eucalyptus Distillery: Part of Hartlands Eucalyptus Distillery site derives significance Gully, Boundary Road, Whipstick HO480 from its rare Whipstick wistringea.
Kamarooka East-Bagshot North Road, Kamarooka East-Bagshot North Road, Kamarooka: Rare giant Kamarooka mallee species and associated bird species.
Pilchers Bridge Nature Conservation Pilchers Bridge Nature Conservation Reserve: Significant Reserve vegetation and associated bird species.
Jackass Flat Nature Conservation Reserve Jackass Flat Nature Conservation Reserve: Significant vegetation and associated bird species.
One Tree Hill, Spring Gully One Tree Hill: Rare plants and associated bird species.
A4 LOVELL CHEN THEME& SUB-THEME RELATED PLACES SPECIFIC PLACES EXISTING CONTROLS COMMENT LOVELL CHEN PLACE IDENTIFIER
Flora and fauna reserves in Axedale, Strathfieldsaye
Crusoe Reservoir. Kangaroo Flat Crusoe Reservoir Wall, Settling Crusoe Reservoir: Significant vegetation and associated bird Ponds and Works: HO308. species.
Campaspe River Campaspe River: Significant red gums.
Palms, 182-194 Midland Highway, Epsom Epsom ‘Palms’: HO841
Burnside Road-Campbells Road area, Burnside Road-Campbells Road area, Kamarooka: Unusual Mallee Kamarooka bird species.
Appreciating and protecting Sites of environmental Victoria’s conservation parks and Source: The Study of Historic Forest Activity Sites in the Box- Greater Bendigo’s natural impacts reserves system are managed and Ironbark and Midland Areas of Victoria, prepared by David wonders protected within the context of state Bannear (February 1997). This identifies the camps at Sites associated with early and Commonwealth legislation. Key Eaglehawk, Costerfield and Redcastle. forest management activities, state legislation includes, but is not including thinning and limited to: silviculture National Parks Act 1975 Camps associated with forest workers’ activities, including Crown lands (Reserves) Act 1978 ‘susso’ and youth camps Parks Victoria Act 1998 Sites associated with early conservation and remediation activities, including erosion mitigation, soil conservation and pasture improvement
Parks infrastructure
National and regional parks, and conservation reserves like Greater Bendigo Regional Park, Heathcote National Park, Pink Cliffs Reserve
Greater Bendigo National Park
Heathcote / Graytown National Park
Bendigo Regional Park
Theme 2
Peopling Greater Bendigo’s Places and Landscapes
Living as Greater Bendigo’s Sites of conflict and violence Because of their cultural sensitivity and significance to Aboriginal
LOVELL CHEN A5 THEME& SUB-THEME RELATED PLACES SPECIFIC PLACES EXISTING CONTROLS COMMENT LOVELL CHEN PLACE IDENTIFIER original inhabitants between European and peoples, most identified Aboriginal places in the municipality Aboriginal peoples cannot be made publicly known. The Victorian Aboriginal Heritage Register (VAHR) established by the Aboriginal Heritage Places of Aboriginal influence, Act 2006 and administered by Aboriginal Affairs Victoria (AAV) activity and employment holds the details of all known Aboriginal cultural heritage places Aboriginal camps on pastoral and objects within Victoria, including their location and a detailed runs and the goldfields description. The VAHR could not be accessed by the consultants as the TEH does not carry out functions or duties associated with Camping sites of dislocated the requirements of the Act. However grid maps of the peoples municipality available through AAV show that Aboriginal cultural Protectorate stations, sensitivity areas exist along all waterways, including swamps, and reserves, ration depots and forested regions, including the Greater Bendigo National Park, missions associated with Heathcote Graytown National Park, Mount Sugarloaf Nature Aboriginal peoples of this Conservation Reserve, Pilchers Bridge Nature Conservation country Reserve, Whipstick Nature Conservation Reserve, Shelbourne Nature Conservation Reserve, Crosbie Nature Conservation Area, Lockwood State Forest, One Eye State Forest, Argyle State Forest and Spring Plains Nature Conservation Reserve.
See 'Areas of Cultural Sensitivity in Victoria' Grid Maps: Heathcote 7824, Bendigo 7724, Echuca 7825, Mitiamo 7725 and Woodend 7823, Department of Planning and Community Development, Victoria, July 2011. Available, www.dpcd.vic.gov.au/indigenous/heritage-tools/areas-of-cultural- sensitivity, accessed 16 March 2012.
Exploring, surveying and Documented Major Mitchell mapping sites
Major Mitchell commemoration sites
Documented Robert O’Hara Burke sites
Robert O’Hara Burke commemoration sites
Victorian Exploring Expedition monument in the Back Creek cemetery, Bendigo
Major Mitchell 1836 plaque, Redesdale Commemorative Trek in honour of Major Mitchell, October 4 1986 and unveiled by Professor Geoffrey Blainey.
Victorian Exploring Expedition monument, Bendigo Cemetery: VHR 798 Bendigo Cemetery, Quarry Hill (HO29); the monument is identified as ‘M1’ in the extent of registration.
Adelaide Vale, Fosterville
A6 LOVELL CHEN THEME& SUB-THEME RELATED PLACES SPECIFIC PLACES EXISTING CONTROLS COMMENT LOVELL CHEN PLACE IDENTIFIER
Migrating and making a home
Place names associated with particular migrant groups, including the names of churches, towns, mining settlements, creeks and roads
Maintaining distinctive cultures
Chinese community Chinese camps
Chinese Joss House
Chinese mining sites
Properties associated with Chinese activities
Chinese market gardens
Kilns for Chinese brick production and walls made of Chinese bricks, like Forest Street, Bendigo
Sites and documents associated with Chinese protests
Chinese burials
Golden Dragon Museum collection
Chinese Brick Walls, 57-59 Forest Street, Chinese Brick Walls: VHR 2197 Bendigo (HO720)
Loong, Chinese Dragon, at the Golden Loong: VHR 2120 Dragon Museum
Chinese kiln and market garden, 44 Chinese kiln and market garden: Thunder Street, North Bendigo VHR 2106 (HO719)
Bendigo Chinese Temple (Joss House), 3 Bendigo Chinese Temple: VHR 1791 Finn Street, North Bendigo (HO581)
Chinese Diggings Historic Reserve and Chinese Diggings Historic Reserve: White Hills Geological Reserve, Corner of HO842 Murphy Street and Nomad Lane, White
LOVELL CHEN A7 THEME& SUB-THEME RELATED PLACES SPECIFIC PLACES EXISTING CONTROLS COMMENT LOVELL CHEN PLACE IDENTIFIER
Hills
Chinese Funeral Oven, White Hills Chinese Funeral Oven (or Chinese Cemetery, Carpenter Street South, White Funerary Tower) is identified as ‘F2’ Hills in the VHR entry for the White Hills Cemetery: VHR 0798 (HO678).
Cornish community Mining sites which demonstrate distinctive Cornish mining techniques and technologies
Methodist churches associated with the Cornish community
Buildings constructed by Cornish stonemasons
Harvey Town, Eaglehawk
Miners' cottages, graves and sites associated with the Cornish
Uniting Church and Sunday School, Wilson Uniting Church and Sunday School, Uniting Church and Sunday School established in 1877 as a Street, Long Gully Wilson Street, Long Gully: VHR Wesleyan Methodist Church, for the Cornish community. 1373 (HO548)
Harvey Town Stone cottages at 3, 5 and 8 The cottages in Clarke Street, Eaglehawk, were built by Cornish Clarke Street, Eaglehawk stonemasons in the 1870s.
Ninnes Grave.
German community Gold mines associated with The VHR includes numerous Germans buildings in Greater Bendigo designed by German architects, Buildings and structures including Vahland and designed or constructed by Getzschmann. The Heritage Germans Overlay also includes buildings, Other businesses established individually and in precincts, by Germans, including designed by German architects. vineyards and wineries
Internment camps associated with Germans and other ‘alien’ peoples in World War One and Two
Refugee camps associated with displaced persons from World War One and Two
Kamarooka Forestry Camp, Hartlands Kamarooka Forestry Camp, Road, Kamarooka Hartlands Road, Kamarooka VHI
A8 LOVELL CHEN THEME& SUB-THEME RELATED PLACES SPECIFIC PLACES EXISTING CONTROLS COMMENT LOVELL CHEN PLACE IDENTIFIER
H7724-0145
Internment (alien) camp at Eaglehawk The clearing survives
Redcastle internment camp The clearing survives
Polish (displaced persons) camp at Possible foundations of camp survive Costerfield
Irish community Gold mines associated with Irish immigrants
Businesses associated with Irish immigrants
Sites associated with political unrest and action with an Irish connection
Promoting settlement Sites associated with early settlement leases and licenses of Crown land, such as Chinese market gardens
Sites and properties associated with closer settlements, homestead associations, irrigation colonies and soldier settlement schemes
Chinese Market Garden, 44 Thunder Chinese Market Garden: HO719 Street, North Bendigo
20 acre market garden sites associated The market garden sites were taken up by Chinese people. with Section 49 of the 1869 Land Act in the Parishes of Ellesmere, Kimbolton, Neilborough and Redcastle.
Clare Cottage, Epsom-Barnadown Road, Clare Cottage: early farmhouse associated with 1860s Land Acts Clare Cottage: 7RB Barnadown (TBC)
1601 Epsom-Barnadown Road, Goornong 1601 Epsom-Barnadown Road, Goornong: red and polychrome 1601 Epsom- brick farmhouse and associated outbuildings Barnadown Road, Goornong: 8RB
Properties associated with selection under Section 42 of the 1865 Act on the Bendigo, Huntly, Marong and Heathcote goldfields, including part of Burnewang station.
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Cypress pines, near corner Elmore- Cypress pines: associated with 1890s Kamarooka Village Raywood Road and Bacons Road, Settlement Kamarooka; associated with 1890s
Kamarooka Village Settlement (TBC)
Pinerow, Old Murray Road, Bagshot Pinerow: decorative red brick farmhouse ca. 1910? and Pinerow: 11RB associated Canary Island palms, stone pines and pencil pines.
Burnewang North, Clarkes Road, Elmore Burnewang North: single storey rendered brick homestead c. 1900 built by William Hunter
Burnewang Park, 811 Elmore-Mitiamo Burnewang Park: double-storey rendered brick homestead c. Road, Hunter 1900 and associated outbuildings built by Robert Hunter (who also built 'Hunter House' at 57 Queen Street, Bendigo (HO231) from proceeds of goldmining)
Farmhouse and associated outbuildings, Farmhouse and 128 Whirakee Road, Bagshot outbuildings, Bagshot: 15RB
Farmhouse and associated outbuildings, Farmhouse and outbuildings, Elmore: weatherboard (c. 1910?) Farmhouse and 4304 Midland Highway, Elmore outbuildings, Elmore: 27RB
Farmhouse, Midland Highway, Huntly Farmhouse, Midland Highway: brick 1940s Farmhouse, Midland Highway, Huntly: 45RB
Avonvale farmhouse and associated Avonvale farmhouse and associated outbuildings: weatherboard, Avonvale farmhouse: outbuildings, 1369 Hunter-Drummartin c. 1910s 41RB Road, Hunter
Farmhouse, Lot 1896, cnr Hunter- Farmhouse, Drummartin: weatherboard (1920s?) Farmhouse, Drummartin Road and Clays Road, Drummartin: 44RB Drummartin
Theme 3
Connecting Greater Bendigo by Transport and Communications
Establishing pathways Early tracks, routes and access ways
Early roads to the goldfields, including stopping places, camps, inns, stables, cuttings, water crossings and bridges
Coach routes - Cobb & Co route through Wellsford
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Forest on Campaspe Track
Main roads and associated infrastructure, including toll gates
Early roads between settlements
Town streets and historic infrastructure including drains, kerbing and guttering
Stables Stables, 52 Edward Street, Bendigo c.1880-1900
Old coach road and Cobb & Co stop Old coach road and (evidenced by a well) between Bendigo Cobb & Co stop, and Goornong-Axedale Road in Wellsford Campaspe Road forest on Hanrahan Track and Campaspe Wellsford Forest: 57RB Road, Fosterville
Kings Bridge, over Bendigo Creek, Kings Bridge: VHR 1935 (HO580) Weeroona Avenue, Bendigo & North Bendigo
Fergusons Bridge, over Campaspe River, Fergusons Bridge: VHR 1853 Bendigo –Murchison Road, Goornong & (HO709) Runnymede
Bridge over Campaspe River at Elmore Bridge over Campaspe River at Elmore (1950s?) Bridge over Campaspe River at Elmore: 28RB
Linking Greater Bendigo by Railway structures, including rail historic railway stations at Ravenswood, Kangaroo Flat, Golden Square and Bendigo, buildings, workshops, and bridges
Railway infrastructure, including crossings, cuttings, formations, and corridors
Railway communications, including signalling and signal boxes, like Bendigo signal boxes A, B, C and D
Construction camps for railway builders
Railway workers’ housing
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Houses and plant associated with railway engineers, like Andrew O’Keefe’s house and plant in situ near Bagshot Station site
Big Hill Railway Precinct (Murray Valley Big Hill Railway Precinct : VHR 1787 Railway, Melbourne to Echuca), off Calder (HO711) Highway, Big Hill& Mandurang & Mandurang South & Ravenswood
Elmore Railway Station and Water Tower, Elmore Railway Station and Water Railway Place, Elmore Tower: VHR 1672 (HO418)
Kangaroo Flat Railway Station Complex, Kangaroo Flat Railway Station 2B Short Street, Kangaroo Flat Complex: VHR 1565 (HO704)
Buckeye Creek Railway Bridge Complex, Buckeye Creek Railway Bridge Buckeye Lane, Ravenswood Complex: VHR 2056 (HO629)
Mia Mia Bridge, Heathcote-Kyneton Road, Mia Mia Bridge: VHR 1419 (HO230) Redesdale
Ravenswood Railway Siding – Ravenswood Railway Siding – Melbourne/Echuca Rail, Ravenswood Melbourne/Echuca Rail: VHR 1100 (HO631)
Road bridge over Melbourne-Murray Road bridge over Melbourne-Murray railway line: red brick with Road bridge over railway line on Huntly-Fosterville Road granite capping Melbourne-Murray Huntly railway line: 9RB
Goornoong silos, grain shed, platform Goornoong silos etc: remains and associated sleepers 16RB
Hunter silos and weighbridge, Keane Hunter silos and weighbridge: concrete and steel Hunter silos and Road, Hunter weighbridge: 38RB
Remaining original section of the Melbourne/Bendigo/Echuca railway track at Ravenswood
Linking Greater Bendigo by Early highway & freeway road sections
Structures associated with roadways, like Monier arch bridges
Motor garages
Calder Freeway(former Melbourne to The Calder Freeway is designated as Bendigo Road, aka the North Western a Road of National Importance, and is declared a National Arterial Road
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Freeway) under the Australian Land Transport and Development Act 1988. Clause 22.09 of the Greater Bendigo Planning Scheme applies to the use and development of land within 100m of the Calder Freeway and Calder Highway between the southern Municipal boundary and McInnes Street, Big Hill. See also HO precincts HO15, HO26 and HO31.
Doherty’s Garage, 11 St Andrew’s Avenue, Small, gabled, brick garage Brick garage, Bendigo: Bendigo 10AB
Travelling by tram Tramway structures, including historic stations, buildings, and workshops
Tramway infrastructure, including tracks and road facings
Tramway communications
Bendigo Tram Sheds, Offices and Power Bendigo Tram Sheds, Offices and Station, 75 Hargreaves Street and 4 Power Station: VHR 1349 (HO144, Lansell Street, Bendigo HO163)
Ornamental Tramway Overhead Poles, Pall Ornamental Tramway Overhead Mall, Bendigo Poles: VHR 1336 (HO215)
Linking Victorians by air Airfield structures, including historic hangars, buildings, and workshops
Airfield infrastructure, including runways
Airfield communications
Bendigo Airfield, Victa Road The provision of air services is generally recognised as a key development for any regional centre. Date of aerodrome to be established. Timber clubrooms may be the oldest building on site (1930s?).
Theme 4
Transforming and
LOVELL CHEN A13 THEME& SUB-THEME RELATED PLACES SPECIFIC PLACES EXISTING CONTROLS COMMENT LOVELL CHEN PLACE IDENTIFIER managing Greater Bendigo’s land and natural resources
Grazing and raising livestock Properties of importance to the grazing industry
Places and structures associated with grazing, such as machinery, shearing sheds, stockyards, loading ramps, sheep dips, outstations and workers’ huts
Site of C P Davis’ station at Mount Camel In the 1860s Davis won awards in Paris and Buenos Ares for his in the former Shire of McIvor. fine merino wool. The property continued to be known for some of the finest wools in the colony. The land was later resumed in 1921 for soldier settlement.
Farming Early sites of agriculture, including grain and wheat cropping
Places and structures associated with agriculture, such as machinery, sheds and silos
Properties of importance to agriculture, including those associated with experimentation and invention
Sites associated with changing technologies in grain growing and delivery, including bulk wheat handling
Gold mining Source: A comprehensive inventory of Victoria’s extant historic gold mining sites on public land is available at: www.dpcd.vic.gov.au/heritage/archaeology/gold-mining-history- and-mining-plots-in-victoria This includes five volumes of sites in Greater Bendigo. This inventory, prepared by David Bannear, is the primary resource for information about mining sites in Victoria. Mining sites referenced below are those included in the VHR and representative examples included in the VHI and HO.
Alluvial gold mining Sites associated with the
A14 LOVELL CHEN THEME& SUB-THEME RELATED PLACES SPECIFIC PLACES EXISTING CONTROLS COMMENT LOVELL CHEN PLACE IDENTIFIER
earliest gold finds and rushes
Sites of early alluvial gold mining, such as the puddling operations at Redcastle and in the Whipstick, and the Chinese gold mining shafts at White Hills
Sites which demonstrate various alluvial mining techniques
Camps and settlements associated with alluvial mining
Dams, channels and water races
Notable geological features and mining formations, such as Pink Cliffs, Heathcote
Sites associated with sluicing and dredging
Site of the early 1851 gold discovery in the valley of the Bendigo Creek
Phillips Gully Gold Mining Precinct, Phillips Gully Gold Mining Precinct: Hartlands Road, Huntly North VHR 1243 (HO479)
Kamarooka diggings, Hartlands Road, Kamarooka diggings: Heritage Kamarooka Inventory H7724-0146
Mill Road Dam Puddler, Hartlands Road Mill Road Dam Puddler: VHI H7724- Bagshot North 0147
Old Tom Reef Gold Puddling Site, Old Tom Reef Gold Puddling Site: Whipstick Park, Old Tom Road, Whipstick VHR 1251 (HO675)
Sawpit Gully Gold Puddling Site, Mud Hut Sawpit Gully Gold Puddling Site: Track, Heathcote VHR 1426 (HO462)
Cement gravels mining at White Hills In the early 1850s, cemented Pliocene gravels at White Hills were mined by a group of Cornish miners
Pink Cliffs Hydraulic Gold Sluicing Site, Pink Cliffs Hydraulic Gold Sluicing Pink Cliffs Road, Heathcote Site: VHR 1352 (HO473)
Dam and water race at Emu Flat, for The dam at Emu Flat held water to sluice the flats of McIvor sluicing McIvor Creek Creek.
Dam on Meadow Valley Creek near the Large earthen bank across upper reaches of the Meadow Valley Heathcote-Redesdale Road, and water Creek provided a head of water for sluicing old diggings, with the
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race. race carried by a channel and timber flume.
George Lansell’s dredging operation Started in 1900 by George Lansell. opposite White Hills Cemetery
Bucket dredging on McIvor Creek, Possum In operation from 1906 to 1913. Gully and Wattle Flat at Heathcote
Quartz reef mining Sites associated with early quartz reef mining
Sites which demonstrate different quartz mining technologies
Engine sites, quartz crushers, stampers, engines, furnaces
Mullock heaps
Pyrites burning and treatment sites
Tailings dumps and tailings treatment sites, like at Golden Square & White Hills
Sites associated with cyaniding
Sites and properties associated with quartz mining magnates, like Fortuna Villa
Sites which memorialize or commemorate gold mining, such as the Golden Square monument, Discovery of Gold Jubilee Monument, George Lansell statue and the Cornish Miner statue
Contemporary reef mining sites
Central Deborah Mine, 76 Violet Street, Central Deborah Mine: VHR 1841 Bendigo (HO 286)
New Moon Quartz Gold Mine Sites, New Moon Quartz Gold Mine Sites: Beelzebub Gully Road, Sailor’s Gully VHR 1366 (HO689)
North Deborah Quartz Gold Mine, 4 Eve North Deborah Quartz Gold Mine: Street, Golden Square VHR 1353 (HO435)
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Spargos Pyrites Gold Works, Arro Avenue, Spargos Pyrites Gold Works: VHR Derwent Gully Road, and Sparrowhawk 1360 (HO556) Road, Maiden Gully
Golconda, Glasgow Reef Gold Mines, 133 Golconda, Glasgow Reef Gold Mines: Macdougall Road, Golden Gully VHR 1359 (HO707)
Victoria Hill Quartz Gold Mines, 24-32 Victoria Hill Quartz Gold Mines: VHR Happy Valley Road, Ironbark 1355 (HO492)
Costerfield Gold and Antimony Mining Costerfield Gold and Antimony Precinct, Heathcote-Nagambie Road, Mining Precinct: VHR 1298 (HO333) Costerfield Reservoir Road, and Costerfield-Redcastle Road, Costerfield
Catherine Reef United Company Gold Catherine Reef United Company Mine, Loddon Valley Highway, Eaglehawk Gold Mine: VHR 1232 (HO372)
State Park, Wards Road, Huntly Fruhling State Park, Wards Road, Huntly, Reef Mines Fruhling Reef Mines: HO478
Hartlands Road, Huntly North Phillips Gully Phillips Gully Gold Mining Precinct: Gold Mining Precinct VHR 1243 (HO479)
Government Deep Shaft, Huntly- Government Deep Shaft, VHI Fosterville Road Fosterville H7724-0149
Fosterville Site 33 - Iron Boiler, 150 Fosterville Site 33 - Iron Boiler, 150 McCormicks Road Fosterville McCormicks Road Fosterville, VHI H7724-0252
Site 18 Central Ellesmere Pit, cyanide vats VHI H7824-0080 and zinc boxes, Epsom-Wellsford Road,
Fosterville
McCormack's Battery and Cyanide Works, VHI H7724-0101 McCormicks Road Fosterville
Hunt's Reef Cyanide Works, McCormicks VHI H7724-0100 Road Fosterville
Thomas's Mine Workings, McCormicks VHI H7724-0099 Road Fosterville
Stewarts United Mine, Epsom-Wellsford VHI H7824-0078 Road Fosterville
Exploiting other mineral, forest and water resources
Other mineral resources Sites associated with other 443 sites in Greater Bendigo are included in HERMES under the Item
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mineral extraction Group ‘Mining and Mineral Processing’. Of these, 36 are Quarry sites associated with included in the VHR; 324 are local buildings, structures and included in the VHI; and 113 are industries included the HO. Buildings and structures which used quarried materials from within the municipality
Antimony-mine near Heathcote The antimony-gold ore was mined near Heathcote, later known as Costerfield, from 1860s.
Huntly Deep Lead Mines, Pitt Street, VHI H7724-0248 Huntly,
Deep lead mines at Bagshot, Epsom and Marong (north of Wilson’s Hill)
Timber felling and saw Sites associated with early milling timber getting
Firewood mills and sawmills
Railway, sidings and tramways associated with transporting timbers
Sleeper cutting sites and camps
Sleeper cutting sites and camps Sleeper cutting for the Heathcote to North Bendigo line was a associated with the construction of railway significant local industry. lines, including the Heathcote to North Bendigo line in the 1880s.
Tramway for carrying firewood and mining The line ceased operating in 1927. timbers to the railhead at Heathcote, branched from the Heathcote railway line at Tooborac.
Firewood mills at railway sidings, including Knowsley and Heathcote.
Charcoal burning Sites and works associated Source: The Study of Historic Forest Activity Sites in the Box- with charcoal burning and Ironbark and Midland Areas of Victoria, prepared by David production, including kilns Bannear (February 1997). This provides a summary history of the and workers’ camps major phases of the charcoal burning industry in the report study area, including Greater Bendigo. A number of charcoal burning sites are identified including the kilns on Bagshot North Road.
Coalburners, Clays Road, Kamarooka Coalburners, Clays Road: VHI H7724-0015
Charcoal kilns, Bagshot North Road,
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Kamarooka Forest
Eucalyptus distilling Eucalyptus distilleries, 27 sites in Greater Bendigo are Hooper’s, Pierce’s and other eucalyptus distilleries were identified including the immediate included in HERMES under the Item in the Bendigo Heritage Policy Citations Review, prepared by Mallee forest settings Group ‘Forestry and Timber Lovell Chen (2011) and have been recommended for a site Industry’. Of these, 1 is included in specific HO. Infrastructure associated with the VHR, 12 are included in the VHI eucalyptus oil bottling, and 5 are included in the HO. The distribution and sales majority of these are eucalyptus distilleries.
Reudins (sometimes Ruedins) Eucalyptus Reudins Eucalyptus Distillery is Distillery, Clays Road, Kamarooka included in the VHR 1409 (HO708)
Hartland’s Eucalyptus Distillery, 154 Hartland’s Eucalyptus Distillery: Hartland’s Road, Huntly North HO480
Unnamed former eucalyptus distillery on Unnamed site on Palmer Road Palmer Road, Neilborough (HO578)
Hooper’s Eucalyptus Distillery, Welsh’s Road, south of Neilborough
Pierce’s Eucalyptus Distillery, 257 Pierce’s Road, Sebastian
Eucalyptus Distillery, Woodvale
Wattle bark harvesting Sites associated with wattle bark harvesting
Other water resources Structures on early stations associated with harvesting and supplying water
Infrastructure associated with stock and domestic water supplies
Land and estates associated with Irrigation Trusts and irrigated closer settlements
Elmore Water Tower, 47 Cardwell Street, Elmore Water Tower: VHR 1678 Elmore (HO416)
Flagstaff Hill Service Basin, Staley Street, Flagstaff Hill Service Basin was identified in the Bendigo Heritage California Gully Policy Citations Review, prepared by Lovell Chen (2011) and has been recommended for a site specific HO.
Campaspe Weir, Weir Road, Elmore Campaspe Weir, VHI H7825-0029
Sites associated with irrigation trusts and The Bendigo Irrigation Settlement was established in 1908, with settlements, including the Bendigo 20 acre allotments irrigated from the Axe Creek channel. Irrigation Settlement, north of the McIvor
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Road.
Transforming the land and waterways
Coliban River and the Early water supply schemes Coliban Water Scheme and infrastructure
Sites associated with the Coliban water supply system, including reservoirs like no. 7 and Crusoe, weirs, channels, pipelines and creek management
Coliban Water Supply System – Big Hill The Coliban Water Supply System: and Mandurang South and Sedgwick and VHR 1021 (HO309) Harcourt North
Campaspe River and Lake Sites and infrastructure Eppalock associated with the construction, expansion and completion of Lake Eppalock and weir
Sites associated with the Lake Eppalock development, including 1930s weir construction activity and camp; and 1960s earth dam works.
Bendigo Creek Bendigo Creek
Early irrigation projects and schemes
Major sludge deposits
Channels and structures associated with irrigation, sludge and improvement of Bendigo Creek
Sluicing operations at White Hills, Golden Square, Diamond Hill and north of Eaglehawk.
Theme 5
Building Greater Bendigo’s industries and workforce
A20 LOVELL CHEN THEME& SUB-THEME RELATED PLACES SPECIFIC PLACES EXISTING CONTROLS COMMENT LOVELL CHEN PLACE IDENTIFIER
Processing raw materials
Fruit and vegetables Market gardens
Infrastructure associated with fruit and vegetable growing, delivery and sales
Properties associated with early vineyards and wine production, including surviving early vines
Infrastructure of wine growing and production, including historic winery buildings, cellars, pressing and fermenting rooms, and bottling facilities
More contemporary vineyards
Specialist operations, such as tomato seed extraction and pulp production
Jam and sauce factories
Chinese kiln and market garden, 44 Chinese Kiln and Market Garden: Thunder Street, North Bendigo VHR H2106 (HO719)
Former Kahland Winery & Cellars, 5 Former Kahland Winery: VHR 2087 Kahland Street, Bendigo (HO718)
Former Greiffenhagen Winery and Former Greiffenhagen Winery and Homestead, 70 Patons Road, Axe Creek Homestead: VHR 681 (HO52)
McKenzie’s Tomato Seed Extraction McKenzie’s Tomato Seed Extraction Factory was identified in the Factory, McKenzie Road, at the corner Bendigo Heritage Policy Citations Review, prepared by Lovell with O’Sullivans Road Chen (2011) and has been recommended for a site specific HO.
Tomato sheds Pitt Street, Huntly
Grains Sites and properties associated with the brewing industry
Hotels and public houses historically associated local breweries and beer and ale brands
Cordial and soft drink factories
Former flour mills, buildings
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and complexes, including chimneys and water wheels
Site of London Breweries, Bendigo London Brewery was established mid-nineteenth century by Danish brothers Moritz, Julius and Jacob Cohn, and operated until the 1920s. The brewery dominated the local market for years.
Site of the City Brewery, later the Bendigo This was an important local brewery until the 1940s. and Northern District Brewing Cooperative Ltd, and later again the Bendigo United Breweries.
Grimsby Roller Flour Mill, 35 Wills Street, Grimsby Roller Flour Mill: HO302 Bendigo
Tomlins Simmie & Co Flour Mills (now Tomlins Simmie: HO107 Baristoc), 87 Charleston Road, East Bendigo
Animal products and by Bee-keeping sites including products immediate box ironbark forest settings
Infrastructure associated with honey bottling, distribution and sales
Properties associated with dairying, including historic farm dairies, butter and cheese factories, public cool store facilities
Properties associated with poultry raising, and chicken and egg production.
Properties associated with the pig industry
Saleyards and historic market reserves
Sites and properties associated with abattoirs, tanneries and meatworks
Monmore Vineyard and Butter Factory, Monmore at Woodvale and the Bourke farm complex at Bayliss Road, Woodvale Woodstock on Loddon were identified in the Bendigo Heritage Policy Citations Review, prepared by Lovell Chen (2011) and have been recommended for a site specific HO.
Bourke farm complex at 550 McKenzie Road, Woodstock on Loddon
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Former ‘BCM Dairy Products’ building, 52- Former BCM Dairy 56 Queen Street, Bendigo Products: 2AM
John Carter’s large 1920s dairying operation on his farm, Yorkshire, in Marong. The large brick barn at the property was recorded as extant in 1999.4
Site of Rosedale Egg Farm at Kangaroo This egg farm in 1919 had more than 4,000 birds. Flat
Site of municipal saleyards opened in Abattoir complex, located to the east of the former saleyards Former abattoir, East 1861, on Market Reserve in East Bendigo, (now TAFE). Bendigo: 13AM and former abattoir (now VicRoads), Opened in 1861 and by the early 1880s the area, known as Lansell Street. Slaughterhouse Hill, was the centre for butcheries with killing sheds and yards, tannery, livery stables, piggery, soap maker, shoemaker, sheep dealer and tripe merchant.
Former ‘Edinburgh Tannery’ building, 259 Victorian era overpainted masonry gabled building, with finely Former tannery Lyttleton Terrace, Bendigo detailed parapeted gable. Commercial outlet for tannery? building/commercial building: 12AB
Developing a manufacturing capacity
Victoria Carpets, 101-115 Charleston Victoria Carpets, 101-115 Charleston Road, East Bendigo is Victoria Carpets: 14AM Road, East Bendigo distinguished by a pair of long lantern roofs (possibly 1920s).
Mayfair Park Industrial Park, Strickland Early 20th century (?) Road, East Bendigo, adjacent to former rail track
154-160 Lyttleton Terrace, Bendigo Linked warehouse buildings, (date?), of overpainted brick, with Warehouse buildings, prominent stepped gables. Bendigo: 3AB
60 Mundy Street, Bendigo Linked warehouse buildings, (date?), of overpainted brick, with Warehouse buildings, prominent stepped gables, and long boundary to Mollison Street. Bendigo: 8AB
Foundries and engineering Former foundries and works engineering works
Items and machinery manufactured by local foundries
Former Fuse Factory
Items and machinery associated with the Former Fuse Factory
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Bendigo Gas Company
Items and machinery associated with the Bendigo Gas Company
Infrastructure associated with the Bendigo Gas Company
Golden City Implements (Central Golden City Implements: VHR1877 Foundry), 62-68 Eaglehawk Road, (HO487) Ironbark (demolished)
Rosemundy House, Rosemundy Road, Former premises of quartz stamper component manufacturer, Epsom John Goyne.
Rosemundy House was identified in the Bendigo Heritage Policy Citations Review, prepared by Lovell Chen (2011) and has been recommended for a site specific HO.
Site of Bendigo Iron Works The iron works were established in 1856 by Joel Horwood, and became a major employer in the region.
Former Fuse Factory, 193-197 Wattle Former Fuse Factory: VHR 1680 Street and 29 Valentine Street, Ironbark (HO498)
Bendigo Gas Works, 8-32 Weeroona Bendigo Gas Works: VHR 781 Avenue, Bendigo (HO294)
Brickworks and potteries Sites/properties associated with brick making and production
Sites/properties associated with potteries
Bendigo Pottery
Chinese brick making kiln, associated with Chinese Kiln and Market garden: This is an archaeological site which contains the partially a market garden, 44 Thunder Street, VHR 2106 (HO719) demolished remains of a Chinese cross-draught brick kilns with Bendigo North associated artefacts.
Bendigo Pottery, 120-146 Midland Bendigo Pottery: VHR 0674 Highway, Epsom (HO420)
Marketing and retailing Site of the earliest 223 sites in Greater Bendigo are commercial centre in Bendigo, included in HERMES under the Item near the Government Camp Group ‘Commercial’. Of these, 21 are included in the VHR, 9 are Early shops and commercial included in the VHI and 125 are properties on the goldfields included the HO. Produce markets 43 sites in Greater Bendigo are included in HERMES under the Item
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Early hotels Group ‘Retail and Wholesale’. Of these, 3 are included in the VHR Properties associated with and 27 are included the HO. Chinese merchants and commercial activity
Manufactories-cum-retail outlets
Original/early Myer retail properties
Other important retailers and their properties
Specimen Cottage, 178-180 Hargreaves Specimen Cottage: VHR1615 Street, Bendigo (HO182)
Former Bush’s Store, 94 Williamson Street Former Bush’s Store, H1752 and 12 Myers Street (HO301)
Beehive Building and Complex, 18 Pall Beehive Building and Complex: VHR Mall and 306-314 Hargreaves Street, 0686 (HO219) Bendigo
Sandhurst Trustees, Former Post and Sandhurst Trustees: VHR 1342 Telegraph Office, 18-22 View Street, (HO263) Bendigo
Site of first Myer drapery store, on Pall The stores on Pall Mall in Bendigo were the foundation for the Mall, south of Mundy Street. Myer retail empire.
Second and more substantial Myer store on Pall Mall.
Exhibiting Greater Bendigo’s Sites and properties innovation and products associated with inventions
Hugh McKay’s Drummartin property where McKay also founded the famous Sunshine Harvester Company. the combine harvester was invented and used in the 1880s.
Banking and finance Commercial precincts
Main street enterprises
Bank buildings and financial institutions
Mining exchanges
Former Liverpool Store, 10 Lockwood Former Liverpool Store was identified in the Bendigo Heritage Policy Citations Review, prepared by Lovell Chen (2011) and has
LOVELL CHEN A25 THEME& SUB-THEME RELATED PLACES SPECIFIC PLACES EXISTING CONTROLS COMMENT LOVELL CHEN PLACE IDENTIFIER
Road, Kangaroo Flat been recommended for a site specific HO.
Victoria Store, 143-147 High Street, Former Victoria Store was identified in the Bendigo Heritage Kangaroo Flat Policy Citations Review, prepared by Lovell Chen (2011) and has been recommended for a site specific HO.
Dawson Cactus Gardens, 571 Napier Dawson Cactus Gardens: VHR 1406 Street, White Hills (HO684)
Bank of New South Wales, 27-29 View Bank of New South Wales: VHR Street, Bendigo 0403 (HO259)
Commercial Banking Co. of Sydney, 10-12 Commercial Banking Co. of Sydney: View Street, Bendigo VHR 0120 (HO260)
Former Commercial Bank of Australia, 11 Former Commercial Bank of View Point, Bendigo Australia: VHR 0122 (HO257)
National Australia Bank, 32 Pall Mall, National Australia Bank: VHR 1020 Bendigo (HO221)
Former Royal Bank, 17 View Point Former Royal Bank: VHR 1332 (HO258)
Bendigo Post Office, 51-73 Pall Mall, Bendigo Post Office: VHR 1080 Bendigo (HO226)
Former Union Bank, 45 View Street, Former Union Bank: VHR 0121 Bendigo (HO269)
Goornong Post Office and residence, Goornong Post Office: weatherboard 1930s? Goornong Post Office: Midland Highway, Goornong 24RB
Goornong store and associated corrugated Goornong store etc: brick 1880s-1920s? Goornong store etc: iron building, Midland Highway, Goornong 25RB
Elmore Post Office, Northern Highway, Elmore Post Office, Northern Highway, Elmore; red brick and Elmore Post Office: Elmore stucco 35RB
Former Hunter Post Office, Keane Road, Residence, Keane Road: Victorian weatherboard Residence, Keane Hunter Road: 39RB
Commercial precinct, between Northern Commercial precinct, Highway and Hervey Street, Elmore Elmore: 29RB
Nos 76, 82 and 86 Mitchell Street, No 76 Mitchell Street: Bendigo (two-storey commercial buildings, 17AM 1880s) No. 82 Mitchell Street: 18AM
No. 86 Mitchell Street: 19AM
Victorian era commercial building, 314 Victorian era polychrome brick building, with prominent parapet. Commercial building, Lyttleton Terrace, Bendigo Lyttleton Terrace: 13AB
A26 LOVELL CHEN THEME& SUB-THEME RELATED PLACES SPECIFIC PLACES EXISTING CONTROLS COMMENT LOVELL CHEN PLACE IDENTIFIER
Row of 3 adjoining commercial buildings, Three adjoining properties, late nineteenth century (?), Commercial buildings X 322-326 Lyttleton Terrace, Bendigo comprising a double-fronted single storey brick building with a 3, Lyttleton Terrace: gabled bay, render contrasts and verandah, of domestic form; a 14AB single-storey single-fronted brick building; and a double-storey single-fronted building with a high pedimented parapet to first floor.
Row of 4 adjoining commercial buildings, Four adjoining two-storey commercial buildings (late nineteenth Commercial buildings X 79-81 Mitchell Street, Bendigo century?) of overpainted brick, with prominent pedimented 4, Mitchell Street: 15AB parapets and piers with fluted capitols; first floor windows removed (?). One is double-fronted, and three are single- fronted.
Commercial building, 435 Calder Highway, Large single-storey overpainted brick commercial building, 435 Calder Highway: Golden Square nineteenth century, with pedimented parapet. 20AB
Former commercial building (?), 40 Double-fronted Victorian era brick building, assumed to have 40 Mackenzie Street Mackenzie Street West, Golden Square been a commercial building but now a private residence. Has a West: 26AB gabled bay with finely detailed parapet and render contrasts, and separate door entrances to the bay.
Entertaining and socialising Buildings and places associated with trade associations, councils and unions
Early hotels
Former and still operating hotels
Hotel complexes comprising the main building, outbuildings, stables, and yards
Clare Inn stables/outbuilding?, cnr Clare Inn and punt established in 1850s by Thomas Roberston Clare Inn: 6RB Elmore-Barnadown and Barnadown-Epsom owner of Campaspe Park (HO 459) on the Campaspe Plains run Roads, Barnadown and Break O Day farm on the Campaspe River, Goornong
Victoria Hotel, Huntly, 592 Midland Victoria Hotel, Huntly: has a triple Dutch gable parapet Victoria Hotel, Huntly: Highway, Huntly 10AM
Fleece Inn Hotel (now YHA), 143 Fleece Inn Hotel: nineteenth century hotel, two-storey Fleece Inn Hotel: 16AM Charleston Road, East Bendigo overpainted. May have a relationship with adjacent two-storey commercial building.
Goldmines Hotel, 49-57 Marong Road, Goldmines Hotel: VHR 827 (HO449) Golden Square
Former Royal Mail Hotel, 254 Hargreaves Former Royal Mail: HO143 Street, Bendigo
LOVELL CHEN A27 THEME& SUB-THEME RELATED PLACES SPECIFIC PLACES EXISTING CONTROLS COMMENT LOVELL CHEN PLACE IDENTIFIER
Metropolitan Hotel, 224 Hargreaves Metropolitan Hotel: HO148 Street, Bendigo
Shamrock Hotel, 9-23 Williamson Street Shamrock Hotel: VHR 914 (HO223) and 85 Pall Mall, Bendigo
Former Shamrock Hotel, 63 Whewell Former Shamrock Hotel was identified in the Bendigo Heritage Street, Neilborough Policy Citations Review, prepared by Lovell Chen (2011) and has been recommended for a site specific HO.
Little Sebastian Hotel, 112 Main Street, Former Little Sebastian Hotel was identified in the Bendigo Sebastian Heritage Policy Citations Review, prepared by Lovell Chen (2011) and has been recommended for a site specific HO.
Former Camp Hotel and Store, 889 Former Camp Hotel was identified in the Bendigo Heritage Policy Neilborough to Eaglehawk Road Citations Review, prepared by Lovell Chen (2011) and has been recommended for a site specific HO.
Raywood Hotel, 48 Sandhurst Street, Raywood Hotel was identified in the Bendigo Heritage Policy Raywood Citations Review, prepared by Lovell Chen (2011) and has been recommended for a site specific HO.
Turf Tavern Hotel (former), 29 Golfcourse Turf Tavern: HO419 Road, Epsom
Fosterville Hotel, 150 McCormicks Road Fosterville Hotel: VHI H7724-0257 Fosterville
Brick, late nineteenth century (?), corner- Typical single-storey corner form with splayed entrance; retains Historic hotel, Golden located hotel, 447 Calder Highway, Golden unpainted brick walls. Square: 19AB Square.
Theme 6
Building towns, cities and the Greater Bendigo area
Establishing Settlement in The first pre-emptive rights the Greater Bendigo Sites, buildings and structures Municipality associated with pastoralism, early runs and leases
Buildings, structures, fences and landscapes associated with the establishment of pastoralism
Homesteads at Ravenswood, Adelaide Vale, Mount Camel and Marydale
Graves on former runs on
A28 LOVELL CHEN THEME& SUB-THEME RELATED PLACES SPECIFIC PLACES EXISTING CONTROLS COMMENT LOVELL CHEN PLACE IDENTIFIER
private property
Sites and properties associated with the earliest Crown land auctions, sales and selections
Buildings and sites associated with Rev Henry Backhaus
Adelaide Vale Homestead and Adelaide Vale: VHR 304 (HO424) A brick store/barn, possibly associated with the Adelaide Vale Brick store/barn: 4RB Outbuildings, 1060 Axedale Road, Homestead, is located on the Campaspe Road at Barnadown (not Fosterville on the VHR)
Mount Alexander No. 2 Run, c. 1840 and Ravenswood Homestead: VHR 315 The brick homestead at Ravenswood, built late 1850s, is used for the Ravenswood homestead complex (HO630) bed and breakfast accommodation. The complex also includes a stone chapel, manager's residence, cottages and huts, granite woolshed and granite sheep wash in Bullock Creek.
Campaspe Plains homestead (later Sandstone ruins of the Campaspe Plains homestead, built by Moorabee) 1848.
Campaspe Park, 300 Ellis Road, Goornong Campaspe Park: VHR 1923 (HO459) Campaspe Park was built for Thomas Robertson, son of James Robertson, a squatter who took up the Campaspe River run in 1847.
Former Axedale station homestead (now Marydale)
Mount Camel station buildings
Shearing shed at Marong
Sites of early land sales on the Axe, Emu and Sheepwash Creeks in the Parishes of
Sedgwick and Strathfieldsaye.
Blocks sold in the 1850s along the Campaspe River, from Barnadown to Elmore.
Township blocks purchased by Rev Henry Backhaus in Bendigo in 1854.
Creating Bendigo Features likes malls and terraces associated with early town planning
Buildings associated with the establishment of Bendigo and surrounding towns
Boundary stones
LOVELL CHEN A29 THEME& SUB-THEME RELATED PLACES SPECIFIC PLACES EXISTING CONTROLS COMMENT LOVELL CHEN PLACE IDENTIFIER
Early public parks, botanical gardens and ferneries
Built infrastructure of gardens
Public parks and reserves including bushland and flora and fauna reserves
Street trees
Sandhurst municipal boundary stones Six stones which mark the original Sandhurst municipal boundary have been located, five in situ and one in private hands. The squat upright stones are inscribed ‘S M B’, and are located at Flora Hill, Diamond Hill/Kangaroo Flat, Specimen Hill, White Hills and Spring Gully.5
Rosalind Park, Pall Mall and View Street Rosalind Park: VHR 1866 (HO216)
White Hills Botanic Gardens, 559 Napier White Hills Botanic Gardens: VHR Street, White Hills. The gardens include 1915 (HO679) the White Hills Arch of Triumph (see ‘Memorials and commemorating’)
Shaping the suburbs Buildings associated with the establishment of suburbs
Low cost buildings and suburbs associated with rehabilitated mine sites
Reserves and open space associated with rehabilitated mine sites
Living in country towns Ghost settlements and temporary goldfields towns
Remnants of early settlements, including historic hotels, churches and main streets
Early seats of local government and former municipal centres
Public buildings reserves
Other town reserves and planned public spaces
A30 LOVELL CHEN THEME& SUB-THEME RELATED PLACES SPECIFIC PLACES EXISTING CONTROLS COMMENT LOVELL CHEN PLACE IDENTIFIER
Marking significant phases in development of settlements, towns and cities
Vernacular buildings: rough Vernacular buildings and Vernacular timber (2x) and mud brick buildings (3x) were timbers and mud structures identified in the Bendigo Heritage Policy Citations Review, prepared by Lovell Chen (2011) and have been recommended for Early buildings made of logs, a site specific HO. mud brick, earthen or adobe material
Eaglehawk Court House Lock-up The Eaglehawk lock-up is included in the VHR and HO through its location within the Eaglehawk Court House complex
Timber ruin at Viewbank, 2856 Elmore- Possibly a food store Raywood Road, Summerfield; and Harritable’s log buildings, 3a Rothackers Road, Sebastian
Kelly cottage, 117 Caldow Road, Woodvale c. 1892, mud brick construction
Mud brick huts, Woodvale
Dairy at the former Monmore Vineyard and Butter Factory, Bayliss Road, Woodvale
Adams House, McCormicks Road Adams House: VHI H7724-0610 1890s stone and mud mortar Fosterville
Mud brick house remains, Epsom- Mud brick house remains: VHI c. 1890s Fosterville Road, Fosterville H7724-061
From timber to brick Early timber buildings
Replacement brick buildings
Tweedside residence at 39 Crusoe Road, Tweedside (1850s) was identified in the Bendigo Heritage Policy Kangaroo Flat Citations Review, prepared by Lovell Chen (2011) and has been recommended for a site specific HO.
Dudley House at 60 View Street, Bendigo Dudley House: VHR 794 (HO272). Former Survey Office, 1858
Specimen Cottage at 178-180 Hargreaves Specimen Cottage: VHR 1615 1856 Street, Bendigo (HO182)
Myrnong residence at 2 Myrnong Court, Myrnong (1857-58) was identified in the Bendigo Heritage Policy Kangaroo Flat Citations Review, prepared by Lovell Chen (2011) and has been recommended for a site specific HO.
Twizel residence at 50 Church Street, Twizel: VHR 1768 (HO 341)
LOVELL CHEN A31 THEME& SUB-THEME RELATED PLACES SPECIFIC PLACES EXISTING CONTROLS COMMENT LOVELL CHEN PLACE IDENTIFIER
Eaglehawk
Residence, 20 Midland Highway, Goornong Residence, 20 Midland Highway: Victorian brick 20 Midland Highway, Goornong: 17RB
Residence, 22 Midland Highway, Goornong Residence, 22 Midland Highway: Victorian weatherboard 22 Midland Highway, Goornong: 18RB
Residence, 6 Midland Highway, Goornong Residence, 6 Midland Highway: Victorian weatherboard 6 Midland Highway, Goornong: RB20
Residence, 56 Taylor Street, Ascot Residence, 56 Taylor Street, Ascot; Victorian brick, is believed to have been built by Guthrie owner of Bendigo Pottery
Miners’ cottages Miner’s cottages
Residence Area blocks and structures associated with miner’s rights
Former Samson family residence, 21 Doye Samson residence: VHR 2231 Street, Golden Square (HO702)
69 Chum Street, cottage, Golden Square 69 Chum Street: HO837 69 Chum Street: Former miner’s weatherboard and mud brick cottage.
Refer to the Ironbark Heritage Study (2010), prepared for the City of Greater Bendigo (Mandy Jean).
Industrial buildings Industrial buildings and sites
Gothic and Romanesque Gothic Revival buildings Revival
Hope Park residence at 12 Weir Court, Hope Park was identified in the Bendigo Heritage Policy Citations Kangaroo Flat Review, prepared by Lovell Chen (2011) and has been recommended for a site specific HO.
Rocky Vale Villa residence at 7 Wick’s Rocky Vale Villa was identified in the Bendigo Heritage Policy Road, Maiden Gully Citations Review, prepared by Lovell Chen (2011) and has been recommended for a site specific HO.
Park Terrace residences at 140-144 Park Terrace: VHR1745 (HO87) Barnard Street, Bendigo
Ascot Park residences at 58-70 Taylor 58-70 Taylor Street: HO51 Street, Ascot Park
Former coach house, 5 Strickland Street, 5 Strickland Street: HO700 Former coach house Ascot Park
Central Victorian Italianate Buildings in the Central Victorian Italianate style
Park View residence at 1810 Calder Park View was identified in the Bendigo Heritage Policy Citations Alternative Highway (near Marong) Review, prepared by Lovell Chen (2011) and has been
A32 LOVELL CHEN THEME& SUB-THEME RELATED PLACES SPECIFIC PLACES EXISTING CONTROLS COMMENT LOVELL CHEN PLACE IDENTIFIER
recommended for a site specific HO.
Millewa Hall residence at 214 High Street, Millewa Hall was identified in the Bendigo Heritage Policy Citations Kangaroo Flat Review, prepared by Lovell Chen (2011) and has been recommended for a site specific HO.
Belmont residence (now a medical Belmont was identified in the Bendigo Heritage Policy Citations centre), 68 High Street, Kangaroo Flat Review, prepared by Lovell Chen (2011) and has been recommended for a site specific HO.
Dunedin House residence (formerly Dunedin House was identified in the Bendigo Heritage Policy Hillside), 25 Morrison Street, Kangaroo Citations Review, prepared by Lovell Chen (2011) and has been Flat recommended for a site specific HO.
Victorian dwelling, 56 Mundy Street, Single-storey, double-fronted, masonry Victorian dwelling with Victorian dwelling, Bendigo highly detailed parapet and original/early two-storey wing. Mundy Street: 6AB
Later Renaissance modes Buildings in the late Renaissance style
Vahland and Getzschmann’s buildings in this style
Vahland and Getzschmann – Goldmines Goldmines Hotel: VHR 827 (HO449) Hotel, 49-57 Marong Road, Golden Square
Over-scaling Buildings which use ‘over- scaling’ for particular effect
Federation architecture Buildings in the Federation style
Buildings in the Bendigo Boom style
William Beebe’s buildings in this style
Wisteria residence corner of Brunel Street Wisteria: red brick, former Fiedler home Wisteria: 10RB and Gungurru Road, Huntly
Belmont residence Pitt Street, Huntly Belmont: red brick c. 1910; built from former Presbyterian church bricks, designed by architect Robert Love.
72 Queen Street, residence, Bendigo 72 Queen Street: Federation residence at corner of Edward and 72 Queen Street: 4AM Queen streets.
Early Federation style residence, 272 Large brick dwelling with diagonal massing, highly detailed, 272 Calder Highway: Calder Highway, Golden Square substantially intact externally. 18AB
Throwbacks and persistent Buildings in conservative approaches styles
Buildings in mixed styles
Early twentieth century and Buildings of the early
LOVELL CHEN A33 THEME& SUB-THEME RELATED PLACES SPECIFIC PLACES EXISTING CONTROLS COMMENT LOVELL CHEN PLACE IDENTIFIER interwar architecture twentieth century and interwar periods
Examples of Bungalows including dwellings and small public buildings
Buildings in the Edwardian Baroque style
Buildings in the Art Deco and Moderne styles
Bonhaven residence at 181 High Street, Bonhaven is a brick and stucco Mediterranean-style interwar villa. Kangaroo Flat Bonhaven was identified in the Bendigo Heritage Policy Citations Review, prepared by Lovell Chen (2011) and has been recommended for a site specific HO.
McIvor Hotel, 54 McIvor Road, Kennington McIvor Hotel: c. 1930s red-brick restaurant with Art McIvor Hotel: 1AM Deco/Moderne styling
Trickey's Diesel, 509 Midland Highway, Trickey’s Diesel: former garage in cement block (1930s?) Trickey’s Diesel, Huntly Huntly: 46RB
Garage, Midland Highway, Goornong Garage, Goornong: cement block (1930s?) Garage, Goornong: 19RB
Former BCM Dairy Products Building, 52- Former BCM Dairy Products: Moderne style industrial/commercial Former BCM Dairy 56 Queen Street, Bendigo complex (mid-1930s?). High degree of intactness. Products: 2AM
‘Douglas Chambers’ at 65-73 (?) Mitchell ‘Douglas Chambers’: two-storey commercial building with Art ‘Douglas Chambers’: Street, Bendigo Deco styling on first floor 3AM
Pair of interwar bungalows, 19-21 A pair of complementary and substantially externally intact Bungalow pair, Hopetoun Street, Bendigo weatherboard bungalows. Hopetoun Street: 1AB
Pair of interwar bungalows, 8-10 A pair of complementary and substantially externally intact brick Bungalow pair, Hopetoun Street, Bendigo bungalows. Hopetoun Street: 2AB
Interwar brick bungalow, 45 Myers Street, Large brick and render bungalow, substantially externally intact. Bungalow, Myers Bendigo Street: 4AB
Interwar brick bungalow, 36 Myers Street, Large red brick bungalow, at prominent corner, substantially Bungalow, Myers Bendigo externally intact. Street: 5AB
Interwar two-storey brick maisonette pair, Substantial two-storey maisonette pair, with original fence. Two-storey maisonette 58 Mundy Street, Bendigo pair, Mundy Street: 7AB
Interwar brick bungalow, 32 Myers Street, Large brick and render bungalow, substantially externally intact. Bungalow, Myers Bendigo Street: 9AB
Fire station, High Street (Calder Highway), Early twentieth century (1909) gabled brick fire station, with Fire station, Golden Golden Square pediment and castellated corners to the parapet. Substantially Square: 16AB
A34 LOVELL CHEN THEME& SUB-THEME RELATED PLACES SPECIFIC PLACES EXISTING CONTROLS COMMENT LOVELL CHEN PLACE IDENTIFIER
externally intact.
Streetscape of early twentieth dwellings, This section of Old High Street has a collection of double-fronted Residences, Old High including interwar bungalows, 56-66 Old mostly weatherboard residences, with a comparatively high level Street: 17AB High Street, Golden Square of external intactness, on elevated side of street.
Large residence, 417 Calder Highway, A substantial interwar Tudor-style residence, unpainted clinker 417 Calder Highway: Golden Square brick, with varied gable roof forms and diamond leadlight 21AB windows.
Large residence, 389 Calder Highway, A substantial late interwar unpainted cream brick residence, with 389 Calder Highway: Golden Square hipped roof forms and prominent chimneys. 22AB
Large residence, 68 Panton Street, Golden A large residence, of bungalow form, with unusual detailing. 68 Panton Street: 23AB Square
Potential precinct of interwar and post-war A potential precinct of residences from the interwar and post-war Calder Highway residences, Calder Highway, south of Oak periods, on both sides of the highway. precinct: 24AB Street, Golden Square
Potential precinct of late Victorian and Potential precinct of late Victorian and early twentieth century Adam Street potential early twentieth century modest modest residences, on west side of Adam Street/Quarry precinct: 25AB residences, Adam Street, Golden Square. Hill/Golden Square Road, Golden Square.
Theme 7
Governing Greater Bendigo
Developing institutions of Sites associated with early self-government and municipal activity, including democracy Council meeting places
Municipal and civic buildings including town halls, offices, libraries and work depots
Bendigo Town Hall, 189-193 Hargreaves Bendigo Town Hall: VHR 117 Street, Bendigo (HO147)
Former Shire of Marong Hall, 31 Adams Former Shire of Marong Hall was identified in the Bendigo Street (Calder Highway), Marong Heritage Policy Citations Review, prepared by Lovell Chen (2011) and has been recommended for a site specific HO.
Former Huntly Shire Council Chambers, Former Huntly Shire Council 620-626 Midland Highway, Huntly Chambers: VHR 1369 (HO475)
Old Shire Council Chambers, 620-634 Old Shire Council Chambers: VHR Midland Highway, Huntly 1369
Former Heathcote Court House and Shire Former Heathcote Court House and Council Chambers, 125 High Street, Shire Council Chambers: VHR 1368 Heathcote (HO465)
LOVELL CHEN A35 THEME& SUB-THEME RELATED PLACES SPECIFIC PLACES EXISTING CONTROLS COMMENT LOVELL CHEN PLACE IDENTIFIER
Greater Bendigo Council Offices, Lyttleton c.1960s two-storey brick council building, in formal setting to Greater Bendigo Terrace, Bendigo Lyttleton Terrace Council Offices: 11AB
Struggling for political rights Early government camps
Sites associated with miners’ dissent and political actions
Sites associated with early goldfields administration of law
Sites associated with miners’ unrest and protests
Miners’ Rights residential areas
Dwellings and buildings associated with Miners’ Rights holdings
Former Government Camp Precinct, now Rosalind Park: VHR 1866 (HO216);: Rosalind Park Former Government Camp: VHI H7724-0263
Former Survey Office, 178 High Street, Former Survey Office: (HO467) Heathcote
Maintaining law and order Police reserves, including police stations, quarters and lock-ups
Courthouses
Gaols
HM Prison Bendigo, 10-20 Gaol Road, HM Prison Bendigo: VHR 1550 Bendigo (and Gaol Entrance & Walls) (HO139)
Old Police Barracks, 40 Gaol Road, Old Police Barracks: VHR 545 Bendigo (HO140), Former Supreme Court: VHR 1465 (HO141)
Eaglehawk Court House, Magistrates Court Eaglehawk Court House complex: and Lock-up VHR1401 (HO394)
Former Huntly Court House, 621 Midland Former Huntly Court House: VHR Highway, Huntly 1370 (HO477)
Former Supreme Court, 10-20 Gaol Road, Former Supreme Court: VHR 1465 Bendigo (HO141)
A36 LOVELL CHEN THEME& SUB-THEME RELATED PLACES SPECIFIC PLACES EXISTING CONTROLS COMMENT LOVELL CHEN PLACE IDENTIFIER
Former Police Station and Quarters, corner Former Kangaroo Flat Police Station and Quarters was identified of Camp and Church Streets, Kangaroo in the Bendigo Heritage Policy Citations Review, prepared by Flat Lovell Chen (2011) and has been recommended for a site specific HO.
Law Courts, 77-85 Pall Mall, Bendigo Law Courts: VHR 1466 (HO227)
Bendigo Volunteer Rifles’ Orderly Room, Bendigo Volunteer Rifles’ Orderly now Bendigo Art Gallery, 42 View Street, Room (Bendigo Art Gallery): VHR Bendigo 1172 (HO268)
Goornong historical police buildings, Grant Goornong historical police buildings, lock up, police station, Goornong historical Street, Goornong stables and WC; weatherboard, established 1925 police buildings: 22RB
Defending Victoria and Commonwealth Ordnance Australia Factory site
Buildings, lands and companies associated with military purposes, like Fortuna Villa
Government Ordnance Factory, North Established in 1941, and a major employer during the war years. Bendigo Production continued after the end of the war and until the later twentieth century, with work including manufacturing and refurbishing defence equipment.
Protecting Greater Bendigo’s heritage
Theme 8
Building Greater Bendigo’s Community Life
Maintaining spiritual life Sites associated with early church services
Early church buildings
Church reserves
Churches and places of worship associated with various denominations, including synagogues, Joss Houses and gompas
Manses, presbyteries and
LOVELL CHEN A37 THEME& SUB-THEME RELATED PLACES SPECIFIC PLACES EXISTING CONTROLS COMMENT LOVELL CHEN PLACE IDENTIFIER
parsonages
St Kilian’s Catholic Church & Organ, 173 St Kilian’s Catholic Church & Organ: McCrae Street, Bendigo VHR 1341 (HO179)
St Patrick’s Catholic Church, presbytery The St Patrick’s complex at Marong was identified in the Bendigo and stables, 53 High Street, Marong Heritage Policy Citations Review, prepared by Lovell Chen (2011) (church) and 31 Cathcart Street and has been recommended for a site specific HO. (presbytery and stables)
Former East Methodist Church, 88-94 High Former East Methodist Church: VHR Street, Eaglehawk 1458 (HO365)
Uniting Church, Sunday School and Organ, Uniting Church, Sunday School and 14-26 Wilson Street, Long Gully Organ: VHR 1373 (HO548)
Uniting Church, 2A Laurel Street, Golden Uniting Church: VHR 1371 (HO445) Square
Former Methodist Church, 12-14 Esler Former Methodist Church: VHR 692 Street, California Gully (HO321)
Uniting Church & Mckenzie Organ, 19 Uniting Church & McKenzie Organ, Panton Street, Golden Square Laurel Street, Golden Square: VHR 1371 (HO445)
St Andrews Church of England site, 243 St Andrews Church, VHI H7724- Huntly-Fosterville Road Fosterville 0269
St Paul’s Anglican Cathedral, 4-10 Myers St Paul’s Anglican Cathedral: VHR Street, Bendigo 1372 (HO211)
All Saints Uniting Church, 21-27 Forest All Saints Uniting Church: HO118 Street, Bendigo
Sacred Heart Catholic Cathedral, 80 Sacred Heart Catholic Cathedral: Wattle Street, Bendigo VHR 1340 (HO288)
Bendigo Chinese Temple, 3 Finn Street, Bendigo Chinese Temple: VHR North Bendigo 1791, (HO581)
Bendigo Chinese Temple Joss House, 59 Bendigo Chinese Temple Joss Finn Street, North Bendigo House: VHR 1791 (HO581)
White Hills Uniting Church and timber hall, White Hills Uniting Church in Napier Street is a brick Gothic White Hills Uniting 510 Napier Street, White Hills Revival church (1890s). Church: 6AM
Barnadown Uniting Church (former), Goornong-Axedale Road, Barnadown
Former Bagshot Methodist Church, 709 Former Bagshot Methodist Church: timber, opened 1887 Former Bagshot Old Murray Road, Bagshot Methodist Church: 14RB
St Georges Church of England, Midland St Georges Church, Goornong; brick, built 1955 St Georges Church,
A38 LOVELL CHEN THEME& SUB-THEME RELATED PLACES SPECIFIC PLACES EXISTING CONTROLS COMMENT LOVELL CHEN PLACE IDENTIFIER
Highway, Goornong Goornong: 23RB
Former church (now scout hall), 68 Michie Former church, 68 Michie Street, Elmore; erected 1874, cement Former church, 68 Street, Elmore rendered Michie Street, Elmore: 30RB
Elmore Uniting Church, cnr Hervey Street Elmore Uniting Church: red brick Elmore Uniting Church: and Clarke Street, Elmore 31RB
Elmore Anglican Church, 46 Michie Street, Elmore Anglican Church: red brick Elmore Anglican Elmore Church: 33RB
Former Drummartin Methodist Church Former Drummartin Methodist Church: concrete block, 1920s? Former Drummartin (now residence), Clays Road, Drummartin Methodist Church: 42RB
Former church/school on Waratah Road, Former church/school on Waratah Road, Huntly, is a single-storey Former church/school Huntly (now a private residence) red brick complex screened from the street by large modern wall. on Waratah Road: 11AM
Educating people Early goldfields school 97 sites in Greater Bendigo are buildings and teaching included in HERMES under the Item facilities Group under the Item Group ‘Education’. Of these, 25 are School reserves included in the VHR and 42 are Schools established under the included in the HO. 1860s and 1870s legislation
Properties associated with various private, religious and finishing schools
Early high/secondary schools
Technical schools
Mechanics Institutes
Buildings associated with various adult-education groups and programs
School of Mines facilities
Tertiary education facilities
Woodvale Hall (former school no. 1531), Woodvale Hall was identified in the Bendigo Heritage Policy Daly’s Road, Woodvale Citations Review, prepared by Lovell Chen (2011) and has been recommended for a site specific HO.
Bendigo Senior Secondary College, 40 Bendigo Senior Secondary College: Gaol Road, Bendigo VHR 2229 (HO721)
LOVELL CHEN A39 THEME& SUB-THEME RELATED PLACES SPECIFIC PLACES EXISTING CONTROLS COMMENT LOVELL CHEN PLACE IDENTIFIER
Camp Hill Central School No. 1976, 50 Camp Hill Central School No. 1976: Gaol Road, Bendigo VHR 1642 (HO142)
Lockwood Primary School No. 744, 190 Lockwood Primary School No. 744: Wiegards Road, Lockwood VHR 1715 (HO530)
Catholic College Bendigo, 160 Barkly Catholic College Bendigo: VHR 1676 Street, Bendigo (HO81)
Eaglehawk Primary School No. 210, Eaglehawk Primary School No. 210: Church Street, Eaglehawk VHR 1628 (HO364)
California Gully Primary School No. 123, California Gully Primary School No. 4-14 Staley Street, California Gully 123: VHR 1623 (HO330)
Common School No. 981, 28 View Street, Common School No. 981: VHR 1381 Kangaroo Flat (HO524)
Long Gully Primary School No. 2120, 17 Long Gully Primary School: VHR 968 Jackson Street, Long Gully (HO545)
Gravel Hill Primary School No. 1566, 65 Gravel Hill Primary School No. Mundy Street, Bendigo 1566: VHR 967 (HO210)
Bagshot State School and associated Bagshot State School: red brick, opened 1867 Bagshot State School: pepper trees, Old Murray Road, Bagshot 12RB
Goornong Primary School, 26 Grant Goornong Primary School: weatherboard, established 1875 Goornong Primary Street, Goornong School: 21RB
Elmore Primary School No. 1515, cnr Elmore Primary School: red brick, established 1875 Elmore Primary School: Margaret Street and Michie Street, Elmore 32RB
Former Hunter State School No. 4133 Former Hunter State School: weatherboard with cement sheet Former Hunter State (now residence) and associated sugar extension, opened 1923 closed 1967. School: 3RB gums, cnr Lockington Road and Drummartin (Williams) Road, Hunter
Bendigo East School no. 3893 (1915), cnr Bendigo East School: Modified/extended but retains legibility as Bendigo East School: of Strickland Rd and Lloyd Street, East 1915 State school building with rounded ‘Dutch’ gable end. 15AM Bendigo
Drummartin Primary School No. 1473, Drummartin Primary Hunter-Drummartin Road, Drummartin School: 43RB
Epsom Primary School, Howard Street, Epsom Primary School: Epsom 9AM
Former Mechanics Institute & School of Former Mechanics Institute & School Mines, 118-160 McCrae Street, Bendigo of Mines: VHR 1505 (HO176)
Bendigo Technical College, 136 McCrae Bendigo Technical College: VHR Street, Bendigo 1505 (HO176)
A40 LOVELL CHEN THEME& SUB-THEME RELATED PLACES SPECIFIC PLACES EXISTING CONTROLS COMMENT LOVELL CHEN PLACE IDENTIFIER
Providing health and welfare Early goldfields hospitals and 18 sites in Greater Bendigo are hospital reserves included in HERMES under the Item Group ‘Health Services’. Of these, 2 Chinese herbalist properties are included in the VHR and 10n are Early pharmacies and included the HO. dispensaries
Friendly Societies’ buildings
Benevolent asylums and infirmaries
Orphanages
Bendigo Benevolent Asylum, now Anne Anne Caudle Centre: VHR 0992 Caudle Centre, 100-104 Barnard Street, (HO85) Bendigo
St Aidan’s House, 190 St Aidan’s Road and St Aidan’s House: VHR 2057 cnr Edwards Street, Bendigo (HO526)
Preserving traditions and War memorials, in all forms commemorating Avenues of honour
Fountains, statues, and monuments to significant people and events
White Hills Arch of Triumph (located within Included in the White Hills Botanic the White Hills Botanic Garden) Garden: VHR 1915 (HO679)
Bendigo Discovery of Gold Monument, Pall Bendigo Discovery of Gold Mall, Bendigo Monument: VHR 1337 (HO214)
Bendigo Returned Soldiers Memorial and Bendigo Returned Soldiers Memorial Honour Roll, 39 Pall Mall, Bendigo and Honour Roll: VHR 1339 (HO222)
Marking the phases of life Early unofficial cemeteries
Town cemeteries and cemetery reserves
Lone graves
Cemetery infrastructure, including buildings, monuments, layout and landscaping
Patterson graves, Heathcote-Bendigo Graves of mother and baby daughter Katharine Patterson and
LOVELL CHEN A41 THEME& SUB-THEME RELATED PLACES SPECIFIC PLACES EXISTING CONTROLS COMMENT LOVELL CHEN PLACE IDENTIFIER
Road Mary Lumsden Patterson, died 10 June 1852, are located on Heathcote-Bendigo Road above Moorabee Lodge Caravan Park.6
Bendigo Cemetery, 70 Carpenter Street, Bendigo Cemetery: VHR 798 Quarry Hill (HO29) Chapel – Bendigo Cemetery: VHR 798 (HO29)
White Hills Cemetery, 261-351 Holdsworth White Hills: VHR 2136 (HO678) Road, White Hills
Eaglehawk Cemetery, 5 Victoria Street, Eaglehawk Cemetery: (HO404) Eaglehawk
Ninnes Lone Grave, Allotment 36, Parish Ninnes Grave and Reserve was identified in the Bendigo Heritage of Marong, Maiden Gully Policy Citations Review, prepared by Lovell Chen (2011) and has been recommended for a site specific HO.
Chapel, Bendigo Cemetery, 70 Carpenter Street, Quarry Hill
Theme 9
Shaping Greater Bendigo’s Cultural and Creative Life
Participating in sport and Early sporting facilities recreation Places and reserves associated with early horse racing, including racecourses
Buildings and infrastructure associated with horse racing
Cricket grounds and places associated with playing cricket
Grandstands, buildings and other infrastructure of cricket grounds and cricket clubs
Football grounds and places associated with playing football
Grandstands, buildings and other infrastructure of football grounds and football clubs
Places associated with boxing and foot racing
A42 LOVELL CHEN THEME& SUB-THEME RELATED PLACES SPECIFIC PLACES EXISTING CONTROLS COMMENT LOVELL CHEN PLACE IDENTIFIER
Sites associated with the recreations of different community, migrant or age groups
Bendigo Racecourse, Heinz Street, White Site possibly dates to 1858. Present grandstand was built in Bendigo Racecourse: Hills 1902, replacing an earlier (1873) structure.7 The roof has three 7AM gables, with decorative gable ends.
Stables associated with horse racing Stables, Heinz Street, White Hills, c. 1900
Queen Elizabeth Oval Grandstand, 88 Queen Elizabeth Oval Grandstand: View Street, Bendigo VHR 803 (HO274)
Nurturing a vibrant arts Buildings and halls used for 40 sites in Greater Bendigo are scene lectures, recitals, concerts, included in HERMES under the Item meetings and theatrical Group ‘Recreation and performances, etc Entertainment’. Of these, 13 are included in the VHR; and 14 are Town halls and civic buildings included in the HO. Temperance Halls
Theatres, cinemas and picture palaces
Club buildings, including the Masons
RSL buildings
Galleries, museums, archives and exhibit spaces
Athenaeum & Memorial Hall, 62 Michie Athenaeum & Memorial Hall: VHR Street, Elmore 1744 (HO417)
Temperance Hall Bendigo, 24-30 View Temperance Hall Bendigo: VHR Street, Bendigo 1335 (HO264)
Bendigo Trades Hall, 34-40 View Street, Bendigo Trades Hall: VHR 1333 Bendigo (HO267)
Eaglehawk Town Hall, Mechanics Institute Eaglehawk Town Hall, Mechanics and two HMVS Nelson Cannons, 2A Peg Institute and two HMVS Nelson Leg Road, Eaglehawk Cannons: VHR 713 (HO392)
Masonic Hall, 50-56 View Street, Bendigo Masonic Hall, Bendigo: VHR 119 Masonic Hall (HO270)
Bagshot Hall and associated sugar gums, Bagshot Hall and associated sugar gums: timber building. Bagshot Hall etc: 13RB 690 Old Murray Road, Bagshot
Goornong Soldiers' Memorial Hall, Midland Goornong Soldiers'
LOVELL CHEN A43 THEME& SUB-THEME RELATED PLACES SPECIFIC PLACES EXISTING CONTROLS COMMENT LOVELL CHEN PLACE IDENTIFIER
Highway, Goornong Memorial Hall: 26RB
Masonic lodge?, 45 Michie Street, Elmore Masonic lodge?, Elmore; cement rendered Masonic lodge?, Elmore: 34RB
Hunter Public Hall, Keane Road, Hunter Hunter Public Hall: opened 1927, ripple iron and timber Hunter Public Hall: 40RB
The Sandhurst Club, 14 View Street, The Sandhurst Club: VHR 1331 Bendigo (HO262)
A44 LOVELL CHEN THEME& SUB-THEME RELATED PLACES SPECIFIC PLACES EXISTING CONTROLS COMMENT LOVELL CHEN PLACE IDENTIFIER
ABORIGINAL HISTORY
Greater Bendigo’s original inhabitants
Sources
Clans and country
Aboriginal life on the plains Maps of the municipality Because of their cultural sensitivity and and in the forests available through Aboriginal significance to Aboriginal peoples, most Affairs Victoria show that identified Aboriginal places in the municipality Aboriginal cultural sensitivity cannot be made publicly known. The Victorian areas exist along all Aboriginal Heritage Register (VAHR) waterways, swamps and established by the Aboriginal Heritage Act forested regions, including the 2006 and administered by Aboriginal Affairs Greater Bendigo National Victoria (AAV) holds the details of all known Park, Heathcote Graytown Aboriginal cultural heritage places and objects National Park, Mount within Victoria, including their location and a Sugarloaf Nature detailed description. The VAHR could not be Conservation Reserve, accessed by the consultants as the TEH does Pilchers Bridge Nature not carry out functions or duties associated Conservation Reserve, with the requirements of the Act. Whipstick Nature See 'Areas of Cultural Sensitivity in Victoria' Conservation Reserve, Grid Maps: Heathcote 7824, Bendigo 7724, Shelbourne Nature Echuca 7825, Mitiamo 7725 and Woodend Conservation Reserve, 7823, Department of Planning and Community Crosbie Nature Conservation Development, Victoria, July 2011. Available, Area, Lockwood State Forest, www.dpcd.vic.gov.au/indigenous/heritage- One Eye State Forest, Argyle tools/areas-of-cultural-sensitivity, accessed 16 State Forest and Spring Plains March 2012. Nature Conservation Reserve.
Food
Water Water supply and water management sites including soaks, springs, waterholes, channels and weirs
Rock wells
Warmth Hearth sites
Earth cooking mounds and earth ovens
Shelter Sites associated with seasonal and more permanent camps
LOVELL CHEN A45 THEME& SUB-THEME RELATED PLACES SPECIFIC PLACES EXISTING CONTROLS COMMENT LOVELL CHEN PLACE IDENTIFIER
Sites associated with men or women’s camps
Resources of the plains and forests
Timber Marker trees
Scar trees and marked trees, related to different types of bark removal
Trees cut for possum and honey removal
Scar trees Campaspe River, Barnadown
Stone Tool making sites
Stone quarries
Mount Camel range greenstone quarries
The daily toolkit
Interaction between Aboriginal meeting and peoples: trade, marriage trading sites and warfare
British colonisation
Impacts of squatting on Sites of conflict and violence Aboriginal people between European and Aboriginal peoples
Places of Aboriginal influence, activity and employment on pastoral runs
Aboriginal camps on pastoral runs
Camping sites of dislocated peoples
Campaspe Plains run
Aboriginal people on the Places of Aboriginal influence,
A46 LOVELL CHEN THEME& SUB-THEME RELATED PLACES SPECIFIC PLACES EXISTING CONTROLS COMMENT LOVELL CHEN PLACE IDENTIFIER goldfields activity and employment on the goldfields
Aboriginal camps on the goldfields
Camping sites of dislocated peoples
Aboriginal Protectorates Protectorate stations, ration depots and missions associated with Aboriginal peoples of this country
Aboriginal Reserves Reserves associated with Aboriginal peoples of this country
Camping sites of dislocated groups
Fighting for Identity
LOVELL CHEN A47
1 Note: for ‘specific places’ the current state or condition of the place, or the address, are not always known.
2 Note: the table does not attempt to identify the relevant themes and sub-themes of all places in the Greater Bendigo Heritage Overlay, as several thousand places are covered by the Overlay.
3 HERMES refers to the electronic database of heritage places maintained by Heritage Victoria, which includes information on places collected in municipal heritage studies, as well as National Trust places, etc. Not all places identified in HERMES have a statutory heritage control.
4 J Thomas, The Century of Change: History of Marong and District, D G Walker, Kangaroo Flat, Vic, 1999, p. 89.
5 N Stimson, ‘Sandhurst Municipal Boundary’, report to City of Greater Bendigo Heritage Advisory Committee meeting, 19 April 2011.
6 See Randell, J O, Pastoral Settlement in Northern Victoria, Volume Two: the Campaspe District, Chandos Publishing Company, Burwood, Vic, 1982, pp. 304 & 312)
7 http://bendigo.coufsntryracing.com.au
A48 LOVELL CHEN
APPENDIX B PLACES OF HERITAGE SIGNIFICANCE & POTENTIAL HERITAGE SIGNIFICANCE
Mapping & Schedule
LOVELL CHEN B1 1.0 Introduction
This document includes mapping for places of potential heritage significance identified during the preparation of the Greater Bendigo Thematic Environmental History (TEH). A schedule of mapped places is also provided.
This document should be read in conjunction with Appendix A to the Overview Report for the Thematic Environmental History. Please note that not all potential heritage places identified during research for the TEH have been mapped. Details of those identified and not mapped are included in Appendix A to the Overview Report.
It is emphasised that the places identified are of potential significance, not confirmed significance, based on preliminary work and not on the more detailed investigation, assessment and documentation which occurs in the later stage of a heritage study. The mapping is in draft form, and should be regarded as indicative. Mapping of heritage places, including clarifying which components of a place are significant, is more accurately done in the later stage of a heritage study. 2.0 Schedule of potential heritage places
LOVELL CHEN PLACE/ADDRESS IDENTIFIER
4RB A brick store/barn, possibly associated with the Adelaide Vale Homestead, on the Campaspe Road at Barnadown
6RB Clare Inn stables/outbuilding?, cnr Elmore-Barnadown and Barnadown-Epsom Roads, Barnadown
7RB Clare Cottage, Epsom-Barnadown Road, Barnadown
8RB 1601 Epsom-Barnadown Road, Goornong
9RB Road bridge over Melbourne-Murray railway line on Huntly- Fosterville Road, Huntly
10RB Wisteria residence corner of Brunel Street and Gungurru Road, Huntly (red brick, former Fiedler home)
11RB Pinerow, Old Murray Road, Bagshot
12RB Bagshot State School and associated pepper trees, Old Murray Road, Bagshot
13RB Bagshot Hall and associated sugar gums, 690 Old Murray Road, Bagshot
14RB Former Bagshot Methodist Church, 709 Old Murray Road, Bagshot
15RB Farmhouse and associated outbuildings, 128 Whirakee Road, Bagshot
16RB Goornoong siloes, grain shed, platform remains and associated sleepers
17RB Residence, 20 Midland Highway, Goornong
18RB Residence, 22 Midland Highway, Goornong
19RB Garage, Midland Highway, Goornong
B2 LOVELL CHEN 2013 LOVELL CHEN PLACE/ADDRESS IDENTIFIER
20RB Residence, 6 Midland Highway, Goornong
21RB Goornong Primary School, 26 Grant Street, Goornong
22RB Goornong historical police buildings (lock up, police station, stables and WC), Grant Street, Goornong
23RB St Georges Church of England, Midland Highway, Goornong
24RB Goornong Post Office and residence, Midland Highway, Goornong
25RB Goornong store and associated corrugated iron building, Midland Highway, Goornong
26RB Goornong Soldiers' Memorial Hall, Midland Highway, Goornong
27RB Farmhouse and associated outbuildings, 4304 Midland Highway, Elmore
28RB Bridge over Campaspe River at Elmore
29RB Commercial precinct, Elmore
30RB Former church (now scout hall), 68 Michie Street, Elmore
31RB Elmore Uniting Church, cnr Hervey Street and Clarke Street, Elmore
32RB Elmore Primary School No. 1515, cnr Margaret Street and Michie Street, Elmore
33RB Elmore Anglican Church, 46 Michie Street, Elmore
34RB Masonic lodge?, 45 Michie Street, Elmore
35RB Elmore Post Office, Northern Highway, Elmore
37RB Former Hunter State School No. 4133 (now residence) and associated sugar gums, cnr Lockington Road and Drummartin (Williams) Road, Hunter
38RB Hunter silos and weighbridge, Keane Road, Hunter
39RB Residence (former Hunter Post Office), Keane Road, Hunter
40RB Hunter Public Hall, Keane Road, Hunter
41RB Avonvale farmhouse and associated outbuildings, 1369 Hunter-Drummartin Road, Hunter
42RB Former Drummartin Methodist Church (now residence), Clays Road, Drummartin
43RB Drummartin Primary School No. 1473, Hunter-Drummartin Road, Drummartin
44RB Farmhouse, Lot 1896, cnr Hunter-Drummartin Road and Clays Road, Drummartin
LOVELL CHEN 2013 B3 LOVELL CHEN PLACE/ADDRESS IDENTIFIER
45RB Farmhouse, Midland Highway, Huntly
46RB Trickey's Diesel, 509 Midland Highway, Huntly
57RB Old coach road and Cobb & Co stop (evidenced by a well) between Bendigo and Goornong-Axedale Road in Wellsford forest on Hanrahan Track and Campaspe Road, Fosterville
1AM McIvor Hotel, 54 McIvor Road (Art Deco), Kennington
2AM Former ‘BCM Dairy Products’ building, 52-56 Queen Street, Bendigo
3AM ‘Douglas Chambers’ at 65-73 (?) Mitchell Street, Bendigo
4AM 72 Queen Street, Bendigo (Federation)
6AM White Hills Uniting Church and timber hall, 510 Napier Street, White Hills
7AM Bendigo Racecourse, Heinz Street, White Hills
9AM Epsom Primary School, Howard Street, Epsom
10AM Victoria Hotel, Huntly, 592 Midland Highway, Huntly
11AM Fmr church/school on Waratah Road, Huntly (now a private residence)
13AM Former abattoir (now VicRoads), Lansell Street, Bendigo
14AM Victoria Carpets, 101-115 Charleston Road, East Bendigo
15AM Bendigo East School no. 3893 (1915), cnr of Strickland Rd and Lloyd Street, East Bendigo
16AM Fleece Inn Hotel (now YHA), 143 Charleston Road, East Bendigo
17AM No. 76 Mitchell Street, Bendigo
18AM No. 82 Mitchell Street, Bendigo
19AM No. 86 Mitchell Street, Bendigo
1AB Pair of interwar bungalows, 19-21 Hopetoun Street, Bendigo
2AB Pair of interwar bungalows, 8-10 Hopetoun Street, Bendigo
3AB Gabled warehouse buildings, 154-160 Lyttleton Terrace, Bendigo
4AB Interwar brick bungalow, 45 Myers Street, Bendigo
5AB Interwar brick bungalow, 36 Myers Street, Bendigo
6AB Victorian dwelling, 56 Mundy Street, Bendigo
7AB Interwar two-storey brick maisonette pair, 58 Mundy Street, Bendigo
B4 LOVELL CHEN 2013 LOVELL CHEN PLACE/ADDRESS IDENTIFIER
8AB Gabled warehouse buildings, 60 Mundy Street, Bendigo
9AB Interwar brick bungalow, 32 Myers Street, Bendigo
10AB Doherty’s Garage, 11 St Andrew’s Avenue, Bendigo
11AB Greater Bendigo Council Offices, Lyttleton Terrace, Bendigo
12AB Former ‘Edinburgh Tannery’ building, 259 Lyttleton Terrace, Bendigo
13AB Victorian era commercial building, 314 Lyttleton Terrace, Bendigo
14AB Row of 3 adjoining commercial buildings, 322-326 Lyttleton Terrace, Bendigo
15AB Row of 4 adjoining commercial buildings, 79-81 Mitchell Street, Bendigo
16AB Fire station, High Street (Calder Highway), Golden Square
17AB Streetscape of early twentieth dwellings, including interwar bungalows, 56-66 Old High Street, Golden Square
18AB Early Federation style residence, 272 Calder Highway, Golden Square
19AB Brick, late nineteenth century (?), corner-located hotel, 447 Calder Highway, Golden Square.
20AB Commercial building, 435 Calder Highway, Golden Square
21AB Large residence, 417 Calder Highway, Golden Square
22AB Large residence, 389 Calder Highway, Golden Square
23AB Large residence, 68 Panton Street, Golden Square
24AB Potential precinct of interwar and post-war residences, Calder Highway, south of Oak Street, Golden Square
25AB Potential precinct of late Victorian and early twentieth century modest residences, Adam Street, Golden Square.
26AB Former commercial building (?), 40 Mackenzie Street West, Golden Square
LOVELL CHEN 2013 B5 d �Roa urray ld M ce O Pla y W lwa ai a R ce r O a d l Pl d ay e M lw u ai S r R t ra r y e �R e d o t a ad o 23RB
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Potential Heritage Place Existing Heritage Overlay Goornoong * Mapping is indicative only ± 44RB 38RB
39RB 37RB 43RB 40RB 42RB 41RB HO474 Drummartin Hunter
35RB 30RB 31RB H3O34R1B8 29RHOB417 Elmore HO416 34RB 32RB
27RB
Potential Heritage Place Existing Heritage Overlay * Mapping is indicative only Drummartin, Elmore, Hunter ± e Fire B c rigad a e�Tr l ack E lm P o re y -R a a w y l wo i od a R R t o e a e d r t S
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y e r f f e 34RB J t e e r e t c a S t l e P e 33RB e i r t y h a M c S a i w rg l a M y i re e a t v S r R tre e et H 32RB
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y e v r e H Northern Highway
Potential Heritage Place Existing Heritage Overlay Elmore * Mapping is indicative only ± Barnadown 7RB
6RB
8RB
Goornoong
4RB
HO424
Potential Heritage Place Existing Heritage Overlay Barnadown, Goornoong * Mapping is indicative only ± 15RB 14RB
13RB 12RB
11RB Bagshot
57RB
Fosterville
Potential Heritage Place Existing Heritage Overlay Bagshot, Fosterville ± * Mapping is indicative only B o r d o Roa n � B rray ia u u M R Old r g o o a y y d a n w e h B ig S o H
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M a B u E rg rt o u y L o n ig C e a r n S S o t t s re re it e 46RB e P Pa t t sley St H ree u t n t ly -F A o irey Street s Aire te y Street r vi d ll a e
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Potential Heritage Place Existing Heritage Overlay Huntly ± * Mapping is indicative only S HO439 t Em p e m e re et c t t i S St m re et ll et e 26AB tre a n S n ie HO440 i H z p en s i ck l a t A l M e � t re R e HO25 t C re S o o t ra S h le a zie g e d n i Pl cke H ac t a e e M e r t S t y e t b e e r r e i t tr K S S h e i ig z H n Sym e ond k HO442 s S c HO441 tree a t t rt e M u re Symo o t nds S C S treet n in to e e n v a Tom i m P kinso r t a HO24 n D D e l rive e A F r i HO430 n t r o S S s tr t n e e e i i e e k z t tr HO454 m n B S o e a T k y h B c ig isse a S ll Dr t H ive t M re r e u t o C e v i a F r i ir c t D i S e r t e s t t re tr H s a e e S u Y e P e t n o r r t u p t n e n l t to r l S B e n g A a re a S e y t 22AB t S A i S P re t llp z S e re r n tr h t e e e e ig t ss k e D c t H 23AB r a H iv t u e M t e n e e t re tr e t S r S S n t d B o re n a t e o y n t B S a P t P o re et pl e t re ar t e St S re t t m re HO443 S a e eh t m n t a to e h S re HO455 g t n S li P l o h A H D p g ol e la i ly O r r H 21AB t S a n S e tr a t e ee k C re r t o e t S u tP S t r o r t p n e t l to e ar t e n re S a O t t P S re t a e e k h t e g r S i t tr H S e e L e t i t ie z e p re ol n t dt e S t k 20AB R e i c O n e s a o r e ak t t M n St a S t re e e P r e t 19AB a r l t p S O o t t ak P e e m e S a r e tr t r ee h t t g S S n T i u l t Oak Street m c t t l o e A a k li e h e l r e r E t H n S a o S tt t t h am S r El g e m i t St e S H e re t t e e C re r t et t o S o t n t n ee o e Str o o e t tam r at e t n H a r S P S t t t e E t o lm t r i e e l r e l t S e e tr r E S ee t t t S h ig n t E a t H e lm l e e h e r S c r t tr a t S ee L S t c 24AB n r o M e t t o n e o a e r n P t o A S o sh C C oo n S p a tre er l et C h o c u a rt t L e
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Potential Heritage Place Existing Heritage Overlay Golden Square ± * Mapping is indicative only R o t HO6 s HO456 e e e tr S S U tr T L s e h i e V l ly v i s e t i a o t t e s S e e t re le r l tr r t e t e rg t S e a S e t t S S e HO95 H e t t HO11 h t r re r r ig r t t t e e H e S e S e e e e L t t t k r il n HO447 e t y e e S S e r et t u HO451 C k e r Q O S e r ee t HO718 p h e t a r S t ee h m T C r i r s t r o h e S c i v S k s a g HO433 t e t t S l r e in r tr e rg e K e e a tr e et S H S t t t e r n e e e r e t e u S t Q 16AB h T ig h
i et H s re t t l h�S e et ig tre eet H t S S r ld ee g St O tr t in n S r K e s e Bre ve e E a t 17AB re v 18AB rg e Ha t S C et ee t e tr r t e tr S e r d S e n u a g e t n e o r i Br S K HO435 C HO437 t HO457 re e e v t E t ee L tr t a S e e u t n r r o e t t t e e T n e e l a r S t h r P S t S i s e t en S r t v e e r l HO438 e B e E t m S a t A d r be t l S A e l Stree treet HO25 HO446 e Abe t reet Abel St HO445 D
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APPENDIX C STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE
What is significant?
Greater Bendigo is a major municipality of northern Victoria. It includes the State’s third largest city, Bendigo, rural areas, and hinterland towns of Axedale, Elmore, Heathcote, Marong and Redesdale. Extensive natural areas, including Box-Ironbark forests, are set aside in national and regional parks, crown land reserves, and public forests, as well as occurring on private land.
Aboriginal clans occupied the forests and plains of the area, before the arrival of pastoralists in the later 1830s and 1840s and still maintain a connection to this country. The discovery of gold in the municipal area in the early 1850s generated an extraordinary period of development; it brought diggers and settlers to Greater Bendigo, who established a rich and culturally diverse society. The expansion and influence of gold mining also impacted on the development of industry, manufacturing and commerce. The municipal landscape of today reflects all these layers of history and culture, in the spatial layout of urban areas, agricultural land, and natural environments.
How is it significant?
Greater Bendigo is of outstanding historical, social, aesthetic, architectural, and scientific significance.
Why is it significant?
Greater Bendigo is of historical and social significance. It was the location of one of Victoria’s earliest alluvial gold rushes, followed by the establishment and expansion of quartz mining. The Bendigo-Eaglehawk field was one of the world’s great nineteenth century quartz mining centres (the largest in eastern Australia and the second largest in Australia after Kalgoorlie). The colossal output helped sustain global financial systems and trade, and was a significant contributor to the development of Melbourne. The mining activity initiated significant innovations and developments in commerce, manufacturing and technology. Examples include the first mining stock exchange in Australia (in the Beehive Building on Pall Mall), one of the largest railway workshops in Australia, and the foundation of Bendigo Bank and the Myer retail empire. Construction of a reliable water supply in the Coliban Water reservoir system also influenced historical development, including the location and viability of settlements and horticulture. Trans-national immigration associated with gold mining brought a diversity of traditions and cultural practice. In particular the Cornish, German and Chinese miners have made significant and ongoing contributions to the culture and development of Greater Bendigo.
German immigrant architects designed buildings which are now regarded as some of the most significant in regional Victoria, helping to make the municipality of aesthetic/architectural significance. Bendigo city has one of the highest concentrations of Victorian Heritage Registered properties in the State, and two of regional Australia’s most architecturally distinguished boulevards in Pall Mall and View Street. Bendigo has an outstanding collection of historic civic buildings, complemented by more modest collections of civic buildings in other towns. Significant structures in Greater Bendigo include those associated with industry, public utilities, mining, transport, agriculture, engineering and manufacturing. Boom style homes and gardens built by mining speculators contrast with an extensive collection of modest German and Cornish miners’ cottages. Many small settlements also retain buildings associated with gold rushes. In addition, there are significant buildings that represent a diverse vernacular tradition. There are also fine examples of 19th century town planning layouts and botanic gardens, public parks and avenues of trees. Extensive natural areas, including Box-Ironbark forests, rivers, hills and
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valleys of cultural and aesthetic significance provide a contrast to the urban centres and agricultural landscapes.
The municipality is of scientific significance. Numerous historical and archaeological sites associated with different phases and types of gold mining and processing survive, and demonstrate aspects of mining technology. There are also outstanding examples of manufacturing industry associated with restructuring of the mining industry, in particular foundries and engineering works for defence and agriculture, where advances in technology were also made. There are in addition natural sites of significance throughout the municipality, including geological and geomorphological sites. These include the Big Hill ridge which marks the southern gateway to Bendigo.
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APPENDIX D SUMMARY HISTORY
[Note: the ‘Thematic Environmental History’ has a full list of references which are not reproduced in this summary, and a ‘Bibliography’ of sources.]
Aboriginal clans in the area of today’s City of Greater Bendigo were the Jaara Jaara people of the Dja Dja Wurrung community; the Taungurung peoples and the Barapa Barapa peoples. In general terms, Taungurung country extended from the Dividing Range to the rivers east of the Campaspe River as they enter the plains to the north. Dja Dja Wurrung country was the forest country that extended from the lower foothills of the Dividing Range northwards towards the Riverine Plain. Barapa Barapa country extended to the lower Loddon River districts.
People lived in extended family groups along creeks and streams within their own country. The size of groups varied depending on seasonal resources, and people might move between different homes throughout the year. Dwelling types included simple windbreaks of branches, twigs and leaves, through to larger structures made from large sheets of rigid bark and held up by poles. The country provided a rich variety of plant and animal foods, including birds and reptiles. Trade existed in reed spears, string, bone and shell from the plains country, and possum skins and stone from the forest country. Silcrete was used to make knives, woodworking tools, spear points and hafts to timber handles. Metamorphic stone, prized for axes, was also generally available. Bulrush fibre was woven into huge nets and set across rivers to catch fish and water fowl. The decimation of Aboriginal life began in the 1830s with the arrival of Europeans, although descendants of the original peoples remain in the Greater Bendigo area today.
Of the early Europeans, the 1836 expedition of New South Wales Surveyor-General, Thomas Mitchell, had the most impact on the area, with pastoralists (squatters) taking up country along the Campaspe River after his expedition was publicised. The first squatters were mostly sheep stockowners who leased vast tracks of Crown land with the intention of producing wool for the English market. They spread across the area in the later 1830s and 1840s, taking up land for large-scale grazing. From the early 1850s, local squatters also introduced cattle to their runs to cater for the growing goldfields markets.
Gold mining played a crucial role in the history of the municipality, after gold was discovered on Bendigo Creek in late 1851. Within a year, 15,000 people had arrived in the district, taking part in one of many gold rushes that propelled Australia onto the world stage. The Australian rushes were amongst the most significant that occurred on the periphery of the Pacific Ocean from the mid- to late-nineteenth centuries, and included California (late 1840), eastern Australia (beginning in the 1850s), New Zealand (1860s), the Klondike (1880s), and Alaska (1890s). In the period 1851-60, Victoria produced 20 million ounces of gold, which was one-third of world output at a time when gold was the primary international standard of exchange.
Alluvial gold discoveries generated many of the frenetic early rushes, and thousands of people moved across the Greater Bendigo landscape, naming hills, valleys, creeks and tracks, starting and sometimes abandoning small settlements. The alluvial gold in streams and valleys was mined through panning, cradling, puddling and shaft-sinking. Although this form of mining decreased from 1860 when quartz reef mining became dominant, it continued to provide a significant contribution to Victoria’s gold production including through the efforts of Chinese miners.
The first quartz reef mines opened in the current municipal area in 1853, ushering in a capital-intensive and technologically advanced industry that required specialist skills and equipment. The Bendigo-Eaglehawk field became one of the world’s great nineteenth century quartz mining centres, and a focus for innovation and development in mining
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technology. This form of mining also generated extraordinary wealth, and resulted in many of the significant nineteenth century buildings for which the municipality, and Bendigo city in particular is renowned. The historic building stock continues to distinguish Greater Bendigo in the Victorian and Australian contexts.
Quartz reef mining was also company mining, and began on a large scale in 1859 with stock exchanges opening in Sandhurst to manage share sales. The ‘quartz boom’ reached frenzied levels in 1870; the Bendigo Mining Exchange, in the purpose-built 1872 Beehive Building on Pall Mall, is evidence of this. It is also the earliest known surviving purpose-built stock exchange in Australia. Capital intensive quartz mining also created a small group of elite mine owners, whose existence, along with diminishing resources, threatened the livelihood of individual alluvial miners and resulted in the formation of workers' unions on the Bendigo field.
The hoarding of vast quantities of Californian and Victorian gold by international banks also provided a basis for currencies and financial systems around the globe, and supported a huge credit expansion that bankrolled world trade, shipping and manufacturing. In Australia, Bendigo was second only to Kalgoorlie's Golden Mile (where the field opened in the 1890s) in terms of gold production; by 1903 Australia was the largest single producer of gold in the world. Gold mining activity has never really ceased in the municipality, and despite fluctuations associated with Australian economic conditions and the international price of gold, continues into the present day.
Gold rush immigration, spurred on by gold rushes to the Bendigo field, saw the Victorian population increase more than fourfold in the 1850s, and changed the demographic make-up of Australia. By 1861, after a decade of gold activity, only 37 per cent of Australia's population was Australian born. Prior to the rushes, immigrants mostly came from the United Kingdom (UK). During the rushes, people continued to emigrate from the UK, but were joined by gold seekers from Germany, Italy, North America, New Zealand and other South Pacific nations; as well as tens of thousands of people from China. The history of the Chinese in Bendigo is a significant one, connecting the local Chinese community of the 1850s with an ongoing presence in the municipality. The Chinese were prominent in gold mining, market gardening, storekeeping and other commercial activities, as well as local community life beyond the camps in which they lived.
Germans also made significant contributions in engineering, geology, religion, mining, the arts, viticulture, architecture and building. German architects, engineers and builders in particular established prestigious practices, the most prominent including William (or Wilhelm) Vahland and Robert Getzschmann. Many of Bendigo city's finest buildings are attributed to the German designers, including the Goldfields Hospital (1858-64), Benevolent Asylum (1860), Mechanics' Institute (1864-78), Masonic Temple and Capitol Theatre (1873- 90), Princess Theatre (1873), Alexandra Fountain (1881), Town Hall (1885), and School of Mines (1888).
The Cornish were another significant ethnic group in the Greater Bendigo area; they brought expert mining knowledge and practices, and a deep commitment to Methodism. While the Irish had been arriving in Australia before the gold rushes, many more came after the discovery of gold and were politically active on the goldfields.
The huge influx of people to the municipal area also brought about other economic and land use changes. The selection and take up of Crown land under the 1860s Land Acts, including many former squatting runs, enabled settlers through trial and error to establish farms and agricultural operations. Many of the settlers were ex-miners who, as a significant proportion of the Victorian population, exercised their power to demand that land be freed from the squatter’s hold. In the municipal area, orchards, vineyards and market gardens were
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established on small allotments along creeks and waterways; wool growing developed on large acreages in the south-east; and broad acre farming based on wheat and sheep was taken up on the plains country to the north and north-west.
Subsequent settlement programs in the municipal area were associated with the ‘closer settlement’ acts of the later nineteenth century and the introduction of soldier settlement programs after the two world wars of the twentieth century.
Fruit and vegetables were grown intensively in the area from the 1850s to meet demand from the goldfields’ communities. The involvement of Chinese in market gardening is well documented; other settlers also relied on Chinese knowledge of gardening and irrigation. Winemaking was another important local industry in the nineteenth century, where a combination of climate and European expertise, again associated with the influx of miners, was paramount in establishing local winemaking. After decimation by Phylloxera, viticulture was revitalised from the 1960s and continues to thrive today. Dairying was an important addition to farm income, particularly during the Crown land selection era in the second half of the nineteenth century
Municipal sale yards opened in 1861 on the Market Reserve in East Bendigo, and the area, known as Slaughterhouse Hill, became a centre for the livestock industry and associated businesses. By 1935 the Bendigo weekly livestock markets were regarded as the largest outside of Melbourne.
Due to a dry summer climate, a semi-arid climate in the north of the municpality, and a lack of permanent water courses, the accessing of a reliable water supply has been a distinctive feature in the historical development of the municipality. Access to water has influenced the location and viability of settlements and towns; harnessing water has impacted on waterways; and supplying water has generated major infrastructure and engineering feats.
The ambitious Coliban water scheme was first envisaged in 1862 as a large reservoir at Malmsbury on the Coliban River, together with storage reservoirs and miles of gravity-fed channels to supply mining and town water to Sandhurst and Castlemaine. Construction progressed in fits and starts, before the scheme opened in 1877. Expansion followed in the early twentieth century, with later developments including Lauriston Reservoir; Lake Eppalock and the Eppalock-Bendigo pipeline; Sandhurst Reservoir at Big Hill; and more recently Coliban Water’s Bendigo link pipeline of the Goldfields Superpipe.
Small-scale irrigation was also essential to the establishment of the local fruit and vegetable industry, and some of the first irrigation projects were established by Chinese market gardeners. Irrigation from the Campaspe River in the Goornong and Barnadown districts is currently under the authority of Goulburn Murray Water. Irrigation water is also supplied by Coliban Water to properties in Maiden Gully, Marong, Eppalock and Strathfieldsaye.
Transport to and from the goldfields was a critically important consideration of the 1850s, when planning started on Victoria's first inland railway from Melbourne to Bendigo, and intended to reach Echuca. Construction of the line, by private interests, began in Williamstown in January 1854 before the colonial government took control in 1856, and construction restarted in June 1858. Ultimately, the one hundred mile section of railway from Melbourne to Bendigo opened in October 1862, and was extended to Echuca in 1864. Later branch lines took the service to Bridgewater, Heathcote, from Heathcote to Kilmore, and north to Swan Hill, Quambatook, Wycheproof and Wedderburn. The Elmore-Cohuna line opened in 1915 to accompany closer settlement schemes.
Bendigo city’s first tramway opened in June 1890, running trams from Bendigo Railway Station through the city and onto Eaglehawk. Connections were later made to Golden Square and Quarry Hill; and later again from Golden Square to the Government Ordnance
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factory at North Bendigo, to provide transport for factory workers. The tramways were closed in the early 1970s, but in 1973 the Bendigo Trust established part of the former tram route as a tourist tramway, and a tramways museum was established.
Development of manufacturing in Greater Bendigo coincided with the development of mining. Various stages of mining, including alluvial and quartz mining, were supported by a growing local manufacturing industry, including production of tools and equipment, fuses and explosives. Manufacturers also took advantage of the burgeoning population to produce beer, leather, flour, bricks for construction and forged metals.
Gold mining drove demand for local foundries and engineering works, to address the lack of local engineering facilities which in turn was causing significant delays in repairing damaged machinery. Demand for safety fuses in the mining industry was also high and a number of local enterprises were established to meet these needs in the nineteenth century.
Bricks were in great demand, and throughout the latter decades of the nineteenth century, many brickworks and potteries came into production in the Bendigo area. Fine Kaolin clay discovered locally was used by the (now nationally renowned) Bendigo Pottery, established in 1857.
In 1941, in the midst of World War Two, the Commonwealth Government established the Ordnance Factory at North Bendigo. It was a major employer during the war years, producing heavy artillery pieces, naval gun mountings, and reconditioning naval guns.
The breadth of inventions and innovations in manufacturing in the municipality covers foodstuffs, farming machinery, building technology and engineering. The innovations date back to the mid-nineteenth century and continue through to the present. Examples include H V McKay’s Sunshine Harvester of 1885; the use of cavity walls in house construction by Robert Alexander Love, introduced to the area in the 1860s and believed to be their first application in Victoria after being invented in Britain some 20 years previously; Leggo’s famous brand of foodstuffs, founded in Eaglehawk in the 1890s; Four and Twenty Pies, founded in Bendigo in the late 1940s; and John Donnellan’s invention in the 1890s of the starting machine for horse races, coming out of his expertise in building horse drawn vehicles. More recent innovations include vertical wind turbine electricity generators; the establishment of Australia’s first egg-pulp pasteurisation plant; and the ‘Elbo’ do-it-yourself steel framing system.
Greater Bendigo has large areas of box-ironbark forests, which historically have supported a number of significant industries. The forests have provided hard, durable timber for sawmill logs, sleepers, fence posts, piles, firewood, building materials and mining timbers; supported charcoal and wattle bark production; been the focus of eucalyptus oil distilling; honey production; and land for grazing. These industries, in turn, have impacted on the forests in myriad ways, including through environmental impacts, and the introduction of infrastructure associated with the forest activities.
Over a long period, awareness has grown of the need to conserve areas of natural value in the municipality, including the box-ironbark forests. A distinguishing feature of Bendigo is that it is now largely surrounded by forests reserved within the Greater Bendigo National Park. Complementing this but arising out of different historical processes, are the significant parks and gardens of the municipality, including Botanic Gardens, and street tree plantings in urban areas.
While gold initially attracted most people to Greater Bendigo, commerce was often a more reliable source of income than prospecting and mining, and many entrepreneurs used the capital made from mining to establish businesses. In 1853, temporary and often portable shops and stores were beginning to appear around the Government Camp at Sandhurst,
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where heavy foot traffic along Camp Street enabled this area to develop as an early commercial precinct. The 1854 survey of Sandhurst placed Pall Mall as the major thoroughfare perpendicular to Camp Street, and the first more permanent commercial buildings began to emerge from among the tents on the newly surveyed blocks. Pall Mall, and the surrounding Hargreaves, Bridge, McCrae, Mitchell and View streets, rapidly developed as the centre of business activity in Bendigo. Pall Mall and Mitchell Street also attracted the main commercial enterprises, although Pall Mall was more of a centre for professional services than retailers.
Banks and hotels were amongst the most prominent early buildings, and a finance precinct developed on View Point Hill, with the construction in the 1850s of the Bank of New South Wales and Bank of Victoria. A number of building and investment societies were also established from the 1850s, including the Bendigo Mutual Permanent Land and Building Society (1858) which grew into today’s Bendigo Bank, one of Australia’s largest retail banks.
Local government in Greater Bendigo began with the creation of the Municipal District of Sandhurst in April 1855, and the first Municipal Council meeting held in 1856. The Strathfieldsaye District Roads Board was created on 12 August 1861. Eaglehawk sought local government of its own and became a separate municipality in 1862, and subsequently a borough. As local populations grew and townships were stabilised, additional local government bodies were established and/or consolidated. These included, in the 1860s, the Metcalfe Road District, Marong Road District, and the Municipal District of McIvor which all later became shires or boroughs. The shires of Huntly and Strathfieldsaye were both proclaimed in 1866, and the Borough of Heathcote was created in 1869, but later re-annexed to the Borough of McIvor.
The Municipal District of Sandhurst became the Borough of Sandhurst, and in 1871 officially became a City less than 20 years after its establishment. The City of Sandhurst was renamed the City of Bendigo in 1891. In 1994 the new City of Greater Bendigo was formed, bringing together the former City of Bendigo, Rural City of Marong, Borough of Eaglehawk, Shires of Huntly, Strathfieldsaye and McIvor, and the Redesdale district of the Shire of Metcalfe.
Today, the economy of the municipality is focussed on a regional service role, including in areas of health, education, finance, banking and primary production. While manufacturing and engineering remain important to the economy, growth sectors include food manufacturing, information technologies, and tourism. Gold mining continues to play an important industrial and tourism role for the municipality. Greater Bendigo’s significant cultural heritage, as represented in the outstanding collection of historic buildings and places, is also widely recognised and highly valued.
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