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En La Selva Alta Del Jardín Escultórico Edward James, Xilitla, San Luis Potosí, Mexico

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En La Selva Alta Del Jardín Escultórico Edward James, Xilitla, San Luis Potosí, Mexico DIVERSIDAD DE ARAÑAS (ARANEAE, ARANEOMORPHAE) EN LA SELVA ALTA DEL JARDÍN ESCULTÓRICO EDWARD JAMES, XILITLA, SAN LUIS POTOSÍ, MEXICO Francisco Andrés Rivera-Quiroz, Uriel Garcilazo-Cruz, Fernando Alvarez-Padilla. Departamento de Biología Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias UNAM. Universidad 3000, Col. Ciudad Universitaria, Del. Coyoacán, D.F. México C.P. 04510. [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]. RESUMEN. Actualmente existen 43,678 especies de arañas descritas y se estima que esto solo representa entre la quinta parte y la mitad del total. El conocimiento de las especies para Araneae en México es incompleto; sin embargo, el desarrollo de métodos de recolecta para el grupo y la Taxonomía Cibernética hacen que sea posible incrementar esta información en tiempos razonables. En este proyecto se documentó la riqueza de especies araneomorfas (arañas no tarántulas) en una hectárea, dentro de un remanente de Selva Alta Perennifolia. Se recolectaron un total de 4,087 ejemplares adultos en 482 muestras obtenidas a lo largo de un año que pertenecen a 236 morfoespecies. Se recolecto entre el 71% y 88% del total de especies estimadas. Se esta creando una base con casi 3,000 imágenes digitales para la determinación e identificación de especies. Palabras clave: Arachnida, Faunística. Spider diversity (Araneae, Araneomorphae) in the “Jardín Escultorico Edward James” tropical forest, Xilitla, San Luis Potosí, México ABSTRACT. There are 43,678 described species of spiders and is estimated that this number only represents between half and one fifth of the total. The knowledge of the Mexican fauna is incomplete; however, the development of specialized collecting methods and the Cybertaxonomy make possible to increase this knowledge in reasonable times. This project describes the species richness of araneomorph spiders (no-tarantulas) in one hectare inside a remnant of tropical rain forest. A total of 4,087 adults specimens, belonging to 236 morphspecies were collected in 482 samples obtained during one year. These data estimated that our inventory represents between 71% and 88%. In addition a database of ca. 3,000 digital images is being compiled for determining and identifying these species. Key words: Arachnida, Faunistics. Introducción El Orden Araneae cuenta con 43,678 especies descritas y se estima que esto solo representa entre la mitad y una quinta parte del total (Coddington y Levi 1991, Platnick, 2013, Platnick et al. 1999). La mayoría de las especies nuevas están distribuidas en las regiones tropicales y subtropicales (Coddington y Levi 1991). Las arañas que incluye Araneomorphae comprenden el grupo más diverso conformado por aproximadamente el 90% de las especies descritas para el orden (Foelix, 2011). Su mayor diversidad se presenta en las áreas tropicales; por ejemplo, aproximadamente un tercio de los géneros conocidos se encuentran representados en el Neotrópico. La taxonomía de este grupo es una de las mejor organizadas a nivel mundial (Platnick 1989-2013) y se han desarrollado métodos de recolecta rápidos, sistemáticos y cuantitativos que permiten estimaciones de riqueza de especies y comparaciones entre áreas diferentes (Coddington et al. 1991, 1996, Scharff, et al. 2003, Maya-Morales, et al. 2012). El primer catalogo de las especies del Orden Araneae cuya distribución geográfica incluye México registró 1,598 especies y documentó su distribución a nivel estatal (Hoffmann 1976). El estudio más reciente que ha contabilizado las especies de arañas para el país reportó 2,506 p (J mé 1996). D “Th W Sp C ” (P k 2013) aproximadamente 67 familias y 2,200 especies de arañas para México. Sin embargo, es probable que estas especies solo representen una fracción debido a la falta de muestreos sistemáticos. Las contribuciones taxonómicas más importantes siguen siendo los dos volúmenes de Arachnida en la monumental obra Biologia Centrali-Americana (O. P.- Cambridge 1889-1902. F. O. P. – 60 Cambridge 1897-1905). Otras grandes contribuciones a la taxonomía de este grupo son las de Gertsch (Gertsch, 1992), Levi (Levi 1954, 2008) y Platnick y colaboradores (Platnick & Shadab 1974, Platnick & Ubick, 2007). La taxonomía ha resurgido como una disciplina moderna tomando el nombre de Taxonomía Cibernética gracias a la incorporación de nuevas tecnologías como las cámaras digitales, computadoras, microscopios equipados con estos avances y el sistema de internet, entre otras (Wheeler, 2008); ejemplo de estas iniciativas son programas científicos como el Planetary Biodiversity Inventory (NSF, 2013), The Biodiversity Heritage Library (BHL, 2013), Morphbank (Morphbank, 2013), entre otros recursos disponibles en línea. El conocimiento actual de la biodiversidad para el Orden Araneae en México es incompleto; sin embargo, actualmente es posible incrementarlo significativamente gracias a la Taxonomía Cibernetica. El presente trabajo pretende: 1) Conocer y documentar la biodiversidad de Araneomorphae para el Jardín Escultórico Edward James. 2) Proporcionar mediante un muestreo sistemático estimadores de su riqueza de especies para el área de muestreo. 3) Crear una base de imágenes digitales en línea para compartir esta información con expertos a nivel mundial. Materiales y Método La zona de estudio se encuentra dentro de el municipio de Xilitla, al sur del estado de San Luís Potosí. Se caracteriza por formar parte de la Sierra Madre Oriental, teniendo una elevación entre 600 y 2,800 m. Esto le confiere una gran variedad de ecosistemas donde destaca la selva alta perennifolia (también llamado bosque tropical perennifolio) (Coordinación Estatal para el desarrollo Municipal, 2007). Tiene una precipitación media anual de 1500-2000 mm con una época seca muy corta o nula, el rango de temperaturas anuales varía de 20 – 26ºC (Miranda y Hernández, 1963) La vegetación secundaria ocupa 236.05 de los 415 km2 de superficie del municipio (INEGI, 2013) y el porcentaje de área de siembra es de 24.81% (INEGI, 2013). El Jardín Escultórico de Edward James es una zona relativamente protegida de la selva de la Huasteca Potosina, debido a las actividades ecoturísticas que preservan más de 30 ha de remanente de selva alta perennifolia. El presente estudio comprendió cuatro expediciones realizadas a lo largo de un año (con una separación de aproximadamente tres meses entre cada una). Se trazó una hectárea con centro 21º23’50”N 98º59’38”O 689 m. de la cual se aplicaron las técnicas de muestreo propuestas por Ubick et al. (2005). Las unidades mínimas de muestro fueron hora/hombre en las recolectas manuales, con red de golpeo, hora de tamizado de hojarasca y hora en el campo por trampa de caída. Estas unidades de muestreo permiten obtener extrapolaciones aceptables con los estimadores de riqueza de especies propuestos por Colwell y Coddington (1994). Se realizaron ocho horas de recolecta diaria por persona durante el día y la noche. Los ejemplares fueron conservados en etanol al 80% y 96%. Las muestras fueron separadas en primera instancia en adultos y juveniles. Únicamente se utilizaron adultos para la determinación y análisis. Estas arañas fueron determinadas a nivel de Familia con ayuda de las claves taxonómicas de Ubick, et al, (2005) y Jocqué y Dippenaar- Schoeman (2006). La identificación de las distintas morfoespecies fue posible gracias a la comparación de imágenes digitales. Una vez concluida esta separación se procedió a la determinación taxonómica a nivel de género, especie y la determinación de posibles especies nuevas. La base de imágenes digitales fue obtenida en colaboración con la Academia de Ciencias C f (USA) [“C f A m f S ”]. E p m E m S 8.2.0 (C w , 2006) se uso para realizar los análisis de diversidad mediante los estimadores de riqueza de especie (ACE, ICE, Chao1, Chao2, Jacknife1, Jacknife2 y Bootstrap). 61 Resultados y Discusión En el presente estudió se recolectaron un total de 10,975 arañas de las cuales 4,087 (37%) son adultas. Estos individuoas representan 236 morfoespecies agrupadas en 36 familias (Cuadro 1). El número de especies para un área delimitada se estima mediante la combinación de la curva m ó p p p ó “ ” ( p p p v ) “ b ” ( p p p v ). El número de singletons (69, 29%) y doubletons (28, 12%) para el área de estudio no se intersectó, por lo que los estimadores indican que se encontró entre un 71% (Chao2) y 88% (Bootstrap) de las especies (Fig. 1, Cuadro 2). Figura 1. Curvas de acumulacion de especies observadas y estimadas En México se han realizado inventarios similares a este trabajo, en bosques mesófilos (Maya-Morales et al, 2012 e Ibarra-Núñez, et al, 2011) y varios tipos de vegetación presentes en las Islas Revillagigedo, Baja California (Jiménez, 1991). Comparativamente, Maya-Morales, et al (2012) obtuvieron un total de 8,370 especímenes de los que 14% fueron adultos representando 22 familias, 71 géneros y 112 especies indicando que su inventario constituye entre el 81 y 91% de especies en su zona de estudio. Otros estudios nacionales que no estimaron riqueza de especies pero documentan su diversidad incluyen: Ibarra-Núñez, et al (2011) quienes registran 32 familias, 99 géneros y 151 especies y Jiménez (1991) quien encontró 25 especies en 11 familias. Estudios internacionales incluyen el de Bonaldo y Dias (2010) en un bosque tropical de Brasil que registró 357 especies representando un 82% del total estimado. Silva y Coddington (1996) registran 33 familias y 498 especies para un bosque tropical en Perú representando un 56% del total estimado. Estos resultados representan la separación de todos los individuos hallados en las muestras al nivel de morfoespecie y el análisis de la diversidad. La determinación de género/especies y la determinación de especies nuevas esta en proceso. Para este propósito se han tomado 1,259 imágenes digitales compuestas y 443 imágenes de SEM; faltando aproximadamente dos tercios de las morfoespecies por documentar. Estas imágenes están siendo subidas a Morphbank para ser compartidas con expertos a nivel mundial y así agilizar el proceso de determinación. Finalmente para el estado de San Luis Potosí se tienen registradas entre 155 (Hoffmann, 1976) y 221 (Jiménez, 1996) especies.
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