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From Cnidarians to Mammals: the Use of Animals As Remedies in Fishing

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From Cnidarians to Mammals: the Use of Animals As Remedies in Fishing Journal of Ethnopharmacology xxx (2006) xxx–xxx From cnidarians to mammals: The use of animals as remedies in fishing communities in NE Brazil Romuloˆ R.N. Alves a,b,∗, Iereceˆ L. Rosa c a Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Estadual da Para´ıba, Campus Universit´ario do Bodocong´o, Campina Grande, Para´ıba, Brasil b Programa de P´os-Gradua¸c˜ao em Ciˆencias Biol´ogicas (Zoologia), Universidade Federal da Para´ıba, 58051-900 Jo˜ao Pessoa, PB, Brazil c Departamento de Sistem´atica e Ecologia, Universidade Federal da Para´ıba, 58051-900 Jo˜ao Pessoa, PB, Brazil Received 22 September 2005; received in revised form 10 March 2006; accepted 13 March 2006 Abstract This work documents zootherapeutic practices in Northeast Brazil. It is primarily based on field surveys carried out in fishing villages located in the states of Maranhao˜ and Para´ıba, where 60 respondents (38 men and 22 women) provided information on animal species used as medicine, body parts used to prepare the remedies and illnesses to which the remedies were prescribed. A total of 100 animal species (72 families), distributed in 12 taxonomic categories, was used as medicine. Zootherapeutic resources were used to treat 62 different diseases. The local medicinal fauna is largely based on wild animals, including some endangered species. Threatened species, such as the seahorse (Hippocampus reidi, Ginsburg, 1933) (Syngnathidae) and the green turtle (Chelonia mydas, Linnaeus, 1758) (Cheloniidae) represented important medicinal resources for the studied communities. This shows the need to integrate traditional knowledge into strategies to conserve and manage faunistic resources in Brazil. © 2006 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Conservation; Ethnozoology; Traditional medicine; Zootherapy 1. Introduction management (MMA, 2003). Animal species have been medici- nally used in the country by indigenous societies for millennia, Naturally occurring substances of plant, animal and min- and by descendants of the European settlers for the last four eral origin have provided a continuing source of medicines centuries (Costa-Neto, 1999a). since the earliest times known to man (David and Anderson, Expressions of traditional medicine in the country, particu- 1969), and their use has been perpetuated through the use of larly of zootherapy, represent an interaction of native, African traditional medicines. Traditional forms of medicine have been and European elements, since the beginning of colonization strongly incorporated by contemporary societies, phytotherapy (Almeida, 2005), resulting in a rich ethnomedicine used by peo- and zootherapy being among the various therapeutic alternatives ple belonging to different social classes in Brazil (Costa-Neto, used around the globe (Alves and Rosa, 2005). 1999a). Nevertheless, the use of animal species as remedies, Animals and plants have been broadly used since ancient although representing an important component of traditional times in Brazilian traditional medicine (Almeida, 2005), and medicine (sometimes in association with plant species), has been have played a significant role in healing practices. This is not much less studied than medicinal plants in the country. While surprising given the estimate that Brazil possesses between 15 Calixto (2005) recorded 3722 published full paper on medicinal and 20% of all the world’s biological diversity, as well as a sig- plants in Brazil, inventories of animal species used as medicine nificant cultural mega diversity, represented by more than 200 are still relatively rare in the country. indigenous peoples as well as by a large number of local com- Moreover, a substantial portion of the information available munities which detain a considerable knowledge of the flora and on zootherapeutic practices in Brazil was obtained in the north- fauna, and of traditional systems of renewable natural resources eastern State of Bahia alone (Costa-Neto, 1996, 1999a,b,c,d, 2000a,b, 2001, 2002; Costa-Neto and Marques, 2000; Andrade and Costa-Neto, 2005; Costa-Neto and Pacheco, 2005). The ∗ Corresponding author. Tel.: +55 83 32167775; fax: +55 83 32167775. remaining brazilian studies were based on field work con- E-mail address: romulo [email protected] (R.R.N. Alves). ducted in the states of Para(´ Branch and Silva, 1983; Figueiredo, 0378-8741/$ – see front matter © 2006 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2006.03.007 JEP-4184; No. of Pages 18 2 R.R.N. Alves, I.L. Rosa / Journal of Ethnopharmacology xxx (2006) xxx–xxx 1994); Maranhao-Tocantins˜ (Begossi and Braga, 1992); Per- tation consists of remnants of the Atlantic forest and ‘restinga’ nambuco (Almeida and Albuquerque, 2002; Silva et al., 2004; (coastal forest vegetation), and mangrove ecosystem covering Almeida, 2005); Alagoas (Marques, 1995; Marques and Costa- more than 6000 ha on the banks of the rivers Mamanguape and Neto, 1997); Rio de Janeiro (Seixas and Begossi, 2001); Sao˜ Miriri, and their tributaries. Other ecosystems represented in the Paulo (Begossi, 1992). ‘APA’ are lagoons, beaches and reefs. Regrettably, some of the zootherapeutic resources used in the According to Paludo and Klonowski (1999), the dwellers of country are already included in Brazil’s official lists of threat- the ‘APA’ originated from miscegenation of white, Amerindi- ened species (IBAMA, 2003; MMA, 2004). As pointed out by ans and black people. Most people living in the study Marques (1997), the medical potential of the Brazilian fauna and sites consider themselves Christian (76.69% at the Marcac¸ao˜ the possibility of its exhaustion through overexploitation or even site and 81.98% at Mamanguape) (http://www.zillner.eng.br/ species extinction, requires urgently an ecological evaluation of infobrasil/municipioslista.php). Most of the riverine human this process by assessing not only its zoological dimension but communities depend on the estuary and mangrove habitats for also its cultural dimension. their survival and maintenance of their culture. According to Given Brazil’s significant cultural and biological diversity, Vidal (2000), in some areas of the ‘APA’ there are subsistence the country can be used as a useful case study to increase our crop plantations and even livestock owned by local farmers. knowledge of faunistic resources used as medicines, and to draw APA’s settlers face a number of social problems, such as lack of attention to the need to protect traditional knowledge and bio- health care system, of water treatment, and of an adequate school diversity. In that context, the aim of this paper is to document system and use local natural resources as source of energy, food zootherapeutic practices in two fishing communities located in and of building materials (Pereira, 1995). In some areas closer the Northeastern region of Brazil. The study is primarily based to the mouth of the Mamanguape river tourism has emerged as on field surveys, and was centered around the following ques- an additional economic activity for the locals. tions: which animal species are used as medicine by the two Interviewees’ age ranged from 28 to 87 years (the average age communities? Which are the body parts used to prepare the being 52.7 years). With regards to schooling, 76.7% (n = 23) of remedies? Which are the illnesses treated by the remedies? How the interviewees were illiterate, 13.3% (n = 4) attended school are geographical discontinuity and local landscapes reflected in for 8 years (completing what is known in Brazil as “ensino fun- the zootherapeutic practices of the two communities? damental”), 6.7% (n = 2) attended school for less than 8 years and 3.3% (n = 1) attended the 3 years of high school (complet- 2. Methods ing what is known in Brazil as “ensino medio”).´ With regards to monthly income, most interviewees (70%) earned minimum 2.1. Sites of study wage (R$ 300 = US$ 131.34) or less. 2.1.1. APA Barra do rio Mamanguape—Para´ıba State 2.1.2. Municipality of Raposa—Maranh˜ao State The ‘APA’ Barra do rio Mamanguape has a total area of The municipality of Raposa is located on the island of 14,460 ha, and encompasses the estuaries of the rivers Maman- Sao˜ Lu´ıs, at about 37 km from the city of Sao˜ Lu´ıs, capi- guape, Miriri and Estiva (Alves et al., 2005)(Fig. 1). Its vege- tal of the state of Maranhao.˜ According to Rangel (2003), Fig. 1. Map showing the surveyed localities. R.R.N. Alves, I.L. Rosa / Journal of Ethnopharmacology xxx (2006) xxx–xxx 3 modern occupation of that municipality began in the 50s, To respect intellectual property rights, we adopted the fol- when fishers from the neighbour state of Cearamovedtothe´ lowing protocol in the field: before the survey, we introduced Raposa area. That coastal municipality covers ca. 63.9 km2, ourselves, explained the nature and objectives of our research and encompasses a population of 16,057 people, whose main and asked the respondents for permission to record the informa- sources of income are artisanal fisheries and production of crafts tion. A formal approach using consent forms was hampered due (Rodrigues et al., 2001; Zoneamento Costeiro do Estado do to the illiteracy found among most of the interviewees. Maranhao,˜ 2003). The coastal physiography of the region where We used the native visualization or emic approach, avoiding the Raposa municipality is located includes sandy beaches, this way the introduction of comments or terms used by the paleodunes, mangroves, etc. (Feitosa, 1998), and the munic- researcher (or interviewer), which could influence the answer ipality is considered the main producer of fish in the state given by the informants (see Sturtevant, 1964; Posey, 1986). of Maranhao˜ (Stride, 1988). Most people in the Raposa area Species’ vernacular names were recorded as quoted by inter- consider themselves catholics (56.17%), followed by evan- viewees. Zoological material was identified with the aid of spe- gelicals (35%). Some (24%) informed they had no religion cialists, through (1) examination of voucher specimens donated (http://www.zillner.eng.br/infobrasil/municipioslista.php).
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