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History of the Participation by Newfoundland in World War Ii

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History of the Participation by Newfoundland in World War Ii 1 Document Allan M. Fraser HISTORY OF THE PARTICIPATION BY NEWFOUNDLAND IN WORLD WAR II Edited and with an Introduction by Peter Neary and Melvin Baker ©2010 Cover Tom Wood Harbour, St John’s, Newfoundland CWM 197102619-4875 Beaverbrook Collection of War Art © Canadian War Museum 2 CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS…………………………………………………………………………………….. INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………………………… DOCUMENT: ALLAN M. FRASER, HISTORY OF THE PARTICIPATION BY NEWFOUNDLAND IN WORLD WAR II I RECRUITING…………………………………………………………………………………………….. Special Naval Service..................................................................................................................... Office Organized………………………………………………………………………………………… Officers…………………………………………………………………………………………………… Men………………………………………………………………………………………………………. Appointment of Director of Recruiting and Formation of Recruitment Committee…………….. Women’s Patriotic Association Club Rooms……………………………………………………….. First Naval Draft………………………………………………………………………………………. General Naval Services……………………………………………………………………………… Royal Artillery………………………………………………………………………………………… Royal Air Force………………………………………………………………………………………. Ground Staff…………………………………………………………………………………………. Air Crew……………………………………………………………………………………………… Royal Merchant Navy………………………………………………………………………………. Newfoundland Overseas Forestry Unit………………………………………………………….. II DEFENCE………………………………………………………………………………………… The Newfoundland Militia………………………………………………………………………… Seizure and Prize…………………………………………………………………………………. ChristophV. Doornum…………………………………………………………………………….. 3 Izarra……………………………………………………………………………………………….. Cancalais…………………………………………………………………………………………. Madiana……………………………………………………………………………………………. Bassilour…………………………………………………………………………………………… Oddvar II…………………………………………………………………………………………….. Requisitioning of Ships……………………………………………………………………………. Treatment of Enemy Aliens……………………………………………………………………….. St. John’s Harbour Net……………………………………………………………………………… Control of Shipping…………………………………………………………………………………… Censorship…………………………………………………………………………………………….. Control of Navigational Aids in Wartime…………………………………………………………….. Civil Defence……………………………………………………………………………………………. Air Craft Detection Corps……………………………………………………………………………….. III BASES…………………………………………………………………………………………………. The Newfoundland Airport, Gander ……………………………………………………………… Use of Gander in connection with Transatlantic Ferry Service ……………………………………. Torbay Airport…………………………………………………………………………………………….. Goose Bay Airport……………………………………………………………………………………….. Chronology of Goose Bay Negotiations……………………………………………………………… United States Bases in Newfoundland……………………………………………………………….. IV FINANCIALMEASURES……………………………………………………………………………. Finance: 1942-1943………………………………………………………………………………….. Finance: 1943-1944………………………………………………………………………………………. Finance: 1944-1945……………………………………………………………………………………. Finance: 1945-1946……………………………………………………………………………………. Foreign Exchange Control……………………………………………………………………………… V ECONOMIC MEASURES 4 Price and Rent Control…………………………………………………………………………………… Import Control and Priorities Settlement of Trade Disputes……………………………………………………………………… National Registration…………………………………………………………………………………… VI ST. PIERRE AND MIQUELON………………………………………………………………… VII NEWFOUNDLAND’S FIGHTING FORCES…………………………………………………….. The 166th (Newfoundland) Army Field Regiment , Royal Artillery………………………………….. The 59th (Newfoundland) Heavy Regiment , Royal Artillery………………………………………… Service Statistics………………………………………………………………………………………. VIII NEWFOUNDLAND’S STRATEGIC VALUE………………………………………………….. 5 ABBREVIATIONS AOC in C air officer commanding-in-chief ARP Air Raid Patrol ASM acting sergeant major BCATP British Commonwealth Air Training Plan BEM British Empire Medal CBE Commander of the Order of the British Empire CCRA Commander Corps Royal Artillery CMG Commander of the Order of St. Michael and St. George CO commanding officer CSI Companion of the Order of the Star of India CVO Commander of the Royal Victorian Order DLI Durham Light Infantry DP displaced person DSO Distinguished Service Order ENSO Entertainments National Service Association FOO field ordnance officer GCB Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath GMF ground mobile force(s) HE His Excellency HMC His Majesty‘s Canadian JP Justice of the Peace KC King‘s Counsel L/Bombardier lance bombardier LCI landing craft, infantry MBE Member of the Order of the British Empire MC Military Cross MM Military Medal NCO noncommissioned officer OBE Order of the British Empire OC officer commanding OP Operations PBY patrol bomber (Y was a US navy designation) RA Royal Artillery RAF Royal Air Force RASC Royal Army Service Corps RCAF Royal Canadian Air Force REME Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers RHQ regimental headquarters RN Royal Navy RSM regimental sergeant major 6 SS Schutzstaffel or Steamship 2 i/c second in command UDF Union Defence Forces (South Africa) UK United Kingdom USS United States Ship VE Day Victory in Europe Day W/Sergeant warrant sergeant WOEL warrant officer, class EL (electrical) WPA Women‘s Patriotic Association WT wireless telegraph YMCA Young Men‘s Christian Association 7 I INTRODUCTION 8 The Second World War lifted Newfoundland and Labrador out of the Great Depression of the 1930s and fostered impressive social change in what was then still a separate country.1 When the war started, Newfoundland (the present-day province only became Newfoundland and Labrador in 2001), was being governed by a British-appointed Commission of Government. This system had been in effect since 16 February 1934 and had been forced on the then Dominion of Newfoundland by a deep financial crisis brought on by world economic events following the Wall Street crash of 29 October 1929. Instead of an elected legislature and cabinet, Newfoundland had a governor and six commissioners, three from Newfoundland and three from the United Kingdom─but all appointed by London, which provided an annual grant-in-aid to allow hard-pressed Newfoundland to balance its books. The commission had both legislative and executive authority: it could both make laws and carry them out. But it was accountable not to the Newfoundland electorate but to the British parliament. After 1934 the commission tried various means to revive the economy, but in the spring of 1939 there were as many people on relief in the country (roughly one-third of the entire population) as there had been in the spring of 1934. Thanks to wartime developments, however, all this soon changed. Because of its constitutional relationship with the United Kingdom through the Commission of Government, Newfoundland went to war on 3 September 1939 when the British went to war (King George VI declared war on behalf of Canada a week later). The commission responded to the emergency by passing, on 1 September, An Act for the Defence of Newfoundland, the Newfoundland equivalent of the Canadian War Measures Act. A defence plan had been adopted in 1936 and, in keeping with this, legislation was passed in October 1939 to create the Newfoundland Militia, later renamed the Newfoundland Regiment and augmented by an Auxiliary Militia or Home Guard. In the First World War Newfoundland had recruited a regiment and sent it overseas─at great human and financial cost. Eventually, the divisive policy of conscription had to be introduced to maintain the war effort. In 1939 the commission set out in a very different direction. This time Newfoundland would contribute by acting to defend its own territory and by directing volunteers into the British forces. The largest group of Newfoundlanders and Labradorians to serve in uniform with the British went into the Royal Navy, but many others found their way into service in units identified with Newfoundland in the Royal Artillery and the Royal Air Force. When the atomic bomb was exploded above Nagasaki, Japan, on 9 August 1945, one survivor was John Ford, a Newfoundlander who had volunteered with the RAF and was now a prisoner of war labouring at the Mitsubishi naval dockyard. Eventually, Canada was also 9 allowed to recruit in Newfoundland and found many enlistees, both male and female, for its fighting forces. Interestingly, the largest single group of Newfoundlanders to go overseas during the Second World War did not go in uniform, but as members of the Newfoundland Forestry Unit, recruitment for which was started by the Commission of Government, at British request, in October 1939. Members of this unit worked mainly in Scotland and their experience paralleled that of Canadian foresters, who did serve in uniform. Altogether, more than 12,000 Newfoundlanders served abroad in one form or another during the war (the 1945 population of Newfoundland and Labrador was 321,819). At the same time thousands of Allied servicemen and women were stationed in Newfoundland and Labrador. Early in the war the Commission of Government concluded that it could not from its own resources defend the vital military installations in the country, especially the Newfoundland Airport at what is now Gander and the seaplane base at Botwood. These facilities had been built in the late 1930s by Newfoundland and the United Kingdom in connection with experimental flights aimed at the introduction of transatlantic air service. From 1940 the British, now fighting for their own survival, were likewise compromised in relation to the defence of Newfoundland. Accordingly, Canada was invited to send forces to Newfoundland to meet an urgent need. Understanding that her own defence was closely tied to that of her eastern neighbour, Canada readily agreed and Canadian forces
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