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Universidad Católica San Antonio UNIVERSIDAD CATÓLICA SAN ANTONIO DEPARTAMENTO DE CIENCIAS SOCIALES, JURÍDICAS Y DE LA EMPRESA LA BITÁCORA COMO PRODUCTO CIBERPERIODÍSTICO Y CORPORATIVO DE LOS MEDIOS DE COMUNICACIÓN: APROXIMACIÓN A LAS RELACIONES DE LOS CIBERMEDIOS CON LA COMUNIDAD BLOGUER José Manuel Noguera Vivo 2006 UNIVERSIDAD CATÓLICA SAN ANTONIO DEPARTAMENTO DE CIENCIAS SOCIALES, JURÍDICAS Y DE LA EMPRESA TESIS DOCTORAL LA BITÁCORA COMO PRODUCTO CIBERPERIODÍSTICO Y CORPORATIVO DE LOS MEDIOS DE COMUNICACIÓN: APROXIMACIÓN A LAS RELACIONES DE LOS CIBERMEDIOS CON LA COMUNIDAD BLOGUER AUTOR: José Manuel Noguera Vivo DIRECTOR: José Carlos Losada Díaz Murcia, octubre de 2006 Veo el futuro de los medios como Gulliver en Liliput: gigantes atados por legiones de enanos… Pepe Cervera, octubre de 2004 Índice: CAPÍTULO 1. Introducción............................................................................................. 9 1.1 Justificación del estudio.................................................................................... 13 1.2 Estado de la cuestión ....................................................................................... 15 1.3 Hipótesis y objetivos ......................................................................................... 18 1.4 Estructura del trabajo ....................................................................................... 20 1.5 Metodología empleada ..................................................................................... 25 MARCO TEÓRICO CAPÍTULO 2. El fenómeno de las bitácoras desde una perspectiva global: nomenclatura, desarrollo y consideraciones generales................................................ 31 2.1 Hacia una definición consensuada de blog ...................................................... 32 2.1.1 Revisión de las tipologías de bitácoras....................................................... 42 2.2 El origen de los blogs desde la visión dual de Berners-Lee y Barger............... 49 2.2.1 Las bases estructurales: difusión de las plataformas de publicación ......... 54 2.2.2 El crecimiento de la colmena: los primeros directorios............................... 61 2.2.3 Iniciativas pioneras en la Blogosfera y cronología destacada .................... 65 2.3 Rasgos identificativos de la Blogosfera ............................................................ 71 2.3.1 Contra el anonimato en la Red: Identidad .................................................. 72 2.3.2 El valor de identificar las fuentes: Transparencia ....................................... 77 2.3.3 El sentimiento de pertenencia a un grupo: Comunidad.............................. 81 2.3.4 La esencia de la World Live Web: Conversación ....................................... 89 2.3.5 La “netiqueta” tácita de las bitácoras: Ética bloguer................................... 94 CAPÍTULO 3. Modelo de relaciones entre bitácoras y cibermedios: de la búsqueda de sinergias a la propuesta como cibergénero................................................................ 101 3.1 Relaciones tangenciales entre Blogs y Periodismo........................................ 103 3.2 Bitácoras de particulares sobre Comunicación............................................... 117 3.3 Bitácoras particulares de periodistas.............................................................. 122 3.4 Bitácoras de medios de comunicación ........................................................... 135 3.4.1 Los cibermedios como servidores de blogging......................................... 147 3.4.2 Aprovechar el “know how”: cuando el medio necesita a un bloguer......... 149 3.5 Modelos mixtos de bitácoras mediáticas ........................................................ 155 3.5.1 El contenido ciudadano como nueva parte del cibermedio ...................... 156 3.5.2 La bitácora como fórmula para dialogar con la Redacción....................... 163 3.5.3 Señales de la influencia bloguer sobre los medios................................... 167 3.5.4 La mercantilización del contenido blog..................................................... 173 3.5.5 La búsqueda de sinergias entre buscadores y blogs................................ 179 3.6 La bitácora como adelanto de nuevos cibergéneros periodísticos................. 181 3.6.1 Iniciación a los parámetros del discurso digital......................................... 183 3.6.1.1 Multimedialidad ................................................................................ 185 3.6.1.2 Hipertextualidad ............................................................................... 186 3.6.1.3 Interactividad.................................................................................... 189 3.6.1.4 Actualización.................................................................................... 190 3.6.1.5 Universalidad ................................................................................... 192 3.6.2 Introducción a una tipología de medios digitales...................................... 196 3.6.2.1 La bitácora dentro de las tipologías de medios en la Red ............... 199 3.6.3 De las viejas herencias informativas a las formas nativas de la Red ....... 201 3.6.3.1 El papel de la Noticia en la Red....................................................... 201 3.6.3.2 La libertad del Reportaje.................................................................. 206 3.6.3.3 La narración valorativa y la Crónica................................................. 208 3.6.3.4 La Columna como género no lineal ................................................. 213 3.6.3.5 La Infografía digital como género autónomo ................................... 216 3.6.3.6 El paso de los lectores y las entrevistas de la audiencia................. 218 3.6.4 La bitácora como propuesta de cibergénero periodístico......................... 222 3.6.4.1 Crónicas en “liveblogging” ............................................................... 227 3.6.4.2 Columna bloguer.............................................................................. 235 CAPÍTULO 4. Bitácoras y comunicación corporativa: introducción a las viejas oportunidades en un nuevo entorno........................................................................... 241 4.1 Introducción a las bases teóricas de la comunicación corporativa................. 242 4.2 Principios para la aplicación del corporate en la Red..................................... 245 4.3 La convergencia entre bitácoras y comunicación corporativa ........................ 251 4.3.1 El blog como instrumento de corporate: tipología y objetivos................... 255 CAPÍTULO 5. La bitácora como herramienta del “corporate mediático”: la aportación del lector y el debate público como estrategia de credibilidad. .................................. 269 5.1 La empresa informativa ante la comunicación corporativa............................. 271 5.2 La bitácora como acción corporativa del medio de comunicación.................. 273 5.3 Bitácoras corporativas de medios................................................................... 275 5.3.1 La audiencia como sección del medio...................................................... 277 5.3.2 Los lectores como parte de la línea editorial ............................................ 281 TRABAJO DE CAMPO CAPÍTULO 6. Plantilla de análisis y grupo Delphi “Blogs y Medios”.......................... 295 6.1 Justificación y descripción de la metodología................................................. 296 6.2 Elaboración de la muestra y plantilla de análisis ............................................ 300 6.3 Resultados del análisis ................................................................................... 304 6.4 Resultados finales: los expertos opinan sobre Blogosfera y Medios.............. 305 CAPÍTULO 7. Conclusiones....................................................................................... 339 Bibliografía.................................................................................................................. 353 Bitácoras consultadas................................................................................................. 371 Anexo documental...................................................................................................... 385 a) Muestra de bitácoras de medios utilizada ........................................................ 386 b) Plantilla de análisis aplicada a la muestra........................................................ 392 c) Cuestionario Delphi 1 ....................................................................................... 394 d) Respuestas individuales a las sesiones del grupo Delphi, oleada 1 ................ 397 e) Resultados agregados de la primera ronda ..................................................... 416 f) Cuestionario Delphi 2 (con resultados de Delphi 1) .......................................... 419 g) Respuestas individuales a las sesiones del grupo Delphi, oleada 2 ................ 423 h) Resultados agregados de la segunda y última ronda....................................... 449 LA BITÁCORA COMO PRODUCTO CIBERPERIODÍSTICO Y CORPORATIVO DE LOS MEDIOS DE COMUNICACIÓN: APROXIMACIÓN A LAS RELACIONES DE LOS CIBERMEDIOS CON LA COMUNIDAD BLOGUER 1. Introducción A finales de julio de 2006 el buscador de blogs Technorati1 contabilizaba alrededor de 50 millones de bitácoras2 en todo el mundo y esta cifra desprende un dato revelador: la comunidad bloguer ahora es cien veces más grande que hace tres años. Empresas y medios de comunicación prestan cada vez más
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