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The XMM-BCS Galaxy Cluster Survey

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The XMM-BCS Galaxy Cluster Survey The XMM-BCS galaxy cluster survey Robert´ Suhadaˇ Munchen¨ 2011 The XMM-BCS galaxy cluster survey Robert´ Suhadaˇ Dissertation an der Fakultat¨ fur¨ Physik der Ludwig–Maximilians–Universitat¨ Munchen¨ vorgelegt von Robert´ Suhadaˇ aus Kosice,ˇ Slowakei Munchen,¨ den 25. Marz¨ 2011 Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Hans Bohringer¨ Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Ortwin Gerhard Tag der mundlichen¨ Prufung:¨ 22. Juli 2011 Contents Zusammenfassung xiii Abstract xv 1 Introduction 1 2 Clusters of galaxies 3 2.1 Darkmattercontentofgalaxyclusters . ........ 7 2.2 Theintraclustermedium . ... 8 2.2.1 X-raypropertiesofclusters. .... 8 2.2.2 Spatial distribution of the cluster X-ray emission . ........... 10 2.2.3 CoolcoresandAGNfeedback . 12 2.2.4 X-rayscalingrelations . .. 14 2.2.5 Self-similarscalingrelations . ...... 15 2.2.6 The Sunyaev-Zel’dovich effect....................... 17 2.3 Thegalaxypopulationoftheclusters. ........ 21 2.3.1 Brightestclustergalaxies. .... 23 2.3.2 Theclusterredsequence . 24 2.3.3 Thegalaxyluminosityfunction . ... 25 2.3.4 Opticalclusterdetection . ... 25 2.4 Overviewofclusterreviewpapers . ...... 27 3 Tracing cosmic evolution with clusters of galaxies 29 3.1 StructureformationintheUniverse. ........ 29 3.1.1 Clustermassfunction. 30 3.2 Surveynumbercounts .............................. 32 3.3 Clusterpowerspectrum. ... 36 3.4 Othercosmologicaltestswithclusters . ......... 37 3.4.1 AngulardistanceHubblediagram . ... 37 3.4.2 Thegasmassfractioncosmologicaltest . ...... 39 vi CONTENTS 4 Analysis of the XMM-Newton survey data 41 4.1 Overviewof the XMM-Newton mission ...................... 41 4.2 ElementsofX-rayanalysis . .... 42 4.2.1 X-raymirrors................................ 43 4.2.2 Pointspreadfunction. 45 4.2.3 Effectivearea................................ 47 4.2.4 CCDdetectors ............................... 48 4.2.5 X-rayimaging ............................... 48 4.3 Mosaicmodeobservations . ... 50 4.3.1 Overheadsinstandardobservations . ..... 50 4.3.2 Thestructureofamosaicmodeobservation . ...... 52 4.4 Analysingmosaicmodeobservations. ....... 53 4.4.1 Singlepiecemosaichandling. ... 54 4.4.2 Splittingmosaicintoindividualpointings . ......... 57 5 The XMM-BCS galaxy cluster survey 59 5.1 Introduction.................................... 60 5.2 XMM-Newton datareduction............................ 62 5.3 Sourcedetection................................. .. 66 5.3.1 Sourcelistgeneration. .. 67 5.3.2 Growthcurveanalysis . 70 5.3.3 Physicalparameterestimation . .... 73 5.4 Photometricredshiftestimation. ........ 75 5.4.1 Spectroscopicredshifts . ... 76 5.5 Results........................................ 77 5.5.1 Galaxyclustersample . 77 5.5.2 Surveysky-coverage . 78 5.5.3 Cluster log N log S ............................ 82 − 5.5.4 Comparison of spectroscopic and photometric redshifts.......... 84 5.5.5 Cross-correlationwithknownsources . ...... 85 5.5.6 Cross-correlation with the Southern Cosmology Surveyclusters . 86 5.6 Discussion...................................... 91 5.6.1 ErrorbudgetoftheX-rayanalysis . .... 92 5.6.2 Projectoutlook ............................... 95 5.7 Conclusions..................................... 96 5.8 Appendix ...................................... 99 5.8.1 Qualityflagsandancillaryinformation . ...... 99 5.8.2 Notesonindividualsources . 103 5.8.3 Test of sensitivity function from preliminary Monte Carlo simulations . 106 5.8.4 ComparisonwiththeXMM-LSSsurvey . 107 CONTENTS vii 6 XMM-Newton detection of two clusters with strong SPT SZE signals 113 6.1 Introduction.................................... 113 6.2 XMM-Newtondatareduction. 114 6.2.1 XMM-Newtonmosaicmodeobservations . 115 6.2.2 X-raydataanalysis ............................. 116 6.3 Discussionandconclusions. .119 6.4 Appendix ......................................120 7 Exploring the galaxy cluster-group transition regime at high redshifts 123 7.1 Introduction.................................... 124 7.2 Observationsanddataanalysis . .. ..126 7.2.1 Initial X-ray detection with XMM-Newton ................126 7.2.2 Optical/Near-infraredobservations. 127 7.2.3 GrowthcurveanalysisoftheX-rayimagingdata . .......136 7.3 Resultsanddiscussion . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 138 7.3.1 Physicalpropertiesoftheclusters . .. ..138 7.3.2 The nature of the X-ray emission of XMMU J1532.2-0836 . .......140 7.3.3 Thegalaxypopulationoftheclusters . .142 7.3.4 Cross-correlationwithknownsources . .. ..143 7.4 Conclusions..................................... 143 7.5 Appendix ......................................145 7.5.1 XMMUJ0302.1-0000 . .145 7.5.2 High redshift cluster detections in the past decade . ...........150 8 Summary and outlook 153 8.1 Conclusions of the analysis of two z > 1systems .................153 8.2 SummaryoftheX-rayoftheXMM-BCSsurvey. .154 8.3 OutlooksfortheXMM-BCSsurvey . 155 Bibliography 159 Acknowledgements 187 Curriculum Vitae 188 viii CONTENTS List of Figures 2.1 Growthofentropy................................. 4 2.2 Thelarge-scalestructureoftheUniverse . .......... 4 2.3 TheBulletCluster................................ .. 6 2.4 ClusterX-rayspectra . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... 9 2.5 AGNfeedbackinclustercores . .... 13 2.6 The inverse Compton scattering kernel and the SZE spectrum........... 19 2.7 SZEandX-raycomparisonofthreeclusters . ........ 21 2.8 Abell2218andtheCMDofXMMUJ2235-2557 . ... 22 2.9 Schechtergalaxyluminosityfunction . ........ 26 3.1 Comparisonofmassfunctions . .... 33 3.2 MassfunctionintheMilleniumRunsimulation . ......... 34 3.3 Cosmological constraints from cluster number counts . ............. 35 3.4 TheREFLEXIIpowerspectrum . .. 36 3.5 Angular distance Hubble diagram and fgas test................... 38 4.1 XMM-Newton and its effectivearea ........................ 43 4.2 Wolter type 1 mirror design of XMM-Newton ................... 44 4.3 XMM-Newton PSFgallery ............................. 46 4.4 Azimuthally averaged PSF and vignetting function of XMM-Newton ....... 47 4.5 Mosaic mode observation efficiency ........................ 50 4.6 XMM-BCSmosaicexposuremaps. .. 56 5.1 TheXMM-BCSmosaic............................... 63 5.2 Pipelineproducts ................................ .. 66 5.3 Hotchiptreatment ................................ 69 5.4 GrowthcurveofclusterID018. .... 71 5.5 OpticalimageofclusterID018. ..... 76 5.6 BCScolorimagesoftwohigh-zsystems. ...... 77 5.7 Redshift, mass and temperature distributions of the clustersample . 79 5.8 Detection likelihoods and X-ray luminosities of the sample............ 80 5.9 Thesurveyskycoverage .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 81 5.10 The log N log S relation ............................. 83 − x List of Figures 5.11 Comparison of spectrometric and photometric redshifts.............. 84 5.12 Comparison of cluster parameters with the SCS sample . ............ 89 5.13 ComparisonofX-rayandweaklensingmasses . ........ 91 5.14 Fluxsensitivityonphoto-zuncertainty . ........... 93 5.15 Skycoveragecomparisonwithsimulations. ..........107 5.16 Comparison of detection parameters with the XMM-LSS survey .. .. ..110 5.17 FluxcomparisonwiththeXMM-LSSsurvey. .......110 5.18 CoreradiicomparisonwiththeXMM-LSSsurvey . .........111 6.1 X-ray images of SPT-CL J2332-5358 and SPT-CL J2342-5411 ..........115 6.2 The growth curves of SPT-CL J2332-5358 and SPT-CL J2342-5411 . .120 6.3 The X-ray spectra of SPT-CL J2332-5358 and SPT-CL J2342-5411. .121 6.4 Optical color images of SPT-CL J2332-5358 and SPT-CL J2342-5411 . 122 7.1 Optical/NIR images of XMMU J0302.2-0001 and XMMU J1532.2-0836 . 131 7.2 Color-magnitude diagrams of XMMU J0302.2-0001 and XMMU J1532.2-0836 . 134 7.3 Optical spectroscopy of XMMU J0302.2-0001 and XMMU J1532.2-0836 . 135 7.4 Growth curves of XMMU J0302.2-0001 and XMMU J1532.2-0836 .......136 7.5 Optical/NIRimageofXMMUJ0302.1-0000. 146 7.6 Color-magnitudediagramofXMMUJ0302.1-0000 . ........147 7.7 X-ray image of XMMU J0302.2-0001 and XMMU J0302.1-0000 . ........149 7.8 GrowthcurveofXMMUJ0302.1-0000 . 149 7.9 Distantclusterdiscoveriesinthepastdecade . ............151 List of Tables 2.1 Galaxyclusterfactsheet . .... 5 4.1 XMM-Newton PSFparameters........................... 47 5.1 XMM-Newton observationlog ........................... 65 5.2 Spectroscopicredshifts . ..... 78 5.3 Cross-matchedradiosources . ..... 86 5.4 ComparisonwiththeSCSsample . ... 88 5.5 X-rayupperlimitsfortheSCSnon-detections . .......... 92 5.6 Physicalparametersoftheclusterssample . .......... 98 5.7 AncillaryX-rayqualityflags . .102 5.8 Cross-matchedgalaxies. .104 5.9 Physical parameters for the low quality detections . .............105 6.1 Basic X-ray parameters of SPT-CL J2332-5358 and SPT-CL J2342-5411. 118 7.1 X-ray coverage of XMMU J0302.2-0001 and XMMU J1532.2-0836 .......126 7.2 Optical/NIR observations of XMMU J0302.2-0001 and XMMU J1532.2-0836. 130 7.3 Spectroscopic members of XMMU J0302.2-0001 and XMMU J1532.2-0836. 132 7.4 Basic X-ray parameters of XMMU J0302.2-0001 and XMMU J1532.2-0836 . 137 7.5 BasicX-rayparametersofXMMUJ0302.1-0000 . .......148 xii List of Tables Zusammenfassung Wir erleben eine einzigartige Epoche in der Geschichte der Erforschung von Galaxienhaufen. Wir haben nun Fenster zum Universum ¨uber das gesamte elektromagnetische Spektrum, die uns sich erg¨anzende Ans¨atze f¨ur die Erkennung und Studien von Galaxienhaufen bieten. Fast vierzig Jahre nach der theoretischen Voraussage haben die ersten großen Radioteleskope begonnen den Himmel, auf der Suche nach massereichen Haufen zu untersuchen, die durch den Sunyaev- Zel’dovich Effekt (SZE) mit ihrem heißen Gas auf dem kosmischen Mikrowellen-Hintergrund
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