CLIMATE CHANGE Responding to an Urgent Agenda
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Responding to an Urgent Agenda Responding toanUrgent AND CLIMATE CLIMATE CHANGE CITIES Volume 2 Volume ii CITIES AND CLIMATE CHANGE Responding to an Urgent Agenda Daniel Hoornweg, Mila Freire, Marcus J. Lee, Perinaz Bhada-Tata, and Belinda Yuen, editors Washington, D.C. Volume 2 iv Contents Foreword ix Acknowledgements xi Introduction: Cities and the Urgent Challenges of Climate Change 1 List of Authors and their Affiliations 14 Part 1. Measurement and Indicators of City Climate Impacts and Performance 17 Chapter 1 City Indicators on Climate Change: Implications for Policy Leverage and Governance 18 P McCarney Chapter 2 Detecting Carbon Signatures of Development Patterns across a Gradient of Urbanization: Linking Observations, Models, and Scenarios 62 M Alberti and L R Hutyra Chapter 3 A Critical and Comparative Evaluation of CO2 Emissions from National Building Stocks of Developed and Rapidly-Developing Countries — Case Studies of UK, USA, and India 74 R Gupta and S Chandiwala Chapter 4 Energy Consumption and CO2 Emissions in Urban Counties in the United States with a Case Study of the New York Metropolitan Area 136 L Parshall, S Hammer, K Gurney Chapter 5. Mitigating Urban Heat Island Effect by Urban Design: Forms and Materials 164 J Bouyer, M Musy, Y Huang and K Athamena Chapter 6. Framework for City Climate Risk Assessment 182 S Mehrotra, C E Natenzon, A Omojola, R Folorunsho, J Gilbride, Cynthia Rosenzweig Part 2. Infrastructure, the Built Environment and Energy Efficiency 243 Chapter 7. Getting to Carbon Neutral: A Review of Best Practices in Infrastructure Strategy 244 C Kennedy, D Bristow, S Derrible, E Mohareb, S Saneinejad, R Stupka, L Sugar, R Zizzo and B McIntyre Chapter 8. Towards CO2 Neutral City Planning — The Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning (REAP) 268 A Dobbelsteen, N Tillie, M Joubert, W Jager and D Doepel Chapter 9. Urban Sprawl and Climate Change: A Statistical Exploration of Cause and Effect, With Policy Options for the EU 290 I L Bart Chapter 10. The Role of Intelligent Transport Systems for Demand Responsive Transport 312 R Clavel, E Castex, D Josselin Chapter 11. An Investigation of Climate Strategies in the Buildings Sector in Chinese Cities 332 J Li Chapter 12. Opportunities and Challenges to Electrical Energy Conservation and CO2 Emissions Reduction in Nigeria’s Building Sector 345 J-F Akinbami and A Lawal Chapter 13. A New Water Paradigm for Urban Areas to Mitigate the Urban Heat Island Effect 366 M Schmidt Chapter 14. Characterizing the Response of Buildings to Climate Change: The Issue of Overheating 382 T Kershaw and D Coley Chapter 15. Comparative Study of Energy and Carbon Emissions Development Pathways and Climate Policy in Southeast Asian Cities 395 A Phdungsilp Part 3. City Institutions and Governance for Climate Change 411 Chapter 16. Understanding and Improving Urban Responses to Climate Change. Reflections for an Operational Approach to Adaptation in Low and Middle-Income Countries 412 R Sanchez Rodriguez Chapter 17. Planning Climate Resilient Cities: Early Lessons from Early Adapters 430 J Carmin, D Roberts and I Anguelovski Chapter 18. Climate Change and the Resilience of New Orleans: the Adaptation of Deltaic Urban Form 462 A Carbonell and D J Meffert Chapter 19. Governance and Climate Change: Assessing and Learning from Canadian Cities 498 C Gore, P Robinson and R Stren Chapter 20. Climate Change Adaptation Planning in Toronto: Progress and Challenges 524 J Penney, D Thea and E Ligeti Chapter 21. Climate Change and Urban Planning in Southeast Asia 541 B Yuen and L Kong Part 4. Economic and Social Aspects of Climate Change and Cities 563 Chapter 22. Does Climate Change Make Industrialization An Obsolete Development Strategy for Cities in the South? 564 L-Y Zhang Chapter 23. Adaptation and Mitigation: What Financing is Available for Local Government Investments in Developing Countries? 583 T Paulais and J Pigey Chapter 24. High Cost Carbon and Local Government Finance 602 P C Annez and T Zuelgaray Chapter 25. Mobilizing Private Sector Resources Toward Climate Adaptation and Mitigation Action in Asia 633 J Park Chapter 26. The Price of Climate: French Consumer Preferences Reveal Spatial and Individual Inequalities 649 J Cavailhès, D Joly, H Cardot, M Hilal, T Brossard, P Wavresky Chapter 27. Social Aspects of Climate Change in Urban Areas in Low- And Middle-Income Nations 670 S Bartlett, D Dodman, J Hardoy, D Satterthwaite and C Tacoli Chapter 28. The Urban Poor’s Vulnerability to Climate Change in Latin America and the Caribbean 727 L Winchester and R Szalachman Chapter 29. Vulnerability and Resilience of Urban Communities under Coastal Hazard Conditions 752 in Southeast Asia V Nitivattananon, T T Tu, A Rattanapan and J Asavanant Chapter 30. Built-In Resilience: Learning from Grassroots Coping Strategies to Climate Variability 776 H Jabeen, A Allen and C Johnson Chapter 31. City Health System Preparedness to Changes in Dengue Fever Attributable to Climate Change: An Exploratory Case Study 797 J M Lapitan, P Brocard, R Atun, C Tantinimitkul Epilogue Perspectives from the 5th Urban Research Symposium 817 Foreword The 5th Urban Research Symposium on Cities and Climate Change Responding to an Urgent Agenda, held in Marseille in June 2009, aimed to highlight how climate change and urbanization are converging to present us with one of the greatest challenges of our time. Responding to these twin challenges effectively and sustainably is a key objective for governments, authorities, institutions and other organizations involved in urban development processes. The World Bank, the French Ministry of Ecology, Energy, Sustainable Development and the Sea, and the French Development Agency were therefore particularly committed to the co-organization of the Symposium. As the ultimate source of much of the world’s energy consumption, and thus greenhouse gas emissions, cities have a key role to play in mitigating climate change. To varying extents, cities are also vulnerable to climate change impacts, with poor populations facing the greatest risk, such that adaptation and increased resilience constitute priorities for every city. Consequently, climate change mitigation and adaptation in cities has emerged as a new theme on the global agenda, creating a strong desire among governments, the private sector and the academic community worldwide to learn from experiences and good practice examples. The 5th Urban Research Symposium made an important contribution to the growing body of knowledge and practice in the area of cities and climate change. During the three day Symposium, approximately 200 papers were presented to over 700 participants representing more than 70 countries. As co-organizers, we found it very rewarding to have such an audience and to see the wide range of topics discussed, from indicators and measurement, to institutions and governance. This publication represents an edited selection of the many papers submitted to the Symposium and gives a flavor of the questions asked and possible answers. Besides, the entire collection of Symposium papers is available as an online resource for interested readers. ix x CITIES AND CLIMATE CHANGE The Symposium was made possible through the commitment and contribu- tions of a wide range of partners and co-sponsors, as well as through the interest and participation of the wider community of urban researchers and practitioners. We were encouraged by the success of the Symposium which exceeded many expectations, and therefore wish to further disseminate its results via a publi- cation of collected papers. We look forward to the benefits that the partnerships forged during the Symposium, and the knowledge gained, will have for global efforts on cities and climate change. Inger Andersen Vice President Sustainable Development Network The World Bank Michèle Pappalardo General Commissioner for Sustainable Development Ministry of Ecology, Energy, Sustainable Development and the Sea Pierre Jacquet Chief Economist Executive Director (Strategy) French Development Agency Acknowledgements The 5th Urban Research Symposium was co-organized by the World Bank, the French Ministry of Ecology, Energy, Sustainable Development and the Sea (MEEDDM), and the French Agency for Development (AFD). The Symposium’s Steering Group included Abha Joshi-Ghani, Mila Freire, and Daniel Hoornweg of the World Bank; Aude Vermot-Gaud and Anne Charreyron-Perchet of MEEDDM; and Nils Devernois and Laureline Krichewsky of AFD. The Sympo- sium’s Scientific Committee comprised Yves Crozet, Mila Freire, Pierre-Noel Giraud, Bernd Hansjuergens, Sylvy Jaglin, Andrew Norton, and William Solecki. The Symposium Secretariat was led by Jean-Jacques Helluin and Perinaz Bhada at the World Bank. Many World Bank colleagues provided helpful comments at every stage during the Symposium’s development, from the initial concept note review through to the Symposium itself. Excellent organizational and admin- istrative support for the Symposium was provided by Adelaide Barra, Viviane Bernadac, Louis Blazy, Laura de Brular, Vivian Cherian, Xiaofeng Li, Maria Eugenia Quintero, and Berenice Sanchez. Thanks also go to Zoubida Allaoua and Kathy Sierra of the World Bank, and Robert Peccoud and Veronique Sauvat at AFD, for their guidance and leadership. The institutional and strategic partners who generously contributed to the Symposium included the French Environment and Energy Management Agency