Local Action for Universal Access in the Response to AIDS
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United Nations Development Programme Local Action for Universal Access in the Response to AIDS A discussion paper on the capacity of local authorities in Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States to respond to the epidemic LocalNovember Action for 2009 Universal Access in the Response to AIDS 1 Contents 1. Introduction 4 1.1 Universal Access in the Europe and CIS Region 4 1.2 The Impact of the Economic Crisis 5 1.3 Recognizing the key role of local action in the national response 6 2. Methodological background and definitions 7 7 2.1 Defining 4 key areas of the national response where local authorities can most contribute to the achievement of Universal Access 7 2.2 The impact of decentralisation on local governments’ involvement in the response to HIV 3. A framework for local authorities to support achievement of 8 National Universal Access targets 3.1 Providing leadership 8 3.2 Ensuring appropriate organizational arrangement to support collaboration 10 between state and non-state actors for effective response to HIV. 3.3 Facilitating support for national policies/strategies and providing services 12 3.4 Information gathering, monitoring and evaluation, and feedback 14 4. Summary and Recommendations 15 5. Resources 17 6. Endnotes 18 This publication was produced jointly by the Capacity Development Practice and the HIV/AIDS Practice, UNDP RBEC, November 2009 For more information, please contact: Joe Hooper, Capacity Development Specialist, UNDP Bratislava Regional Centre [email protected] and Shombi Sharp, Regional HIV/AIDS Team Leader for Europe and the CIS [email protected] Lead author: Anna Bengtsson Contributing author: John Macauley, UNDP Bratislava Regional Centre Contributors: Anna Gyurjyan, Programme Associate, UNDP Armenia; Nelli Cholakhyan, Executive Director, Armenian National AIDS Foundation; Gaukhar Zhorabekova, HIV/AIDS Focal Point, UNDP Kazakhstan; Vladimir Gordeiko, Ph.D. Project Manager, Governance of HIV/AIDS project, UNDP Ukraine; Katerina Rybalchenko, Programme Manager, UNDP Ukraine Local Action for Universal Access in the Response to AIDS 2 Acronyms AIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ART antiretroviral therapy CSO civil society organization CD capacity development CIS Commonwealth of Independent States HIV human immunodeficiency virus IDU injecting drug user MARP most-at-risk populations MSM men who have sex with men NGO non-governmental organization PLHIV people living with HIV PMTCT prevention of mother-to-child transmission SW sex workers UA Universal Access Local Action for Universal Access in the Response to AIDS 3 1. Introduction What does “access” mean in the concept of Universal Access? 1.1 Universal Access in the Europe and CIS Region “Access” is a broad concept that measures three dimen- The global HIV epidemic appears to have stabilized, but sions of key health sector interventions: availability, in the Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent coverage and outcome and impact. Availability is States (CIS) region, the number of people living with defined in terms of the ‘reachability’ (physical ac- HIV (PLHIV) continues to grow. Although the HIV preva- cess), affordability (economic access) and acceptability lence in the region remains relatively low compared to (socio-cultural access) of services that meet a minimum other regions with more advanced epidemics, at the standard of quality. Making services available, afford- same time, it has been spreading faster than anywhere able and acceptable is an essential precondition for else in the world in recent years. It is estimated that 1.5 universal access. Coverage is defined as the proportion million adults and children were living with HIV in the of the people needing an intervention who receive it. region in 2007 – a figure that has more than doubled Coverage is influenced by supply (provision of services) since 2001 (630,000 people). Some countries are more and by the demand from those who need services. affected than others, but no county is untouched – Outcome and impact are defined in terms of behavioral people in the area are increasingly mobile, and HIV change, lower infection rates or higher survival rates recognizes no national boundaries. Almost 90 percent and are the result of coverage, modulated by the ef- of those infected live in either the Russian Federation ficiency and effectiveness of interventions. In addition (66 percent) or Ukraine (21 percent).1 The growing epi- to the availability, coverage and outcome and impact demic means that more PLHIV in the region are facing of interventions, other aspects also determine the at- health consequences, stigma, discrimination and social tainment of universal access, including whether the exclusion on a daily basis.2 services are provided in an equitable manner and their quality, acceptability and effectiveness. In 2006, governments of the Europe and CIS region affirmed their support for the Declaration of Commit- Source: Towards Universal access: Scaling up priority HIV/AIDS inter- ventions in the health sector. Progress Report 2008. WHO, UNAID, ment on HIV/AIDS, and agreed to set ambitious national UNICEF, 2008. targets for scaling up to achieve Universal Access to HIV prevention, treatment, care and support by 2010. So far, all countries in the region have developed na- Universal Access (UA) means that all people have access tional multi-sectoral HIV/AIDS strategies that integrate to education and counseling, multi-sectoral prevention, UA targets, and have put in place national level AIDS care and support services, and health services, includ- committees or commissions with representation from ing medicines.3 The progress of a country towards various sectors according to the “Three Ones” principle.5 achieving UA is typically illustrated by progress made International donors have increased contributions to in the following four key areas of national HIV response: HIV efforts in the region from US$ 12 million in 2003 to treatment coverage (antiretroviral treatment - ART), an estimated US$ 60 million in 2006, including a sharp care and support, prevention (including testing), and increase in 2005 from the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, national commitment (including resource expendi- Tuberculosis and Malaria (GFATM). Domestic HIV fund- ture).4 ing has doubled in the same period, to US$ 60 million in 2006 for CIS countries except for the Russian Federation where domestic funding has risen even more dramati- cally (up to US$ 320 million in federal allocations in 2007).6 Despite the increased funding, the epidemic contin- ues to grow. An important cause of this is that many Governments in the region do not have the capacities to ensure effective governance and service delivery re- lated to the HIV response or to advocate for the realiza- tion of individual rights and protection required to save their lives.7 There are several obstacles for countries in the region to do so, which include: Valeria, HIV positive mother and activist in Ukraine UNAIDS Local Action for Universal Access in the Response to AIDS 4 • lack of multi-sectoral approaches linking differ- periods of time, they tend to engage in risky behaviour ent stakeholders - HIV is still viewed as an issue to which makes them more vulnerable to HIV. A study of be dealt with solely by health authorities without Tajik workers in Moscow noted that many are having involvement of other Ministries; unprotected sex with commercial sex workers, and that although some of the migrants have basic knowledge • lack of approaches looking at short-term and long- about HIV, the migrants’ ability to protect themselves term horizon - decision makers continue to have a from acquiring HIV is compromised by harsh living and short-term perspective when planning and bud- working conditions as a consequence of being unpro- geting for prevention and response activities and tected by law in Russia.11 support to people living with HIV; and But from the perspective of ensuring Universal Access, • weak/variable quality of health systems and their there are a range of issues affected by the financial cri- implementation capacity.8 sis. While considerable progress has been made in the Eastern Europe and CIS region (mostly middle income At the root of these problems are capacity deficits countries) in recent years to increase the scope and across a wide array of areas including unclear or over- quality of services and set targets for the achievement lapping mandates, insufficient or incorrect staffing of Universal Access to prevention, care, treatment and capacities, no performance management systems, support services by 2010 this progress can be consid- fragmented systems of data collection, strategies that ered fragile and depends largely on external financing. are insufficiently grounded in epidemiology, and weak In those few countries that have managed to invest representation of civil society in decision-making pro- significant domestic resources, including the Russian cesses.9 The capacity constraints pose a real challenge Federation, unanticipated budgetary pressures due to to implementing national strategies for the achieve- the global crisis may jeopardize spending on marginal- ment of UA. These must follow a “Know your epidemic” ized most-at-risk populations, including injecting drug approach that is anchored in the best available evi- users, sex workers, men who have sex with men and dence base and avoids the temptation towards politi- mobile populations, who are both the most politically cally or organisationally expedient responses.