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Seismicity of the Earth 1900–2010 THRUST B' Profiles of Earthquake and Volcanoes Are PAMIR Constructed from the Mapped Data

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Seismicity of the Earth 1900–2010 THRUST B' Profiles of Earthquake and Volcanoes Are PAMIR Constructed from the Mapped Data U.S. Department of the Interior Open-File Report 2010–1083–J U.S. Geological Survey Hindu Kush Focus Inset Map Version 1.1, revised January 28, 2014 70° E 71° E 72° E 73° E 74° E 75° E 76° E 39° N 39° N DEPTH PROFILE EXPLANATION Seismicity of the Earth 1900–2010 THRUST B' Profiles of earthquake and volcanoes are PAMIR constructed from the mapped data. Locations Himalaya and Vicinity of the profile intersection with the surface are MAIN TAJIKISTAN CHINA drawn in the map and labeled to coincide 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 2 2 4 2 with the profile label. Box defines extent of Compiled by Bethan Turner, Jennifer Jenkins, Rebecca Turner, Amy L. Parker, Alison Sinclair, Sian Davies, Gaven P. Hayes, Antonio Villaseñor, Richard L. Dart, Arthur C. Tarr, Kevin P. Furlong, and Harley M. Benz earthquakes included in the profile. Length of the profile graphic is the same as in the map. 2013 Distance in kilometers from the trench axis is indicated in the X direction, depth in 68° 70° 72° 74° 76° 78° 80° 82° 84° 86° 88° 90° 92° 94° 96° 98° 100° 102° 104° 106° 108° 110° 38° N kilometers is indicated in the Y direction. Lake amir There is no vertical exaggeration. See 46° Yinchuan 38° N P Balkhash Urumqi Explanation color key. Not all earth layers, earthquake depths or magnitude, are visible obaoho on every profile. Chai W 36° B X Distance (km) X' KAZAKHSTAN -500 -400 -300 -200 -100 0 1911 1932 AFGHANISTAN TRENCH AXIS 0 A' KARAKORAM FAULT 44° Almaty 1920 1927 37° N -100 37° N -200 Dzhambul Bishkek HAIYUAN FAULT Ysk Köl Lake -300 TALAS-FERGHANA FAULT Xining Lanzhou Xi'an 34° Shymkent Tian Shan Depth (km) -400 KYRGYZSTAN Qinghai Lake EURASIA PLATE -500 42° Qaidam Basin -600 PROFILE X Namangan PAKISTAN 36° N Tashkent 36° N -700 1902 Andizhan Hindu Kush 32° Magnitude Depth of focus 1937 UZBEKISTAN Tarim Basin A 4–5.9 0–69 km 6–6.4 st 70–299 km hru 70° E 71° E 72° E 73° E 74° E 75° E 6.5–6.9 40° r T 300–700 km mi 7–7.4 Samarkand Pa Scale 1:3 000 000 n 0255075100 7.5 ai ALTYN TAGH FAULT KUNLUN FAULT M KILOMETERS 7.6 1949 2001 7.7 1947 The curved arc of deep earthquakes found in the Hindu Kush–Pamir region indicates the presence of a lithospheric body at depth, thought to be Earth structure Dushanbe 7.8 TAJIKISTAN remnants of a subducting slab. The cross section through the Hindu Kush region suggests a near vertical, northerly dipping subducting slab (cross Air A 7.9 Sichuan Basin 30° section ), whereas the cross section through the nearby Pamir region to the east indicates a much shallower dipping, southerly subducting slab Crust B 8.0 Pamir (cross section ). Some models suggest the presence of two subduction zones with the Indian plate being subducted beneath the Hindu Kush Upper mantle region, and the Eurasian plate being subducted beneath the Pamir region. However, other models suggest that just one of the two plates is being 38° Chengdu 8.1 Transition zone 1997 2008 Chongqing subducted and that the slab has become contorted and overturned in places. 8.2 Lower mantle Daofu LONGMEN SHAN THRUST BELT X Hindu Kush IA NS HU IH B' CHINA E A A' B 1955 -X 0 100 0 100 IA 28° Kangding O J 36° IA N G AFGHANISTAN Hindu Kush Focus Inset Map KARAKORAM FAULT 1956 0 0 0 0 2005 F A MAP EXPLANATION Tibetan Plateau U Kabul Srinagar L 1951 T Magnitude classes Depth of focus Peshawar 1952 S Y 5.5–5.9 0–69 km Rawalpindi S T 26° 70–299 km 34° 1905 E 6–6.4 M 300–700 km 6.5–6.9 Lhasa 1950 7–7.4 Nucleation points -100 -100 -100 -100 7.5 Rupture zones 7.6 Plate boundaries 7.7 Depth (km) Depth (km) Subduction Lahore 7.8 Amritsar INDUS-TSANGPO SUTURE Kunming Transform 32° 24° Faisalabad RED RIVER 7.9 Divergent Others CHAMAN FAULT Chandigarh 8.0 Large Active 8.1 1931 Fault -200 -200 -200 -200 Suture Sulaiman BHUTAN FAULT 8.2 Range PAKISTAN Country Quetta Boundary NEPAL Kathmandu 30° Delhi 1934 ARC 22° PROFILE A PROFILE B 1935 Himalaya Front DAUKI THRUST SAGAING FAULT 0 100 0 100 1918 1946 Distance (km) Distance (km) INDIA Lucknow Patna 28° Kanpur BANGLADESH Jaipur FIGURE EXPLANATION Seismic Hazard and Relative Plate Motion Rajshahi BURMA (MYANMAR) 20° Dhaka INDO-BURMESE Peak ground acceleration 65° 70° 75° 80° 85° 90° 95° 100° 105° 110° Varanasi 0–0.2 m/s² 45° Mandalay 0.2–0.4 Almaty 0.4–0.8 INDIA PLATE Xi'an 1912 0.8–1.6 Bishkek Xining Lanzhou Chittagong 1.6–3.2 Plate boundaries Tashkent 3.2–6.4 Subduction 66° 68° 70° 72° 74° 76° 78° 80° 82° 84° 86° 88° 90° 92° 94° 96° 98° 100° 102° 6.4–9.8 Transform Albers Equal Area Conic Projection Scale 1:7 000 000 40° Dushanbe 0 100 200 400 600 800 KILOMETERS Relative plate Divergent Digital map database and cartography by Arthur C. Tarr and Richard L. Dart motion in mm/yr Chengdu Others 43 EURASIA PLATE Chongqing TECTONIC SUMMARY which occurred in the Sulaiman Range in Pakistan, killed as many as 35,000 people. Southeast of the Tibetan Plateau are the right-lateral, strike-slip Red River and the left-lateral, REFERENCES Large Active Seismicity in the Himalaya primarily results from the continental collision of the India and On the northwestern side of the Tibetan Plateau, beneath the Pamir–Hindu Kush Mountains of strike-slip Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang fault systems. The Red River Fault underwent large scale, Fault Kabul Allen, C.R. Zhuoli, L., Hong, Q., Xueze, W., Huawei, Z., Weishi, H.,1991, Field study of a highly 35° Peshawar Srinagar Guiyang Eurasia plates, which are converging at a relative rate of 40–50 mm/yr. Approximately half of this Suture northern Afghanistan, earthquakes occur at depths as great as 200 km as a result of remnant left-lateral ductile shear during the Tertiary period before changing to its present day right-lateral active fault zone—The Xianshuihe fault of southwestern China: Geological Society of Rawalpindi convergence is accommodated across the Himalaya. Northward underthrusting of India beneath Country lithospheric subduction (see cross sections). Shallow crustal earthquakes also occur in this region slip rate of approximately 5 mm/yr (Replumaz and others, 2001). This fault has produced several America Bulletin, v. 103, p. 1178–1199. Boundary Eurasia generates numerous earthquakes and consequently makes this area one of the most Amritsar Lahore Kunming near the Main Pamir Thrust and other active Quaternary faults. The Main Pamir Thrust, north of earthquakes >M6.0 including the 4 January 1970, M7.5 earthquake in Tonghai which killed over Ambraseys, Nicholas, and Bilham, Roger, 2003, Earthquakes and crustal deformation in northern seismically hazardous regions on Earth. The surface expression of the plate boundary is marked by Faisalabad the Pamir Mountains, is an active shortening structure. The northern portion of the Main Pamir 10,000 people. Since the start of the 20th century, the Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang Fault system has Baluchistan: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 93, no. 4, p. 1573–1605. the foothills of the north-south trending Sulaiman Range in the west, the Indo-Burmese Arc in the Thrust produces many shallow earthquakes, whereas its western and eastern borders display a 38 generated several M7.0+ earthquakes including the M7.5 Luhuo earthquake which ruptured on 22 Bilham, Roger, Larson, K., Freymueller, J., and Project Idylhim members, 1997, GPS 30° Delhi east and the east-west trending Himalaya Front in the north of India. combination of thrust and strike-slip mechanisms (Fan and others, 1994). On the 18 February 1911, The India-Eurasia plate boundary is a diffuse boundary, which in the region near the north of April 1973 (Allen and others, 1991). Some studies suggest that due to the high slip rate on this measurements of present-day convergence across the Nepal Himalaya: Nature (London), v. Fan, G., Ni, J.F., Wallace, T.C., 1994, Active tectonics of the Pamirs and Karakorum: Journal of 48 Kanpur the M7.4 Sarez earthquake ruptured in the Central Pamir Mountains, killing numerous people and Jaipur 43 Patna India, lies within the limits of the Indus-Tsangpo (also called the Yarlung-Zangbo) Suture Zone to fault, future large earthquakes are highly possible along the 65 km stretch between Daofu and 386, p. 61–64. Geophysical Research, v. 99, p. 7131–7160. Dhaka triggering a landside, which blocked the Murghab River. Jhansi the north and the Main Frontal Thrust to the south. The Indus-Tsangpo Suture Zone is located Qianning and the 135 km stretch that runs through Kangding. Billington, S., Isacks, B.I., Barazangi, M., 1977, Spatial and focal mechanisms of mantle GEBCO, 2008, The GEBCO_08_Grid, ver. 20091120: GEBCO. Accessed July 5, 2012, at Allahabad Mandalay Further north, the Tian Shan is a seismically active intra-continental mountain belt, which Khulna roughly 200 km north of the Himalaya Front and is defined by an exposed ophiolite chain along its Shallow earthquakes within the Indo-Burmese Arc, predominantly occur on a combination of earthquakes in the Hindu Kush–Pamir region—A contorted Benioff zone: Geology, v. 5, p. http://www.gebco.net. INDIA PLATE extends 2,500 km in an ENE-WNW orientation north of the Tarim Basin. This belt is defined by Hyderabad Calcutta Chittagong southern margin.
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