End Matter.Pdf
California Science Content Standards ...... 386 Science Handbook Units of Measurement ...... 388 Measure Time ...... 390 Measure Length ...... 3 9 1 Measure Mass ...... 392 Measure Volume ...... 393 Measure Weight/Force ...... 394 Measure Temperature ...... 395 Use a Hand Lens ...... 396 Use a Microscope ...... 397 Use Calculators ...... 398 Use Computers ...... 400 Make Graphs ...... 402 Make Maps ...... 404 Make Tables ...... 405 Make Charts ...... 406 ...... 407 Glossary ...... 4 1 1 Index ...... 425
▶ You can use a hand lens to observe the details of an object.
385 Physical Sciences 2. Light has a source and travels in a direction. As a basis for understanding this 1. Energy and matter have multiple forms concept: and can be changed from one form to another. As a basis for understanding this a. Students know sunlight can be blocked concept: to create shadows. a. Students know energy comes from the b. Students know light is reflected from Sun to Earth in the form of light. mirrors and other surfaces. b. Students know sources of stored energy c. Students know the color of light striking take many forms, such as food, fuel, and an object affects the way the object is batteries. seen. c. Students know machines and living d. Students know an object is seen when things convert stored energy to motion light traveling from the object enters the and heat. eye. d. Students know energy can be carried from one place to another by waves, such Life Sciences as water waves and sound waves, by 3. Adaptations in physical structure or electric current, and by moving objects. behavior may improve an organism’s e. Students know matter has three forms: chance for survival. As a basis for solid, liquid, and gas. understanding this concept: f. Students know evaporation and melting a. Students know plants and animals have are changes that occur when the objects structures that serve different functions are heated. in growth, survival, and reproduction. g. Students know that when two or more b. Students know examples of diverse life substances are combined, a new forms in different environments, such substance may be formed with properties as oceans, deserts, tundra, forests, that are different from those of the grasslands, and wetlands. original materials. c. Students know living things cause h. Students know all matter is made of small changes in the environment in which particles called atoms, too small to see they live: some of these changes are with the naked eye. detrimental to the organism or other organisms, and some are beneficial. i. Students know people once thought that earth, wind, fire, and water were the d. Students know when the environment basic elements that made up all matter. changes, some plants and animals survive Science experiments show that there are and reproduce; others die or move to more than 100 different types of atoms, new locations. which are presented on the periodic table e. Students know that some kinds of of the elements. organisms that once lived on Earth have completely disappeared and that some of those resembled others that are alive today.
386 Earth Sciences Investigation and Experimentation 4. Objects in the sky move in regular and 5. Scientific progress is made by asking predictable patterns. As a basis for meaningful questions and conducting understanding this concept: careful investigations. As a basis a. Students know that patterns of stars stay for understanding this concept and the same, although they appear to move addressing the content in the other three across the sky nightly, and different stars strands, students should develop their can be seen in different seasons. own questions and perform investigations. Students will: b. Students know the way in which the Moon’s appearance changes during the a. Repeat observations to improve accuracy four-week lunar cycle. and know that the results of similar investigations seldom turn out exactly the c. Students know telescopes magnify the same because of differences in the things appearance of some distant objects being investigated, methods being used, in the sky, including the Moon and the or uncertainty in the observation. planets. The number of stars that can be seen through telescopes is dramatically b. Differentiate evidence from opinion and greater than the number that can be seen know that scientists do not rely on claims by the unaided eye. or conclusions unless they are backed by observations that can be confirmed. d. Students know that Earth is one of several planets that orbit the Sun and c. Use numerical data in describing that the Moon orbits Earth. and comparing objects, events, and measurements. e. Students know the position of the Sun in the sky changes during the course of the d. Predict the outcome of a simple day and from season to season. investigation and compare the results with the prediction. e. Collect data in an investigation and analyze those data to develop a logical conclusion.
387 Units of Measurement
Temperature Mass C The temperature on this C You can measure the mass of these thermometer reads 83 degrees rocks in grams. Fahrenheit. That is the same as 30 degrees Celsius.
Volume of Fluids C This bottle of water has a volume of 1 liter. That is a little more than 1 quart. Length and Area C This student is 3 feet plus 9 inches tall. That is the same as 1 meter plus 14 centimeters. Weight/Force C This pumpkin weighs 7 pounds. That is a force of 31.5 newtons.
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Rate C This student can ride her bike 100 meters in 50 seconds. That means her speed is 2 meters per second.
Table of Measurements
SI (International System) of Units English System of Units Temperature Temperature Water freezes at 0 degrees Celsius (°C) Water freezes at 32 degrees and boils at 100°C. Fahrenheit (°F) and boils at 212°F. Length and Distance Length and Distance 10 millimeters (mm) = 1 centimeter (cm) 12 inches (in.) = 1 foot (ft) 100 centimeters = 1 meter (m) 3 feet = 1 yard (yd) 1,000 meters = 1 kilometer (km) 5,280 feet = 1 mile (mi) Volume Volume of Fluids 1 cubic centimeter (cm3) = 1 milliliter (mL) 8 fluid ounces (fl oz) = 1 cup (c) 1,000 milliliters = 1 liter (L) 2 cups = 1 pint (pt) Mass 2 pints = 1 quart (qt) 1,000 milligrams (mg) = 1 gram (g) 4 quarts = 1 gallon (gal) 1,000 grams = 1 kilogram (kg) Weight Area 16 ounces (oz) = 1 pound (lb) 1 square kilometer (km2) = 1 km x 1 km 2,000 pounds = 1 ton (T) 1 hectare = 10,000 square meters (m2) Rate Rate mph = miles per hour m/s = meters per second km/h = kilometers per hour Force 1 newton (N) = 1 kg x 1m/s2
389 Measure Time You use timing devices to measure how long something takes to happen. Some timing devices you use in science are a clock with a second hand and a stopwatch. Which one is more accurate?
Comparing a Clock and a Stopwatch 0 minutes Look at a clock with a second hand. 25 seconds The second hand is the hand that you can see moving. It measures seconds. 75 hundredths Get an egg timer with falling sand. of a second When the second hand of the clock points to 12, tell your partner to start the egg timer. Watch the clock while the sand in the egg timer is falling. When the sand stops falling, count how many seconds it took. Record this measurement. Repeat the activity, and compare the two measurements. Look at a stopwatch. Click the button on the top right. This starts the time. Click the button again. This stops the time. Click the button on the top left. This sets the stopwatch back to zero. Notice that the stopwatch tells time in hours, minutes, seconds, and hundredths More About Time of a second. Use the stopwatch to time how Repeat the activity in steps 2 and 3, long it takes your heart to beat but use the stopwatch instead of 100 times. Then run in place for 3 a clock. Make sure the stopwatch minutes. How long does it take for is set to zero. Click the top right your heart to beat 100 times now? button to start timing. Click the Estimate how long it would take button again when the sand stops you to walk 100 meters. Then time falling. Do this twice. yourself and try it.
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Measure Length Measure Area You measure length to find out how Area is the amount of surface long something is or how far away something covers. To find the area of something is. a rectangle, multiply the rectangle’s length by its width. For example, the rectangle here is 3 centimeters long Find Length with a Ruler and 2 centimeters wide. Its area is Look at the ruler below. Each 3 cm x 2 cm = 6 square centimeters. number represents 1 centimeter You write the area as 6 cm2. (cm). Each centimeter is divided into 10 millimeters (mm). How long is the beetle? The length of the beetle is 1 2 cm centimeter plus 5 millimeters. You can write this length as 1.5 3 cm centimeters. Place a ruler on your desk. Lay a pencil against the ruler so that one Find Area with a Ruler end of the pencil lines up with the Find the area of your science book. 0 on the ruler. Record the length of Measure the book’s length to the the pencil in centimeters. nearest centimeter. Measure its width. Measure the length of another object in centimeters. Then ask a Multiply the book’s length by partner to measure the same object. its width. Remember to put the answer in cm2. Compare your measurements. Explain how two scientists can record slightly different measurements even if the item measured is the same.
391 Measure Mass Mass is the amount of matter an object has. You use a balance to measure mass. To find the mass of an object, you balance it with objects whose masses you know.
Measure the Mass of a Box of Crayons More About Mass Place the balance on a flat, What would happen if you replaced level surface. the box of crayons with a paper clip or The pointer should point to the a pineapple? You may not have enough middle mark. If it does not, move masses to balance the pineapple. It has the slider a little to the right or left a mass of about 1,000 grams. That’s to balance the empty pans. the same as 1 kilogram, because kilo means “1,000.” Measure other objects Gently place a box of crayons and record your measurements. on the left pan. Add gram masses to the right pan until the pans are balanced. Count the numbers on the masses that are in the right pan. The total is the mass of the box of crayons in grams. Record this number. After the number, write a g for “grams.”
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Measure Volume Have you ever used a measuring cup? Measuring cups measure the volume of liquids. Volume is the amount of space something takes up. In science you use special measuring cups called beakers and graduated cylinders. These containers are marked in milliliters (mL).
Measure the Volume of a Liquid Fill a beaker and a graduated 1 mL cylinder so they are each half full with water. The surface of the water in the graduated cylinder curves up at the sides. You measure the volume A This graduated cylinder by reading the height of the water can measure volumes at the flat part. Compare the height up to 10 mL. Each of the water to the marks on the number on the cylinder measuring device. What is the represents 1 mL. volume of water in the graduated cylinder? How much water is in the beaker? Pour 50 mL of water from a pitcher into a graduated cylinder. The water should be at the 50-mL mark on the graduated cylinder. If you go over the mark, pour a little water back into the pitcher. Pour the 50 mL of water into a beaker. Repeat steps 3 and 4 using 30 mL, 45 mL, and 25 mL of water. Measure the volume of water you have in the beaker. Do you have about the same amount of water A A beaker is a tool as your classmates? you can use to measure volume.
393 Measure Weight/Force You use a spring scale to measure weight. An object has weight because the force of gravity pulls down on the object. Therefore, weight is a force. Like all forces, weight is measured in newtons (N).
Measure the Weight of an Object Look at a spring scale to see how many newtons it measures. See how the measurements are divided. The spring scale shown here measures up to 20 N. It has a mark for every 0.5 N. Hold the spring scale by the top loop. Put a small object on the bottom hook. If the object will not stay on the hook, place it in a net bag. Then hang the bag from the hook. Let go of the object slowly. It will pull down on a spring inside the scale. Wait for the spring to stop moving. Read the number of newtons next to the tab. This is the object’s weight.
More About Spring Scales You probably weigh yourself by standing on a bathroom scale. This is a spring scale. The weight of your body stretches a spring inside the scale. The dial on the scale is probably marked in pounds—the English unit of force. One pound is equal to about 4.5 newtons.
The scale in a grocery store is also a spring scale. C
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Measure Temperature Temperature is how hot or cold something is. You use a thermometer to measure temperature. A thermometer is made of a thin tube with colored liquid inside. When the liquid gets warmer, it expands and moves up the tube. When the liquid gets cooler, it contracts and moves down the tube. You may have seen most temperatures measured in degrees Fahrenheit (°F). Scientists measure temperature in degrees Celsius (°C).
Read a Thermometer How Is Temperature Measured? Look at the thermometer Fill a large beaker about half full of shown here. It has two scales—a cool water. Put the thermometer Fahrenheit scale and a Celsius in the water. Do not let the scale. Every 20 degrees on the thermometer bulb touch the Celsius scale has a number. Every beaker. Use a clamp if necessary. 40 degrees on the Fahrenheit scale Wait until the liquid in the has a number. thermometer stops moving— What is the temperature shown about a minute. Read and record on the thermometer? Give your the temperature. Record the answers in °F and in °C. temperature scale you used. Remove the thermometer. Place the beaker on a hot plate and warm the beaker for two minutes. water boils Be careful of the hot plate and [100°C] warm water. Put the thermometer in the water. Record the temperature of the room temperature water. Use the same temperature [25°C] scale you chose in Step 2.
water freezes [0°C]
395 Use a Hand Lens You use a hand lens to magnify an object or make the object look larger. With a hand lens, you can see details that would be hard to see without the hand lens.
Magnify a Rock Look at a rock carefully. Draw a picture of it. Hold the hand lens so that it is just above the rock. Look through the lens, and slowly move it away from the rock. The rock will look larger. Keep moving the hand lens until the rock begins to look blurry. Then move the lens a little closer until you can see the rock clearly. Draw a picture of the rock as you see it through the hand lens. Fill in details that you did not see before. Repeat this activity using objects you are studying in science. They might include a plant, some soil, a seed, or something else.
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Use a Microscope Hand lenses make objects look several times larger. A microscope, however, can magnify an object to look hundreds of times larger.
Examine Salt Grains Place the microscope on a flat Look through the eyepiece. Turn surface. Always carry a microscope the focusing knob slowly until the with both hands. Hold the arm with salt grains come into focus. one hand, and put your other hand Draw what the grains look like beneath the base. through the microscope. Look at the photo to learn the Look at other objects through the different parts of the microscope. microscope. Try a piece of leaf, a Move the mirror so that it reflects strand of hair, or a pencil mark. light up toward the stage. Never Draw what each object looks like point the mirror directly at the Sun through the microscope. Do any of or a bright light. Bright light can the objects look alike? If so, how? cause permanent eye damage. Are any of the objects alive? How Place a few grains of salt on a do you know? slide. Put the slide under the stage clips on the stage. Be sure that eyepiece the salt grains are over the hole in the stage. focusing knob
arm
stage clip
stage
mirror
base
397 Use Calculators: Add and Subtract Sometimes after you make measurements, you have to add or subtract your numbers. A calculator helps you do this.
Add and Subtract Rainfall Amounts What if you found out that The table shows the amount of rain you made a mistake in your that fell in a town each week during measurement? Week 1 should be the summer. 2 cm less, week 6 should be 3 cm less, week 11 should be 1 cm less, and week 12 should be 2 cm less. Week Rain (cm) Subtract these numbers from your 13 total. You should have 36 displayed 25 on the calculator. Press – , and enter the first number you want to 32 subtract. Repeat until you enter the 40 last number. Then press = . 51
66
74
80
92
10 2
11 6
12 5
Make sure the calculator is on. Press the ON key. To add the numbers, enter a number and press + . Repeat until you enter the last number. Then press = . Your total should be 36.
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Use Calculators: Multiply and Divide Sometimes after you make measurements, you have to multiply or divide your measurements to get other information. A calculator helps you multiply and divide, especially if the numbers have decimal points.
Multiply Decimals Divide Decimals What if you are measuring the Now what if you wanted to find out width of your classroom? You discover how many desks placed side by side that the floor is covered with tiles and would be needed to reach across the the room is exactly 32 tiles wide. You room? You measure one desk, and it measure a tile, and it is 22.7 centimeters is 60 centimeters wide. To find the wide. To find the width of the room, number of desks needed, divide 726.4 you can multiply 32 by 22.7. by 60. Make sure the calculator is on. Turn the calculator on. Press the ON key. . Press 7 , 2 , 6 , , and 4 . Press 3 and 2 . Press – . x Press . Press 6 and 0 . . Press 2 , 2 , , and 7 . Press = . Your total should be Press = . Your total should be about 12.1. This means you can fit 726.4. That is how wide the room is 12 desks across the room with a in centimeters. little space left over. Suppose the room was 35 tiles wide. How wide would the room be? How many desks would fit across it? Use a calculator to multiply and divide.
399 Use Computers A computer has many uses. The Internet connects your computer to many other computers around the world, so you can collect all kinds of information. You can use a computer to show this information and write reports. Best of all, you can use a computer to explore, discover, and learn. You can also get information from compact discs (CDs) and digital videodiscs (DVDs). They are computer disks that can hold large amounts of information. You can fit a whole encyclopedia on one DVD.
Use Computers for a Project Here’s a project that uses computers. You can do the project in a group. Use a collecting net to gather a soil sample from a brook or stream. Collect pebbles, sand, and small rocks. Keep any small plants also. Return any fish or other animals to the stream right away. After the sample has dried, separate the items in the sample. Use a camera to photograph the soil, pebbles, small rocks, and plants. Each group can use one of the photos to help them start their research. Try to find out what type of rocks or soil you collected. Use the Internet for your research. Find a map and mark your area on it. Identify the type of soil. What types of plants grow well in that type of soil?
400 Science Handbook
Find Web sites from an agency such as the Department of Environmental Protection. Contact the group. Ask questions about samples you collected. Use DVDs or other sources from the library to find out how the rocks and soil in your sample formed. Keep the information you have gathered in a folder. Review it with your group and use it to write a group report about your sample. Each group will present and read a different part of the report. Have an adult help you to record your reports on a video recorder. Show your photographs in the video and explain what each represents. If you’d like, use music or other sounds to accompany the voices on the video recorder. Make a list of computer resources you used to make your report. List Web sites, DVD titles, or other computer resources. Show or read the list at the end of your presentation. Discuss how the computer helped each group to do their report. What problems did each group encounter using the computer? How were the problems solved?
401 Make Graphs Graphs can help organize data. Graphs make it easy to notice trends and patterns. There are many kinds of graphs.
Bar Graphs A bar graph uses bars to show information. For example, what if you are growing a plant? Every week you measure how high the plant has grown. Here is what you find. The bar graph at the bottom right organizes the measurements so you can easily compare them.
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Look at the bar for Week 2. Put your finger at the top of the bar. Move your finger straight over to the left to find how many centimeters the plant grew by the end of Week 2. Between which two weeks did # the plant grow most? Look at the 0 on the graph. Is it just a label on a scale or does it have a meaning in the graph? Explain. !"#$%& ESSY 402 Science Handbook
Pictographs Line Graphs A pictograph uses symbols, or A line graph shows how information pictures, to show information. What changes over time. What if you if you collect information about how measure the temperature outdoors much water your family uses each day? every hour starting at 6 AA.M..M.? Here is Here is what you find. what you find.
Water Used Daily (liters) Time Temperature (°C) drinking 10 6 AA.M..M. 10
showering 100 7 AA.M..M. 12
bathing 120 8 AA.M..M. 14
brushing teeth 40 9 AA.M..M. 16
washing dishes 80 10 AA.M..M. 18
washing hands 30 11 AA.M..M. 20
washing clothes 160 Now organize your data by making flushing toilet 50 a line graph. Follow these steps.
You can organize this information Make a scale along the bottom and into a pictograph. In the pictograph side of the graph. Label the scales. below each bucket means 20 liters of Plot points on the graph. water. A half bucket means half of 20, Connect the points with a line. or 10 liters of water. How do the temperatures and times Which activity uses the most water? relate to each other? Which activity uses the least water? Water Used Daily drinking showering bathing brushing teeth
BS[^S`Obc`S1 washing dishes $/ ; %/ ; &/ ; '/ ; / ; / ; washing hands BW[S washing clothes flushing toilet = 20 liters of water 403 Make Maps Locate Places A map is a drawing that shows an area from above. Most maps have numbers and letters along the top and side. What if you wanted to find the Crocker Art Museum on the map below? It is located at D2. Place a finger on the letter D along the side of the map and another finger on the number 2 at the top. Then move your fingers straight across and down the map until they meet. The art museum is located where D and 2 meet. Idea Maps What building is located at B4? The map on the left shows how places The U.S. District Court is located are connected to each other. Idea maps, two blocks west and one block on the other hand, show how ideas are north of the library. What is its connected to each other. Idea maps help number and letter? you organize information about a topic. Make a map of an area in your Look at the idea map below. It community. It might be a park connects ideas about water. This map or the area between your home shows that Earth’s water can be fresh and school. Include numbers and water or salt water. The map also shows letters along the top and side. Use three sources of fresh water. You can a compass to find north, and mark see that there is no connection between north on your map. Exchange “rivers” and “salt water” on the map. This maps with a classmate. reminds you that salt water does not flow in rivers. 3ACRAMENTO 3TATE #APITOL Make an idea map about a topic you are learning in science. Your map can $BMJGPSOJB4UBUF 64%JTUSJDU " 3BJMSPBE $PVSU include words, phrases, or even sentences. .VTFVN 1VCMJD
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404 glaciers Science Handbook
Make Tables Tables help to organize data during experiments. Most tables have columns that run up and down, and rows that run across. The columns and rows have headings that tell you what kind of data go in each part of the table.
A Sample Table What if you are going to do an experiment to find out how long different kinds of seeds take to sprout? Before you begin the experiment, you should set up your table. Follow these steps. In this experiment you will plant 20 radish seeds, 20 bean seeds, and 20 corn seeds. Your table must show how many of each kind of seed sprouted on days 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. Make your table with columns, rows, and headings. You might use a computer. Some computer programs let you build a table with just the click of a mouse. You can delete or add columns and rows if you need to. Give your table a title. Your table could look like the one here.
Number of Seeds that Sprout Types of Seeds Day 1 Day 2Day 3Day 4 Day 5 radish seeds
bean seeds
corn seeds
Make a Table Plant 20 bean seeds in each of two trays. Keep each tray at a different temperature and observe the trays for seven days. Make a table to record, examine, and evaluate the information of this experiment. How do the columns, rows, and headings of your table relate to one another?
405 Make Charts A chart is simply a table with pictures as well as words. Charts can be useful for recording information during an experiment. They are also useful in communicating information.
Make a Chart Make a chart that shows the information from the bean seed experiment on page 405. Make your chart with columns and rows. Remember to include labels.
What Might Change Living Thing Why Hapen
unable to find food; unable to warmer climate becomes extinct survive in warm climate saber-toothed cat
flies to new volcanic eruption survives environment short-tailed albatross
colder climate survives grows thicker fur
bear
A This chart shows how changes can affect living things. It provides information using both pictures and words.
406 by Dinah Zike Folding Instructions So how do you make a Foldables study guide? The following pages offer step-by-step instructions—where and when to fold, where to cut—for making 11 basic Foldables study guides. The instructions begin with the basic shapes, such as the hot dog fold.
Half-Book _1 Fold a sheet of paper (82" x 11") in half. 1. This book can be folded vertically like a hot dog or . . . 2. . . . it can be folded horizontally like a hamburger.
Folded Book 1. Make a Half-Book. 2. Fold in half again like a hamburger. This makes a ready-made cover and two small pages inside for recording information.
407 Trifold Book _1 1. Fold a sheet of paper (82" x 11") into thirds. 2. Use this book as is, or cut into shapes.
Shutter Fold 1. Begin as if you were going to make a hamburger, but instead of creasing the paper, pinch it to show the midpoint. 2. Fold the outer edges of the paper to meet at the pinch, or midpoint, forming a Shutter Fold.
Pocket Book _1 1. Fold a sheet of paper (82" x 11") in half like a hamburger. 2. Open the folded paper and fold one of the long sides up two inches to form a pocket. Refold along the hamburger fold so that the newly formed pockets are on the inside. 3. Glue the outer edges of the two-inch fold with a small amount of glue.
408 Foldables™
Two-Tab Book Take a Folded Book and cut up the valley of the inside fold toward the mountain top. This cut forms two large tabs that can be used on the front and back for writing and illustrations.
Three-Tab Book 1. Fold a sheet of paper like a hot dog. 2. With the paper horizontal and the fold of the hot dog up, fold the right side toward the center, trying to cover one half of the paper. 3. Fold the left side over the right side to make a book with three folds. 4. Open the folded book. Place one hand between the two thicknesses of paper and cut up the two valleys on one side only. This will create three tabs.
Layered-Look Book _1 1. Stack two sheets of paper (8 2" x 11") so that the back sheet is one inch higher than the front sheet. 2. Bring the bottoms of both sheets upward and align the edges so that all of the layers or tabs are the same distance apart. 3. When all the tabs are an equal distance apart, fold the papers and crease well. 4. Open the papers and glue them together along the valley, or inner center fold, or staple them along the mountain.
409 Four-Tab Book _1 1. Fold a sheet of paper (82" x 11") in half like a hot dog. 2. Fold this long rectangle in half like a hamburger. 3. Fold both ends back to touch the mountain top or fold it like an accordion. 4. On the side with two valleys and one mountain top, make vertical cuts through one thickness of paper, forming four tabs.
Four-Door Book 1. Make a Shutter Fold using 11" x 17" or 12" x 18" paper. 2. Fold the Shutter Fold in half like a hamburger. Crease well. 3. Open the project and cut along the two inside valley folds. These cuts will form four doors on the inside of the project.
Folded Table or Chart 1. Fold the number of vertical columns needed to make the table or chart. 2. Fold the horizontal rows needed to make the table or chart. 3. Label the rows and columns.
410 Use this glossary to learn how to pronounce and understand the meanings of Science Words used in this book. The page number at the end of each definition tells you where to find that word in the book.
amphibian (am fibºē әn) An animal that spends part of its life in water and part on land. (p. 116) Frogs and salamanders are amphibians. absorb (әb sôrbº) To take in. (pp. 113, 127, 360) Some materials absorb more analyze data (anºә līz daºtә) To use light than others. information that has been gathered to answer a question or solve a problem. adaptation (aªdapªtāºshәn) A special trait (p. 11) You can analyze data to find that helps a living thing survive in its how daylight hours change throughout environment. (p. 32) A fish’s gills are an the year. example of adaptation. arctic tundra (ärkºtik tәnºdrә) A cold air bladder (âr blaºdәr) A balloonlike biome above the Arctic Circle. (p. 70) structure in plants and animals for Winters on the arctic tundra are long holding gases. (p. 103) Kelp has air and dark. bladders that help it float. asteroid (asºtә roidª) A large piece of algae (alºjē) Tiny one-celled organisms rock or metal in space. (p. 224) Many that use water, air, and sunlight to make asteroids orbit the Sun. food. (p. 102) Algae are plantlike living things often found in shallow water. astronaut (asºtrә not) A person who travels into space. (p. 208) Astronauts traveled to the Moon to study it up close.
Pronunciation Key The following symbols are used throughout the Macmillan McGraw-Hill Science Glossaries.
a at e end o hot u up hw white æ about  ape Ê ma Ô old Û use ng song taken ä far i it ôr fork ü rule th thin pencil âr care Î ice oi oil ù pull th this lemon ô law îr pierce ou out ûr turn zh measure circus
' = primary accent; shows which syllable takes the main stress, such as kil in kilogram (kil' e gram'). ' = secondary accent; shows which syllables take lighter stresses, such as gram in kilogram.
411 astrophysicist — canopy
astrophysicist (asªtrō fiºzi sist) bog (bog) A freshwater wetland filled Someone who studies how objects with moss and rich soil. (p. 114) The in the universe interact. (p. 245) An ground in bogs is usually wet and astrophysicist can explain how the spongelike. planets move around the Sun. brackish environment (brakºish atom (at әm) The smallest unit of an en vīºrәn mәnt) The living and nonliving element that has the properties of that things that exist in a place with a element. (p. 276) Atoms are too small mixture of fresh and salt water. (p. 91) to see on your own. Many marine animals lay their eggs in a brackish environment. axis (ak sis) A real or imaginary line through the center of a spinning object. buttress (bәºtrәs) Something that (p. 184) The geographic north and supports or strengthens. (p. 60) Some south poles are the ends of Earth’s axis. trees have special root structures called buttresses that spread out from the trunk and support the tree.
binary stars (bīºnә rē stârz) Two stars that act as a pair. (p. 244) If one of the binary stars weakens, the other one calorie (kaºlә rē) A measure of the might absorb it. energy stored in a substance, such as food. (p. 319) Rich foods, such as ice biomass (bīºō mas) Plant materials and cream and fried dough, have many animal waste. (p. 323) Biomass can be more calories than others. used as fuel to create energy. camouflage (kamºә fläzhª) An biome (bīºōm) An area of land or water adaptation that allows an animal to that has certain kinds of living and blend into its surroundings. (p. 42) nonliving things. (p. 26) A desert biome Camouflage might help an insect look is very different from an ocean biome. like a leaf. blubber (blәºbәr) A thick layer of fat canopy (kaºnә pēª) The part of a forest found in large mammals. (p. 74) Whale just below the uppermost branches blubber allows the animal to stay warm of the tallest trees. Most rain-forest in cold waters. animals live in the canopy because of the sunlight and food found there.
412 Glossary
carbon — cornea carbon (kärºbәn) One of the basic compare (kәm pārº) To see what is the elements. (p. 60) All living matter on same and what is different between Earth contains carbon. (p. 275) two or more things. (p. 34) You can begin to classify things after you chemical change (kemºi kәl compare them. chānj) A change that causes a new kind of matter to form with different competition (komªpi tishºәn) The properties. (p. 288) When food burns, struggle among living things. (p. 132) the chemical change makes it taste There is great competition for water in different. the desert. chemical energy (kemºi kәl enºәr jē) compression wave (kәm preshºәn Energy that is stored in a substance. wāv) A wave that moves in a back and (p. 306) Your body uses chemical forth motion. (p. 333) Sound waves are energy stored in sugar and other foods. examples of compression waves. classify (klasºә fī) To place similar condense (kәn densº) What happens materials together in a group. (p. 5) when matter changes state from gas to The periodic table classifies elements liquid. (p. 268) When water vapor in the that share the same properties. air condenses, it can form dewdrops. climate (klīºmit) The average weather coniferous (kon iºfәr әs) A kind of patterns of a region. (p. 27) Most temperate forest that stays green all people prefer a warm climate. year. (p. 61) Pines, firs, and spruces grow in coniferous forests. comet (komºit) A chunk of ice mixed with rocks and dust moving through constellation (kon ste lāºshun) A group space. (p. 224) A comet may have a of stars that forms a pattern or picture. glowing tail. (p. 240) The Big Dipper is a major constellation. communicate (kә mūºni kātª) To share information. (p. 13) Writing helps you to coral (karºәl) Colorful rocklike communicate your ideas to others. formations created by certain marine animals. (p. 101) Coral reefs are some of community (kә mūºni tē) All the the most beautiful parts of the ocean. different populations in an ecosystem. (p. 146) A rural community may include cornea (kôrºnē ә) The clear, outer people, cows, and grasses. covering of the eye. (p. 358) A contact lens rests on the cornea and assists with vision.
413 crescent moon — emergent layer
crescent moon (kreºsәnt mün) The draw conclusions (drô kәn klüºzhәnz) phase of the moon in which the lighted To arrive at possible answers based side has almost disappeared. (p. 201) A on information you have gathered. crescent moon is either just beginning (p. 13) After you analyze the data to wax or almost done waning. from an experiment, you can draw conclusions about what you observed.
deciduous (di siºjә wәs) A kind of forest biome with many trees that lose ecosystem (ekºō sisªtәm) All the living their leaves each winter. (p. 61) Maples, and nonliving things that interact in an birches, and oaks can be found in environment. (p. 146) The desert and deciduous forests. the forest are different ecosystems. depth (depth) The distance away from electrical energy (i lekºtrik әl the surface. (p. 92) Water temperature enºәr jē) Energy produced by the in the ocean grows colder with depth. movement of small particles called electrons. (p. 306) A light bulb uses desert (deºzәrt) A hot, dry place with electrical energy to create light. very little rain. (p. 38) The Mojave Desert is a hot desert. electron microscope (i lekºtron mīºkrә skōpª) A tool that allows us to dew (dü) Water vapor that has see very small objects. (p. 276) Atoms condensed into liquid on a cool object. can only be seen using an electron (p. 268) Small drops of dew often microscope. appear overnight as the moist air cools. element (elºә mәnt) A basic building dinosaur (dīºnә sorª) An extinct kind of block of matter. (p. 274) Oxygen, large reptile. (p. 162) The word dinosaur carbon, and iron are all elements. comes from Greek words meaning “fearfully great lizard.” emergent layer (i mәrºjәnt lār) The highest level in a forest biome. (p. 60) The tops of the tallest trees form the emergent layer of the rain forest.
414 Glossary
energy — friction energy (enºәr jē) The ability to do work. (p. 304) Matter needs energy to move, grow, or change its state. force A push or pull. (p. 307) You environment (en vīºrәn mәnt) All (fôrs) the living and nonliving things that use force when you make an object surround a living thing. (p. 26) Plants move. need an environment in which they can forest (fôrºәst) A biome that has many get sunlight, water, carbon dioxide, and trees. (p. 58) Different types of forests other nutrients. exist in different parts of the world. equator (i kwāªtәr) The imaginary line forest floor (fôrºәst flôr) The ground that divides Earth into the north and level of a forest biome. (p. 60) Very south hemispheres. (p. 194) Sunlight little sunlight reaches the forest floor. strikes Earth most directly at the equator. fossil (fosºәl) The hardened remains of a living thing. (p. 156) Most fossils are evaporate What happens (i vapºә rātª) buried deep in the ground. when matter slowly changes state from liquid to gas. (p. 267) Water can fossil fuel (fosºәl fūºәl) A source of evaporate into a gas in direct sunlight. energy that comes from the breakdown of animal and plant remains. (p. 324) expand To spread out. (ek spandº) Gasoline is a fossil fuel. (p. 305) Pumping air into a balloon causes the material to expand. freeze (frēz) What happens when matter changes state from liquid to experiment A test (ek sperºә mentª) solid. (p. 268) When water freezes, it designed to support or disprove a becomes ice. hypothesis. (p. 9) Most experiments are designed and carried out very carefully. freshwater environment (freshºwôªtәr en vīºrәn mәnt) The living and nonliving extinct All dead, no (ek stingktº) things that exist in a place where more left alive on Earth. (p. 154) The the water is not salty. (p. 91) Most mammoths became extinct after a ponds and most rivers are freshwater change in climate killed them all. environments.
friction (frikºshәn) The force created when surfaces rub against each other. (p. 307) Friction from rubbing your hands makes them warm.
415 fuel — hydropower
fuel (fūºәl) A source of stored energy. grassland (grasºland) A biome that is (p. 318) Cars use fuel called gasoline to covered with grass. (p. 48) Grasslands make their engines run. provide a great deal of food for many animals.
galaxy (galºәk sē) A very large group of stars. (p. 238) Our galaxy is called the habitat (habºi tat) The place where a Milky Way. living thing makes its home. (p. 144) Whales live in an ocean habitat. gamma waves (gaºmә wāvz) An invisible form of light with high energy. heat energy (hēt enºәr jē) Energy that (p. 349) Gamma waves are used in causes the temperature of something nuclear power plants. to rise. (p. 306) The Sun is the main source of heat energy on Earth. gas (gas) Matter in a state that has no definite shape or volume. (p. 265) The hibernate (hīºbәr nāt) To sleep through air we breathe is made up of gases such the winter. (p. 64) Bears hibernate in as oxygen and carbon dioxide. caves from late fall until spring.
geothermal (jēªә thәrºmәl) Using heat horizon (hә rīºzәn) The distant line from inside the Earth. (p. 322) Steam where the land seems to meet the sky. from a hot spring that turns a turbine is (p. 180) The Sun rises over the eastern an example of geothermal energy. horizon. gibbous (giºbәs) More than half but not humus (hūºmәs) Leftover decomposed yet full. (p. 200) A gibbous moon can plant or animal material in soil. (p. 27) be waxing toward full or waning toward Each layer of soil has different amounts half. of rock and humus. gills (gilz) Body parts in fish and other hydropower (hīªdrә pouºәr) Using water animals that allows them to breathe in to create energy. (p. 322) Many dams water. (p. 104) Gills collect oxygen from turn a river’s current into hydropower. the water.
416 Glossary
hypothesis — liquid hypothesis (hī pothºә sis) A suggested statement or explanation that can be tested to answer a question. (p. 7) An experiment can help you to test a kelp (kelp) A type of algae that groups hypothesis. together. (p. 103) Kelp has large, brown leaflike structures.
kinetic energy (ki netºik enºәr jē) Energy in the form of movement or motion. (p. 317) A falling leaf has kinetic energy. image (iºmij) A picture produced by the reflection of light. (p. 351) A mirror shows you an image of yourself. infer (in fûrº) To come up with an idea based on facts or observations. (p. 7) The data from an experiment can help laser (lāºzәr) A tool that uses a very thin you infer what happened. beam of light. (pp. 364, 376) Doctors can use lasers to perform surgery. infrared waves (inªfreә redº wāvz) A form of light energy that we feel as lens (lenz) A piece of clear material heat. (p. 348) Devices that detect that affects the path of light rays. (pp. infrared waves can be used to “see” in 230, 359) The lens in your eye focuses the dark. incoming light. inner planets (inºәr planºitz) The four light (līt) A form of energy made up of planets closest to the Sun. (p. 222) transverse waves. (p. 348) Color is light Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars are the energy we can see. inner planets. liquid (likºwid) Matter in a state that iris In the eye, the colored circle (īºrәs) has a definite volume but not a definite around the pupil. (p. 358) The iris shape. (p. 264) Water in its liquid state changes the size of the pupil in different takes the shape of its container. light conditions.
417 lunar cycle — migrate
lunar cycle (lüºnәr sīºkәl) The full measure (mezhºәr) To find the size, sequence of the Moon’s phases. volume, area, mass, weight, or (p. 202) The lunar cycle takes about temperature of an object, or to find four weeks. how long an event occurs. (p. 5) When you measure something, you lunar eclipse (lüºnәr ē klipsº) A period gather data or information about it. of time when the Moon moves into Earth’s shadow. (p. 204) The Moon may mechanical energy (mi kaºni kәl appear to be dark red during a total enºәr jē) The energy in moving objects. lunar eclipse. (p. 306) The rushing water in a river has mechanical energy.
melt (melt) What happens when matter changes state from solid to liquid. (p. 266) When ice melts, it becomes liquid water. mangrove (manºgrōv) A kind of tropical tree often found in swamps. (p. 118) meteor (mēºtē әr) A small piece of Mangrove roots provide shelter for fish ice, rock, or metal that has broken and shrimp. off a comet or asteroid. (p. 224) Most shooting stars are also meteors. marine environment (mә rēnº en vīºrәn mәnt) Another name for meteorite (mēºtē ә rītª) A meteor that a saltwater environment. (p. 91) hits the Earth. (p. 224) Some meteorites Whales and dolphins live in a marine create huge holes where they hit the environment. ground.
marsh (mârsh) A type of wetland microscope (mīºkrә skōpª) A tool that featuring soft plants such as grasses. allows us to make small objects seem There are no trees in marshes. (p. 114) larger. (p. 397) You can see some plant cells using a microscope. mass (mas) A measure of the amount of matter in an object. (p. 262) Mass is microwaves (mīºkrō wāvz) A form of often measured in grams. light energy. (p. 348) The energy in microwaves can be used to cook food. matter (maºtәr) Anything that takes up space. (p. 262) The Earth is made up of migrate (mīºgrāt) To move from one all kinds of matter. place to another. (p. 76) Some birds migrate to new homes each fall and spring.
418 Glossary
mimicry — permafrost mimicry (mimºi krē) When one thing opaque (ō pākº) Unable to let light imitates the traits of another. (p. 62) pass through. (p. 370) A piece of heavy Some insects use mimicry to look like construction paper is opaque. other insects and fool predators. orbit (ôrºbit) The path an object takes mixture (miksºchәr) Different kinds of as it travels around another object. matter blended together. (p. 287) Soda (p. 190) Earth’s orbit around the Sun is a mixture of sugar, water, and other takes about 365 days. ingredients. ornithologist (orªnә thâºlә jist) model (moºdәl) Something that A scientist who studies birds. (p. 54) An represents another object or event. ornithologist will often record the flight (p. 9) A spinning ball can serve as a paths of birds. model to show the rotation of a planet. outer planets (outºәr planºitz) The four planets farthest from the Sun. (p. 222) Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune are the outer planets.
oxygen (okºsә jәn) A common gas nocturnal (näk tәrºnәl) Active during found in air and water that many the night. (p. 42) Nocturnal animals animals need to survive. (p. 102) When usually sleep during the day and hunt you breathe, your body is taking in for food at night. oxygen.
observe (әb zûrvº) To use one or more periodic table (pîrªē odºik tāºbәl) of your senses to identify or learn A chart that lists all of the known about an object or event. (p. 5) You elements and their properties. (p. 278) conduct an experiment to observe what The periodic table helps us to group happens in a particular situation. and classify elements. ocean (ōºshәn) A large body of salt permafrost (pәrºmә frost) A layer of water. (p. 101) The Atlantic and the soil that is always frozen. (p. 71) Most Pacific are both oceans. permafrost can be found in arctic and antarctic regions.
419 phase — radio waves
phase (fāz) A temporary state of being. predator (predºә tәr) An animal that (p. 200) The Moon has many phases hunts another animal for food. based on its appearance, including full, (p. 87) Sharks are the ocean’s fiercest half, and gibbous. predators.
physical change (fizºi kәl chānj) A predict (pri diktº) To state likely results change in which matter looks different of an event or experiment. (p. 9) You but is still the same matter. (p. 286) might be able to predict the weather by Breaking an ice cube into pieces is a looking at clouds in the sky. physical change because it is all still water. prey (prā) An animal that is hunted by another animal for food. (p. 106) Mice planet (planºit) A large sphere in space are prey to hawks. that orbits a star. (p. 220) Our planet moves around the Sun. prism (priºzәm) A special lens that can break light into many parts and colors. pollution (pә lüºshәn) What happens (pp. 345, 360) Some telescopes use when harmful materials get into the air, prisms to alter the light coming in. water, or land. (p. 136) Litter is a kind of pollution. property (propºәr tē) A trait of something that can be observed and population (popªyә lāºshәn) All the measured. (p. 263) The properties of members of a single type of living thing matter include size, color, and state. in an ecosystem. (p. 146) Population might go down if an area’s resources pupil (pyüºpәl) The central opening into are used up. the eye. (p. 358) The pupil grows larger in dark conditions to let in more light. potential energy (pә tenºshәl enºәr jē) Energy that is stored up inside of matter. (p. 317) You release the potential energy in a lifted object when you drop it. prairie (prerºē) A temperate grassland. radio waves (raºdē ō wāvz) An (p. 49) Prairies have soil that is rich in invisible form of light energy. (p. 348) humus. Radio waves are used to transmit signals for phones, radios, and televisions.
420 Glossary
record data — soil record data (rē côrd daºtә) To make note of an observation in a permanent way, as in writing. (p. 11) When you record data on a chart, you organize saltwater environment (sôltºwôªtәr your observations. en vīºrәn mәnt) The living and nonliving things that exist in a place where the recycle (rē sīºkәl) To turn an old thing into something new. (p. 136) Paper can water is salty. (p. 91) Oceans and seas be recycled in many ways, including the are saltwater environments. creation of more paper. savanna (sә vaºnә) A tropical grassland. (p. 49) Africa’s Serengeti Plain is a reduce (rē düsº) To use less of something. (p. 136) When you reduce savanna. the amount of napkins you use during scientific method (sī әn tifºik a meal, you conserve paper-making meºthud) The procedure for finding out resources. how something works by controlled experiments. (p. 13) You can test a reflection (rē flekºshәn) Light bouncing off an object. (p. 350) Your reflection in hypothesis by using the scientific a mirror is light bouncing back at you. method. sequioa A kind of huge tree renewable energy (rē nüºә bәl (si kwoiºә) that grows in California. (p. 23) enºәr jē) Energy that can be replaced once it is used. (p. 322) Wind power is a Sequoias are sometimes called source of renewable energy. redwoods. shadow The darkened area reuse (rē ūzº) To use something again. (shaºdō) (p. 136) When you refill a water bottle that results when light energy is on a hiking trip, you are reusing the blocked. (pp. 181, 370) If you face away bottle. from the Sun, your shadow will appear in front of you. revolve (ri volvº) To move around another object in a circular way. shelter (shelºtәr) A place or object that (p. 190) The Earth revolves in a regular protects an animal and keeps it safe. path around the Sun. (p. 30) During a rainstorm, you might seek shelter under a tree. rotate (rōºtāt) To turn. (p. 182) Earth rotates from the west to the east. Each soil (soil) A mixture of tiny rock complete rotation takes 24 hours. particles, minerals, and decayed plant and animal matter. (p. 27) Every biome has a certain kind of soil. 421 solar energy — tentacle
solar energy (sōºlәr enºәr jē) Energy sundial (sәnºdī әl) A device that shows that comes from the Sun. (p. 308) On time using a shadow cast by the Sun. Earth, we see solar energy as light and (pp. 373, 377) The shadows cast on a feel it as heat. sundial are shorter around noon.
solar system (sōºlәr sisºtәm) The Sun surgeon (sәrºjәn) A kind of doctor and the objects in orbit around it. who works inside the body to treat (p. 220) Our solar system is in the Milky problems. (p. 364) Many eye surgeons Way galaxy. today use lasers to fix vision problems. solid (solºid) Matter in a state that has a swamp (swomp) A wetland with many definite shape and volume. (p. 264) You trees or shrubs. (p. 114) Cypress and can measure a solid using both meters willow trees grow well in swamps. and liters. sound energy (sound enºәr jē) Wav es of energy created when an object vibrates. (p. 332) When you hit a drum hard, your ear responds to the sound energy. telescope (telºә skōpª) A tool to make distant objects appear closer and sphere (sfēr) A body that has the shape larger. (p. 230) The Hubble telescope of a ball or globe. (p. 184) Most planets helps us to see planets and stars more are spheres. clearly. star (stär) A hot, glowing ball of gases temperate (temºpәr әt) Having few in space. (p. 220) The nearest star to or no extremes. (p. 49) A temperate the Earth is the Sun. environment has a mild climate and four seasons. state (stāt) One of three categories of matter that has certain properties. temperate forest (temºpәr әt fôrºәst) (p. 264) The three states of matter are A forest biome with four distinct solid, liquid, and gas. seasons. (p. 59) Temperate forests are found in North America, Europe, and structure (strәkºchәr) A thing that is Asia. developed or built for a particular use. (p. 29) Fish have structures called gills tentacle (tenºtә kәl) A long, thin, to help them breathe in the ocean. armlike structure. (p. 98) Jellyfish use their tentacles to capture food.
422 Glossary
translucent — volume translucent (trans lüºsәnt) A material that absorbs some light energy but lets some through. (p. 374) Colored glass is a translucent material. ultraviolet waves (әlªtrә vīºә lәt An invisible form of light that can transparent (trans perºәnt) A material wāvz) that does not absorb or reflect much cause a reaction in the skin. light energy. (p. 374) A clear glass (p. 349) Tans and sunburns are caused window is transparent. by ultraviolet waves from the Sun. understory The area in transverse waves (trans vәrsº wāv) A (әnºdәr stôrªē) wave that moves in an up and down a forest between the canopy and the motion. (p. 331) Light is made up of ground. (p. 60) Leopards, frogs, and transverse waves. many insects live in the understory of the rain forest. tropical (träºpi kәl) Coming from a region near the equator with warm temperatures all year long. (p. 49) Tropical fish live in a warm marine environment. tropical rain forest (rān fôrºәst) A variable (vârºē ә bәl) Something that hot, wet forest biome found near the can be changed or controlled. (p. 9) equator. (p. 58) There are more kind of In a plant-growing experiment, the living things in tropical rain forests than amounts of light and water you provide any other land biome. are variables. turbine (tәrºbīn) A machine that turns vibrate (viºbrāt) To move back and and produces energy. (p. 322) A simple forth quickly. (p. 332) A guitar string turbine looks like an electric fan that vibrates when you pull and release it. moves when steam, water, or air pushes against the blades. visible light (viºzә bәl līt) The range of light energy that humans can see. (p. 348) Visible light includes all of the colors you see.
volume (volºūm) The amount of space that an object takes up. (p. 264) Volume is often measured in liters or cubic meters.
423 waning — X-ray waves
waning (wānºing) In the process of X-ray waves (eksºrā wāvz) An invisible getting smaller. (p. 200) A waning form of light energy that can pass Moon may go from full to half. through objects. (p. 349) X-ray waves are used to take pictures of bones water vapor (wôºtәr vāºpәr) The gas inside the body. state of water. (p. 267) You cannot see water vapor in the air. wave (wāv) A disturbance that moves through matter or space. (p. 330) If you jostle water in a glass, you create small waves. waxing (waxºing) In the process of getting larger. (p. 200) A waxing Moon may go from half to full. wetland (wetºland) Environments where water covers the soil for most of the year. (p. 112) Bogs, swamps, and marshes are all wetland environments. white dwarf (hwīt dworf) A small, hot, white star. (p. 281) A white drawf may be about the size of our Sun but has much more matter packed into it. wind power (wind pouºәr) A renewable kind of energy that uses the power of the wind. (p. 322) Windmills are actually turbines that can gather wind power and create electricity.
424 Amphibians, 116 Analyzing data, skill of, 186*–87* Andrews, Roy Chapman, 162 Angler fish, 106 Absorption, 360 Animal rescue workers, 172 of color of light, 360–62 Animals of light by translucent materials, 374 in arctic tundra, 68, 69*, 71, 74–75*, 76 Adaptations, 32 adaptations to, 74–75*, 76 animal, 44*–45* camouflage of, 42, 44*–45*, 54, 76, 87, to arctic tundra, 74–75*, 76 105 to desert, 42 changes in environment affecting, to forest, 62–63*, 64 144–45 to grasslands, 52 response to, 154–55 to water environments, 94, 99*, changes in environment caused by, 132, 104–6 133, 134–35 to wetlands, 116 colors and survival of, 45*, 62, 76 camouflage, 42, 44*–45*, 54, 76, 87, 105 comparing fossils with living, 158–59*, to environment changes, 145 160, 162–63 hibernation, 64 in desert, 42, 45* migration, 76 adaptations to, 42 mimicry, 62 ecosystem balance upset by new, 148 plant energy from eating plants, 309 to arctic tundra, 72–73 energy needs, 305 to desert, 37*, 40–41* forest, adaptations of, 62–63*, 64 to forest, 60–61 fossils, 156–60, 162–63, 164 to grassland, 50–51 in grasslands, 47*, 52 to water environments, 94, 102–3* adaptations to, 52 to wetlands, 114–15 as living things, 26 to protect against predators, 62, 63, 64 needs of, 30–31 survival through, 160 nocturnal, 42 of woodpeckers, 170–71 response to changes in day length, African American slaves, following stars to 252–53 freedom, 246* structures, 30–31 Air in water environments effect of heat on, 303*, 305 adaptations to, 94, 99*, 104–6, 116 sound wave in, 332, 333 ocean, 89*, 94, 103, 104–6 Air bladders, 103 wetlands, 116 Aldrin, Buzz, 209 Antelopes, 52 Algae, 92, 102–3 Arctic forget-me-nots, 73 kelp, 103 Arctic fox, 76 Alternative energy sources, 322–23 Arctic tundra, 68–77 Amber fossils, 164 animals in, 68, 69*, 71
* Indicates an activity related to this topic. 425 Area, estimating — Changes
adaptations of, 74–75*, 76 woodpecker adaptations, 170–71 plants in, 71 Blubber, 74, 94 adaptations of, 72–73 Bogs, 114 Area, estimating, 79* Bones, fossil, 156 Armstrong, Neil, 209 Brackish environments, 91 Asteroids, 224 Breathing Astronauts, 209, 217 gills for, 31, 104, 144 Astrophysicist, 280 lungs for, 31 Atoms, 276–77 oxygen, 30, 31, 102, 104, 275 model of, 277* Burrows, animal, 52 Axis, 184 Buttresses, 60 of Earth, 184, 190, 191, 308
Cactuses, 32 Bacteria, 132 prickly pear, 41 Baking, chemical changes in, 284, 289 saguaro, 40 Baobab tree, 51 California Bar graph, 187* climate, 32 Bark of tree, 51 new plants and animals upsetting Batteries, 318 ecosystem of, 148 Beaks of birds, 30, 31 seasons in, 192–93, 196 Bears, 32 California condors, 165 polar, 68, 74 Camouflage, 42, 44*–45*, 54, 76, 87, 105 Beavers, 134–35* Canada geese, 76 Big Dipper constellation, 240, 246* Canopy of tropical rain forest, 60, 66*–67* Binary stars, 244–45 Can We Save the Peregrine Falcon Biomass energy, 323 (Dobson), 129 Biomes, 26–27, 82* Car, stored energy used by, 320 arctic tundra, 68–77 Carbon, 275 desert, 26, 36–43 atoms, 276 forest, 56–65 as nonmetal, 278 temperate forest, 59, 61, 64 Carbon dioxide, 28, 29 tropical rain forest, 58–59, 60, 62–63 Careers in science grasslands, 27, 46–55 lighting technician, 384 Birds, 54–55, 146 map maker, 254 beaks of, 30, 31 wildlife manager, 172 as living dinosaurs, 163 Catfish, 116 nests, 31 Cernan, Gene, 209 wetland, 116 Changes. See also Environment, changes in
426 * Indicates an activity related to this topic. Index
Cheetahs — Dwarf fireweed
chemical, 288–89*, 290, 292*–93*, 305 Copernicus, 232 physical, 286–87, 292*–93*, 305 Coral reef, 101 Cheetahs, 52 Cornea, 358 Chemical changes, 288–89*, 290, 292*–93* Coyotes, 42 energy and, 305 Crescent Moon, 200, 201 signs of, 290, 293* Crocodiles, 160 Chemical energy, 306, 309 Crystal Vision (Schimel), 345 sources of stored, 318–19* Cube, 283* use of, 320 Cushion plants, 73 Classification compare and classify skill, 34*–35* of matter, 264–65* Claws, 75 Climate, 27, 32. See also Temperature change, 154–55 Dams, beaver, 134–35 of desert, 38 Day and night, 178–85 of grasslands, 49 cause of, 182–83* of temperate forest, 59 hours of daylight, 186*–87*, 197* of tropical rain forest, 58 length of full day, 182 Clock, sundial as type of, 373, 377 seasons and length of, 191, 252–53 Clouds, formation of, 310 Sun’s position in sky and, 180–81 Cold environment. See Arctic tundra temperature change in, 39 Color change, as sign of chemical change, DDT, 129 290 Death Valley, 36 Colors Deciduous trees, 61 animal survival and, 45*, 62, 76 Decimals, multiplication of, 325 of arctic plants, 73 de Marco, Orsola, 244–45 light and seeing, 357*, 360–62 Depth of water environments, 92, 93, 101 mixing colors of light, 366*–67* Desert, 26, 36–43 rainbow, 360, 367* adaptations to, 37*, 40–41*, 42 as visible light energy, 348 animals in, 42, 45* Comets, 224 plants in, 37*, 40–41* Community, 146 Dew, 268 prairie, 146–47 Dinosaurs, 156, 158, 159, 162-63 Compare and classify skill, 34*–35* Dobson, David, Can We Save the Peregrine Competition, 132–33 Falcon by, 129 Compression waves, 333 Dragons of the Sea (Schleichert), 87 Conclusions, drawing, 312*–13*, 323 Drawing conclusions, 312*–13*, 323 Condensation, 268, 310 Drought, 142 Condors, California, 165 Dry environment. See Desert Coniferous trees, 61 Dwarf fireweed, 73 Conservation of electricity, 323 Constellations, 240–41*, 242, 246* 427 Eagles — Environment, changes in
ancient beliefs about, 274 atoms in, 276–77* chemical change and, 288 examples of, 275 Eagles, 146, 147 formation of, 280 Ear, path of sound waves in, 332, 333 matter made up of more than one, 275 Earth periodic table of, 278 history told by fossils, 157 physical change and, 286 lunar eclipse and, 204 symbols for, 278 model of, 183* Elephant, woolly mammoth compared to, orbit (revolution) around Sun, 190–91, 158–59 232 Emergent layer of tropical rain forest, 60 as planet, 220, 223 Endangered habitats, 118 rotation of, 182, 183*, 190, 192 Energy, 298–41, 340*. See also Heat stars and, 239, 240 energy; Light seasons on, 188–95, 189*, 196 change and growth from, 305 as sphere, 184 chemical, 306, 309, 318–19* Sun as main source of energy on, cost of, 325* 308–10 definition of, 304 tilted axis of, 184, 190, 191, 308 Earth’s main source of, 308–10 water supply of, 90–91, 121 electrical, 306, 318, 334 Earthquakes, 142 forms of, 306–7*, 309, 312*–13* Eclipse, lunar, 204 kinetic, 315*, 317, 320, 328–29 Ecosystem, 146–47*. See also Biomes movement and, 305 new plants and animals upsetting moving objects and, 329 balance of, 148 potential, 315*, 316, 317, 318–19* Eelgrass, 102 renewable sources of, 322–23 Einstein, Albert, 275 biomass energy, 323 Electrical energy, 306, 318 geothermal energy, 322, 323 movement of, 334 hydropower, 322, 323 Electrical wires, 334 solar, 308–10, 323 Electricity wind, 301, 309, 322, 323, 337* alternative energy sources for, 322–23 sound, 332–33*, 336*–37* biomass energy, 323 transferred by waves, 327*, 330–33 geothermal energy, 322, 323 using, 304, 314–25, 319* hydropower, 322, 323 Environment, changes in, 126–49. See also solar energy, 308–10, 323 Fossils wind energy, 301, 309, 322, 323, caused by living things, 130–39, 131* 337* animals, 132, 133, 134–35 conserving, 323 people, 136 Electric sockets, 334 plants, 132, 133 Electron microscopes, 276 damaging, 142–43 Elements, 274–75
428 * Indicates an activity related to this topic. Index
Environments — Fossils
effect on living things, 129, 140–49, changing day length in, 253 141*, 150*–51* path of Sun in, 193 animals, 144–45, 154–55 Fat causes of change, 142–43, 148 blubber, 74, 94 plants, 141*, 144–45, 150*–51* survival in cold environment and, 69*, people and, 136, 143 74 recovery from, 143 Feet of arctic animals, 75 sudden, 154–55 Fictional narrative, 120 Environments, 26–27 Filter adaptations to. See Adaptations looking through colored, 357*, 362 biomes, 26–27, 82* wetlands as, 111*, 113 arctic tundra, 68–77 Fires in grasslands, 49, 50, 51 desert, 26, 36–43 First quarter Moon, 200, 203 forest, 56–65 Fish, 94 grasslands, 27, 46–55 adaptations to ocean environment, 87, describing your, 78* 104, 106 fossils and ancient, 157 fossils, 157 protecting, 136, 138*–39* gills, 31, 104, 144 water. See Oceans; Water Floods, 140, 142 environments; Wetlands beaver dams causing, 135 Equator, 194 effect on plants, 141* tropical grasslands near, 49 wetlands and, 113 tropical rain forests near, 58 Food water temperature near, 93 animal structure for getting, 30 Eucalyptus trees, 148 chemical changes in, 288–89, 290 Evaporation, 267, 310 chemical energy stored in, 309, 319, Expanded notation, using, 165 319* Experimenting, skill at, 354*–55* use of, 320 Extinction, 154–55 Forests, 56–65 species saved from, 165 adaptations to, 60–63*, 64 Eyes animals in, 62–63*, 64 of deep ocean animals, 106 kelp, 103 laser eye surgery on, 364, 376 mangrove, 115, 118–19 parts of, 358–59 permanent changes in, 143 seeing color with, 360–62 plants in, 57*, 60–61 temperate, 59, 61, 64 tropical rain forest, 58–59, 60, 62–63, 66*–67* Fossil fuel, 324 Fossils, 152, 153*, 156–60 amber, 164 Falcons, peregrine, 129 comparing living things to, 158–59*, 160, Fall season, 191 162–63 429 Fractions — Humus
Fractions, 121 Granger, Walter, 162 Frank, John, 259 Grasses, 48, 50, 51*, 143 Freezing, 268, 286 Grassland, 27, 46–55 Freezing Rain (Frank), 259 adaptations to, 50–52 Fresh water, 90 animals in, 47*, 52 plants, 94 Pampas, 54–55 supply of, 90, 121 plants in, 48, 50–51, 143 uses of, 121 prairies, 48, 49, 146–47* Freshwater environments, 91, 92, 94 recovery from environmental damage, Friction, 307 143 Frilled lizard, 158, 159 types of, 48, 49, 51 Frogs, 62, 116, 145, 146 Growth, energy and, 305 Fuel, 320, 324 Full Moon, 201, 203 Fungi, 132 Fur, 74, 75
Habitat, 144 effect of changes in, 144–45 endangered, 118 Heat, adaptations to conserve, 74 Galaxy, 238 Heat energy, 306, 320 Galileo, 232 effect on air, 303*, 305 Gamma waves, 349 friction and, 307 Gases, 265, 265* renewable source of, 322 condensation of, 268, 310 as sign of chemical change, 290 formation, as sign of chemical change, solar energy felt as, 308 290 states of matter changed by, 266–68 liquid evaporation to, 267, 310 using chemical energy for, 318 Gasoline, 318, 320, 324 Herons, 116 saving, 324 Hibernation, 64 Geothermal energy, 322, 323 History of Science Geysers, heat energy from, 322 To the Moon!, 208–9 Giant Sequoias (Alarcón), 23 Turning the Power on, 322–23 Giant squid, 106 Horizon, 180 Gibbous Moon, 200, 201 Horseshoe crab, 159 Gills, 31, 104, 144 Hours, converting into minutes or seconds, Glass 197* colored, 356, 374 Hubble Space Telescope, 231 as transparent, 374 Humus, 27, 39, 49, 59 Glassy-winged sharpshooters, 148 Hydrogen, 275, 280 Gleick, Peter, 121 Hydropower energy, 322, 323
430 * Indicates an activity related to this topic. Index
Hydrogen — Lighting technician
Ice, melting, 305 Lakes, 91 Ice age, 154 Landfills, 136 Iguanas, 63 Laron, Elaine, 177 Image, 351, 352 Lasers, 364, 376 Infrared waves, 348 used in surgery, 364–65, 376 Inner planets, 222–23 Leafy seadragons, 87 Inquiry skills Leaves of plants, 29, 130 analyzing data, 186*–87* in desert, 40 compare and classify, 34–35* estimating area of, 79* drawing conclusions, 312*–13* in grasslands, 51 experimenting, 354*–55* in temperate forest, 61 measuring, 270*–71* in tropical rain forest, 60 observation, 226*–27* Lens, 230, 231* predicting, 96*–97* of eye, 359 recording data, 138*–39* prism, 360 Insects telescope, 230 preserved in amber, 164 Lichen, 72 woodpecker adaptations for catching, Light, 346–84 171 definition of, 348 Invisible light, 349 in eyes, seeing and, 358–59 Iris, 358 forms of light energy, 348–49 Iron, 278 invisible, 349 rusting, 290 lasers, 364–65, 376 materials affecting, 369*, 370–71, 374 mixing colors of, 366*–67* movement of, 347*, 350–51*, 355* path traveled by, 350–51 reflection of, 350–51, 352, 355*, 358, 371 Jackrabbits, 42 on rough surface, 352 Jellyfish, 98, 99* seeing color and, 357*, 360–62 Jupiter, 220, 221, 222 shadows and, 368–75 as sign of chemical change, 290 solar energy seen as, 308 using chemical energy for, 318 visible, 348, 349, 350 Kangaroo, 31 Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission Kelp forests, 103 of Radiation (LASER), 364–65, 376 Kinetic energy, 315*, 317, 320, 328–29 Light energy, 334, 348–49 changing stored energy into, 320 Lighting technician, 384
431 Lightning — Microscope
Lightning, 142 definition of, 262 Light years, 247* measuring, 263, 270*–71* Lion, 30 Math in Science Liquids, 264, 265* cost of energy, 325 adding heat to, 267 Earth’s water, 121* evaporation of, 267, 310 estimating the area of leaves, 79* freezing of, 268, 286 finding the distance between stars, Literature 247* magazine articles, 86–87, 300–301 identifying a cube of rectangular solid, nonfiction book, 128–29 283* personal narrative, 216–17 keeping time by sunlight, 377 poems, 22–23, 176–77, 258–59, 344–45 Matter, 256–97, 282*, 296* Little Dipper constellation, 240 changing, 284–93, 285* Living things. See also Animals; Plants chemical changes, 288–89*, 290, adaptations for survival. See 292*–93* Adaptations energy and, 305, 310 dependence on each other, 146–47 physical changes, 286–87, 292*–93* environments of, 26–27. See also classifying, 264–65*, 273* Environment, changes in definition of, 262 of past. See Fossils elements as building blocks of, 274–75 stored energy used by, 320 mixture of different kinds of, 287 Lizards, compared to dinosaurs, 158, 159 properties of, 263, 287 Lodges, beaver, 134–35 states of, 264–65*, 283*. See also Gases; Lunar cycle, 202–3. See also Moon Liquids; Solids Lunar eclipse, 204 changes in, 266–68, 286, 287, 310 Lungs, 31 Measurement, 263 Lynx, 75 of distance between stars, 247* skill, 270*–71* Mechanical energy, 306, 309 change to heat energy, 307 sound energy, 332–33*, 336*–37* wind energy, 301, 309, 322, 323, 337* Meet a Scientist Machines, stored energy used by, 320 Ana Luz Porzecanski, 54–55 Magazine articles Neil deGrasse Tyson, 280–81 Dragons of the Sea (Schleichert), 87 Orsola de Marco, 244–45 Mammoth, woolly, 154, 157, 158–59 Melting, 266, 310 Mangroves, 115, 118–19 Mercury, 220, 222 Map maker, 254 Mesquite tree, 40 Marine environment, 91. See also Oceans Metals, 278 Mars, 220, 223 Meteorite, 224 Marshes, 114 Meteors, 224 Mass Microscope, 274 432 * Indicates an activity related to this topic. Index
Microwaves — Ornithologist
electron, 276 dinosaur, 162 Microwaves, 348, 349, 350 New Moon, 200, 203 Midday, Sun at, 180, 181 Night. See Day and night Migration, 76 Nocturnal animals, 42 habitat change and, 145 Nonfiction books, 128–29, 300-01 Milky Way galaxy, 238 Nonliving things, 26. See also Sunlight; Mimicry, 62 Water Mirrors, 351, 352 Nonmetals, 278 Mixtures, 287 Northern Hemisphere, 192, 194 Moon, 198–205 North Pole, 184, 190, 191 changing shape of, 199*, 200–203, Numbers 206*–7* expanded notation to represent, 165 eclipse of, 204 multiplying decimals, 325 orbit around Earth, 202–3 subtracting 3-digit, 247* phases of, 200–203, 202*, 212* Nutrients, 28. See also Food position in sky, 207* as sphere, 202 travel to, 208–9 Moss, 114 Motion. See Movement Mount St. Helens, 143 Movement Objects, describing, 261* energy and, 305 Observation skill, 226*–27* kinetic energy of moving objects, 315*, Oceans, 91, 98–107 317, 320, 328–29 adaptations to, 102–3*, 104–6 of light, 347*, 350–51*, 355* animals in, 89*, 94, 103, 104–6 under water, adaptations for, 104 definition of, 101 of waves, 331 depth of, 92, 101 Multiplication of decimals, 325 names of, 101 Musk oxen, 74 plants in, 102–3* very deep, 106 Ocean waves, 330, 331 Ohl, Russell, 323 Okie, Susan, 217 Opaque materials, 370–71, 372, 374 Orbit Narrative of asteroids, comets, and meteors, 224 fictional, 120 of Earth around Sun, 190–91, 232 personal, 196, 216–17 of Moon around Earth, 202–3 NASA, 209 of planets around Sun, 219*, 220, 221 Neptune, 220, 221, 223 Orchid mantis, 62 Nests Orion, 242 bird, 31 Ornithologist, 54 433 Outer planets — Polar bears
Outer planets, 222–23 orbit around Sun, 219*, 220, 221 Owen, Richard, 162 outer, 222–23 Oxygen, 30, 102, 104, 275 position in sky, 239 animal structures for getting, 30, 31, as spheres, 220 104 Plants adaptations of, 37*, 40–41*, 50–51, 60–61, 72–73, 102–3*, 114–15 in arctic tundra, 71, 72–73 changes in environment affecting, 141*, 144–45, 150*–51* changes in environment caused by, 132, Pacific Ocean, 101, 103 133 Pampas, 54–55 in desert, 37*, 40–41* Pan balance, 263, 270* ecosystem balance upset by new, 148 Park ranger, 172 effect of shade on, 151* Paws, arctic animal, 75 energy needs, 305 Peregrine falcons, 129 flood’s effect on, 141* Performance assessment as food, 309 biomes, 82* forest, 57*, 60–61 classifying objects, 380* fossils, 156–60 energy, 340* in grasslands, 48, 50–51, 143 making postage stamp about growth toward light, 57* environment, 168* leaves of, 29, 40, 51, 60, 61, 79*, 130 matter, 296* as living things, 26 phases of the Moon, 212* needs of, 25*, 28 solar system, 250* responses to changes in day length, water environments, 124* 252–53 Periodic table of elements, 278 roots of, 28, 40, 50, 60, 72, 115, 143 Permafrost, 71 salt water and, 109* Personal narrative, 196, 216–17 solar energy used by, 309 To Space & Back (Ride and Okie), 217 stems of, 28, 40, 114 Petersen, Christine, Wind Power by, 301 structures of, 29, 29* Phases of Moon, 200–203, 202*, 212* in water environments, 94 lunar cycle, 202–3 ocean, 102–3* Sun and, 202 wetlands, 113, 114–15* Physical changes, 286–87, 292*–93* Pluto, 220, 221, 223 energy and, 305 Poems Pine cones, 61 Crystal Vision (Schimel), 345 Planets, 219*, 220–23. See also Solar Freezing Rain (Frank), 259 system Giant Sequoias, (Alarcón), 23 definition of, 220 Sun and the Moon, The (Laron), 176–77 Earth as, 220, 223 Poisonous arrow frog, 62 inner, 222–23 Polar bears, 68, 74 434 * Indicates an activity related to this topic. Index
Polaris — Rust
Polaris, 240 in tropical rain forests, 58 Pollution, 136, 143 Rainbow, 360, 367* Ponds, 91, 94 Rain forest, tropical, 58–59, 60, 62–63, depth of, 92 66*–67* Population, 146 Ranger Rick extinction of, 155 What a Difference Day Length Makes, Porcupines, 31, 64 252–53 Porzecanski, Ana Luz, 54–55 Rattlesnakes, 42 Potential energy, 315*, 316, 317 Recording data, 138*–39* changed to kinetic energy, 317, 320 Rectangular solid, identifying, 283* chemical energy as source of, 318–19* Red foxes, 148 Power plants, 334 Reduce, reuse, recycle (3 Rs), 136, 138*–39* Prairie dogs, 52, 146–47 Redwoods, 32 Prairies, 48, 49 Reef, coral, 101 community, 146–47* Reflection of light, 350–51, 352, 355*, 358, Predators, adaptations to protect against, 371 62, 63, 64, 87 by planets, 221 Prediction, skill at, 96*–97* seeing color and, 360–62 Prickly pear cactus, 41 Renewable energy sources, 322–23 Prism, 345, 360 biomass energy, 323 Properties, 263 geothermal energy, 322, 323 Pupil (eye), 358, 359* hydropower, 322, 323 solar energy, 308–10, 323 wind energy, 301, 309, 322, 323, 337* Revolving Earth, 190. See also Orbit Ride, Sally, To Space & Back by, 217 Rivers, 91 Roots of plants, 28 Quills, porcupine, 64 in arctic tundra, 72 in desert, 40 in grasslands, 50, 143 mangrove, 115 of tropical rain forest, 60 in wetlands, 115 Rotation of Earth, 182, 183*, 190, 192 Radio telescopes, 231 stars and, 239, 240 Radio waves, 231, 348 Rust, 290 Rain in desert, 38 flooding and, 140, 142 freezing, 2259 in grasslands, 49 in temperate forests, 59
435 Saguro cactus — Sound energy
Sun and, 178, 179*, 181, 373 translucent vs. transparent materials and, 374 Shelters, 30 Saguaro cactus, 40 animal, 31 Salt, 283* beaver lodges, 134–35 Salt water, 90 Shrimp, 160 Saltwater environments, 91. See also Sight, 358–59, 371 Oceans color, 357*, 360–62 animals of, 94 laser eye surgery for, 364, 376 floating in, 108*–9* Size of arctic plants, 73 plants in, 109* Skill Builder. See Inquiry skills Saturn, 220, 221, 222 Skunks, 64 Savannas, 49, 51, 145 Snow in arctic tundra, 70, 71 Schimel, Lawrence, Crystal Vision by, 345 Soil, 27 Schleichert, Elizabeth, Dragons of the Sea changes caused by living things in, 132, by, 87 133 Schmitt, Harrison, 209 in desert, 39 Science, Technology, and Society in grasslands, 49, 50 Beam of Light, A, 364–65 humus in, 27, 39, 49, 59 Mail Call, 118–19 permafrost in arctic tundra, 71 Seas, 91. See also Oceans in temperate forest, 59 Seasons, 188–95, 189*, 196 in tropical rain forest, 59 change of, 189*, 190–91 in wetland, 112, 113 changes in day length with, 191, 252–53 Solar energy, 308–10, 323 in Northern and Southern Hemispheres, matter changed by, 310 194 Solar system, 214–33. See also Stars path of Sun and, 192–93 asteroids in, 224 stars and, 242 comets in, 224 in temperate forest, 59 definition of, 220 temperature and, 191, 193, 194 early beliefs about, 232 Sea turtles, 88 meteors in, 224 Seeds, mangrove, 115 in Milky Way galaxy, 238 Sequence, 209 planets in, 219*, 220–23 Sequoias, 23 Sun in, 173, 220, 221 Serengeti Plain, 46, 49 using telescopes to learn about, 228– Shadows, 368–75 232 definition of, 370 Solids, 264, 265*, 283* formation of, 370–71 adding heat to, 266 lunar eclipse and, 204 melting of, 310 materials blocking light, 369*, 370–71, Sonoran Desert, 38 372 Sound energy, movement of, 332–33*, shape and size of, 372–73* 336*–37* 436 * Indicates an activity related to this topic. Index
Sound wave — Telescope
Sound wave, 332–33, 336*–37* in arctic tundra, 70 Southern Hemisphere, 194 constellations seen in, 242 South Pole, 184, 191 path of Sun in, 192 Space. See also Solar system Sun using telescopes to learn about, 231, 232 day and night and, 178–85 Spacecrafts energy from, 308–10, 323, 350 space shuttle launch, 217 lunar eclipse and, 204 travel to Moon, 208–9 orbit of Earth around, 190–91, 232 Spectacular Science, poem from, 345 orbit of planets around, 219*, 220, 221 Speed of animals, 52 path from season to season, 192–93 Sphere, 184, 202, 220 phases of Moon and, 202 Spines on plants, 40 position in sky, 180–81 Spring, 190 shadows and, 178, 179*, 181, 372, 373 changing day length in, 253 in solar system, 173, 220, 221 path of Sun in, 193 as star, 173, 221, 238 Squid, giant, 106 water cycle and, 310 Stars, 221, 236–48, 237* Sundial, 373, 377 binary, 244–45 Sunlight constellations of, 240–41*, 242, 246* angle of, 181 during daytime, 237*, 238 direct, 190–91 elements formed inside, 280 at equator, 194 finding distance between, 247* in water environments, 92, 93 galaxy of, 238 Sunrise, 180, 181, 186* position in sky, 235*, 239 shadows cast at, 373 seasons and, 242 Sunset, 180, 181, 186*, 193* Sun as, 221, 238 shadows cast at, 373 States of matter, 283*. See also Gases; Surgeons, lasers used by, 364–65, 376 Liquids; Solids Survival. See Adaptations changes in, 286, 287, 310 Swamps, 114 heat and, 266–68 mangroves, 115, 118–19 classifying matter by, 264–65* Sweat, 320 Stems of plants, 28 in desert, 40 in wetlands, 114 Stingray, 105 Story, elements of good, 120 Streams, 91 Structures, 29 Teeth animal, 30–31 fossil, 156 plant, 29, 29* of grassland animals, 52 Succulents, 41 Tehachapi, turbines at, 301 Sugar, 275, 283* Telescope, 228–35 Summer, 190, 193 how it works, 230 437 Temperate forests — Water
learning about distant objects with, animals in, 62–63* 229*, 230, 232, 234*–35* layers of, 60 types of, 231 plants in, 60 Temperate forests, 59 Tube worms, 106 animals in, 64 Tundra, arctic. See Arctic tundra plants in, 61 Turbines, 322 Temperate grasslands, 49 wind, 301, 322 Temperature. See also Climate; Heat Turtles, sea, 88 energy Tyson, Neil DeGrasse, 280–81 in arctic tundra, 70 in day and night, 39 in desert, 39 near equator, 194 seasons and, 191, 193, 194 in temperate forest, 59 in tropical rain forest, 58 Ultraviolet waves, 349 in water environments, 93, 93* Understory of tropical rain forest, 60 Test practices, 83, 125, 169, 213, 251, 297, Uranus, 220, 221, 223 341, 381 Third quarter Moon, 203 Thorns on plants, 40 Three-dimensional shape, 283* Time converting hours to minutes, 377* sundial to tell, 373, 377 Venus, 218, 220, 222 Tinamous, 54, 55 Vibration, 332, 333 To Space & Back (Ride and Okie), 217 Viperfish, 106 Translucent materials, 374 Visible light, 348, 349, 350 Transparent materials, 374 Vision. See Sight Transverse waves, 331, 348–49 Volcanic eruptions, changes in Trash, 136, 138*–39*, 143 environment and, 142, 143 Trees. See also Forests Volume coniferous, 61 definition of, 264 deciduous, 61 states of matter and, 264, 265 eucalyptus, 148 mangrove, 115, 118–19 of temperate forest, 61 in tropical grasslands, 51 in tropical rain forest, 60 Trilobite, 159 Tropical grasslands, 49, 51 Waning Moon, 200 Tropical rain forest, 58–59, 60, 62–63, Water 66*–67* animal structures for getting, 30 438 * Indicates an activity related to this topic. Index
Water cycle — Year, days in
change of state, 286 colors forming, 360–62 cleaned by wetlands, 113 seeing black or white, 362 elements in, 275 Wildlife manager, 172 gas state of. See Water vapor Wind energy, 301, 309, 322, 323, 337* hydropower energy and, 322, 323 Wind farms, 301 mass of liquid vs. solid, 270*–71* Wind Power (Petersen), 301 Water cycle, 310 Wind turbines, 301, 322 Water environments, 88–97, 96*–97*, 124*. Winter, 191, 193 See also Oceans; Wetlands adaptations to survive, 64 adaptations to in arctic tundra, 70 of animals, 94, 99*, 104–6 constellations seen in, 242 of plants, 94, 102–3* path of Sun in, 192 differences between, 92–93 Wires, electrical, 334 temperature of, 93, 93* Wood, burning, 318 types of, 90–91 chemical change in, 288, 305 Watering holes, 144, 145 Woodpecker, 170–71 Water lilies, 94 Woolly mammoth, 154, 157, 158–59 Water supply, 90–91, 121 Work, energy as ability to do, 304 Water vapor, 267, 310 Worms, 131*, 132 condensation forming dew, 268 Writing in Science Waves descriptive writing, 78* compression, 333 expository writing, 164, 246*, 282, 376 definition of, 330 fictional narrative, 120 energy transferred by, 327*, 330–33 personal narrative, 196 examples of, 330 persuasive letter, 324 forms of light energy, 348–49 movement of, 331 ocean, 330, 331 radio, 231, 348 sound, 332–33, 336*–37* transverse, 331, 348–49 Waxing Moon, 200 X-ray wave, 349 Weather, change in environment and, 142 Wetlands, 110–20 adaptations to, 114–16 animals in, 116 beaver dams causing, 135 definition of, 112 plants in, 113, 114–15* Year, days in, 190 types of, 114 as water filter, 111*, 113 Whales, 94 White light 439 Zebras
Zebras, 52, 144, 145
440 * Indicates an activity related to this topic. Illustration Credits: 39: Mike DiGiorgio. 49: Mike DiGiorgio. Friedrich von Hörsten/Alamy; (b) PhotoLink/Getty Images. 54: (l) 50: Sandra Williams. 59: Mike DiGiorgio. 60: Sandra Williams. Frans Lanting/Minden Pictures; (t) Courtesy of Ana Luz 71: Mike DiGiorgio. 90–91: John Hovell. 113: Tom Leonard. 125: Porzecanski. 54-55: (bkgd) Gabriel Rojo/Nature Picture Library. Mike DiGiorgio. 132–133: Tom Leonard. 136: John Hovell. 146: 55: Frans Lanting/Minden Pictures. 56-57: Mike Dobel/Alamy. 58: Tom Leonard. 147: Tom Leonard. 155: Tom Leonard. 169: Mike (bkgd) age fotostock/SuperStock; (b) Stuart Westmorland/ DiGiorgio. 180: Tom Leonard. 182: Karen Minot. 183: Karen Minot. 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Robert & Lorri Franz/Corbis. 75: (b) MMH, Joe Polillio for MMH and Jacques Cornell for MMH except as Graham Hatherley/naturepl.com; (t) B & C Alexander/NHPA. 76: noted below: (t) Lynn M. Stone/naturepl.com; (c) Doug Allan/naturepl.com; (b) Rich Kirchner/NHPA. 77: (t) Deanna Saney/Lonely Planet Images; vii: (b) Harry Engels/Photo Researchers, Inc. viii: (b) James Davis (tc) Kevin Schafer/NHPA; (bc) Fritz Polking/Peter Arnold, Inc. 78: Photography/Alamy. ix: (b) USGS/Photo Researchers, Inc. ix: (2) Ariel Skelley/Corbis. 79: C Squared Studios/Getty Images. 80: StockTrek/Getty Images; ix: (3) Stocktrek/Brand X Pictures/ (tc) Roy Ooms/Masterfile; (c) Manoj Shah/Stone/Getty Images; Alamy; ix: (4) StockTrek/Getty Images. xi: (b) ImageState Royalty (bc) Mike Dobel/Alamy; (b) Steven Kazlowski/Peter Arnold, Inc. Free / Alamy. 1: Pat Morris/Ardea.com. 2-3: James L. Amos/ 81: (tl) age fotostock/Superstock; (tr) Breck P. Kent/Animals Corbis. 4-5: Tom Bean/Corbis. 6: Mervyn Rees / Alamy. 7: Andy Animal - Earth Scenes; (bl) Stephen J. Krasemann/DRKPhoto. Crawford/ Dorling Kindersley. 8-9: Ira Block/National Geographic com; (br) Darlyne A. Murawski/National Geographic/Getty Image Collection. 10: Fotosonline/Alamy. 10-11: Robert Campbell/ Images. 82: (t) Annie Griffiths Belt/National Geographic/Getty Corbis Sygma. 12-13: Richard Cummins/Corbis. 14: Dave Starrett. Images; (tc) Bruno Morandi/Robert Harding World Imagery/ 15: Park Street / Photo Edit. 16-17: Ron Dahlquist/Digital Vision/ Getty Images; (bc) B & C Alexander/NHPA; (b) Mike Dobel/Alamy. Getty Images. 18: Bill Ross/Corbis. 19: (tl) Royalty-free/Corbis; 84-85: Gary Bell/oceanwideimages.com. 85: (t) Georgette (tc) Gary Bell/oceanwideimages.com; (tr) Chip Porter/Stone/ Douwma/Photographer’s Choice/Getty Images; (c) Kevin Getty Images; (b) Digital Vision/Getty Images. 20-21: (bkgd) Schafer/Alamy; (b) age fotostock/Superstock. 86-87: Gary Bell/ Royalty-Free/Corbis. 21: (t) Johnny Johnson/AlaskaStock.com; oceanwideimages.com. 87: Rudie Kuiter/oceanwideimages.com. (tc) Roy Ooms/Masterfile; (c) Manoj Shah/Stone/Getty Images; 88-89: Georgette Douwma/Photographer’s Choice/Getty Images. (bc) Mike Dobel/Alamy; (b) Steven Kazlowski/Peter Arnold, Inc. 91: Earth Imaging/Stone/Getty Images. 92: (t) Aqua Image/ 22-23: David Muench/Corbis. 23: Grant Faint/ Photographer’s Alamy; (b) Cousteau Society/The Image Bank/Getty Images; (l) Choice/Getty Images. 24-25: 2005 Johnny Johnson/AlaskaStock. Cousteau Society/The Image Bank/Getty Images. 94: (t) Frans com. 26: Bruno Morandi/Robert Harding World Imagery/Getty Lemmens/The Image Bank/Getty Images; (c) Georgette Images. 27: Annie Griffiths Belt/National Geographic/Getty Douwma/Digital Vision/Getty Images; (b) Brandon Cole. 95: (t) Images. 28-29: Dorling Kindersley. 30: (t) John Cancalosi/ Worldspec/NASA/Alamy; (c) Aqua Image/Alamy; (b) Frans naturepl.com; (b) Richard Du Toit/naturepl.com. 31: (l) Frank and Lemmens/The Image Bank/Getty Images. 96: Michael DeYoung/ Joyce Burek/PhotoDisc/Getty Images; (r) Owen Newman/ Corbis. 98-99: Kevin Schafer/Alamy. 100-101: Christ Newbert/ naturepl.com. 32: QT Luong/terragalleria.com. 33: (t) Annie Minden Pictures. 101: Siede Preis/Getty Images. 102: (l) Flip Griffiths Belt/National Geographic/Getty Images; (tc) Dorling Nicklin/Minden Pictures; (t) Ralph A. Clevenger/Corbis. 102-103: Kindersley; (b) QT Luong/terragalleria.com. 34: 1996 PhotoDisc, (b) Marty Snyderman/Stephen Frink Collection/Alamy. 104: (t) Inc./Getty Images. 35: (tl) Creatas/PunchStock; (t) Creatas/ Jack Jackson/Robert Harding Picture Library Ltd./Alamy; (b) PunchStock; (tr) Creatas/PunchStock; (tcl) Photodisc Collection/ Mark Harmel/Alamy. 105: Andre Seale/Alamy. 106: (t) Rudie Getty Images; (tc) Digital Vision/PunchStock; (tcr) Creatas/ Kuiter/oceanwideimages.com; (c) Norbert Wu/Minden Pictures; PunchStock; (bcl) Creatas/PunchStock; (bc) Alan and Sandy (b) Jeffrey L. Rotman/Corbis. 107: (t) Chris Newbert/Minden Carey/Getty Images; (bcr) IT Stock/PunchStock; (bl) Digital Pictures; (c) Ralph A. Clevenger/Corbis; (b) Mark Harmel/Alamy. Vision/PunchStock; (b) Alan and Sandy Carey/Getty Images; (br) 110-111: age fotostock/SuperStock. 112: Farell Grehan/National Royalty-Free/Corbis. 36-37: Roy Ooms/Masterfile. 38-39: David L. Geographic/Getty Images. 114: (l) G. P. Bowater/Alamy; (r) Danita Brown/PictureQuest. 41: (t) Jay Syverson/CORBIS; (b) D. C. Delimont/Alamy. 115: blickwinkel/Alamy. 116: (t) blickwinkel/ Lowe/SuperStock. 42: (t) Daniel Heuclin/NHPA; (c) John Alamy; (c) M. Timothy O’Keefe/Bruce Coleman Inc.; (b) Paul Cancalosi/naturepl.com; (b) Ralph A. Clevenger/Corbis. 43: (t) Wayne Wilson/PhotoStockFile/Alamy. 117: (t) Farell Grehan/ David L. Brown/PictureQuest; (c) Daniel Heuclin/NHPA. 46-47: National Geographic/Getty Images; (c) blickwinkel/Alamy; (b) Manoj Shah/Stone/Getty Images. 48: (t) Annie Griffiths Belt/ blickwinkel/Alamy. 118: (t) John Shaw/Photo Researchers, Inc; (b) Corbis; (b) Darlyne A. Murawski/National Geographic/Getty Visual&Written SL /Alamy. 118-119: (bkgd) Helene Rogers/Alamy. Images. 49: Friedrich von Hörsten/Alamy. 50: Richard Hamilton 119: (c) PhotoStockFile/Alamy; (b) Barry Mansell/Nature Picture Smith/CORBIS. 51: Danita Delimont/Alamy. 52: (t) PhotoLink/ Library. 120: (l) Arthur Tilley/Taxi/Getty Images; (r) Photodisc/ Getty Images; (br) James Warwick/The Image Bank/Getty Getty Images. 121: Royalty-Free/Corbis. 122: (t) Georgette Images; (bl) Paul Souders/The Image Bank/Getty Images. 53: (t) Douwma/Photographer’s Choice/Getty Images; (c) Kevin
441 Schafer/Alamy; (b) age fotostock/SuperStock. 123: (tl) Ralph A. NASA / Photo Researchers, Inc.; (cr) Shigemi Numazawa/Atlas Clevenger/CORBIS; (tr) age fotostock/SuperStock; (bl) Photo Bank/Photo Researchers, Inc. 208-209: Brand X Pictures/ blickwinkel/Alamy; (bc) Kevin Schafer/Alamy; (br) Gary Bell/ PunchStock. 209: (t) Corbis; (b) Digital image 1996 CORBIS; oceanwideimages.com. 124: (t) Christ Newbert/Minden Pictures; Original image courtesy of NASA/Corbis. 210: (t) Altrendo (c) Frans Lemmens/The Image Bank/Getty Images; (b) Farell Nature/Getty Images; (c) Ariel Skelley/Corbis; (b) Vittorio Grehan/National Geographic/Getty Images. 126-127: Chip Porter/ Sciosia/Alamy. 212: (r) Eckhard Slawik/Photo Researchers, Inc. Stone/Getty Images. 127: (t) Claude Ponthieux/Alt-6/Alamy; (c) 214-215: (bkgd) Victor Habbick Visions / Photo Researchers, Inc. Curt Maas/AGStockUSA; (b) Annie Griffiths Belt/Corbis. 128: 215: (t) Astrofoto/Peter Arnold, Inc./Alamy; (c) Michael Howell/ WoodyStock / Alamy. 129: Ralph Ginzburg/Peter Arnold, Inc. 130- Index Stock; (bc) Shigemi Numazawa/Atlas Photo Bank/Photo 131: Claude Ponthieux/Alt-6/Alamy. 134: (l) Tom and Pat Leeson; Researchers, Inc.; (b) Daryl Pederson/Alaska Stock. 216: (r) Danita Delimont/Alamy. 134-135: (b) Harry Engels/Photo StockTrek/Getty Images. 217: NASA/Science Photo Library. 218- Researchers, Inc. 135: David Boag/Alamy. 136: Photodisc/Getty 219: Astrofoto/Peter Arnold, Inc./Alamy. 222: (tl) USGS/Photo Images. 137: Danita Delimont/Alamy. 139: D. Hurst/Alamy. 140-141: Researchers, Inc.; (tr) StockTrek/Getty Images; (bl) NASA/ Curt Maas/AGStockUSA. 142: (t) Christopher Talbot Frank/ Science Source/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (br) NASA/Photo Ambient Images/Alamy; (b) Ron Madvescek/Alamy. 143: Tom and Researchers, Inc. 223: (tl) Stocktrek/Brand X Pictures/Alamy; (tr) Pat Leeson/Photo Researchers, Inc. 144: WorldFoto/Alamy. 144- StockTrek/Getty Images; (bl) NASA –JPL; (bc) Elvele Images/ 145: Steve Bloom Images/Alamy. 145: Rod Patterson/ABPL/ Alamy; (br) AURA/STSci. 224: (t) NASA/JPL-Caltech; (cl) Animals Animals - Earth Scenes. 148: (tl) Jack Clarke/ Astrofoto/Peter Arnold, Inc./Alamy; (cr) Kauko Helavuo/The AGStockUSA; (tr) Clay McLachlan/IPNStock; (br) George D. Image Bank/Getty Images; (inset) Tom McHugh/Photo Lepp/CORBIS. 149: (tl) Tom and Pat Leeson/Photo Researchers, Researchers, Inc.; (bl) Francois Gohier/Photo Researchers, Inc. Inc.; (cl) Rod Patterson/ABPL/Animals Animals. 152-153: Annie 225: (t) NASA-JPL; (b) Astrofoto/Peter Arnold, Inc./Alamy. 226: Griffiths Belt/CORBIS. 154: Fred Bruemmer/Peter Arnold, Inc./ Astrofoto/Peter Arnold, Inc./Alamy. 227: (tl) Elvele Images/ Alamy. 156: (l) Chris Howes/Wild Places Photography/Alamy; (r) Alamy; (tc) NASA/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (tr) StockTrek/Getty The Natural History Museum, London. 157: (t) Reuters 1999; (c) Images; (cl) NASA/Science Source/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (c) The Natural History Museum, London; (b) Dave Porter/Alamy. 158: Kevin Taylor/Alamy; (cr) Stocktrek/Brand X Pictures/Alamy; (bl) (tl) Wardene Weisser/Bruce Coleman, Inc.; (tr) Windland Rice/ Kauko Helavuo/The Image Bank/Getty Images; (bc) StockTrek/ Bruce Coleman Inc.; (bl) Jim Zuckerman/CORBIS; (br) M.P.L. Getty Images; (br) USGS/Photo Researchers, Inc. 228-229: Fogden/Bruce Coleman, Inc. 159: (t) Sinclair Stammers/Oxford Michael Howell/Index Stock. 230-231: Comstock Images/Alamy. Scientific/PictureQuest; (b) DK Limited/Corbis. 160: (t) Pictor 231: Dennis Scott/Corbis. 232: (t) 1996 Image Farm, Inc.; (inset) International/ImageState/Alamy; (c) The Natural History Museum, Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY; (b) Scala/Art Resource, NY. 233: London; (b) Mike Johnson/Alamy. 161: (t) Fred Bruemmer/Peter (t) Scala/Art Resource, NY; (b) Dennis Scott/Corbis. 236-237: (t) Arnold, Inc./Alamy; (c) The Natural History Museum, London. (b) Shigemi Numazawa/Atlas Photo Bank/Photo Researchers, Inc.; Jim Zuckerman/Corbis. 162: (bl) 1996 Image Farm, Inc; (inset) (b) Daryl Pederson/Alaska Stock. 238-239: Arni Katz/Index Stock. The Natural History Museum, London; (c) Bettmann/CORBIS. 162- 239: (l) Jerry Lodriguss/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (r) NASA 163: John Sibbick/NHMPL. 163: Stan Honda/AFP/Getty Images. Marshall Space Flight Center. 240: (t) Gerard Lodriguss/Photo 164: Francois Gohier/Photo Researchers, Inc. 165: Jeff Foott/ Researchers, Inc. 241: (l) John Sanford/Photo Researchers, Inc.; Bruce Coleman, Inc. 166: (t) Claude Ponthieux/Alt-6/Alamy; (c) (r) John Sanford/Photo Network/Alamy. 243: (t) Arni Katz/Index Curt Maas/AGStockUSA; (b) Annie Griffiths Belt/Corbis. 167: (tl) Stock; (b) Gerard Lodriguss/Photo Researchers, Inc. 244: Photo Fred Bruemmer/Peter Arnold, Inc./Alamy; (bl) WorldFoto/Alamy; by Denis Finnin. Copyright American Museum of Natural History. (r) Curt Maas/AGStockUSA. 170: Bates Littlehales/National 244-245: STScI / NASA / Science Source/Photo Researchers. Geographic/Getty Images. 171: (t) David A. Northcott/Corbis; (b) 246: (t) Gerard Lodriguss/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (b) American Joe McDonald/Visuals Unlimited. 172: (t) Penny Tweedie/Corbis; Museum of Natural History. 248: (t) Astrofoto/Peter Arnold, Inc./ (b) Paul Nicklen/National Geographic Image Collection. 173: (tl) Alamy; (c) Michael Howell/Index Stock; (bc) Shigemi Numazawa/ Detlev Van Ravenswaay/Photo Researchers Inc. (tr) Victor Atlas Photo Bank/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (b) Daryl Pederson/ Habbick Visions/Photo Researchers Inc.; (b) European Space Alaska Stock. 249: (tl) Gerard Lodriguss/Photo Researchers, Inc.; Agency/Photo Researchers, Inc. 174-175: Detlev Van Ravenswaay/ (bl) StockTrek/Getty Images; (bc) AURA/STSci. 250: (t) Photo Researchers, Inc. 175: (t) Altrendo Nature/Getty Images; Stocktrek/Brand X Pictures/Alamy; (c) Elvele Images/Alamy; (b) (c) Ariel Skelley/Corbis; (b) Vittorio Sciosia/Alamy. 176-177: Kauko Helavuo/The Image Bank/Getty Images. 252: Rod Planck/ Joseph Van Os/The Image Bank/Getty Images; (inset) NHPA. 253: (t) Gary W. Carter/Corbis; (b) Susan de Witt /Alamy. blickwinkel/Alamy. 178-179: Altrendo Nature/Getty Images. 181: (l) 254: (t) Tony West/Corbis; (b) David Hiller/Photodisc/Getty David Sanger Photography/Alamy; (r) Steve Bloom Images/ Images. 255: (tl) Royalty-free/Corbis; (tc) Terje Rakke/The Image Alamy. 182: K-Photos/Alamy. 183: Pictor International/ Bank/Getty Images; (tr) Jesus Rodriguez/Alamy; (b) 2005 John ImageState/Alamy. 185: David Sanger Photography/Alamy. 188- Hyde / AlaskaStock.com. 256-257: Royalty-Free/Corbis. 257: (t) 189: Ariel Skelley/Corbis. 191: Herman Eisenbeiss/Photo David Wall/Alamy; (c) Robert Slade/Alamy; (b) BananaStock/ Researchers, Inc. 193: (l) James Davis Photography/Alamy; (r) Punchstock. 258-259: Dennis MacDonald/Photo Edit. 259: Dennis Yen-Wen Lu/Alamy. 194: (t) Andre Lichtenberg Photography/ MacDonald/Alamy. 260-261: David Wall/Alamy. 262-263: Greg Photonica/Getty Images; (c) Sue Cunningham Photographic/ Stott/Masterfile. 264: Mauritius/age footstock. 266: (t) Kevin Alamy; (b) Mario Corvetto/Evergreen Photo Alliance. 195: (t) Cruff/Taxi/Getty Images; (c) Jeremy Woodhouse/Getty Images; Herman Eisenbeiss/Photo Researchers; (c) James Davis (b) Masterfile Royalty Free. 266-267: Ablestock/Hemera Photography/Alamy; (b) Mario Corvetto/Evergreen Photo Technologies/Alamy. 267: Ablestock/Hemera Technologies/ Alliance. 196: (l) Royalty-Free/Corbis; (r) D. Hurst/Alamy. 197: Alamy. 268: (t) R. Ian Lloyd/Masterfile; (bl) Omni Photo Masterfile. 198-199: Vittorio Sciosia/Alamy. 200-201: (b) Eckhard Communications, Inc./Index Stock; (br) Michael Newman/ Slawik/Photo Researchers, Inc. 201: (tl) Randy Wells/Corbis; (tr) PhotoEdit. 269: (t) Greg Stott/Masterfile; (c) Mauitius/age Kevin Taylor/Alamy. 203-204: (b) Eckhard Slawik/Photo footstock; (b) Kevin Cruff/Taxi/Getty Images. 272-273: Robert Researchers, Inc. 205: (t) Randy Wells/Corbis; (b) Eckhard Slade/Alamy. 274: The Granger Collection, New York. 275: (bl) C Slawik/Photo Researchers, Inc. 208: (l) Bettmann/Corbis; (c) Squared Studios/Getty Images; (bcl) Lawrence Lawry/Photo
442 Researchers, Inc.; (tl) C Squared Studios/Getty Images; (tr) V&A Inc. 349: (l) Park Street/PhotoEdit Inc.; (c) Russ Widstrand/ Images/Alamy; (tcr) Stockbyte Silver/Alamy; (br) Royalty-Free/ Alamy; (r) ImageState/Alamy. 350: (t) Terry Oakley/Alamy; (b) Corbis. 276: (l) Bob Krist/Corbis; (r) Colin Cuthbert/Photo Yoav Levy / Phototake. 350-351: (t) Andrew Lambert/Leslie Researchers, Inc. 276-277: Stocktrek/Brand X Pictures/Alamy. Garland Picture Library/Alamy; (b) Richard Hutchings/PhotoEdit 277: C Squared Studios/Getty Images. 278: PhotoDisc/Getty Inc. 352: David Muench/CORBIS. 353: (t) Russ Widstrand/Alamy; Images. 279: (t) Stockbyte Silver/Alamy; (c) Colin Cuthbert/Photo (c) Andrew Lambert/Leslie Garland Picture Library/Alamy; (b) Researchers, Inc. 280: Photo by Denis Finnin. Copyright American David Muench/Corbis. 354: Chad Ehlers/Stock Connection Museum of Natural History. 280-281: NOAO / AURA / NSF / Photo Distribution/Alamy. 356-357: Ilja Hulinsky/Alamy. 359: Researchers, Inc. 282: Royalty-Free/Corbis. 283: Andrew Syred/ PhotoStockFile/Alamy. 360: Alfred Pasieka/Photo Researchers, Photo Researchers, Inc. 284-285: (bkgd) BananaStock/ Inc. 360-361: David Olsen/Photo Resource Hawaii/Alamy. 361: (l) Punchstock; (inset) Richard Ransier/Index Stock/Alamy. 286-287: David Fischer/Photodisc Red/Getty Images; (r) Lisa Barber/ LMR Group/Alamy. 287: (l) John Hartman/Stock Connection Photonica/Getty Images. 362: C Squared Studios/Getty Images. Distribution/Alamy; (tr) C Squared Studios/Getty Images; (br) 363: (t) David Fischer/Photodisc Red/Getty Images; (c) David Macduff Everton/CORBIS. 288: (t) D. Hurst/Alamy; (c) Design Olsen/Photo Resource Hawaii/Alamy; (b) C Squared Studios/ Pics/age footstock; (b) D. Hurst/Alamy. 289: (l) Lew Robertson/ Getty Images. 364: Rich LaSalle/Getty Images. 364-365: Kurt FoodPix/Getty Images; (c) Madeline Polss/Envision; (r) Ian Coste/Getty Images. 368-369: Bo Zanders/Corbis. 370: Jim O’Leary/DK Images. 290: (t) PhotoLink/Getty Images; (c) John T. Cummins/Taxi/Getty Images. 371: (t) David Keaton/Corbis; (b) Fowler/Alamy. 291: (t) John Hartman/Stock Connection Michael Keller/Index Stock. 372: (t) Stockbyte/PictureQuest; (b) Distribution/Alamy; (c) Design Pics/age footstock; (b) PhotoLink/ Liane Cary/AGE footstock. 373: Ingram Publishing/Alamy. 374: Getty Images. 294: (t) David Wall/Alamy; (c) Robert Slade/Alamy; Susan Van Etten/PhotoEdit Inc. 375: (t) Michael Keller/Index (b) BananaStock/Punchstock; (inset) Richard Ransier/Index Stock; (c) Liane Cary/AGE footstock; (b) Susan Van Etten/ Stock/Alamy. 295: (t) Design Pics/age footstock; (b) Royalty- PhotoEdit Inc. 376: Yoav Levy/Phototake Inc./Alamy. 377: Free/Corbis. 296: (tl) D. Hurst/Alamy; (tr) V&A Images/Alamy; (c) Anthony Dunn/Alamy. 378: (t) Ben Hays/Alamy; (c) Ilja Hulinsky/ Mauritius/age footstock; (b) Royalty-free/Corbis. 298-299: Terje Alamy; (b) Bo Zanders/Corbis. 379: (l) PhotoStockFile/Alamy; (b) Rakke/The Image Bannk/Getty Images. 299: (t) Peter Gridley/ Jesus Rodriguez /Alamy. 380: (t) Michael Keller/Index Stock; (tc) Stock Connection Distribution/Alamy; (c) Mike Dobel/Alamy; (b) Susan Van Etten/PhotoEdit Inc. 382-383: Richard T. Nowitz / Matthias Breiter/Minden Pictures. 300-301: Brian Lawrence/ Photo Researchers, Inc. 383: (t) George Grall/National ImageState/Alamy. 302-303: Peter Gridley/Stock Connection Geographic Image Collection; (r) Hans Reinhard/Bruce Coleman Distribution/Alamy. 304-305: age fotostock/SuperStock. 306: (t) Inc. 384: (t) Adam Woolfitt/Corbis; (b) Michael Newman/ TPH/allOver photography/Alamy; (tc) James Schnepf/The Image PhotoEdit. 388: (tl) David Young-Wolff/Photo Edit; (bl) Randy Bank/Getty Images; (b) Peter Brogden/Alamy; (bc) Tomas del Faris/Corbis; (c) Getty Images; (cr) Ingram Publishing; (br) Amo/Alamy. 308: Tom Brakefield/Stock Connection Blue/Alamy. PhotoLink/Getty Images. 389: (r) BananaStock/PunchStock. 391: 309: (t) blickwinkel/Alamy; (b) Masterfile (Royalty-Free Div.). 310: (l) Creatas/PunchStock; (b) Amos Morgan/Getty Images. 393: (b) (t) Alaska Stock LLC/Alamy; (b) Martin Hanke/Bildagentur Franz Stockbyte/PunchStock. 394: (b) Rim Light/PhotoLink/Getty Waldhaeusl/Alamy. 311: (t) age fotostock/SuperStock; (c) TPH/ Images. 397: (l) image100 Ltd; (r) Getty Images. 398: TRBfoto/ allOver photography/Alamy; (b) Tom Brakefield/Stock Getty Images. 398-399: (b) Tony Watson/Alamy. 400-401: (c) Connection Blue/Alamy. 312: Neil McAllister/Alamy. 314-315: Mike Stockbyte/PunchStock; (b) Siede Preis/Getty Images. Dobel/Alalmy. 316: ImageState Royalty Free/Alamy. 317: (t) Acknowledgments Photodisc/Getty Images; (b) Jim Olive/Peter Arnold, Inc./Alamy. 318: Kelly Redinger/Design Pics Inc./Alamy. 319: Brian Pieters/ “Crystal Vision” by Lawrence Schimel. Copyright © 1999 by Masterfile. 320: (t) Paul Barton/Corbis; (b) SuperStock/Alamy. Lawrence Schimel. Used by permission of the author, who 321: (tl) Jim Olive/Peter Arnold, Inc./Alamy; (cl) Kelly Redinger/ controls all rights. Design Pics Inc./Alamy; (bl) Paul Barton/Corbis. 322: (bl) “Dragons of the Seas” by Elizabeth Schleichert from Ranger Rick. Wisconsin Historical Society; (br) Klaus Guldbrandsen / Photo Copyright © 2005 by The National Wildlife Federation. Published Researchers, Inc. 322-323: Cristina Pedrazzini / Photo by The National Wildlife Federation. Researchers, Inc. 323: (bl) Tommaso Guicciardini/Photo “Freezing Rain” from Chill in the Air by John Frank. Copyright © Researchers, Inc.; (br) Warren Gretz/NREL/US Department of 2003 by John Frank. Published by Simon & Schuster Books for Energy/Science Photo Library. 324: (t) BananaStock/PunchStock; Young Readers. (bl) Dave Mager/IndexStock; (br) Jose Carillo/PhotoEdit Inc. 325: Royalty-Free/Corbis. 326-327: Matthias Breiter/Minden Pictures. “Giant Sequoias” from Iguanas in the Snow by Francisco X. 328-329: Alan Thornton/Stone/Getty Images. 329: (l) Alarcón. Poems copyright © 2001 by Francisco X. Alarcón. BananaStock/Alamy; (b) Comstock Images/Alamy. 330-331: Published by Children’s Book Press. All rights reserved. Surfpix/Alamy. 332: David Gregs/Alamy. 333: sciencephotos/ “Peregrine Falcons” from Can We Save Them? by David Alamy. 334: (t) Steve Allen/Brand X Pictures/Alamy; (c) Steve Dobson. Text Copyright © 1997 by David Dobson. Published by Allen/Brand X Pictures/Alamy; (b) B.A.E. Inc./Alamy. 335: (t) Charlesbridge Publishing. All rights reserved. Bananastock/Alamy; (b) Steve Allen/Brand X Pictures/Alamy. “Tehachapi Pass” from Wind Power by Christine Petersen. 338: (t) Peter Gridley/Stock Connection Distribution/Alamy; (c) Copyright © 2004 by Scholastic, Inc. Published by Children’s Mike Dobel/Alalmy; (b) Matthias Breiter/Minden Pictures. 339: (tl) Press, a division of Scholastic, Inc. Alaska Stock LLC/Alamy; (bl) ImageState Royalty Free / Alamy; (tr) Kelly Redinger/Design Pics Inc./Alamy. 340: (l) Getty Images; “The Sun and the Moon” by Elaine Laron from Free to Be You and (tr) TPH/allOver photography/Alamy; (cr) Alan Thornton/Stone/ Me by Marlo Thomas and Associates. Copyright © 1974 by Free Getty Images; (br) Tomas del Amo/Alamy. 342-333: Jesus to Be Foundation, Inc. Used by Permission of Bantam Books, a Rodriguez /Alamy. 343: (t) Ben Hays/Alamy; (c) Ilja Hulinsky/ division of Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group. Inc. Alamy; (b) Bo Zanders/Corbis. 344-345: David Young-Wolff / “To Space and Back” by Sally Ride with Susan Okie. Copyright © Alamy. 346-347: Ben Hays/Alamy. 348: (l) G. P. Bowater/Alamy; 1986 by Sally Ride and Susan Okie. Published by Lothrop, Lee & (c) Eric Kamp/Index Stock; (r) Ted Kinsman/Photo Researchers, Shepard Books, a division of William Morrow & Company, Inc.
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