California Science Content Standards . 386 Science Handbook Units of Measurement . 388 Measure Time . 390 Measure Length . 3 9 1 Measure Mass . 392 Measure Volume . 393 Measure Weight/Force . 394 Measure Temperature . 395 Use a Hand Lens . 396 Use a Microscope . 397 Use Calculators . 398 Use Computers . 400 Make Graphs . 402 Make Maps . 404 Make Tables . 405 Make Charts . 406 . 407 Glossary . 4 1 1 Index . 425 ▶ You can use a hand lens to observe the details of an object. 385 Physical Sciences 2. Light has a source and travels in a direction. As a basis for understanding this 1. Energy and matter have multiple forms concept: and can be changed from one form to another. As a basis for understanding this a. Students know sunlight can be blocked concept: to create shadows. a. Students know energy comes from the b. Students know light is reflected from Sun to Earth in the form of light. mirrors and other surfaces. b. Students know sources of stored energy c. Students know the color of light striking take many forms, such as food, fuel, and an object affects the way the object is batteries. seen. c. Students know machines and living d. Students know an object is seen when things convert stored energy to motion light traveling from the object enters the and heat. eye. d. Students know energy can be carried from one place to another by waves, such Life Sciences as water waves and sound waves, by 3. Adaptations in physical structure or electric current, and by moving objects. behavior may improve an organism’s e. Students know matter has three forms: chance for survival. As a basis for solid, liquid, and gas. understanding this concept: f. Students know evaporation and melting a. Students know plants and animals have are changes that occur when the objects structures that serve different functions are heated. in growth, survival, and reproduction. g. Students know that when two or more b. Students know examples of diverse life substances are combined, a new forms in different environments, such substance may be formed with properties as oceans, deserts, tundra, forests, that are different from those of the grasslands, and wetlands. original materials. c. Students know living things cause h. Students know all matter is made of small changes in the environment in which particles called atoms, too small to see they live: some of these changes are with the naked eye. detrimental to the organism or other organisms, and some are beneficial. i. Students know people once thought that earth, wind, fire, and water were the d. Students know when the environment basic elements that made up all matter. changes, some plants and animals survive Science experiments show that there are and reproduce; others die or move to more than 100 different types of atoms, new locations. which are presented on the periodic table e. Students know that some kinds of of the elements. organisms that once lived on Earth have completely disappeared and that some of those resembled others that are alive today. 386 Earth Sciences Investigation and Experimentation 4. Objects in the sky move in regular and 5. Scientific progress is made by asking predictable patterns. As a basis for meaningful questions and conducting understanding this concept: careful investigations. As a basis a. Students know that patterns of stars stay for understanding this concept and the same, although they appear to move addressing the content in the other three across the sky nightly, and different stars strands, students should develop their can be seen in different seasons. own questions and perform investigations. Students will: b. Students know the way in which the Moon’s appearance changes during the a. Repeat observations to improve accuracy four-week lunar cycle. and know that the results of similar investigations seldom turn out exactly the c. Students know telescopes magnify the same because of differences in the things appearance of some distant objects being investigated, methods being used, in the sky, including the Moon and the or uncertainty in the observation. planets. The number of stars that can be seen through telescopes is dramatically b. Differentiate evidence from opinion and greater than the number that can be seen know that scientists do not rely on claims by the unaided eye. or conclusions unless they are backed by observations that can be confirmed. d. Students know that Earth is one of several planets that orbit the Sun and c. Use numerical data in describing that the Moon orbits Earth. and comparing objects, events, and measurements. e. Students know the position of the Sun in the sky changes during the course of the d. Predict the outcome of a simple day and from season to season. investigation and compare the results with the prediction. e. Collect data in an investigation and analyze those data to develop a logical conclusion. 387 Units of Measurement Temperature Mass C The temperature on this C You can measure the mass of these thermometer reads 83 degrees rocks in grams. Fahrenheit. That is the same as 30 degrees Celsius. Volume of Fluids C This bottle of water has a volume of 1 liter. That is a little more than 1 quart. Length and Area C This student is 3 feet plus 9 inches tall. That is the same as 1 meter plus 14 centimeters. Weight/Force C This pumpkin weighs 7 pounds. That is a force of 31.5 newtons. 388 Science Handbook Rate C This student can ride her bike 100 meters in 50 seconds. That means her speed is 2 meters per second. Table of Measurements SI (International System) of Units English System of Units Temperature Temperature Water freezes at 0 degrees Celsius (°C) Water freezes at 32 degrees and boils at 100°C. Fahrenheit (°F) and boils at 212°F. Length and Distance Length and Distance 10 millimeters (mm) = 1 centimeter (cm) 12 inches (in.) = 1 foot (ft) 100 centimeters = 1 meter (m) 3 feet = 1 yard (yd) 1,000 meters = 1 kilometer (km) 5,280 feet = 1 mile (mi) Volume Volume of Fluids 1 cubic centimeter (cm3) = 1 milliliter (mL) 8 fluid ounces (fl oz) = 1 cup (c) 1,000 milliliters = 1 liter (L) 2 cups = 1 pint (pt) Mass 2 pints = 1 quart (qt) 1,000 milligrams (mg) = 1 gram (g) 4 quarts = 1 gallon (gal) 1,000 grams = 1 kilogram (kg) Weight Area 16 ounces (oz) = 1 pound (lb) 1 square kilometer (km2) = 1 km x 1 km 2,000 pounds = 1 ton (T) 1 hectare = 10,000 square meters (m2) Rate Rate mph = miles per hour m/s = meters per second km/h = kilometers per hour Force 1 newton (N) = 1 kg x 1m/s2 389 Measure Time You use timing devices to measure how long something takes to happen. Some timing devices you use in science are a clock with a second hand and a stopwatch. Which one is more accurate? Comparing a Clock and a Stopwatch 0 minutes Look at a clock with a second hand. 25 seconds The second hand is the hand that you can see moving. It measures seconds. 75 hundredths Get an egg timer with falling sand. of a second When the second hand of the clock points to 12, tell your partner to start the egg timer. Watch the clock while the sand in the egg timer is falling. When the sand stops falling, count how many seconds it took. Record this measurement. Repeat the activity, and compare the two measurements. Look at a stopwatch. Click the button on the top right. This starts the time. Click the button again. This stops the time. Click the button on the top left. This sets the stopwatch back to zero. Notice that the stopwatch tells time in hours, minutes, seconds, and hundredths More About Time of a second. Use the stopwatch to time how Repeat the activity in steps 2 and 3, long it takes your heart to beat but use the stopwatch instead of 100 times. Then run in place for 3 a clock. Make sure the stopwatch minutes. How long does it take for is set to zero. Click the top right your heart to beat 100 times now? button to start timing. Click the Estimate how long it would take button again when the sand stops you to walk 100 meters. Then time falling. Do this twice. yourself and try it. 390 Science Handbook Measure Length Measure Area You measure length to find out how Area is the amount of surface long something is or how far away something covers. To find the area of something is. a rectangle, multiply the rectangle’s length by its width. For example, the rectangle here is 3 centimeters long Find Length with a Ruler and 2 centimeters wide. Its area is Look at the ruler below. Each 3 cm x 2 cm = 6 square centimeters. number represents 1 centimeter You write the area as 6 cm2. (cm). Each centimeter is divided into 10 millimeters (mm). How long is the beetle? The length of the beetle is 1 2 cm centimeter plus 5 millimeters. You can write this length as 1.5 3 cm centimeters. Place a ruler on your desk. Lay a pencil against the ruler so that one Find Area with a Ruler end of the pencil lines up with the Find the area of your science book. 0 on the ruler. Record the length of Measure the book’s length to the the pencil in centimeters. nearest centimeter. Measure its width. Measure the length of another object in centimeters. Then ask a Multiply the book’s length by partner to measure the same object.