IISL Colloquium on the Law of Outer Space 2019

Held at the 70th International Astronautical Congress (IAC 2019)

Washington, DC, USA 21 -25 October 2019

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Curran Associates, Inc. 57 Morehouse Lane Red Hook, NY 12571 USA Phone: 845-758-0400 Fax: 845-758-2633 Email: [email protected] Web: www.proceedings.com TABLE OF CONTENTS

DR. JASENTULIYANA KEYNOTE LECTURE BY A LEADING EXPERT AND IISL YOUNG SCHOLARS SESSION

SPACE SETTLEMENT GOVERNANCE: DEVELOPING A LEGAL FRAMEWORK ...... 1 Thomas Cheney

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF MAJOR SPACE LAW INSTITUTES : DRIVING FORCE OF NEXT AGE SPACE LAW RESEARCH ...... 2 Yuri Ishizu

RETHINKING THE PRINCIPLE OF COMMON HERITAGE OF MANKIND – ITS CONTEMPORARY REFLECTION AND CHINA’S ENGAGEMENT ...... 3 Sizhu Liu

GUIDE TO SPACE LAW: THROUGH THE LENS OF ITS DRAFTING HISTORY ...... 4 Upasana Dasgupta

KEYNOTE: INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION MECHANISMS IN OUTER SPACE ACTIVITIES FOR THE NEXT DECADE ...... 5 Setsuko Aoki

THE IMPORTANCE OF AN INTERNATIONAL FUNDING MECHANISM FOR ACTIVE DEBRIS REMOVAL IN LEO ...... 6 Claudiu Mihai Taiatu

DIVIDING HEAVEN - EFFECTS OF THE ON THE DEVELOPING SYSTEM OF GLOBAL SPACE GOVERNANCE ...... 19 Robert Ronci

THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL TERRITORIAL ADMINISTRATION IN (SEMI)PERMANENT LUNAR PRESENCE ...... 31 Matija Rencelj

THE PLIGHT OF VALINOR: A REALIST’S APPROACH TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF SPACE LAW IN FUTURE MARS COLONIAL SOCIETY ...... 41 Marshall McKellar, Yvonne Vastaroucha

A TREATY OF MANY MINDS: AN IN-DEPTH LOOK AT THE TRAVAUX PRÉPARATOIRES OF THE PRINCIPLES DECLARATION OF 1963 ...... 59 Howard Chang

ON-ORBIT SERVICING: REPAIRING, REFUELLING AND RECYCLING THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK ...... 66 Thea Dethlefsen

THE MOON AGREEMENT AFTER 35 YEARS OF ITS ENTRY INTO FORCE...... 77 João Marques De Azevedo

SPACE MINING AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION: RECYCLING INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS INTO NEW LEGAL PRACTICES ...... 78 Gabrielle Leterre PLAYING DEFENSE: STATES' RIGHT TO SELF-DEFENSE IN SPACE ...... 89 Jinyoung Choi, Deepika Jeyakodi

SPACE OBJECTS AS OCEAN’S WRECKS ...... 93 Eloi Petros

ANALYZING THE LEGALITY OF MILITARY USE OF RESOURCES EXTRACTED FROM THE MOON UNDER THE ...... 95 Tejas Bharadwaj, Harshith Iyer

THE DOCUMENTATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS BY : THE SENTINEL PROJECT ...... 108 Ingrid Oliveira, Jonathan Andrade

DISPUTE SETTLEMENT IN SPACE LAW: ARE WE READY FOR THE COMMERCIAL CHALLENGE?

ADDRESSING SPACE LAW DISPUTES THROUGH IMPLEMENTING THE INTERNATIONAL LAW COMMISSION (ILC) DRAFT ARTICLES ON RESPONSIBILITY OF STATES ...... 117 Merve Erdem

THE SUBJECTS OF INTERNATIONAL SPACE LAW ...... 118 Ram S. Jakhu, Steven Freeland, Kuan-Wei Chen

DISPUTES IN SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS: SETTLEMENT MECHANISMS AVAILABLE FOR BREACH OF COORDINATION AGREEMENTS ...... 127 Elina Morozova, Yaroslav Vasyanin

ARBITRATION IN SPACE-RELATED DISPUTES: A SURVEY OF INDUSTRY PRACTICES AND FUTURE NEEDS ...... 135 Eytan Tepper, Viva Dadwal

RESOLUTION OF DISPUTES REGARDING INFRINGEMENT OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS RELATED TO SPACE ACTIVITIES ...... 146 Catherine Doldirina

IMMUNITY, EXCLUSIVE COMPETENCE CLAUSES AND TORTS: DOES THE EU LEGAL FRAMEWORK ALLOW THE EFFECTIVE ENFORCEMENT OF LAW IN THE COMMERCIAL ERA OF SPACE ACTIVITIES? ...... 158 Maria Elena De Maestri

SPACE COURTS: DO WE NEED A NEW DISPUTE SETTLEMENT BODY?...... 170 Stacey Henderson

PROS AND CONS OF FUTURE PROBLEMS IN OUTER SPACE DISPUTE SETTLEMENT ...... 175 Irina Chernykh

ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION FOR SPACE PROSPECTORS ...... 179 Austin Murnane

DISPUTE SETTLEMENT IN RELATION TO THE SCARCE ORBIT-SPECTRUM RESOURCE – ‘PREVENTIVE’ AND ‘REACTIVE’ ITU PROCEDURES AND THEIR RELEVANCE FOR PRIVATE SECTOR ACTORS ...... 180 Simona Spassova HARMONISATION OF LIABILITY LITIGATION- LESSONS TO BE LEARNT FROM THE WARSAW CONVENTION ...... 186 Melanie Maurer, Jing Rong Bryan Lim

ARTICLE VI OUTER SPACE TREATY AS A GATEWAY TO EXTENDING STATE IMMUNITY BEFORE DOMESTIC COURTS TO NON-GOVERNMENTAL SPACE OPERATORS ...... 193 Michael Friedl, Maximilian Gartner

UP IN SPACE AND DOWN ON EARTH: A REVISIT TO POTENTIAL DISPUTES OVER CONTRACTUAL LIABILITY REGARDING MISHAPS IN COMMERCIAL SPACE ACTIVITIES ...... 204 Kang Duan

NATIONAL SPACE LEGISLATION- HARMONISATION AND ENFORCEMENT

THE FRAGMENTATION OF INTERNATIONAL SPACE LAW ...... 205 Vincent Seffinga, Mari Amanda Eldholm

SCOPING NATIONAL SPACE LAW: THE TRUE MEANING OF ‘NATIONAL ACTIVITIES IN OUTER SPACE’ OF ARTICLE VI OF THE OUTER SPACE TREATY ...... 214 Frans Von Der Dunk

WHAT LEVEL OF DETAIL IN NATIONAL SPACE LEGISLATION IS IDEAL FOR THE HARMONIZATION AND ENFORCEMENT OF SUCH LEGISLATION AND INTERNATIONAL SPACE LAW? ...... 227 Matthew Schaefer

EMERGING PROVISIONS OF DOMESTIC SPACE LAW ...... 253 Joel Lisk

THE ROLE OF INTERGOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS IN ASSISTING THE DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF NATIONAL SPACE LAW: AN EXPLORATION OF THE RATIONALE, MANDATE AND LIMITS AS EXEMPLIFIED BY THE ...... 264 Marco Ferrazzani, Stephan Hobe, Anja Nakarada Pecujlic, Alexander Soucek

EMERGING ECONOMIES' CONTRIBUTIONS TO SPACE ACTIVITIES AND LEGISLATION ...... 269 Sylvia Ospina

NATIONAL LEGISLATION FOR SPACE ACTIVITIES IN THE SPACE EMERGING COUNTRIES THE CASE OF THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES ...... 278 Mohamed Amara

SPACE LEGISLATION OF LUXEMBOURG ...... 279 Mahulena Hofmann

THE ACT 2018: UNLOCKING THE UK SPACE ECONOMY? ...... 282 Christopher Newman

INDIA’S NATIONAL SPACE BILL– DOES IT NEED A HOLISTIC TOUCH? ...... 291 Sridhara Murthi K. R., Mukund Kadursrinivas Rao

TO SHAPE NATIONAL SPACE LAW IN THE CONTEXT OF IMPLEMENTING THE MILITARY-CIVILIAN INTEGRATION STRATEGY IN CHINA ...... 292 Mingyan Nie NATIONAL SPACE LEGISLATIONS CHALLENGED BY ON-ORBIT SERVICES IN THE CONTEXT OF NEW SPACE. LIMITS, CURRENT SOLUTIONS AND INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES ...... 293 Philippe Clerc

INVESTMENT PROTECTION PROVISIONS IN NATIONAL LEGISLATION AND THEIR POTENTIAL TO ENSURE LONG-TERM COMPLIANCE OF NATIONAL SPACE LEGISLATION WITH THE PRINCIPLES OF INTERNATIONAL LAW, PARTICULARLY INTERNATIONAL SPACE LAW ...... 309 Martin Svec, Petr Bohacek, Nikola Schmidt

WHEN SPACE LIABILITY IN THE SPACE TREATIES TRICKLES DOWN TO NATIONAL SPACE LEGISLATION ...... 312 Kang Duan

THIRD PARTY LIABILITY IN CROSS-BORDER SPACE BUSINESS: A COMPARATIVE RISK ASSESSMENT FOR SPACE COMPANIES AND LEGAL PRACTITIONERS ...... 313 Masaya Uchino

LEGAL BASIS FOR A STATE'S USE OF POLICE POWER AGAINST NON-NATIONALS TO ENFORCE ITS NATIONAL SPACE LEGISLATION AND RESPONSIBILITIES IMPOSED BY THE OUTER SPACE TREATY ...... 314 George Anthony Long

A TALE OF TWO SPACE AUTHORITIES: THE INTERPLAY BETWEEN NASA AND THE ...... 321 Jessica Deihl, Hannah Kohler

SPACE TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT: FROM SPACE SITUATIONAL AWARENESS AND SPACE SURVEILLANCE AND TRACKING TO DEVELOPING RULES OF THE ROAD

RESEARCH ON BASIC PROBLEMS OF ...... 322 Jixiang Cui

MILITARY INFLUENCE ON INTERNATIONAL REGIME-MAKING FOR SPACE TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT ...... 323 Quentin Verspieren

SPACE TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT: NOT JUST AIR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT FOR OUTER SPACE AND MORE THAN DATA ANALYTICS ...... 333 Stefan A. Kaiser

FURTHER OUT: KEEPING TRACK OF DEEP SPACE OBJECTS ...... 344 Jonathan McDowell

EARTH, SOLAR AND LUNAR LAGRANGIAN POINT MANAGEMENT IN THE MITIGATION OF ANTI-COMPETITIVE CONDUCT AND MANAGEMENT OF NATURAL MONOPOLIES IN COMMERCIAL SPACE ACTIVITIES ...... 350 Thomas Green, Patrick Neumann, Kent Grey, Trevor Sandlin

SPACE TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT IMPLEMENTATION ROADMAPS AND REGULATORY ARCHETYPES THAT BEST SERVE THEM ...... 360 Melissa Kemper Force IMPLEMENTING STATE RESPONSIBILITY FOR SPACE SITUATIONAL AWARENESS: TOWARDS PROTECTING SPACE ENVIRONMENT ...... 372 Upasana Dasgupta

IGNITIONS FOR GLOBAL STM RULE-MAKING PROCESS – LEGAL PERSPECTIVES WHY OPERATORS HAVE TO TAKE INITIATIVES ...... 373 Yu Takeuchi

NEW STANDARDS FOR AN OLD PROBLEM: DOMESTIC LAW & REGULATION TAKES ON STM ...... 374 Michael Dodge

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SELECTED EUROPEAN MEMBER STATES ON CIVIL- MILITARY COOPERATION FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF SPACE TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT IN EUROPE ...... 382 Ntorina Antoni, Christina Giannopapa, Kai-Uwe Schrogl

ESTABLISHING AN INTERNATIONAL REGIME OF SPACE TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT: A CHINESE PERSPECTIVE ...... 392 Kuan Yang

APPLYING SPACE TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT IN POLICY& REGULATORY DESIGN ...... 393 Fatheya Al Shareji, Sumaya Al Hajeri, Naser Alrashedi

ORBITAL DEBRIS REMEDIATION: A PRACTICAL MODEL (“THREE COUNTRY- TRUSTED BROKER”) ...... 397 Chuck Dickey

SHOWING OUR HAND: THE CASE FOR OPEN SSA DATA ...... 409 Pj Blount

SPACE MINING: NATIONAL AUTHORITY? INTERNATIONAL AUTHORITY? BOTH?

SPACE MINING, INTERNATIONAL LAW, AND THE RISK OF CONFLICT IN SPACE ...... 413 Jack Beard

SPACE MINING: THE COHERENCE OF ITS INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL AUTHORIZATION ...... 414 Xiaodan Wu

SPACE RESOURCES: STEWARDSHIP VS SOVEREIGNTY ...... 415 Michael Urban

THE 40TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE MOON AGREEMENT: TIME FOR REFLECTION ...... 416 Fabio Tronchetti

REVIEWING THE MOON AGREEMENT OR AMENDING THE OUTER SPACE TREATY – VIEWS OF UNCOPUOS MEMBER STATES ...... 424 Irmgard Marboe

AN INTERNATIONAL REGISTRY AND REGISTRAR FOR PRIORITY RIGHTS TO EXTRACT RESOURCES ON CELESTIAL BODIES ...... 435 Mark Sundahl GET YOUR HANDS OFF MY ASTEROID: PRIORITY AND SECURITY IN SPACE RESOURCES ...... 439 Daniel Porras, Pj Blount

THE CASE FOR AN INTERNATIONAL REGISTRY OF SPACE RESOURCE ACTIVITIES: CURRENT PERSPECTIVES ...... 447 Olavo De Oliveira Bittencourt Neto

SPACE MINING: ACCOUNTING FOR NATIONAL ACTIVITIES IN INTERNATIONAL REGULATION THROUGH THE DELINEATION BETWEEN NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL JURISDICTION ...... 448 Rada Popova, Stephan Hobe

MULTILATERAL AGREEMENTS FOR REAL PROPERTY RIGHTS IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM ...... 455 Rand Simberg

THE IMPACT OF IN PROVIDING AN APPROPRIATE LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR SPACE MINING ...... 460 George Kyriakopoulos

REGULATION OF COMMERCIAL MINING OF SPACE RESOURCES ON CELESTIAL BODIES AT NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL LEVEL: AN ANALYSIS OF THE 1979 MOON AGREEMENT AND THE NATIONAL LAW APPROACH ...... 461 Vinicius Aloia

PRESCRIBING THE BEST MEDICINE FOR THE STRUGGLING SPACE MINING INDUSTRY: AN INTERNATIONAL REGULATORY AGENCY OR TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT CENTERS? ...... 475 Michael Weinhoffer

AN EXTRA-TERRESTRIAL ‘GOLD RUSH’: A FRAMEWORK BASED ON NATIONAL LAWS, INTERNATIONAL LEGAL DEVELOPMENTS AND A DOSE OF FUTURES IMAGINATION ...... 481 Anton Alberts, Peter Martinez

SPACE MINING: THE NEED FOR INTERNATIONAL GLOBAL GOVERNANCE ...... 482 Ermanno Napolitano

REMEDIATION OF : A FUNDAMENTAL LEGAL CHALLENGE?

SPACE DEBRIS: BETWEEN UNITY AND FRAGMENTATION – RISK AS A STATIC PRINCIPLE WITH DYNAMIC OUTCOMES ...... 506 Ward Munters

OUT INTO THE DARK: REMOVING SPACE DEBRIS FROM THE GEOSTATIONARY ORBIT ...... 516 Martha Mejia-Kaiser

SUGGESTIONS FOR A FRAMEWORK FOR PROSPECTIVE LEGAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS WITH REGARD TO SPACE DEBRIS AS A PATH TO A RESOLUTION TO THE PROBLEMATIQUE...... 528 Anton Alberts, Peter Martinez THE PATH TO ESTABLISHING AN EFFECTIVE FRAMEWORK FOR SPACE DEBRIS REMEDIATION ON THE BASIS OF MITIGATION: LEGAL PROPOSALS RESULTING FROM THE TECHNICAL RESULTS OF THE REDSHIFT PROJECT ...... 529 Rada Popova, Alessandro Rossi, Youngkyu Kim, Camilla Colombo, Elisa Maria Alessi, Ioannis Gkolias, James Beck, Volker Schaus, Kleomenis Tsiganis

SPACE DEBRIS REMEDIATION BY ESTABLISHING A NEW CIVIL STRUCTURE AND REGULATIONS FOR SPACE ACTIVITIES ...... 544 Hamid Kazemi, S. Hadi Mahmoudi, Mahshid Talebiankiakalayeh

PROPOSAL OF GOVERNMENTAL COMPENSATION FOR DAMAGES IN ORBITAL ACTIVITIES ESPECIALLY FOR SPACE DEBRIS REMOVAL ...... 550 Mihoko Shintani

APPLICABILITY OF PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE AND PRECAUTIONARY APPROACH RELATING TO SPACE DEBRIS REMEDIATION ...... 556 Mizuki Tani Hatakenaka

THE LAW FOR MORE EFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE, RECONSTRUCTION AND DAMAGE REPAIR IN THE EVENT OF DISASTERS CAUSED BY SPACE OBJECTS OR NATURAL DISASTERS...... 557 Maria De Las Mercedes Esquivel De Cocca

ON-ORBIT SERVICING/ACTIVE DEBRIS REMOVAL: LEGAL AND INSURANCE CONSIDERATIONS ...... 566 Ingo Baumann

REMEDIATION THROUGH USE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE - LEGAL CHALLENGES...... 567 Upasana Dasgupta

THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR SPACE DEBRIS REMEDIATION ...... 568 Si Yuan

INTERACTIVE PRESENTATIONS - IISL COLLOQUIUM ON THE LAW OF OUTER SPACE

PROMOTING TRANSFORMATION THROUGHOUT THE SPACE MINING CYCLE...... 569 Rhonda O'Sullivan

CLOSED FOR OPERATIONS: NON-INTERFERENCE ZONES AND THE CADENCE OF THE NEW ...... 570 Christopher Hearsey

DOES SPACE START AT 80 KM? REVISITING THE KARMAN LINE...... 571 Jonathan McDowell

RE-DISCOVERING THE BOUNDARY PROBLEM ...... 575 Kyran Grattan

GENERAL DATA PROTECTION REGULATION OF THE ——A NEW CHALLENGE FOR THE FRAMEWORK OF WTO ...... 576 Xiaoya Lin

SMALL SATELLITES AND REGULATION: A GENERAL OVERVIEW WITH A SPECIFIC REFERENCE TO THE ITALIAN CONTEXT...... 577 Marina Gagliardi, Nicoletta Bini, Cristina Marabottini THE NEW-SPACE LAW: THE UAE SPACE LEGISLATION APPROACH TO ENABLE SPACE PRIVATIZATION AND LONG-TERM SUSTAINABILITY ...... 589 Naser Alrashedi

THE SPACE DEVELOPMENT IN ASIA: ANALYSIS OF REGIONAL SPACE ORGANIZATIONS ...... 590 Shripad Jagdale

BRAZIL AND USA: THE TECHNOLOGY SAFEGUARD AGREEMENT TO OPEN ALCANTARA LAUNCH CENTER TO THE GLOBAL MARKET ...... 591 Ana Cristina Galhego Rosa

THE ISSUES OF KEY CONCERN REGARDING SPACE MINING: REVISIT OF THE MOON AGREEMENT FROM THE CHINESE PERSPECTIVE ...... 592 Kuan Yang

RELEVANCE OF MILITARIZED ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TO SOVEREIGNTY IN SPACE: LEGAL CHALLENGES AND CONFLICTS ...... 593 Mahshid Talebiankiakalayeh

CRIMINAL LAW APPLIABLE ON SPACE...... 601 Víctor Iván Coello Marcelín

CAN A NON-FUNCTIONAL FACILITY ON THE MOON BECOME RES NULLIUS AND BE OCCUPIED BY A SUBSEQUENT STATE? ANALYZING THE LIMITATION ON THE STATE JURISDICTION AND OWNERSHIP OVER FACILITIES CONSTRUCTED ON THE MOON...... 602 Tejas Bharadwaj, Harshith Iyer

TRANSITIONING INTO HIGHER-AIRSPACE TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT (HATM) AND SPACE TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT (STM) ...... 617 Maarten Adriaensen, Christina Giannopapa, Kai-Uwe Schrogl, Ntorina Antoni

WHO OWNS THIS SPACE? A SURVEY OF SPACE INDUSTRY LEADERS AND LEGAL EXPERTS ASSESSING SPACE PROPERTY RIGHTS ISSUES AND POTENTIAL RESOLUTIONS ...... 618 Joshua Burks, Christina Carmen

NATIONAL MINING REGIMES: AN ANALYSIS OF THEIR NEED AND EFFECTIVENESS FOR SUCCESSFUL AND COMPLIANT SPACE MINING ...... 633 Helena Correia Mendonça, Magda Cocco, Sara Pinto Ferreira

THE LEGAL HISTORY OF THE BOGOTÁ DECLARATION: CONTESTING THE MEANING OF “HUMANITY” FROM THE GLOBAL SOUTH ...... 634 Haris Durrani

OUMUAMUA: APPLYING A MULTI-MESSENGER APPROACH TO FUNDAMENTAL LEGAL AND ETHICAL ISSUES FOR DEVELOPING GOVERNING FRAMEWORKS ON SPACE MINING ...... 635 Sara Langston, Alyssa Hodum

PARTIAL OWNERSHIP FOR OUTER SPACE ECONOMY ...... 636 Erwan Beauvois, Guillaume Thirion

POTENTIAL DISPUTES ARISING FROM SPACE ACTIVITIES: OPPORTUNITIES FOR INVESTMENT ARBITRATION ...... 643 Martin Svec, Petr Bohacek, Nikola Schmidt THE EXISTENCE OF GAPS IN INTERNATIONAL SPACE LAW LEADS TO MISUNDERSTANDINGS AMONG SPACEFARING COUNTRIES ...... 644 Ekaterina Ranyuk

A THIRD WAY - NEW APPROACHES TO SPACE RESOURCE GOVERNANCE ...... 645 Jessy Kate Schingler, Angeliki Kapoglou

Author Index