DOCSLIB.ORG

Physiological Stress Markers During Breath-Hold Diving and SCUBA Diving Marion Marlinge, Mathieu Coulange, Richard C

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Physiological Stress Markers During Breath-Hold Diving and SCUBA Diving Marion Marlinge, Mathieu Coulange, Richard C Physiological stress markers during breath-hold diving and SCUBA diving Marion Marlinge, Mathieu Coulange, Richard C. Fitzpatrick, Romain Delacroix, Alexie Gabarré, Nicolas Lainé, Jennifer Cautela, Pierre Louge, Alain Boussuges, Jean-Claude Rostain, et al. To cite this version: Marion Marlinge, Mathieu Coulange, Richard C. Fitzpatrick, Romain Delacroix, Alexie Gabarré, et al.. Physiological stress markers during breath-hold diving and SCUBA diving. Physiological Reports, Wiley, 2019, 7 (6), 10.14814/phy2.14033. hal-02620844 HAL Id: hal-02620844 https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02620844 Submitted on 26 May 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution| 4.0 International License Physiological Reports ISSN 2051-817X ORIGINAL RESEARCH Physiological stress markers during breath-hold diving and SCUBA diving Marion Marlinge1,2, Mathieu Coulange1,3, Richard C. Fitzpatrick4, Romain Delacroix1,2,5, Alexie Gabarre1,2,5, Nicolas Laine2,3, Jennifer Cautela6, Pierre Louge6, Alain Boussuges1,7, Jean-Claude Rostain1,Regis Guieu1,2 & Fabrice C. Joulia1,8,* 1 C2VN, INSERM, INRA, Aix-Marseille Universite (AMU), Marseille, France 2 APHM: Assistance Publique des Hopitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France 3 Department of Hyperbaric Medicine, Sainte Marguerite University Hospital, Marseille, France 4 School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia 5 Laboratory of Biochemistry, Timone University Hospital, Marseille, France 6 Department of Cardiology, North Hospital, Marseille, France 7 HIA Saint Anne, Toulon, France 8 UFR STAPS Universite de Toulon, La Garde, France Keywords Abstract Apnea, biological stress markers, copeptin, cortisol, hypoxemia, SCUBA. This study investigated the sources of physiological stress in diving by com- paring SCUBA dives (stressors: hydrostatic pressure, cold, and hyperoxia), Correspondence apneic dives (hydrostatic pressure, cold, physical activity, hypoxia), and dry Fabrice C. Joulia, UFR STAPS, Universitede static apnea (hypoxia only). We hypothesized that despite the hypoxia induces Toulon, Avenue de l’Universite, 83130 La by a long static apnea, it would be less stressful than SCUBA dive or apneic Garde, France. dives since the latter combined high pressure, physical activity, and cold expo- Tel: (+33) 4 94142614 sure. Blood samples were collected from 12SCUBA and 12 apnea divers before Fax: (+33) 4 94142597 E-mail: [email protected] and after dives. On a different occasion, samples were collected from the apneic group before and after a maximal static dry apnea. We measured Funding Information changes in levels of the stress hormones cortisol and copeptin in each situa- This study was supported by Aix-Marseille tion. To identify localized effects of the stress, we measured levels of the car- Universite and Assistance Publique des diac injury markers troponin (cTnI) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), the ^ Hopitaux de Marseille. muscular stress markers myoglobin and lactate), and the hypoxemia marker ischemia-modified albumin (IMA). Copeptin, cortisol, and IMA levels Received: 13 December 2018; Revised: 21 February 2019; Accepted: 26 February 2019 increased for the apneic dive and the static dry apnea, whereas they decreased for the SCUBA dive. Troponin, BNP, and myoglobin levels increased for the doi: 10.14814/phy2.14033 apneic dive, but were unchanged for the SCUBA dive and the static dry apnea. We conclude that hypoxia induced by apnea is the dominant trigger Physiol Rep, 7 (6), 2019, e14033, for the release of stress hormones and cardiac injury markers, whereas cold or https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.14033 and hyperbaric exposures play a minor role. These results indicate that sub- jects should be screened carefully for pre-existing cardiac diseases before undertaking significant apneic maneuvers. Introduction there are similarities and differences in the mechanisms by which these different dives could physiologically stress SCUBA diving and apneic diving (breath-hold diving) the body. both involve immersion, increased hydrostatic pressure, SCUBA diving, while breathing air, is a physiological physical activity, and cold exposure. They are different in stressor through cold exposure, increased hydrostatic that apneic dives are hypoxic (and hypercapnic), whereas pressure, and hyperbaric inspired O2. SCUBA dives have SCUBA dives are hyperoxic through hyperbaric inspired been reported to induce increased levels of stress hor- air and often high O2 concentration N2/O2 mixes. Thus, mones prolactin (Anegg et al. 2002) and cortisol related ª 2019 The Authors. Physiological Reports published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of 2019 | Vol. 7 | Iss. 6 | e14033 The Physiological Society and the American Physiological Society Page 1 This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Stress Hormone Release in Diving M. Marlinge et al. to immersion depth (Zarezadeh and Azarbayjani 2014). This study examines sources of physiological stress in These dives have been associated with transient endothe- diving as revealed by circulating stress markers. We com- lial dysfunction (Culic et al. 2014) likely mediated pared responses to three conditions; (1) dry static apnea through hyperbaric O2, and have been linked to reduced (hypoxia), (2) apneic dives (hypoxia, pressure, cold, activ- cognitive performance (Pourhashemi et al. 2016) and ity), and (3) SCUBA dives (hyperbaric O2, pressure, cold, stress cardiomyopathy (Baber et al. 2016). On the other activity). To identify additional stress effects of hydro- hand, improved well-being and reduced stress have been static pressure, cold and activity from hypoxic stress reported recently in recreational SCUBA divers (Beneton effects, we compared apneic dives with dry static apnea et al. 2017). performed on land at rest. To identify the relative stresses Spearfishing competitions and recreational apneic div- of hypoxic and hyperoxic conditions, we compared apneic ing commonly involve 4–5 h of immersion with repeated dives with SCUBA dives. We hypothesized that the com- voluntary dynamic apneic phases that can represent more bined stress factors of cold and pressure exposure associ- than 2 h of apnea and, in temperate climates, the water is ated with physical activities during SCUBA and apneic often cold. Apneic hypoxia combined with endurance dives would be more stressful compared to the hypoxia physical activity, cold exposure, and increased hydrostatic strictly induced by a long static apnea. pressures can exert intense physiological stresses on divers. For example, a release of S100B, a marker of cere- Materials and Methods bral stress, has been described after a single apnea fol- lowed by a black out (Liner and Andersson 2009) or Subjects preceded by hyperventilation and glossopharyngeal insuf- flations (Andersson et al. 2009) suggesting a brain stress Thirty-six volunteers recruited from three populations during breath hold diving. However, such a release of participated to this experiment. Twelve men (mean age S100B has not been observed after a maximal static apnea 37 Æ 8 years) who were experienced apneic divers were (Kjeld et al. 2015) suggesting that this cerebral stress recruited during the French Spearfishing Championship could also be related to other factors than hypoxia. Expo- (Saint Raphael, July 2014). Twelve men (mean age sition to high pressure of dives was known to induce 51 Æ 10 years) who were experienced SCUBA divers were brain injury (Tamaki et al. 2010), hemoptysis, and pneu- recruited from the military diving school of St Mandrier, momediastinum (Henckes et al. 2011) and is often associ- France. Eight men (mean age 48 Æ 4 years) who were ated with increased plasma markers of oxidative stress not divers were recruited from departmental staff to serve (Theunissen et al. 2013). as a control group. Participant characteristics are summa- Despite the popularity of spearfishing and breath-hold rized in Table 1. All subjects were nonsmokers, without diving worldwide, the stress effects of repeated voluntary medication, inflammatory, cardiovascular, or respiratory apnea are poorly understood and require investigation. disease. Subjects gave written informed consent prior to Commonly, voluntary apnea has been studied through the study, which was approved by the Aix-Marseille the cardiovascular adaptation of the diving reflex (Berg- University Human Research Ethics (South Marseille) and man et al. 1972; Andersson et al. 2004), which protects conducted in line with the principles of the Declaration the heart and brain against hypoxia (Breskovic et al. of Helsinki. 2011). However, the triggers, release and actions of stress hormones during breath-hold diving are poorly under- Protocol stood. Accurately measured levels of stress hormones and cardiac markers could provide a better understanding of Four studies were undertaken. The practicalities
Load more

Recommended publications
  • APNEA TRAINING and PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS: ENHANCEMENT of the DIVE RESPONSE, APNEIC TIME, and RECOVERY by Nathanael Stanford A
    APNEA TRAINING AND PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS: ENHANCEMENT OF THE DIVE RESPONSE, APNEIC TIME, AND RECOVERY by Nathanael Stanford A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Kinesiology Boise State University May 2019 © 2019 Nathanael Stanford ALL RIGHTS RESERVED BOISE STATE UNIVERSITY GRADUATE COLLEGE DEFENSE COMMITTEE AND FINAL READING APPROVALS of the thesis submitted by Nathanael Stanford Thesis Title: Apnea Training and Physical Characteristics: Enhancement of The Dive Response, Apneic Time, and Recovery Date of Final Oral Examination: 08 March 2019 The following individuals read and discussed the thesis submitted by student Nathanael Stanford, and they evaluated his presentation and response to questions during the final oral examination. They found that the student passed the final oral examination. Shawn R. Simonson, Ed.D. Chair, Supervisory Committee Timothy R. Kempf, Ph.D. Member, Supervisory Committee Jeffrey M. Anderson, MA Member, Supervisory Committee The final reading approval of the thesis was granted by Shawn R. Simonson, Ed.D., Chair of the Supervisory Committee. The thesis was approved by the Graduate College. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would first like to thank my thesis advisor, Shawn Simonson for his continual assistance and guidance throughout this master thesis. He fostered an environment that encouraged me to think critically about the scientific process. The mentorship he offered directed me on a path of independent thinking and learning. I would like to thank my research technician, Sarah Bennett for the hundreds of hours she assisted me during data collection. This thesis would not have been possible without her help. To my committee member Tim Kempf, I want to express my gratitude for his assistance with study design and the scientific writing process.
    [Show full text]
  • Fort Riley Military Munitions Response Program Camp Forsyth Landfill Area 2 Munitions Response Site Operable Unit 09, FTRI-003-R-01 Geary County, Kansas U.S
    Final Record of Decision June 2020 Fort Riley Military Munitions Response Program Camp Forsyth Landfill Area 2 Munitions Response Site Operable Unit 09, FTRI-003-R-01 Geary County, Kansas U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Omaha District FORT RILEY Final Contract No.: W912DQ-17-D-3023 Delivery Order No.: W9128F-17-F-0233 Record of Decision MILITARY MUNITIONS RESPONSE PROGRAM FORT RILEY CAMP FORSYTH LANDFILL AREA 2 MUNITIONS RESPONSE SITE OPERABLE UNIT 09, FTRI-003-R-01 GEARY COUNTY, KANSAS Prepared for and Prepared by U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS Omaha District June 2020 Revision 01 Record of Decision Camp Forsyth Landfill Area 2 MRS, Fort Riley, Kansas Table of Contents 1.0 DECLARATION .......................................................................................................... 1-1 1.1 Site Name and Location.................................................................................................... 1-1 1.2 Statement of Basis and Purpose...................................................................................... 1-1 1.3 Assessment of Site ............................................................................................................ 1-1 1.4 Description of Selected Remedy ...................................................................................... 1-1 1.5 Statutory Determinations .................................................................................................. 1-1 1.5.1 Part 1: Statutory Requirements ................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Cardiac Hypoxic Resistance and Decreasing Lactate During Maximum
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Cardiac hypoxic resistance and decreasing lactate during maximum apnea in elite breath hold divers Thomas Kjeld1*, Jakob Møller 1, Kristian Fogh1, Egon Godthaab Hansen2, Henrik Christian Arendrup3, Anders Brenøe Isbrand4, Bo Zerahn4, Jens Højberg5, Ellen Ostenfeld6, Henrik Thomsen1, Lars Christian Gormsen 7 & Marcus Carlsson6 Breath-hold divers (BHD) enduring apnea for more than 4 min are characterized by resistance to release of reactive oxygen species, reduced sensitivity to hypoxia, and low mitochondrial oxygen consumption in their skeletal muscles similar to northern elephant seals. The muscles and myocardium of harbor seals also exhibit metabolic adaptations including increased cardiac lactate-dehydrogenase- activity, exceeding their hypoxic limit. We hypothesized that the myocardium of BHD possesses 15 similar adaptive mechanisms. During maximum apnea O-H2O-PET/CT (n = 6) revealed no myocardial perfusion defcits but increased myocardial blood fow (MBF). Cardiac MRI determined blood oxygen level dependence oxygenation (n = 8) after 4 min of apnea was unaltered compared to rest, whereas cine-MRI demonstrated increased left ventricular wall thickness (LVWT). Arterial blood gases were collected after warm-up and maximum apnea in a pool. At the end of the maximum pool apnea (5 min), arterial saturation decreased to 52%, and lactate decreased 20%. Our fndings contrast with previous MR studies of BHD, that reported elevated cardiac troponins and decreased myocardial 15 perfusion after 4 min of apnea. In conclusion, we demonstrated for the frst time with O-H2O-PET/CT and MRI in elite BHD during maximum apnea, that MBF and LVWT increases while lactate decreases, indicating anaerobic/fat-based cardiac-metabolism similar to diving mammals.
    [Show full text]
  • ACTA BIOMEDICA SUPPLEMENT Atenei Parmensis | Founded 1887
    Acta Biomed. - Vol. 91 - Suppl. 1 - February 2020 | ISSN 0392 - 4203 ACTA BIOMEDICA SUPPLEMENT ATENEI PARMENSIS | FOUNDED 1887 Official Journal of the Society of Medicine and Natural Sciences of Parma Acta Biomed. - Vol. 91 - Suppl.1 February 2020 Acta Biomed. - Vol. and Centre on health systems’ organization, quality and sustainability, Parma, Italy The Acta Biomedica is indexed by Index Medicus / Medline Excerpta Medica (EMBASE), the Elsevier BioBASE, Scopus (Elsevier). and Bibliovigilance New insights on upper airway diseases Guest Editors: Giorgio Ciprandi, Desiderio Passali Free on-line www.actabiomedica.it Mattioli 1885 1, comma DCB Parma - Finito di stampare February 2020 46) art. Pubblicazione trimestrale - Poste Italiane s.p.a. - Sped. in A.P. - D.L. 353/2003 (conv. in L. 27/02/2004 n. - D.L. 353/2003 (conv. Pubblicazione trimestrale - Poste Italiane s.p.a. Sped. in A.P. ACTA BIO MEDICA Atenei parmensis founded 1887 OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF MEDICINE AND NATURAL SCIENCES OF PARMA AND CENTRE ON HEALTH SYSTEM’S ORGANIZATION, QUALITY AND SUSTAINABILITY, PARMA, ITALY free on-line: www.actabiomedica.it EDITOR IN CHIEF ASSOCIATE EDITORS Maurizio Vanelli - Parma, Italy Carlo Signorelli - Parma, Italy Vincenzo Violi - Parma, Italy Marco Vitale - Parma, Italy SECTION EDITORS DEPUTY EDITOR FOR HEALTH DEPUTY EDITOR FOR SERTOT Gianfranco Cervellin- Parma, Italy PROFESSIONS EDITION EDITION Domenico Cucinotta - Bologna, Italy Leopoldo Sarli - Parma, Italy Francesco Pogliacomi - Parma, Italy Vincenzo De Sanctis- Ferrara, Italy Paolo
    [Show full text]
  • Hold Your Breath Underwater for 3 Minutes
    HOLD YOUR BREATH UNDERWATER FOR 3 MINUTES. [basic] NERVE RUSH MISSION Nerve Rush deconstructs the world of extreme sports and adventure travel through a titillating array of adrenaline-packed content. We support folks and brands who test their physical and mental limits, who push for adventure and who empower others to live a more gut-wrenching life. YOUR ADRENALINE GUIDES In an effort to push the Nerve Rush community to test both physical and mental limits, we developed a series of adrenaline guides, broken down into different achievement levels. Use our guides to inject more gut-wrenching adventure into your life. WHY HOLD YOUR BREATH UNDERWATER? From surfing and snorkeling to a full day at the beach, learning to hold your breath can help you to feel more comfortable underwater – a critical component to battling huge waves or hunting for colorful coral. Static Apnea is a discipline in which Static Apnea World Record a person holds their breath (apnea) underwater for as long as possible, To date, the world record for holding one’s and need not swim any distance. Static Apnea is defined by the breath underwater without the use of International Association for oxygen in preparation is held by Stéphane Development of Apnea (AIDA International) and is distinguished Mifsud, with a whopping 11 minutes 35 from the Guinness World Record for seconds. breath holding underwater, which allows the use of oxygen in preparation. Beat Harry Houdini’s Life Record We’re not saying you can beat Mifsud, but shoot to beat Harry Houdini. His personal record was 3 minutes 30 seconds! HOW TO HOLD YOUR BREATH FOR 3 MINUTES The following method is adapted from this Tim Ferriss blog post.
    [Show full text]
  • WSF Freediver - Management
    WSF Freediver - Management World Series Freediving™ www.freedivingRAID.com MANAGEMENT WSF Freediver - Management THE 4 FREEDIVING ELEMENTS ....................................................................... 2 EQUALISATION .................................................................................................. 2 BREATHING FOR FREEDIVING ...................................................................... 7 RECOVERY BREATHING ................................................................................... 8 FREEDIVING TECHNIQUES ............................................................................. 9 FREEDIVING BUDDY SYSTEM ........................................................................ 12 PROPER BUOYANCY FOR DEPTH FREEDIVING ........................................... 14 ADVENTURE FREEDIVING & COMPETITION ................................................ 18 FREEDIVING ....................................................................................................... 18 TRAINING FOR FREEDIVING ........................................................................... 22 Section 4 - Page 1 RAID WSF FREEDIVER www.freedivingRAID.com THE 4 FREEDIVING ELEMENTS 1. Conserving Oxygen O2 2. Equalisation EQ 3. Flexibility FLX 4. Safety SFE The 5th Element that is key to success is you, the freediver! EQUALISATION EQ Objectives: 1. State 2 processes of equalisation for the eustachian tubes 2. Demonstrate the 5 steps of the Frenzel manoeuvre 3. State the main difference between the Valsalva and Frenzel manoeuvres
    [Show full text]
  • Second Quarter 2016 • Volume 24 • Number 87
    The Journal of Diving History, Volume 24, Issue 2 (Number 87), 2016 Item Type monograph Publisher Historical Diving Society U.S.A. Download date 10/10/2021 17:42:22 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/1834/35936 Second Quarter 2016 • Volume 24 • Number 87 After Boutan, Underwater Photography in Science | U.S. Divers Prototype Helmet for SEALAB III, DSSP Vintage Australian Demand Valves | Fred Devine and the SALVAGE CHIEF | Cousteau and CONSHELF 2016 Historical Diving Society USA Raffle Get your tickets now! The predecessor of the USN Mark V Helmet #3 of 10 manufactured by DESCO to the specifications and recommendations in Chief Gunner George Stillson’s 1915 REPORT ON DEEP DIVING TESTS Tickets are $5 each or five for $20 Tickets can be ordered by contacting [email protected] or by mailing a check or money order payable to HDS USA Fund raiser, PO Box 453, Fox River Grove, IL 60021-0453. The drawing will take place at the Santa Barbara Maritime Museum, Santa Barbara, CA on August 27, 2016. Other prizes include HDS apparel, books, and DVDs. The winner need not be present to win. All proceeds benefit the Historical Diving Society USA. Prize Winners are responsible for shipping and all applicable taxes. No purchase necessary. To obtain a non-purchase ticket send a self addressed stamped envelope to the above address. Void where prohibited by law. Grand Prize is an $8,000 Value Second Quarter 2016, Volume 24, Number 87 The Journal of Diving History 1 THE JOURNAL OF DIVING HISTORY SECOND QUARTER 2016 • VOLUME 24 • NUMBER 87 ISSN 1094-4516 FEATURES Civil War Diving and Salvage Vintage Australian Demand Valves By James Vorosmarti, MD By Bob Campbell 10 Like much of American diving during the 19th century, the printed 22 As noted by historian Ivor Howitt, and here by author Bob Campbell, record of diving during the Civil War is scarce.
    [Show full text]
  • Hypnosis and Deep Relaxation in Static Apnea
    Hypnosis & Deep Relaxation in Static Apnea A guideline for possible applications Matthias Zaugg AIDA Instructor Course • Special Presentation • 5. September 2012 Matthias Zaugg • AIDA IC • Hypnosis & Deep Relaxation in Static Apnea 1 Published September 2012 during an AIDA instructor course in Phuket, Thailand with www.wefreedive.org Matthias Zaugg • AIDA IC • Hypnosis & Deep Relaxation in Static Apnea 1 Table of contents Introduction! 3 Hypnosis! 4 History & Definition 4 Rapport - How to get in sync 5 Suggestions 6 Dehypnosis 7 Induction techniques 8 Hypnosis and anesthesia 9 Possible applications for Static Apnea! 10 Deep relaxation hypnosis as preparation 10 Useful tools for a static coach/instructor 11 A complete approach - Static Apnea while being in trance 12 Conclusions! 14 Bibliography! 15 Matthias Zaugg • AIDA IC • Hypnosis & Deep Relaxation in Static Apnea 2 INTRODUCTION Hypnosis and deep relaxation have fascinated me for a long time. I have experienced the relaxing effects of a guided ,deep relaxation‘ - which is basically a hypnosis session without therapeutical inputs - multiple times on my own. I have always been amazed about how fast I could get into a deep relaxed, sleep-like state through this. Ever since I started freediving, the thought that hypnosis could actually be very beneficial for apnea accompanied me, which led me to have a slightly more in depth look at the topic for my AIDA instructor course now. This paper is by no means a how-to guide on how to use hypnosis for static apnea. It is more an introduction to a toolset known from hypnosis, which usage could be beneficial for apnea in my opinion.
    [Show full text]
  • Eight Weeks of Static Apnea Training Increases Spleen Volume but Not Acute Spleen Contraction T
    Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology 266 (2019) 144–149 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/resphysiol Eight weeks of static apnea training increases spleen volume but not acute spleen contraction T Janne Boutena, Kevin Caena, Jan Stautemasa, Filip Lefeverea, Wim Deravea, Leen Lootensb, ⁎ Peter Van Eenoob, Jan G. Bourgoisa,c, Jan Boonea, a Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Watersportlaan 2, 9000 Ghent, Belgium b Doping Control Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University, Technologiepark Zwijnaarde 30, 9050 Ghent, Belgium c Centre of Sports Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Splenic contraction is an important response to acute apnea causing the release of red blood cells into blood Apnea training circulation. Current literature shows higher spleen volumes and greater spleen contractions in trained apnea Spleen volume divers compared to untrained individuals, but the influence of training is presently unknown. Spleen contraction Thirteen subjects daily performed five static apneas for 8 weeks. Before, halfway through and after the apnea Hemoglobin training period, subjects performed five maximal breath-holds at the laboratory. Baseline values for and changes in splenic volume and hemoglobin ([Hb]) were assessed. Although baseline spleen volume had increased (from 241 ± 55 mL PRE to 299 ± 51 mL POST training, p = 0.007), the absolute spleen contraction (142 ± 52 mL PRE and 139 ± 34 mL POST training, p = 0.868) and the acute increase in [Hb] remained unchanged. The present study shows that apnea training can increase the size of the spleen but that eight weeks of training is not sufficient to elicit significant training adaptations on the acute response.
    [Show full text]
  • Breatheology the Art of Conscious Breathing Stig Åvall Severinsen Breatheology the Art of Conscious Breathing
    Stig Åvall Severinsen breatheology the art of conscious breathing Stig Åvall Severinsen breatheology the art of conscious breathing Photography by Casper Tybjerg - illustrations by Per Diemer breatheology © 2010 Stig Åvall Severinsen Editors: Mark Colberg Goldsmith Constance Kampf Brittany Trubridge Graphical design and layout: Mark Colberg Goldsmith Cover: Casper Tybjerg Photo p. 70: Appreciation of the exhibition Bodies Photo p. 99, 126 and 257 Morten Bjørn Larsen Photo p. 137 Per Hallum Photo p. 138 Dan Burton Photo p. 174 Mallar Chakravarty Set in Calibri 1. edition Publisher: Breatheology www.breatheology.com All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Contents Preface 13 Part I Restless breathing 23 A hectic everyday life 25 What is stress? 29 Thought control 36 Diet 43 Exercises 55 Normal breathing 61 Good and bad habits 63 Why do we breathe? 63 Brain control of our breath 71 Exercises 77 Part II Trained breathing 85 Become healthy through yoga 87 Holistic outlook 87 The advantages of yoga 90 From body to mind 93 Composure of the senses and mind 97 Exercises 111 Sustained breathing 117 Holding your breath on land and in water 119 The natural pause 119 How do you hold your breath 120 The noble art of breath holding 126 A message from yoga 133 Your inner dolphin 140 Exercises 147 Powerful breathing 157 Optimize your athletic performance 159 The
    [Show full text]
  • Frequently Asked Questions
    Frequently Asked Questions What are the requirements for license renewal? Licenses Expire CE Hours Required Mandatory Courses 3 hours of Ethics (each renewal) 2 hours of Medical Errors (each renewal) Clinical Social Worker, Marriage and Family 30 3 hours of Laws and Rules Therapists, and Mental Health Counselor (All hours are allowed through home-study) (every third biennium) licenses expire on March 31, 2017. 2 hours of Domestic Violence (every third biennium) How do I complete this course and receive my certificate of completion? Online Go to SocialWork.EliteCME.com and follow the prompts. Print your certificate immediately. How much will it cost? Cost of Courses Course Title CE Hours Price Ethics and Boundaries (Required for renewal) 3 $15.00 Medical Errors in the Mental Health Profession (Required for renewal) 2 $10.00 Domestic Violence (Required every third biennium) 2 $10.00 Florida Law for the Social Worker, Mental Health Counselor and Marriage and Family Therapist 3 $15.00 (Required every third biennium) Cultural Competence in Mental Health Practice Part I: Principles, Preparation and Priorities for 3 $15.00 Practice The Heroin Abuse Epidemic in America: Identification, Treatment and Prevention 4 $20.00 Medication Management of Opioid Dependence 5 $25.00 Understanding Neurotransmission and the Disease of Addiction 4 $20.00 The Use of the Internet in Therapy: Guidelines and Best Practices 4 $20.00 BEST VALUE Entire 30-Hour Course SAVE $103 30 $47.00 Are you a Florida board approved provider? Yes. Elite is approved by the Florida Board of Clinical Social Work, Marriage and Family Therapy and Mental Health counselors to provide continuing education for licensees.
    [Show full text]
  • SIMULATED HUMAN DIVING and HEART RATE: MAKING the MOST of the DIVING RESPONSE AS a LABORATORY EXERCISE Sara M
    SIMULATED HUMAN DIVING AND HEART RATE: MAKING THE MOST OF THE DIVING RESPONSE AS A LABORATORY EXERCISE Sara M. Hiebert and Elliot Burch Advan Physiol Educ 27:130-145, 2003. doi:10.1152/advan.00045.2002 You might find this additional information useful... This article cites 15 articles, 3 of which you can access free at: http://ajpadvan.physiology.org/cgi/content/full/27/3/130#BIBL Medline items on this article's topics can be found at http://highwire.stanford.edu/lists/artbytopic.dtl on the following topics: Pharmacology .. Heart Diseases (Drug Development) Physiology .. Exertion Medicine .. Fitness (Physical Activity) Medicine .. Exercise Medicine .. Bradycardia Downloaded from Physiology .. Humans Updated information and services including high-resolution figures, can be found at: http://ajpadvan.physiology.org/cgi/content/full/27/3/130 Additional material and information about Advances in Physiology Education can be found at: http://www.the-aps.org/publications/advan ajpadvan.physiology.org This information is current as of January 10, 2007 . on January 10, 2007 Advances in Physiology Education is dedicated to the improvement of teaching and learning physiology, both in specialized courses and in the broader context of general biology education. It is published four times a year in March, June, September and December by the American Physiological Society, 9650 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD 20814-3991. Copyright © 2005 by the American Physiological Society. ISSN: 1043-4046, ESSN: 1522-1229. Visit our website at http://www.the-aps.org/. T E A C H I N G I N T H E L A B O R A T O R Y SIMULATED HUMAN DIVING AND HEART RATE: MAKING THE MOST OF THE DIVING RESPONSE AS A LABORATORY EXERCISE Sara M.
    [Show full text]