UC Berkeley International Association of Obsidian Studies Bulletin

Title IAOS Bulletin 30

Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6pn3b95b

Author McFarlane, William J.

Publication Date 2003-01-15

eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California ._ ,. :'1;( V '.• ~. v ...... 't·.. ',,\ I.J ..... ~ 0 .. ';...."""..Y·,'tt \,1 . ._.·..;..··V ..•""" ~. ~ "fl W C"' f'1 rJ·· M V' ,', .!II.' '.._. '. ~l W ·l"":···~.I.' t- ..• II V...... tll.- ",~ '. , ...... ··P.f'l:""" ...... ·('r·~1.. ,. . "il 'I. . ..' 1"1 r.1 _",,"1'1 1#:. It"! ."··~···taI_ ..~",. " ...... fI r.l l) ."lV.·..'"' lor . ..t"l ~'r':;":"" t"l ... ·...?'triteniational Association for Obsidian Studies 'y..n"I"s'II." nIp .. "~:""""'~"".":""" '- .' Bulletin " . '1)l,l\UIlier3(t;' '.'" , ,- Winter 2003 111.- lit.. I 1"1 V 'I.....~ r" •• " " • International Association for Obsidian Studies 2002 - 2003

President Carolyn Dillian

Vice President 1. Michael Elam

Secretary-Treasurer Janine Loyd

Bulletin Editor William 1. McFarlane

Wcbmaster Craig E. Skinner

lAOS Board of Advisors Irving Friedman Roger Green r ' web site: hnp:llwww.peak.orglobsidian

, .', , , 'J' t.J': c. S t'" ':' .~ .. " ..i/!I-r"",,, . .'1 ".r .....:'1 U .. ' ... 11 .., ~ NEWS AND INFORMATION .''"1 "

Melos International Workshop

Date: 2'" to the 6Jh ofJuly, 2003 Location: Melos Island, Greece Organized by: Prof. I.Liritzis Laboratory ofArchaeol11etry Dept. of Mediterranean Studies University of the Aegean, Greece • & Dr. C. Dillian President, lAOS, USA

lAOS Bulletin NO. 30, Winter 2003 - 1 ..

New Obsidian Volume Now Available I' I Effects of Fire Volume, assembled and edited by Janine Loyd, Thomas Origer, an'd David 1 Fredrickson, this timely volume ofpapers documenting the effects of fire on obsidian artifacts .' is now available in paper and Acrobat formats. Ifyou have an interest in the effects offire on I. I : obsidian artifacts, this is a must-have publication. Printable copies may be downloaded from I- I the lAOS website, http://www.peak.org/obsidian. Wlnle supplies last, copies ofthe 219 page volume may be obtained on request and at no cost from:

Northwest Research Obsidian Studies Kirk Halford I Laboratory Bureau ofLand Management, Bishop I. l414NWPoik Resource Area I, Corvallis, Oregon 97330 785 N. Main St., Suite E Email: cskinnerCalobsidianlab.com Bishop, California 93514 I Email: [email protected] ______1

Greetings from the Secretarvffreasurer: then serve one year as Past­ President It is time for you the members to The Secretary-Treasurer shall be elected for a two-year term. put your heads together. We need , nominations for our next President. The Executive Board of the lAOS From my experience on the Board, shall consist of the President, Vice­ much of the lAOS business is conducted President (President-elect or Past vIa President), Secretary-Treasurer, the e-mail, so international representation on Newsletter Editor, and Institutional Members ofthe lAOS. the Board should be encouraged. To recap that section of the by- Mike Elam is currentlY serving as laws: VP. Carolynn Dillian, our President, has one more year to go before waduating to The President shall serve as the lAOS's chief executive officer and VP. So we need a President-ele~t., its representative in official affairs and transactions. The President Thanks in advance for your in-put. shall make certain that all resolutions of the Executive Board Janine Loyd are implemented. Secretaryffreasurer lAOS The Vice-President (President-Elect) shall be elected for one-year, at the conclusion of which he/she shall succeed to the office to President to serve a two-year term. He/she will .. , '. lAOS Bulletin NO, 30, Winter 2003 - 2 • • ... • f

~ Melos International Workshop

Participants and Preliminary Program

Michacl Goltesman (Sherman Oaks, California) - Obsidian hydration dating: How good is it? Dr. Maria Rosa Iovino (Siracusa) - Triba/ogy and micro wear (race analysis on obsidian (Sicily and Turkey) Dr. Wal Ambrose (Australian National University) - Powdered obsidian for delermining hydration rates and site Ihermomell)' Prof. Masao Suzuki (Atlanta, USA) - On an approach to the palaeoclimate resonstruction Zlsing obsidianhydrolion as a temperature indicator Dr. Carlo Pantano (Pennsylvania State University) - Effects ofcomposition and network connectivity on the leaching and dissolution ofaluminosilicate glasses Dr. Robin Torrence (Australian Museum), Glenn Summerhayes (Australian National University), Ivo Orlic (ANSTO), Philippa Rath and J.Peter White (University of Sydney) - Networks and Disasters: Changing pallerns ofobsidian procurement in West New Britain, Papua New Guinea Dr. Harald Behrens (University of Hannover, Germany) - Diffusion o/water in rhyolotic glasses and melts Prof. Catherine Perles (Universite de Paris X) - Why the obsidian trade' Prof. You,ue Zhang (University of Michigan) - H20 diffusion in absidian glass and issues on obsidian dating Dr. Bernard Gratuze (IRAMAT CNRS, Centre Babelon, France) - New investigations o/the Gollu-Dag obsidian lava flows system: comparison between chemical, mineralogical andfission track data Dr. Carolyn Dillian (president lAOS) - Sourcing belief using obsidian sourcing to understand prehistoric ideology in northeastern California Dr. Robert Tyl

Note: Any attendee, except of the participants, should register. Registration Fee is 250 EURO including attendance of the Workshop, conference material, two excursions in the island. All other arrangements are made by theirown.

lAOS Bulletin NO. 30, Winter 2003 - 3 Obsidian Sourcing in the By: Leee M. Neri

INTRODUCTION conducted an archaeological survey in the In prehistoric times, obsidian was different areas in the Philippines and found considered a precious commodity. It has been obsidian materials in the area only. During ranked as the most widely exchanged material in his archaeological explorations in 1926-1941, he prehistoric times (Dixon et 0/1968: Rapp & Hill found obsidian in , Cavite, Batangas, 1998). Obsidian was greatly prized for its function Bulacan Provinces and others werejust presented as a stone implement, decorative object, and to him by his colleagues with provenance from surgical instrument. The name obsidian dates back 1I0cos Norte and provinces. as far as Pliny the Elder (23-79 AD) who In Rizal Province, Beyer (1947) recovered described obsidian from Ethiopia as anributed to obsidian in the different areas and he divided Obsius (Watson 1986; Rapp and Hill 1998). these into different districts. The first district was Obsidian is a natural glass produced by in Novaliches-Marilao District where he extrusive action of the volcano. It belongs to the recovered obsidian and flint microliths and Felsic type of glass that is rich in silica (Si02) assigned this into Mesolithic Era. In the Lake content (Bowes 1989). It is formed due to extreme District, he recovered the same lithic materials. rapid cooling of the molten rock that prevented The Central District and Special Sites were the formation of distinct crystals. Its hardness divided by Beyer into subdistricts such as: San ranges from 5 to 7 in Moh's scale. The specific Juan River Valley, -Tagig, -Puray, gravity of the obsidian ranges from 2.3 to 2.7 Special Santa Ana Site and Special Site. depending on the chemical composition. Obsidian San Juan River Valley and Pasig-Tagig has a perfect conchoidal fracture due to its Subdistricts yielded obsidian materials associated homogeneity and lack ofstructures. It is ideal for with flint flakes, stone adzes, chisels and tektite. making stone tools- shaping them into desired Beyer (1947) believed that these materials belong form. Obsidian usually is black in color due to the to the Late Neolithic Period. presence ofthe microlith (magnetite). It may also In the Province of Cavite, Beyer (1947) be reddish to brown due to oxidation oflron (Fe) recovered obsidian and flint microliths in plowed also known as hematite while others are from areas particularly in the main road to greenish to gray. Combination of colors such as and near Indang area. In the province ofBulacan, striped (red/brown/black) and patchy obsidian can particularly in Pugad-Baboy and Maysan areas, aIso be found. Beyer found a concentration of natural tektites The magma from the volcanic eruption associated with Mesolithic obsidian and flint that forms the obsidian dome. lava flow or microliths. pyroclastic deposit produces authentic chemical The province of Batangas is considered "signature" in the different parts of the world. "to be the most important archaeological area yet This unique chemical composition can be used to discovered in the Philippines, and, as regards its characterize a source and match artifacts to a uniquely rich Late Neolithic remains, one of the particular origin. It is in this light that the obsidian most remarkable Late Stone-Age sites found sourcing plays a significant role in understanding anywhere in the world" (Beyer 1947:243). In the ancient exchange and mobility panern of 1934, Beyer made an exploration in Lipa obsidian artifacts. particularly in Balite Barrio, where he recovered 25 pieces of flaked obsidian implements. OBSIDIAN IN THE PHILIPPfNE Ronquillo and Ogawa (1996) also made ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONTEXT explorations and conducted systematic The obsidian materials recovered from the excavations in the municipalitiesofCalatagan and archaeological sites were scanty compared to the Lian in Batangas Province. The exploration lasted tradeware materials. H. Otley Beyer (1947) for four months in 1994 and identified six lAOS Bulletin NO. 30. Winter 2003 - 4 impOliant sites. From the six sites only two semimicroliths in the foothill of Mt. Makiling, yielded obsidian materials particularly in De los Laguna Province. This site was noted also by Reyes Propeny I and II Sites located in Sitio Beyer. Scott (1968) also reported obsidian Dayap, Tanagan, southeast from the micoliths from Bulacan to Bicol Regions. Scott town proper of Calatagan. In De los Reyes said that the possible source is located in Mount Property I, they recovered earthenware sherds, Banahaw. He also claimed that "if indeed, only four types of beads, net weights, animal remains this one source, this wide distribution bespeaks a and lithic materials such as quartz, vesicular considerable commercial mobility among basalt, andesite, and obsidian flakes. Mesolithic Filipinos" (Scott 1968:23). Archaeological evidence ofanifacts, ecofacts and In , there are three features provided information that the area was archaeological sites where obsidian materials uti Iized for habitation. "This is deemed significant were recovered. These areas are Municipality of since all sites worked and reported on at , Province, Bungiao Rock Calatagan were burial areas and no actual Shelter, Zamboanga and Huluga Open Site, habitation sites have been documented to date" Barangay Indahag. Cagayan de Oro City. (Ronquillo and Ogawa 1996: 142). The De los The archaeological survey and excavation Reyes Property II is located 800 meters southeast was conducted by the South East Asian Institute of De los Reyes Propel1y I. The area was heavily of Culture and Environment (SEAICE) last April cultivated with corn and the materials recovered to June 1995 (SEAICE 1995). This is in were obsidian flakes, earthenware sherds, celadon compliance with the agreement to conduct both sherds, blue/white porcelain sherds, seeds, bone archaeological and ethnographic studies for the fragments, and animal teeth remains. proposed Pulangi V Hydroelectric Project (HEP) De la Torre (1997) also conducted an located in the Province of Bukidnon. There were archaeological exploration and systematic II sites that were properly explored and excavation in Ulilang Bundoc in Sitio Dayap, systematically excavated but there were only two BarangayTanagan, Calatagan, Batangas last April sites that obsidian materials were recovered. 1995 and May 1996. The results ofthe excavation These two sites were identified as Barangay yielded obsidian flaked materials associated with Sanipon and Barangay Bukang Liwayway. the secondary burial jars. Other materials The archaeological survey at Barangay recovered were earthenware sherds, polished Sanipon, Kibawe, was conducted at the floodplain stone adzes, shell beads, Indo-Pacific glass beads, area of Pulangi River which is currently planted and shells-both bivalves and univalves. Obsidian with corn and upland rice (SEAICE 1995). During flakes were also confirmed by Angel Bautista their archaeological survey, they found different (1995) in May 1995 when he excavated the same cultural materials. These materials are composed site. Other materials recovered were skeletal of obsidian flakes, chert flakes, Chinese remains (adult and young), stone adzes, stone tradewares, earthenware sherds and other flakes, and beads. No tradeware ceramics were contemporary materials like rusted nails and other found (Bautista 1995). metal objects. Aside from the archaeological Other provinces in Luzon which also exploration they also excavated three test pits yielded obsidian materials but was not personally which measured IXI meter square. SEAICE explored by Beyer are 1I0cos NOlie and Laguna. (1995) also conducted an archaeological Obsidianmicroliths were sent to Beyer by a local exploration in Barangay Bukang Liwayway in the geologist and claimed that it was found near municipality of Kibawe, Bukidnon. The Pasugin, Ilocos NOlie. Beyer said that "the area exploration was conducted at the left bank of should be further explored, as no other obsidian Pulangi River, which is still planted with corn and implement has yet been reliably reported north of upland rice. Surface finds recovered were Bulacan Province" (Beyer 1947:215). Late 1945, obsidian flakes, chert flakes, sherds of ceramic a Dutch archaeologist, H.R. Van Heekeren, found tradeware (Ming Dynasty) and other 25 to 30 pieces of obsidian flakes and flint contemporary materials such as rusted metal

lAOS Bulletin NO. 30, Winter 2003 - 5 objects and others. Burton (1975) made a thorough The second site was located in Bungiao archaeological exploration and excavation at the Rock Shelter, Barrio of Bungiao, Manicahan I-Iuluga site and its vicinities. Huluga area is two Municipality, Zamboanga. Seven obsidian flakes kilometers east ofbarrio Balulang. It is composed were recovered outside and inside the shelter ofopen and cave Sites and both lie on the eastern varying from circular flakes (14mm to 18 mm in side of and at the southern tip of diameter and from Imm to 4 mm thick) to Puntod Island bar. The exploration of the Open irregular shaped flakes (19mm to 29mm long and Site was first made and recovered varieties of 2 mm to 8 mm thick). Obsidian flakes collected materials such as obsidian, chert flakes, potsherds, were unretouched and have sharp edges for and porcelain sherds were recovered. The scrapping and cutting purposes (Spoehr 1973). excavation in Huluga Open Site was made in He believed that the rock shelter "was first used at trenches in "T" form located at the middle ofthe the time somewhere prior to the introduction of site. They used the 20 centimeters arbitrary levels trade ceramics, though how much earlier cannot and reached up to 25 centimeters reaching the be determ ined" (Spoehr 1973: 77). limestone bedrock (Burton 2002; personal Other obsidian materials recovered in an communication). The materials recovered from archaeological context in Mindanao is found at their excavation were composed ofobsidian flakes Huluga Open Site, Barangay Indahag, Cagayan de which some were utilized, chert flakes, potsherds, Oro City. Cabanilia (1970) conducted an and a glass bead. Burton believed that the Huluga archaeological exploration and excavation at Open Site was used as a settlement in pre­ Huluga area in October 26 to November 17, 1970. Hispanic time (Burton 1975). He was assisted by Messrs. Santiago and Gomez, Another thorough archaeological both associated with Xavier University. There was exploration and excavation were conducted in no excavation at Huluga Cave Site due to its Cagayan de Oro last September 9 to October 10, disturbed condition made by pot and treasure 1991 by Messrs. Angel Bautista and Melvyn hunters. Its natural and geological formation of Garcia, both from the National Museum (Bautista the cave also insinuates the exclusion of 1992). The explored areas were composed of possibility from systematic excavation due to the Barangays Macasandig, Balulang and Lumbia in increase percolation of water from the top. The Cagayan de Oro and Barangay Walas, cave has become small and possibly engulfing Municipality of Imbatog, Province of Bukidnon. whatever artifacts left by the inhabitants There were 21 identified archaeological sites and (Cabanilla 1970). The concentration of the team Huluga Open Site is the only site that yielded diverted towards the Huluga Open Site. Three test obsidian materials. pits were excavated. The recovered materials were The Huluga Open Site has a museum site local pottery sherds, 70 pieces of obsidian code ofX-91-Q2. Archaeological exploration was materials (3 were certainly utilized and others conducted in the said area and recovered a coral, were waste flakes and chips), two flint flakes, obsidian flakes, 4 pieces of chert flakes, local broken piece ofpolished adze made from silicified pottery rims, 3 andesite cobbles, stoneware sherd, sandstone with its blade measuring 3 and Y, and 2 pieces of blue and white porcelain sherds. centimeter and has a rectangular cross section. Bautista made a test pit excavation and found thin They also found ceramic sherds attributed to Sung soil layers. According to the researcher, the Open and Ming Dynasties on the surface level. The Site's soil matrix is already disturbed due to recovered materials from their test pits and erosion and agricultural activities of the locals. surface finds manifest "that the area has been continuously used by man from far back as the OBSIDIAN SOURCES IN THE PHILIPPINES Late Neolithic or probably the early Metal Age Obsidian, considered agemstone material, about 500 BC" (Cabanilla 1970:2). They believed is classified as a semi-precious stone based on the that this area was already occupied as early as market value. "Obsidian is associated with 2.500 years ago (Cabanilla 1970; Demetrio 1995). quaternary volcanics in Mabitac. Laguna and in lAOS Bulletin O. 30, Winter 2003 - 6 Pagudpod. Ilocos Norte" (Bureau of Mines or rounded bubbles. Obsidian was scattered along 2000:2). Accordingto the Bureau ofM ines (2000) the surfaces of the slopes and on top of the there are only three obsidian sources in the mountain with a scenic view of the Laguna de Philippines for now. These sources are in Brgy. Bay. According to the Bureau of Mines (2000:6) Caunayan. Pagudpod, IlocosNorte, Brgy. Manaol, this "gemstone material is approximately J% of Nagcarlan. and Brgy. Tawid Apoy, Mabitac, 1,000 sq. m. area." The obsidian materials found Laguna Provinces. The writer made a verification in this area has the following characteristics of these identified sources and it was indeed a (Bureau of Mines 1986:309): possible source ofobsidian except in Brgy. Tawid Fracture is conchoidal; luster is vitreous. Apoy, Mabitac, Laguna. where obsidian cannot be It is opaque to transparent and isotropic with found and unknown to the locals. Hence, the refractive index of 1.48 to 1.52. The hardness writer made an ocular inspection at the site (with ranges from 5 to 5.5 in Moh's scale and specific the geographic coordinates of 14' 24'36" onh gravity varies from 2.33 to 2.50 depending on the latitude and 121' 23'43" East longitude) and its abundance ofvesicles. It consists mainly of glass surrounding vicinities. Still, obsidian is no where with some minute inclusions of crystallites and to be located. Instead,jasper was commonly found amygdules ofquanz and zeolites. in the area. According to Mr. Avelino Cones, Brgy. Chairman in Matalata, Mabitac, they used A ALYSIS AND RECOMMENDAnON to have a machine for manufacturing obsidian The sourcing of obsidian is a pendants and rings as their livelihood projects, "straightforward" process and can be traced which they import obsidian from the Nagcarlan, directly. Unlike chen, sedementary rocks have a Laguna. lot ofdiscrepancy and inconsistency in their trace In Brgy. Caunayan, Pagudpud, Ilocos chemical elements where the process of None, obsidian appeared in angular fragments proveniencing will not totally be achieved from three to ten centimeter in diameter. The local (Whittaker 1994; Rapp and Hill 1998). The term of this glass is "Berdadero" which means importance of obsidian sourcing is to understand high class type of green stone. The source was the mobility pattern ofexchange/trade ofthe early found in the Caunayan forest with a geographic people since obsidian was considered as a high coordinates of 18' 37' 35" Nonh latitude and 120' regard raw material for making stone tools in 49' 5 I,. East longitude. The source occurred as a ancient time. The different sources are conglomeratic deposit probably of colluvial or geochemically different and can be characterized alluvial in origin (De los Angeles 2002: personal by its authentic chemical composition (e.g. Rb, Sr, communication). This glassy material was being Zr. .. ). Like humans, they have their own quarried, according to Mr. Anemio Lurenzo, "signature" and "thumb-marks." ChiefTanod in Brgy. Caunayan, by the locals and According to the Mineral Resources of sold them at P20/kilo to some people from the Philippines (Bureau of Mines 2000), the three Cagayan Valley. The purpose of buying the identified source of obsidian are all located in obsidian from the locals was unknown. Luzon. No obsidian source, yet, in Visayas and The second source ofobsidian is found in Mindanao areas have been found. Brgy. Manaol, Nagcarlan, Laguna. The source Obsidian materials can be recovered was pointed out by Mr. Larry Bisbe, Brgy. through archaeological explorations and Chairman in Mt. agcarlan. It has a geographic excavations. All of the recovered obsidian coordinates of 14' 10' 41" orth latitude and 121' materials in the Philippines were all flakes and 21' 52" East longitude. Obsidian appeared as some were considered microliths by Beyer (J 947). floats from cobble to boulder sizes exposed along The recovered obsidian flakes were associated the lower ridges ofvolcanic plugs. The local term between Mesolithic to eolithic Periods (Beyer ofobsidian is called "Batong Dalig" refers to the 1947. Cabanilla 1970, Scott 1973, and Demetrio place with an unknown meaning. It has a high 1995). We only have two sites in Luzon opacity or dark colored glass containing elongated (specifically in Batangas) that yielded obsidian

lAOS Bulletin NO. 30, Winter 2003 - 7 materials and these were systematically The writer made an initial study and the subject of excavated. The rest of the recovered materials his masteral thesis is on obsidian sourcing were from explorations conducted by H. Otley particularly in Huluga Open Site, Barangay Beyer. Visayas area, for now, is totally devoid of Indahag, Cagayan de Oro City. obsidian in an archaeological context, which Huluga Open Site is part of Sitio means, the acquisition of the material during Taguanao, Barangay Indahag (previously part of ancient time was possibly hard and inaccessible. Barangay Macasandig), Cagayan de Oro City In Mindanao, we only have three sites (Province (DENR 200 I). Situated at the eastern bank of of Bukidnon. Bungiao Rock Sheltert, and Huluga Cagayan River. it is 8.5 km south of the city Open Site) and these were also systematically center. Archaeologists believed that this area was excavated. already occupied before the introduction of There is no study yet ofobsidian sourcing tradeware ceramics. The presence of cultural in the Philippines and it is a total pity considering materials from the Late Neolithic until the Age of that we are staying and surrounded by more than Contact (12'h - 15'h centuries AD) provide 200 volcanoes and 22 are considered active in the evidence ofcontinued human existence (Cabanilla Philippines. In Mindanao, we have 15 different 1970; Demetrio 1995). kinds of volcanoes and seven of these are Previous archaeological excavations and considered active. A haven for possible extrusive explorations conducted at the Huluga Open Site volcanic obsidian source. Just like in yielded obsidian materials identified as utilized Mesoamerica and the Pacific, where all obsidian and waste flakes (Cabanilla J970, BUrlon 1975 sources where already identified, plotted and and Bautista 1992). analyzed through X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis The obsidian sourcing applied to the (XRF) or Proton lnduced X-Ray Emission and collected materials at Huluga Open Site is an Proton Induced Gamma Ray Emission important research. At present, there has been no (PIXE/PIGME). It is high time that we give study on the provenience ofobsidian flakes from imporlance to this material and analyze their the Philippine islands. This study will serve as a chem ical composition of the possible source/s in pioneering approach in Philippine archaeology. the Philippines. Through this identification, we All possible obsidian sources that will be can be able to infer or understand the process of identified in this study may serve as a future acquisition of obsidian materials recovered in an reference for obsidian studies in the Philippines. archaeological context. Hence, gainlllg information about the mobility patterns of exchange/trade or quarrying activities in ancient times. Obsidian calls a challenge to all archaeologists in the Philippines. This method will contribute a lot to our understanding of the internal and external exchange/trade of early Fil ipinos and to Philippine archaeology in general.

REFERENCES:

Bautista, Angel 1995 Summary Report. Visit, and Assessment ofOn-Going Archaeological Excavation at Ulilang Bundoc Site, Dayap, Tanagan, Calatagan, Batangas. Field Report. National Museum. Manila. Philippines.

lAOS Bulletin NO. 30, Winter 2003 - 8 1992 Report on the Archaeological Exploration in Cagayan de Oro and Vicinities. Field report. National Museum. Manila, Philippines. Beyer. H. O. 1947 Outline Review ofPhilippine Archaeology by Islands and Provinces. The Philippine Journal of Science. Vol. 77. Nos.3-4. Bowes, D.R. 1989 The Enclyclopedia ofIgneous andMetamorphic Petrology. Van Nostrand Reinhold Publishing. New York. Bureau of Mines 2000 Mineral Resources ofthe Philippines. Bureau of Mines. Unpublished. 1968 Geology and Mineral Resources ofthe Philippines. Bureau ofMines. Vol.lI Burton, Linda 2002 Personal Communication MCMLXXV Progress Report No.1: Exploration of Huluga Sites, Taguanao Region, Cagayan de Oro, Misamis Oriental. Field Report . National Museum. Manila, Philippines. Cabanilla, Israel MCMLXX Xavier University-National Museum Research Cooperation. Field Report. National Museum. Manila, Philippines. De la Torre, Amalia A. 1997 Preliminary Report: 1995-1996 Calatagan, Batangas Archaeological Project. Field Report. National Museum. Manila, Philippines. De los Angeles, Dangal 2002 Personal Communication. Demetrio, Francisco. S.J. 1995 The Early History ofCagayan de Oro. In Francisco Demetrio S.J. (ed.). The Local Historical Sources ofNorthern Mindanao. Legacy Sales and Printing Press Inc. Cagayan de Oro City. DENR MMI Rapid Cave Assessment (I-1uluga Cave). Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR). Region X, Cagayan de Oro City. Dixon, J.E., lR. Carm and Colin Renfrew 1968 Obsidian and the Origin of Trade of Old World Archaeology: Foundations of Civilization. Readingsji-oll7the Scientific American. W.H. Freeman and Company. San Francisco. Rapp, George Jr., Christopher L. Hill MCMXCVIII GeoArchaeology. Yale University Press. London. Ronquillo, Wilfredo P., Hidefumi Ogawa 1996 The Calatagan Archaeological Report: A sUll7mwy Report. Journal of Southeast Asian Archaeology. Vol. 16. pps. 133-143. Scott, Williarll Henry 1968 Prehispanic Source Materials for the Study oj" Philippine History. University of Santo Tomas Press. Manila. Philippines. SEAIC 1995 Archaeological Assessment andEthnographic Survey ofPulangi VHEP. South East

lAOS Bulletin NO. 30, Winter 2003 - 9 Asian Institute ofCulture and Environment (SEAICE). Manila, Philippines. Spoehr, Alexander 1973 Zamboanga and Sulu: An Archaeological Approach to Ethnic Diversity. Ethnology Monographs. VoU. Depat1ment of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh. Pittsburgh. Watson. Virginia D. MCMLXXXVI Obsidian as a Tool and Trade: A Papua New Guinea Case. Burke Museum Contribwions in Anthropology and Natural HistOlY 4: 1-10.

Revival of Obsidian Studies by loannis Liritzis

University ofthe Aegean, Dept. ofMediterranean Studies. Laboratory ofArchaeometry, I Demokratias Ave., Rhodes 85100. Greece The recent progress in obsidian hydration foresaw some promise for electron microscopy, dating and characterization has gained an ion spectroscopy and argon milling. international interest and there exists an ongoing Later research promoted these earlier collaboration between colleagues from ideas using ion spectroscopy, in particular the interdisciplinary fields. Since 1960s, the dating secondary ion mass spectrometry (coined SIMS) efforts culminated by rccent advances employing has been used to determine the hydrogen and modern technology. The analysis and other cation profiles of obsidians, for the characterization studies have improved with the development of an intrinsic method following a advent of modern techniques. Such efforts. special calibration procedure by the team at Oak however. must be treated with due caution, and Ridge ational Laboratory and Tennessee such matters will be presented in the planned University (ORNLlUT) in a thoroughly presented international workshop on Melos, Greece, 2-6 article (Anovitz et aI., 1999). July 2003. Along with the announcement of this In fact th is team appIied a closest fitlo the international meeting I take the opportunity to measured hydrogen profile, obtained using a fully­ summarize the steps that lead to the advent of implicit, finite difference solution with variable recent OHD development and present the current distance and time-steps. This has proven to be the activities ofthe Rhodes group. most stable solution, and used an equation which The advanced techniques and mechanisms describes the variation ofthe diffusion coefficient for the studies concerning the determination of with water concentration. In fact. by using age and the analysis of obsidian tools and cores "characteristic points" on the hydrogen profile have lately gained a considerable impulse. The (half-fall depth. inflection point depth) simple background work on both aspects has shown the hydration rate equations were evaluated against direction of research (Shackley, editor, 1998; time constraints provided by associated C-14 Green. 1998; Friedman etal., 1997; Anovitzetal., dates This model has been calibrated to 1999; Stevenson et aI., 2000, 200 Ia,b; 2002; experimental data from Mount 65, Chalco, LirilZis and Diakostamatiou, 2002). Mexico (personal communication with ORNLIUT In obsidian hydration dating the emphasis team and Riciputi et aI., 2002). has been directed onto non-optical methods ofrim Almost the same time SIMS was used in determination. Lee et al.. (1974). Leach and comparison with infrared photoacoustic Naylor (1981). and Leach (1977) assessed the spectroscopy for a more accurate determination of potential of several measurement methods and the hydration rim by the Virginia Department of lAOS Bulletin NO. 30, Winter 2003 - 10 Historic Resources and Evans Eastteam, extended Evidently, many more obsidian samples to Aegean obsidians in collaboration with the must be tested covering wider provenance areas Rhodes group (Stevenson et al.. 200 Ib: 2002b). and time range. The hydrogen profiling by SIMS The use ofSIMS technique was taken up needs more attention regarding involved errors, by another team at the University of the Aegean, both random and systematic. Nevertheless, all Rhodes, Greece who proposed a differem solution such initiatives are welcome but any drawn of 2nd Fick's law of diffusion based on the non­ conclusions must be treated with due caution steady state concentration-dependent di ffusion for (Stevenson et aI., 2002b). Along the latter semi-infinite medium, wherediffusion coefficient notion more obsidian samples from the Aegean varies exponentially during diffusion. and for region. provided by the Rhodes team, are going to cenain initial and boundary conditions. The age be processed by the ORNLrrU team, aiming at a equation of the obsidian diffusion dating fonhcomingjoint publication employing SIMS derives from a differential Similarly, more samples from the Aegean equation that describes diffusion. An essential and other areas, have been analyzed by SIMS, in factor addressing this alternative model is the an ongoing collaboration with Virginia and Evans surface saturation (SS) plateau level at certain East group, which will soon bejointlyannounced. depth, which is the result of the diffusion Panicular focus on the surface status of obsidian mechanism in the first about 1-2 um. (Liritzis and is another field of research, which is currently Diakostamatiou, 2002a, 2002b). This proposed under study, to examine dissolution and approach was coined ODDSIMS, an acronym weathering effects (1-2 um scale) pertinent to the created by the ORNLIUT team (Riciputi et aI., dating aim, along with interpretation of the water 2002) and modified by the Rhodes team as mass transport phenomenon. Such international ODDSIMS-SS to include the new surface collaborative effons, surely strengthens the new salUration (SS) approach and the different method dating approaches. ofsolution of the diffusion equation. The ODDSIMS-SS approach, coupled with the diffusion mechanism and accomplished by appropriate mathematics (based on Crank, 1975). opens a new era in the obsidian chronological studies.

REFERENCES Anovitz.L.M. ElamJ.M, Riciputi.L.R and ColeD.R. 1999 The failure ofobsidian hydration dating: sources, implications and new directions. J. Archaeological Science, vol. 26, 735-752. CrankJ. 1975 The Mathematics ofdiffusion. Oxford University Press. Oxford. Green.R.C. 1998 A 1990s perspective on method and theory in archaeological volcanic glass studies, In Shackley.M.S, editor. Archaeological obsidian studies, method and theory. Chapter 10, 223-235 Friedman.1. Trembour.F.W and Hughes.R.E. 1997 Obsidian hydration dating, In Taylor.R.E and MJ.Ailken (editors), Chronometric dating in archaeology, Chapter 10, , Plenum Press. 297-317. Lee.R.R. Leich.D.A. Tombrello.T.A. EricsonJ.E, and Friedman.! 1974 Obsidian hydration profile measurements using a nuclear reaction technique. Nature, vo1.250, 44-47. Leach.B.F. and Naylor.H. 1981 Dating New Zealand obsidians by resonant nuclear reactions. New Zealand Journal ofArchaeology, 3. 33-49.

lAOS Bulletin NO. 30, Winter 2003 -II Leach.B.F. 1977 New perspectives on dating obsidian artifacts from ew Zealand. New Zealand Journalof Science, 20. 123-138. Liritzis.1 and Diakostamatiou.M. 2002a Tentative proposal ofa novel numerical approach forthe obsidian hydration dating. Intern. Conf. On Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology: Thedigital heritage orarchaeology, 2-6 April, 2002, Herakhon, Crete, Greece.. Liritzis.1 and Diakostamatiou.M, 2002b Towards a new method of obsidian hydration dating v,"ith secondary ion mass spectrometry via a surface saturation layer approach. Mediterranean Archaeology & Archaeometry, Vol.2, No 1,3-20.

Riciputi.L. ElamJ.M. Anovitz.L.M and Cole.D.R 2002 Obsidian diffusion dating by secondary ion mass spectrometry: a test using results from mount 65, Chalco, Mexico. J. Archaeological Science, vol.29. 0 10, 1055-1075. Shackley.M.S. (editor) 1998 Archaeological obsidian studies. Advances in Archaeological Museum Science, vol.3, Plenum Press, New York and London. Stevenson.C. Gonesman.M and Macko.M. 2000 Redefiningthe workingassumptionsofobsidian hydration dating. Journal ofCalifornia& Great Basin Anthropology, vol.22, No 2. 223-236. Stevenson.C. Liritzis.1 and Diakostamatiou.M. 200la A preliminary repon ofthe hydration dating of Melos, Yali and Anriparos obsidian. Proceedings of the 1st Inrern. Conference, "Hyalos-Vitrum-Glass", Rhodes, April 200 I, (G.Kordas, ed.), 41-45 .. Stevenson.C.M, Abdelrehim.l.M and Novak.S. W. 200 Ib Infrared photoacousticand secondary ion mass spectrometry measurements ofobsidian hydration rims. J. Archaeological Science. vol.28, 109-1 15. Stevenson.C, Liritzis.l, Diakostamatiou.M and Novak.S.W 2002b Investigation towards the hydration dating of Aegean obsidian. Mediterranean Archaeology & Archaeometry, Vol.2, No 1,93-109.

Abstracts from the 28th annual Great Basin Anthropological Conference Elko, Nevada

Submitted by Janine Loyd

Raw Material Sources and Prehistoric Lithic Indian Creek Buttes, Sourdough Mountain, and Technology of the Birch Creek Site (35MLl81). Venator) dominate the obsidian artifact assemblage and /\4alheur County, Southeastern Oregon. most volcanic glass was potentially obtained from Cole, Clint R. (University of California, Davis) within 40 kilometers orthe site.

This paper summarizes the relationship between Lithic Technology at the Fallen Eagle Site: Mobility prehistoric lithic technologyand raw material economy and Exploitation. at the Birch Creek Site (35ML 181), southeastern Edmisten. Scon Oregon. This site includes a stratigraphic sequence of three occupation surfaces and fiJI episodes above This paper will discuss the stone tool assemblage at the Mazama ash and dates to within a period of Fallen Eagle Site. The major points will focus on approximately 4400-2400 B.P. Abundant local chen unique characteristics ofthe lithics observed on the site, provides the staple lithic resource at 35ML 181 and non­ specifically those recovered while excavating the main local obsidian was transponed trom thineen distinct Fremont occupation. Obsidian hydration and sourcing geologic sources. Four source groups (Coyote Wells, results will be discussed in relation to foraging for local lAOS Bulletin NO. 30, Winter 2003 - 12 materials, trade, seasonality, and temporary vs. long archaeological research project to trace through-outthe term occupation. A general comparison will be made south-central Great Basin and adjacent area the spatial between the Fallen Eagle Site lithics and those ofother and temporal distributions of artifact obsidians from Formative sites in the Great Basin and Intermountain Nevada Test & Training Range and Nevada Test Site, West. southern Nevada. The first phase of reconnaissance, field collection and x-ray fluorescence analysis of Ohsidian Quony Workshop - Source of BUlle Valley geologic obsidian from Obsidian Butte, Nevada, was Group B Located. completed in 2000. This paper reports research results, Hafey, Robert as well as ongoing field and laboratory studies completed over the past year in which several "new" This paper discusses the discovery of the source of chemical varieties of obsidian have been identified. Butte Valley Group uB" obsidian during site reconnaissance in Sand Spring Valley, southeastern The Temporal Significance ofMono Craters Obsidian Nevada. The existence of this material was first noted and Pumice Exploitation in 1988 by Richard Hughes, Charlotte Beck, and I-lull, Kathleen (University of California, Berkeley) George T. Jones as present in their assemblages from Butte Valley, n0l1h ofEly. Nevada. Reconnaissance of Recent archaeological investigation ofcontact-era sites the area surrounding the source location further in Yosemite National Park indicate that Mono Craters revealed three additional sites that contained this obsidian was subject to more intensive exploitation material. Obsidian source and hydration studies are during the last 500 years than in the more distant past. reflective ofa long time span ofland usage and possible Additional evidence from this region suggests that this trading and hunting patterns within the Great Basin. same temporal panern may apply to the use of pumice from this geologic source. These observations are Evidence for Early /-Iolocene Acquisition and supported by previous research on contact-era deposits Production ofBodie Hills Obsidian in the Mono Basin, and the regional chronological and Halford, Kirk (Bureau of Land Management) economic significance of this trend is discussed.

Data recovered at CA-MNO-3126, Bridgeport Valley, Stratigraphy and Chronology at the Connley Caves California, indicate that the site was utilized during the (35LK50), Central Oregon past 10.000 years, with the most intensive periods of Jenkins, Dennis (University of Oregon) use occurring during the Mojave/Early Archaic periods (ca., 10,000 - 3,500 B.P.). Surface and subsurface New investigations at the Connley Caves (35LK50) are evaluations indicate that the primary activity at the site expanding and clarifying the picture of occupations at was the acquisition ofobsidian tool stone material from this pivotal site in the Fort Rock Basin ofsouth-central extant secondary deposits of Bodie Hills obsidian. Oregon. While much analysis remains to be done, initial Hydration data from the site display a bimodal results have identified seven strata in the four meters of production curve with peak use periods occurring deposits at the site with chronological controls provided during the early (ca., 10.000 - 3,500 B.P.) and later by 3 I radio-carbon dates (10 new dates), obsidian Holocene (ca., 650 B.P. to historic). These data are source characterization for 350 tools and debitage, and contrary to regional production curves, which exhibit 182 obsidian hydration measurements. normal distributions with peak production belween 3.000 and 1,000 years B.P. Impostor No More: Obsidian Studies in Death Valley National Park. Geochemical Analysis of Volcanic Glass from the Johnson, Lynn (California State University, Obsidian BUlle Are, Southern Nevada Sacr3m ento) Hughes, Richard (Geochemical Research Laboratory) and Lynn Haarklau (Nellis Air Force Base) The Saline Range, located within Death Valley National Park, is the source area for at least three In 1998. Nellis Air Force Base Cultural Resources archaeologically significant obsidian varieties, one of Program made a commitment to sponsor a major which is the previously "unknown" glass type tenned

lAOS Bulletin NO. 30, Winter 2003 - 13 "Queen Imposter". X-ray nuorescence analyses were Recent XRF analysis has characterized samples from 60 conducted on obsidian artifacts recovered from outcrops of volcanic glass which are geographically archaeological contexts in Death Valley National Park separated within an arc extending 250 km across the during the 1950s and 60s by William J. Wallace, Alice eastern Snake River Plain. Several exposures, P. Hunt, and others in order to identify spatio-temporal previously considered unique tool stone sources, are the trends in the acquisition and use of obsidian derived WaJcon Tuffgeochemicaltypeassociated with the Blue from the Saline Range. These data also shed light on Creek caldera. These include American Falls, Gibson general panerns ofobsidian procurement and use in the Creek, Packsaddle, Reas Pass, and Deep Creek. In the Death Valley region. past, correlation of artifacts to these sources generally led to the interpretation that consumers were using Understanding Obsidian Hydration: Induced locally available tool stone. However, outcrops of a Hydration £yperimenrs single glass material occurring at far greater distance Jones. Ted and Tom Origer (Tom Origer & Associates) makes the estimation ofprocurement strategies difficult.

In the 19805 archaeologists attempted to calculate Lithic Terranes ojthe Great Basin Paleoarchaic: an hydration rates and temperature adjustments, with data Eastern Nevada Example collected from induced hydration experiments. Later Stoner, Edward (Western CuItural Research induced hydration data were used to calculate source Management) comparison ratios to allow hydration rates for known obsidian sources to be applied to sources with unknown Paleoarchaic stone tool assemblages at sites located in rates. Neither of efforts resulted in broad application. eastern Nevada were primarily made from three This paper explores the reasons for the limited success materials: chert, fine-grained volcanic rocks (andesite, of these approaches, discusses the key questions that dacite, basalt), and obsidian. The distribution of these must be answered before induced hydration can be material types across tool categories is strongly applied. and proposes fruitful research still to be panemed indicating that they were selectivelyused. For conducted in the induced hydration laboratory. Western Stemmed Tradition projectile points at the sites, fine-grained volcanic rocks, and obsidian were Iron Valence in the Hydration Layer oj Obsidian: used interchangeablyand almost exclusivelyeven when Characterization by X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy cherts ofsuitable quality and package size were locally Lytle. Farrel (EXAFS Company), Nicholas Pignatore available. Depicting known sources of toolstone at Jr. (University of Texas at EI Paso), and Mark various scales on geologic maps has the potential to Giambastiani (Albion Environmental) inform us about mobility panerns and technological organization including procurement strategies and has We used combined fluorescent X-rayand electron yield important planning and management implications. measurement of the Fe K-edge X·ray absorption near edge structure of Casa Diablo and Modena obsidian Middle Holocene Proieclile Poinlsfrolll Catlow Valley, artifact collections to detennine that the original Southeastern Oregon valence. Fe(II). changed to Fe(JII) during atmospheric Thomas, Scott, Brian McCabe (Bureau of Land hydration. The chemical free energy associated with Management) and Tobin Bonman (University of this reaction is greater than that estimated for the Oregon) hydration ofobsidian and may be the driving force for the formation of the hydration layer. The technique A collection of mid-Holocene projectile points was promises to be useful as a non-destructive technique for recently recovered from sites on relic Catlow Lake age-dating archaeological specimens ofobsidian. shorelines. The points were analyzed for obsidian source identification and hydration band Characterization of Jlolcanic Glass Tool Stone }i'om measurement(s). In addition, their use histories and Southeastern Idaho typological classifications were studied. The authors Plager. Sharon, Richard Holmer (Idaho State intend to present a synthesis of this data and suggest University). and Richard Hughes (Geochemical mid-Holocene cultural panerning in the northern Great Research Laboratory) Basin.

lAOS Bulletin NO. 30. Winter 2003 - 14 "Natural Glasses 4" Lyon (France), August 29-31 Abstracts and Annotations Submitted by G. Poupeau

During three days in August the International Conference "Natural Glasses 4 H (hnp:/Ina12Iasses.univ­ Ivon I.fr/) was held in Lyon. Sixty four papers were presented, sixteen of which held bearing both on natural and archaeological glasses, including glazed paneries. The abstracts have been compiled as a special issue ofthe Bulletin de Liaison de la Societe Francaise de Mineralogie et de Cristallographie, vol. 14, I, p. 1-32. Full papers will be published in a special issue ofthe Journal ofNon-Crystalline Solids. Obsidian was the subject ofeight papers related to provenance studies in the Mediterranean and Near East regions. Eight others were concerned with obsidian glass structural studies, physical propenies and alteration. The Conference was organized at the Claude Bernard University of Lyon by Professor Bernard Champagnon ([email protected]), head of"Glasses Nanostructures and Geomaterials" in the LaboralOire de Physico-Chimie des Materiaux Luminescents associated with CNRS. The "Natural Glasses 5" Conference (title still provisional) is planned for 2005. It will be hosted by the Centre de Recherche en Physique Appliquee al'Archeologie ofCNRS/University Michel de Montaigne­ Bordeaux 3. For any information contact Gerard Poupeau ([email protected]).

Jell el Ahmar (Euphrate Valley, Syria) : from the Gallti Dag volcanic massif. It is only during obsidian industry and provenance the Recent PPNA, with the NE progression of the Neolithisation process, that Eastern Anatolia obsidians staned to reach the Middle Euphrate Valley (Cauvin Abbes (I) F.. Bellot-Gurlet (2) L.. Cauvin (3) M.-C., and Chataigner, 1998). In this sense, Jerf el Ahmar, Delerue (4) S., Dubemet (4) S., Poupeau (4) G., which testifies of this still limited contribution, is a SlOrdeur (3) D. typical Recent PPNA site. From a methodological point ofview, we show The Jerf el Ahmar village is one ofthe oldest Neolithic for the PPNA period the equivalence ofthe ICP, PIXE permanent settlements known in the Middle Euphrate and SEM-EDX approaches in obsidian provenance Valley. It was occupied during Recent Pre-Pottery studies. Neolithic A (PPNA) cultural period (9,500-8,700 avo J.­ C.). Obsidian, which represents only a very small pan Cauvin M.-C. and Chataigner C. (1998) in Cauvin et ofthe collecled lithic anefacts. was panially knapped in aI., Eds., L'obsidienne au Proche et Moyen Orient.Du the site. We analysed 42 obsidians collected in various volean aI'outil, BAR Intern. Series. 325-350. pans of the site, of which 22 by ICP-AEStMS in Marrinetto P. (1996) Master Dissenation, University conventional (destructive) mode (Maninetto, 1996. Bordeaux 3, pp. 8 Bellot-Gurlet, 1998) and 20 by PIXE and SEM-EDX, Bellot-Gurlet L. (1998) Ph. D. thesis, University of which 4 non-destructively. They all failed into two Grenoble I, pp. 290. geochemical groups, with respectively 40 and two samples. The analysis of geological obsidian samples (I) Maison de l'Orient Meditenaneen, UMR 5647 of by ICP-AES/MS. PIXE and SEM-EDX show that 40 of CNRS, Lyon, France the Jerf el Ahmar obsidians came fTom the Gallti Dag (2) Laboratoire de Dynamique, Interaction et Est obsidian source. while the remaining two have their Reactivite, UMR 7075 ofCNRS, Thiais, France. origin in Eastern Anatolia (Bingol or Lake Van area). (3) Institut de Prehistoire Orientale, UMR 5647 of Anatolian obsidians are known in the Near CN RS, Jales, France. East since about 12,000 avo J.-C. and for a long time their provenance was limited to Cappadocia, essentially

lAOS Bulletin NO. 30, Winter 2003 - 15 (4) Institot de Recherche sur les Archeomaleriaux. constraint, on which the time needed to go from one UMR 5060 of CNRS. Pessac, France. point to another (the village and the source) is a funclion ofthe distance and the relief(Gorenno, Gale, 1990). We have thus been able to establish maps of accessibility to the different sources of obsidian from each ofthe archaeological sites. When several sources The procuremem of obsidian: Factors are available, a threshold appears which corresponds to influencing the choice ofdeposits the maximum time accepted by the populations for direct procurement; beyond this threshold, the quantity of obsidian is reduced and appears to be related to Barge O. , Chataigner C. (I) gradual redistribution.

More than twenty sources of obsidian which were Gorenno L., Gale N. (1990), Mapping regional extensively exploited in prehistory are scattered across settlement in information space, J. of Anthropological Annenia. Chemical analyses and fission-track dating Archaeology, 9, 240-274. have enabled characterisation of these sources and (I) CNRS-Universiry Lyon 2, Maison de l'Orient determination of the origin of more than 600 artefacts Medilerraneen, Lyon, France. found on sites ofbetween the 4th and 1st millennia BC.

The large number of available obsidian sources throughout the country and the distribution of the Obsidian characterisation by Raman micro­ archaeological sites permits analysis, on a spectro/1uitrie. Glass structural properties as methodological level, of factors which could have a possible signaturefor provenance studies of innuenced the choice of deposit. The study of the prehistoric artefacts distribution of obsidian shows that there is no simple model: the villages were supplied sometimes from one Bellot-Gurlet L.(l), Milleville A.(2) and Champagnon source. sometimes from several, and in the laner case B.(3) the nearest deposit was not necessarily the one preferred. The faclor of distance as the crow mes, Obsidians have been widely used in the Neolithic stone which is often considered a detenninant in the choice of industry. Numerous studies use the uniqueness oftheir sources ("law of monotonic decrement"), is thus often chemical composition to identify the geological source irrelevant. of archaeological artefacts. However, there is cases where with the geochemical characterisation it is In order to beller understand the criteria which could difficult to propose a source without ambiguity, and have influenced these choices, we have examined the also difficult to define a finer localization of artefact different deposits by studying the qualityofthe material provenance in a large source as asked by some (its suitabi lity for knapping), the quantity (the extension archaeological problems. of domes and nows), Ihe possible presence of Alternative approaches based upon the structure of secondary sources (blocks displaced by rivers), and the glasses are developed. Raman micro-spectroscopy is a accessibility ofsources in relation to space (altitude ...) versatile technique for these studies. It allows non and to time (months not covered by snow). destructive characterisation dealing with glass structure at short and medium range order. Results ofa program Thanks to a Geographic Information System which has in progress on obsidian characterisation by Raman been established for Armenia, we have been able to spectroscopy will be presenled. create a model of"time-distance" between the deposits and the villages. The gradients map indicates areas of

lAOS Bulletin NO. 30, Winter 2003 - 16 5

(I) CNRS-University Lyon 2, Maison de l'Orient Mediterraneen, Lyon, France Provenance studies ofobsidian artefactsfi'om (2) National Academy of Sciences, Institute of Armenian archaeological sites using the Archaeology and Ethnography, Yerevan, Armenia fission-track dating method (3) C.N.R., Institute of Geochronology and Isotope Geochemistry, Pisa, Italy (4) National Academy of Sciences, Institute of CHATAlGNER c.( I), BADALIAN R. (2), BlGAZZI G. (3), Geological Sciences, Yerevan, Armenia CAUVlN M.-C. (I), JRBASHYAN R.(4), KARAPETYAN (5) University of Pavia, Department of General S.G.(4). NORELLI P.(3), ODDONE M. (5), POI DEVIN l­ Chemistry, Pavia, Italy L(6) (6) Blaise Pascal University, Department of Earth Sciences, Clermonl-Fcrrand, France

Obsidian characterization andobsidian trade in Prehistorical times .' An overview of physico-chemical methods

lAOS Bulletin NO. 30, Winter 2003 - 17 Poupeau G About a hundred samples from the Mediterranean source-islands : Gyali, Lipari, Melos, Palmarola, Obsidian is a rare product of volcanic activity. An Pantelleria and Sardinia (Monte Arci) were aphyric rock. its conchoidal fTactures are in certain characterized by 57Fe Mossbauer spectroscopy and varieties very bright. Generally black, sometimes green magnetization measurements. Hysteresis parameters at 294 K were deduced from or red, it may become transparent when its thickness is magnetic cycles under a maximum applied field of 12 limited to a few millimetres. Its excellent knapping KOe. The saturation magnetization (Ms) depends on the qualities added to its aesthetical potentialities made it island ofprovenance and it reaches a maximum of-0.2 one of the preferred raw materials for the prehistoric emu/g for Palmarola obsidians, indicating a higher lithic industry. magnetic phase content in these samples. The coecive Obsidian was always used by ancient man. However it force (Hc) ranges from 120 to 370 Oe for respectively is essentially by the end of Palaeolithic times, when Gyali and Palmarola islands. The relative high Hc populations became sedentarised or had mastered found in some obsidians might be related to the small oceanic navigation, that evidences of long distance grain size ofthe magnetic phase. Preliminary analyses "trade" from its natural sources developed. Thus, (Cernicchiaro el al. 2002) showed that in Mr/Ms vs. obsidian artefacts can now be found in archaeological Hc/Hcr plot the data points accumulate in areas that depend on obsidian provenance (Mr, remanent sites far from the nearest natural source by more than magnetization; Her, remanent coercive force). 1,000 km on continents or 3,000 km in the Pacific Ocean. The Mossbauer spectra recorded at room temperature are mainly composed by broad asymmetric doublets. To be able to establish an unequivocal relationship They were fitted assuming two different Fe2+ and Fe3+ between an archaeological obsidian and a potential sites. In addition, the obsidians of several sources, geological source provides a powerful means to study located in the islands of Lipari, Melos, Palmarola and the circulation of man, goods and ideas in the past. Sardinia, present a magnetic component in their spectra Obsidian provenance studies based on physico­ attributed to magnetite and/or hematite. In a biplot of chemical analyses are now a well established research discriminant functions calculated from a multivariate field, which produced a wealth of information on analysis including the Mossbauer hyperfine parameters, ancient cultures (see f. i. Cauvin et al.). It is the intent the relative areas of the magnetic phase and the orthis talk to review the present status ofobsidian Fe3+/Fe2+ ratio, the obsidians from different sources characterization approaches in sourcing studies. occupy discrete areas.

Cauvin M.-e., Gourgaud A., Gratuze B., Arnaud N., In this paper we discuss the complementarity of the Poupeau G, Poidevin J.-L. et Chataignere., Eds. these approaches in relation to conventional methods in (1998) L'obsidienne au Proche et Moyen Orient. Du Neolithic obsidian provenance studies 111 the volcan a I'outil, BAR International Series, 738, Hadrian Mediterranean area. Books Ltd, Oxford, pp. 388. Cernicchiaro G., Scorzelli R.B., Takeuchi A., Poupeau Centre de Recherche en Physique Appliquee a G. ang Bigazzi G (2002), 33rd Intern. Symposium on I' Archeologie and Institut de Recherche sur les Archaeometry. Archeomateriaux, UMR CNRS 5060, Universite April 22-26, Amsterdam, Abstract book, p.32. Michel de Montaigne - Bordeaux 3, Maison de I' Archeologie, Esplanade des Antilles, 33607 Pessac, (I) Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fisicas, Rua Xavier France. E-mail: [email protected]­ Sigaud 150, 22290-180, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. bordeaux.fr [email protected] (2) CRP2A, UMR 5060 ofCNRS-IRAMAT, Universite Magnelic properties and 57Fe Mdssbauer Bordeaux 3, Pessac, France. spectroscopy of Medilerranean prehisloric (3) Dipartimento Geomineralogico dell'Universita di obsidiansfor provenance sludies Bari, Bari, Italy. (4) Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Universita Stewart S. J.(I*). Cernicchiaro G(I), Scorzelli R. della Calabria, Rende, Itally. B.( I), Poupeau G.(2), Acquafredda P.(3) and De *On leave from Universidad Nacional de la Plata, Francesco A. (4) Argentina. lAOS Bulletin NO. 30, Winter 2003 - 18 £Ieclron Paramagnetic Resonance of Fe3+ A study on the chronological distribution and ion in obsidiansfj-om Mediterranean islands. exchange of(:ay6nii obsidians by FT dating Application/o provenance studies. and INAA techniques

Villeneuve G( I), Dunine M.( I), Poupeau G(I), Rossi Yegingil z.( I), Bigazzi, G(2), Oddone M.(3), Ozdogan A. M.(2), Scorzelli R. B.(2) M.(4)

Archaeological artefacts made of obsidian are all the In this study we have concentrated on the morc precious for archaeologists as they are witnesses obsidian artifacts from one of the most reputed ofcultural, social or "economic" relationships between Neolithic sites of the Near East, known as <;:aytinU, prehistoric populations. The main obsidian sources located north of the provincial center of Diyarbakir, reachable in these times have been identified and revealed a unique sequence of occupation fTom the characterized by chemical analysis and fission track beginning of the Pre-Pollery Neolithic Period, dating. Because of iron presence (from I to 10 % extending for over 3 thousands years, ranging from 10 expressed in Fe203) it is possible to use Mtissbauer 000 BP up to 7000 BP. spectroscopy and Electronic Paramagnetic Resonance An interdisciplinary provenance srudy of the on geological samples to characterize different <;:aytinU obsidian artifacts was carried out using the sources.We studied by EPR about a hundred of fission-track (FT) analysis and the instrumental neutron obsidians coming from six Mediterranean volcanic activation analysis (lNAA). FT as well as lNAA results islands. The complex spectra are mainly due to iron in reciprocally agree and confiml the conclusions of different smles and site location (and sometimes previous studies which are: (I) all artifacts originated isolated Mn2+ ions). X-band (9 Ghz) spectra exhibit a from sources located in eastern Anatolia, (2) the main signal at g=4.3 with a shoulder at 9.8 ascribed to isolated Fe3+ in the glassy matrix with a rhombic source of the analyzed samples was the wide volcanic environment (C2V), the intensity of which follows a field located in the Bingtil- Solhan - Karliova triangle, Curie law. Condensed clusters ofFe3+ ions give rise to - 100 km NE of <;:aytinU and (3) the Quaternary a resonance line at g=2.0 whose intensity follows a obsidian-bearing volcanic edifices (such as Ml. Nemrut Curie-Weiss law typical ofantiferromagnetic coupling. Dag) situated along the north coast of Lake Van are This signal is sometimes associated with a wider line also represented. (1500 Gauss) at g=2.2. In addition to these signals The identification of the provenience of whose position and width do not depend on artifacts contributes to the reconstruction ofthe ancient temperature. broad resonance lines occur and move to exchange network and may provide important weak fields when temperature decreases (from 300 to 5 information concerning cont'acts among regions. The K), at the same time their width can increase or available data-set regarding the Anatolian obsidian decrease. These signals are attributed to micro-crystals occurrences potentia) sources of raw material for tool of oxides (hematite, magnetite, Iron silicates. making is still incomplete, therefore in some cases only pseudobrookite) as inclusions into the amorphous a generic attribution can be made. Consequently, our matrix of obsidian.The contribution of every signal to data on artifacts from <;ayonO and other Anatolian sites EPR spectrum is different from a source to the other are not yet complete enough to permit a full description according to the different thermodynamic conditions ofthe obsidian prehistoric exchange pattern. However. that occurred during obsidian fonnation. It is thus they represent a solid contribution to a better possible to discriminate a priori one geological source knowledge ofcirculation of obsidian in this region. from another using EPR spectra. At room temperature the first differences appearat X-band. low temperarures (I) Dept. of Physics. Fac. of Arts and Sciences. and Q-band experiments allow to remove some University of<;:ukurova, 01330, Adana, Turkey ambiguities. (2) Institute ofGeosciences and Earth Resources, CNR. Via G Moruzzi, I, 56124 Pisa. Italy (I) CRP2A. UMR 5060. CNRS-IRAMAT, Universit,; (3) Dept. of General Chemistry. University of Pavia, Bordeaux 3. Pessac. France. Via Ie Taramelli 12. 27\ 00 Pavia, Italy [email protected] (4) Dept.of Prehistory, Fac.of Arts, University of (2) Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fisicas, Rua Xavier Istanbul, Istanbul, Turkey Sigaud 150.22290-180 Rio de Janeiro. Brazil.

lAOS Bulletin NO. 30, Winter 2003 - 19 ABOUT THE lAOS CALL FOR ARTICLES The lAOS was established to: AND INFORMAnON I. Develop standards for analytic procedures and ensure inter-laboratory comparability; Submissions of articles, short reports, 2. Develop standards for recording and reponing abstracts, or announcements for inclusion in obsidian hydration and characterization results: the newsletter are always welcome. We accept 3. Provide technical support in the form oftraining electronic media on IBM-compatible diskettes and workshops for those wanting to develop their in a variety of word-processing formats, bllt expenise in the field. and; Word Perfect (up to 9.0) or Word is preferred. 4. Provide a central source of information regarding A hard copy ofthe text and any figures should the advances in obsidian studies and the analytic accompany diskettes. capabilities ofvarious laboratories and institutions.

Membership Deadline for Issue 31 is August 1. 2003

Tlte lAOS needs membership to ensure success of Send Submissions to ­ the organization. To be included as a member and William J. McFarlane receive all of the benefits thereof, you may apply SUNY - Buffalo for membership in one ofthe following categories: Department ofAnthropology Regular member $20.00/year 380 MFAC, Ellicott Complex Institutional member $50.00 Buffalo, NY 14261 Student member $IO.OO/year or free with submission of paper to newslener and copy of To send announcements, short contributions, current student identification discuss article ideas, or make suggestions, Life-Time Member 5200.00 please get in touch bye-mail: [email protected]

Regular members are individuals or institutions automatically on the Executive Board, and as such have who are interested in obsidian studies, and wish to greater influence on the goals and activities of the suppon the goals ofthe lAOS. Regular members will lAOS. receive any general mailings; announcements of 'Membership fee may be reduced and/or waived in meetings, conferences, and symposia; bulletins; and cases of financial hardship or difficulty in paying in papers distributed by the lAOS during the year. foreign currency. Please complete the form and return Regular members arc entitled to atlend and vote in to the Secretary-Treasurer with a shon explanation Annual Meetings. regarding lack of payment. Institutional members are those individuals. facilities. and institutions who are active in obsidian **Because membership fees are very low, the studies and wish to participate in inter-laboratory lAOS asks that all payments be made in US dollars in comparisons and standardization. If an institution international money orders or checks payable on a bank joins. all members ofthat institution are listed as lAOS with a US branch. If you do not do so. much of your members. although they will receive only one mailing dues are spent in currency exchange. per institution. Institutional members will receive assistance from. or be able to collaborate with. other institutional members. Institutional members are

lAOS Bulletin NO. 30. Winter 2003 - 20