BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PROJECT MANAGEMENT
DISSERTATION
MANAGEMENT OF MINING WASTE; AN EXPLORATION OF BOTH SOLID AND NON-SOLID WASTE IN THE MINING INDUSTRY, A CASE OF LUBAMBE MINE IN CHILILABOMBWE DISTRICT ON THE COPPERBELT,
Student name: SAMBO MULENGA
Student no: 004 – 209 Supervisor: KANYINJI PETER DR.
Year: 2018
SUBMITTED TO CAVENDISH UNIVERSITY ZAMBIA IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE
AWARD OF A BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PROJECT MANAGEMENT
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
Waste management is a very important aspect of any business if left unturned, can have very detrimental effects to both the company corporate image as well as the environment. There are serious legal implications that can be slapped on to the defaulting company in as far as the bench marks set by ZEMA are concerned.
This study was conducted at Lubambe Copper Mine with its main focus on Environmental impact resulting from accumulation of solids and non-solids wastes, by reviewing waste management system - the internal mine waste Management in depth. Waste is defined as any garbage or refuse, sludge from a wastewater treatment plant, water supply treatment plant, or air pollution control facility and other discarded material, including solid, liquid, semi-solid, or contained gaseous material resulting from industrial, commercial, mining, and agricultural operations, and from community activities” ((EPA), 2017)
BACKGROUND
The study covers Key Sub Areas of Solids and Non Solids waste in general. Then to achieve the objectives of the study, the researcher deemed it fit to explore the problems as well as challenges that the mine faces in relation to both solid and non-solid waste without forgetting the gains it scored in the running of the day to day activity; all done in an effort to reduce Environmental Pollution and safeguard future generations.
OBJECTIVES
Below are the specific Objectives:
1. To determine how segregation is being used as method of managing waste at Lubambe mine. 2. To determine how the waste management Hierarchy (reduce, reuse, recycle,) method is being used at Lubambe mine. 3. To determine how water treatment plant can be used to recover waste at Lubambe mine. 4. To investigate and explore how engineered landfill can be used to deal with waste at Lubambe mine.
PROBLEM STATEMENT
Huge quantities of wastes produced by the mine and therefore managed inadequately in unprotected and uncontrolled dumps. This management seems to care less about environmental and social realities. Hence these practices:
Constitute a danger to public health; Jeopardize residential development Adjacent to these sites as well as the regional planning; Affect the quality of the environment by risking the pollution of surface water, groundwater, the air and soil;
And Waste Water about 18 million Litres Pumped out on a daily basis from Underground and only a fraction is recycled about 27% only.
METHOD
The study was a Qualitative Research and inductive (also known as bottom-up Approach) in nature. Since the study was site specific, a case study approach was used to describe in-depth the experience(s) of individuals. Non-probability Purposive sampling design will be used due to the nature of the study. The research was narrowed down to Interviews and observations, literature reviews as well as group discussions in trying to derive the challenges as well as the scores of waste management at Lubambe Mine
RESULTS
The overall results of the interviews were that Out of the 22 people interviewed on the perception of Waste Management at the Mine, 15 people or 68% had perception that Lubambe mine Solid Waste management is very poor at Lubambe, whilst 4 people representing 18% said it was average and 3people representing 14% thought it was good.
CONCLUSION
This means the challenges faced by Lubambe mine are more than the gains in as far as Waste management in general is concerned and that they needed to be worked on to reduce or eliminate ecosystem pollution.
Acknowledgements
It is with sincere gratitude that I wish to express my heartfelt appreciation to everyone who assisted me in the course of pursuing this dissertation without whom completion would have been impossible. First, I wish to express my love and thanks to the Almighty Allah for the strength, courage and determination rendered to me. To my supervisor Kanyinji Peter, Dr., thank you so much for the kindness, direction and patience shown during the course of this research. Your never failing guidance and your ever flexible schedule has seen me to the light of this work. Special thanks to all my lecturers at Cavendish University Zambia for the support and knowledge imparted on me during my period of study at the university, the Journey that started in 2013 has finally come to an end. It has been 5years of hard work and start and stop. To my family, my wife Chewe Chileshe,and Kids Mumba,Maalik,Zaynab and Taj for their being a part of my life and Fruit of inspiration. To all my fellow classmates during our journey, Mwaba Mulenga, Kenneth Ilukui, Gabriel Ndaba Ndaba, Janet Nambaya, Francis Sarah to mention but a few as the list is endless suffice to say, all those who know and shared remarkable and unforgettable times with me. I will live to remember your kindness and support through our strive for a better life . Remember, Knowledge is a gift of Allah that no one can take away from us except Allah.
Thank you.
Statement of Authenticity
I, SAMBO MULENGA of Student Number 004-209 do hereby declare that this report has never been submitted for a degree program in this or any other University. I further declare that this dissertation is purely based on my own findings and information used which is not my own I endeavored to acknowledge it where due reference is made in the papers themselves.
Student Signature : ……………………………………… Date : ……………………………………… Sambo Mulenga Student No. : 004-209
Supervisor’s full name: Dr. Kanyinji Peter
Signature: ………………………………………
Date: ………………………………………
List of Acronyms
EMP Environmental Management Plan
ISWM Integrated Solid Waste Management system
HSE Health Safety and Environment.
TSF Tailing Storage Facility
ZEMA Zambia Environmental Management Agency.
List of Abbreviations
OS Contour Ordnance Survey map Contour
OS Sequence Ordnance Survey Map Sequence
TM3 Trackless Mobile Mechanized Machinery
Dedication
I would like to dedicate this piece of work to my dear wife, Chewe Chileshe Sambo, for her never ending support , love and encouragement; her making sure every little piece is never left unturned; my Right hand and life companion , may Allah Continue to shower his blessing on you; to my children from the 1st born to the last one respectively; Mumba sambo, Maalik Sambo, Zaynab Sambo & Taj Sambo for their love, dedication, drawing my attention away from my piece of work and for the sacrifice they endure throughout my studies; being away from my beloved family the stress they went through though immeasurable has finally come to completion; to my sisters and Brother Bridget Musabila Sambo; Annie Sambo; Mwelwa Sambo; Fridah Sambo; Lealay Sambo; young Brother Sambo for their Wise advise to pursue further education and comfort & not forgetting My nieces Agness Daka; Grace Luyando,Chipego Chibawe, Nene Chibawe, Emmanuel Sakulanda & sambo for making it easy for me to explore the windows of knowledge; to my sisters and Brother in-law Lombe ; Katongo Onward Chibawe and Chisanga chewe for their continued dedication to see this work to fruition and lastly and not the least my late Mum Mumba Petronella and Dad Mwenya Sambo and Brother Mulenga L. who would have love to see this work through and could have been proud of; to all of you am indebted dearly and I thank you . Table of Contents
Abstract ...... i Acknowledgements ...... iii Statement of Authenticity ...... iv List of Acronyms ...... v List of Abbreviations ...... vi Dedication ...... vii Table of Contents ...... viii List of Tables ...... xi List of Figures ...... xii List of Pictures ...... xiii CHAPTER ONE ...... 1 1.1 Background to the study ...... 1 LUBAMBE COPPER MINE ACCOUNT ...... 2 AN OVERVIEW OF WASTE MANAGEMENT ...... 4 SOURCES OF POLLUTION ...... 5 DISPOSAL FACILITIES AND CONSEQUENCES ...... 5 MINING OPERATIONS IN ZAMBIA ...... 6 TYPES OF INDIRECT WASTES GENERATED BY THE MINE ...... 6 Types of mining wastes generated ...... 8 1.2 Problem Statement ...... 8 1.3 Purpose of the Study ...... 10 1.4 Rationale of the Study ...... 10 1.5 Objectives ...... 11 1.5.1Main Objective ...... 11 1.5.2Specific Objectives ...... 11 1.5.3 Research Questions: Primary Questions ...... 11 CHAPTER TWO ...... 12 2.1 OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE...... 12 2.2 Literature Review ...... 12 2.3 SEGREGATION METHOD ...... 13 2.4 WASTE MANAGEMENT HIERARCHY ...... 14 2.5 WATER TREATMENT ...... 17 2.6 ENGINEERED LANDFILLS ...... 19 2.8 RESEARCH VARIABLES ARISING FROM LITERATURE ...... 23 2.9 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ...... 23 viii | P a g e
2.10 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK ...... 23 CHAPTER THREE ...... 25 3.0 Methodology and design...... 25 3.1 Introduction ...... 25 3.2 Research Philosophy and Approach ...... 25 3.3 Research Design ...... 25 3.3.1 Research Strategy ...... 26 3.3.2 Research choice ...... 26 3.3.3 Time Horizon ...... 26 3.3.4 Operationalization of Research variables ...... 26 3.4 Sources of Data ...... 29 3.4.1 Primary Sources ...... 29 3.4.2 Secondary Sources ...... 29 3.5 Sampling frame ...... 29 3.6 Sample size and sampling techniques ...... 30 3.7 Data collection techniques ...... 32 3.8 Data analysis methods ...... 32 3.9 Reliability and validity of the Research ...... 32 3.10 Ethical Considerations ...... 32 3.11 Limitations of the Study ...... 33 CHAPTER FOUR ...... 33 PRESENTATION OF FINDINGS ...... 33 4.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 33 SECTION A ...... 34 Demographic Data ...... 34 Perception of Solid Mining Waste ...... 38 Understanding the importance of Waste Segregation ...... 39 The Level of usage of Waste management Hierarchy...... 41 Anthropological Contributors to Mine Waste ...... 42 SECTION B ...... 42 Waste rock ...... 42 Tailings disposal method ...... 42 Clinical waste ...... 43 Oily water ...... 43 Mine water and Water Treatment Plant ...... 43 Engineered landfill ...... 44 Graphical Representation of Findings ...... 47 ix | P a g e
CHAPTER FIVE ...... 56 DATA ANALYSIS ...... 56 5.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 56 5.2 DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS ...... 56 5.1.1 SEGRATION OF WASTE ...... 58 5.1.2 WASTE HIERARCHY ...... 58 5.1.3 WATER PLANT TREATMENT ...... 59 5.1.4 ENGINEERING LANDFILL ...... 59 CHAPTER SIX ...... 60 6.0 Conclusions and Implications ...... 60 6.1 Introduction ...... 60 6.2.1 Waste segregation ...... 60 6.2.2 Waste Hierarchy ...... 60 6.2.3 Water Treatment Plant ...... 61 6.2.4 Engineered Landfill ...... 61 6.3 Recommendations ...... 61 6.3.1 Waste segregation ...... 62 6.3.2 Waste Hierarchy ...... 62 6.3.3 Water Treatment Plant ...... 62 6.2.4 Engineered Landfill ...... 63 APPENDIX ...... 65 WORDS MEANING (sources Electronic Dictionary) ...... 65 References ...... 67 Appendix ...... 71 List of Pictures ...... 71
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List of Tables
Table 1 . World Largest Landfills ...... 21 Table 2. Table of Variables and Scale of measure ...... 28 Table 3. Sample Frame and Size ...... 30 Table 4. Gender Distribution ...... 34 Table 5.Respondent Highest education level ...... 36 Table 6. Respondents Combined Industry Exposure in Years ...... 37 Table 7. Monthly Dewatering &Recycling table ...... 44 Table 8.People‟s Perception on Lubambe Waste Reduction - Solids ...... 47 Table 9.People‟s Perception on Lubambe Waste Reduction - Non Solids ...... 48 Table 10. People‟s Perception on Lubambe Waste Re-Use (Solids) ...... 49 Table 11.People‟s Perception on Lubambe Waste Re-Use (Non Solids) ...... 51 Table 12People‟s Perception on Lubambe Waste Recycling - Solids ...... 52 Table 13.People‟s Perception on Lubambe Waste Recycling - Non Solids ...... 52 Table 14.People's Perception on the Presence of a Water Treatment Plant at Lubambe Mine...... 53 Table 15.People's Perception on the Presence of an Engineering Landfill at Lubambe Mine...... 54
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List of Figures
Figure 1: Location of the Mine (Source: Lubambe Mine Document - Archive) ...... 3 Figure 2: Current Structure at Lubambe Mine (Source: Lubambe Mine Document - Archive)3 Figure 3: Current Structure at Lubambe Mine (Source: Lubambe Mine Document - Archive)3 Figure 4: Hydrogeological settings (Source: Lubambe Mine Document - Archive) ...... 4 Figure 5: Mining License Boundary (Source: Mine File) ...... 7 Figure 6. Solid Waste Management System ...... 15 Figure 7. Conceptual Framework ...... 24
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List of Pictures
Picture 1.Full Skip Bin at Lubambe Workshop ...... 71 Picture 2. OverflowingTM3 Workshop Skip Bin at Lubambe Mine ...... 71 Picture 3.Lumwana mine Segregated waste Bins...... 72 Picture 4.Lubambe Mine Waste Rock Dump ...... 72 Picture 5.Lubambe Mine Waste Rock Dump ...... 73 Picture 6.oil and fuel spillage at Lubambe fuel farm ...... 73 Picture 7.oil and fuel spillage at the fuel farm ...... 74 Picture 8.Clean and Well Maintained fuel farm ...... 74 Picture 9 A. Bio Farm at Lubambe Mine ...... 74 Picture 10 B. Bio Farm at Lubambe Mine ...... 75 Picture 11.Transportation Of waste From Site To Dump Area ...... 75 Picture 12.Transportation Of waste From Site To Dump Area Using Manual labour ...... 76 Picture 13. Hydrocarbon waste being pumped out of Oil separator by means of a Submersible pump` ...... 76 Picture 14. Waste (used) Oil tank Being Transported ...... 77 Picture 15. Ponds Attendants at Lubambe ...... 77 Picture 16.Water Ponds ...... 78 Picture 17. High Volume of water through the canal ...... 78 Picture 18. water being offloaded from underground through the huge pipes...... 79 Picture 19. Pond Monthly Maintenance ...... 80 Picture 20. Water Pipes - From Underground ...... 80 Picture 21. the researcher posing at the Pond ...... 81 Picture 22. Top View of salvage yard ...... 82 Picture 23. Lubambe Portal - Top View ...... 82 Picture 24. TM3 Workshop Areal View ...... 83 Picture 25. Quadro Pond & Main Pond Side View ...... 83 Picture 26. Rock Waste Being Recycled ...... 84 Picture 27. Area View of the Main Dam at Lubambe Mine ...... 84 Picture 28. Area Vew of Main and Storm Dam ...... 84
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CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Background to the study A growing issue in developing countries is the inefficiency of waste management, worse all, waste generated by the mining industry. The generation, collection and safe disposal of waste has been a thorny issue. Both solid and non-solid waste pose a threat to not only human life alone but to the biosphere as well if not well taken care of. Proper solid waste management systems directly influence a community‟s quality of life as they can prevent disease and have shown to improve the general morale of a community (Mihelcic & Julie , 2009). The compelling combination of industrialization, urban development and mass consumption trends is intensified by foreign companies operating with little regard for the impact on the local environment. Environmental pollution is more than just a health issue; it is a wider social issue in that pollution has the potential to destroy homes and communities. There are different options for reducing the impact of pollutants but the most cost-effective is to trap pollutants at source. The major sources of man-made pollution are related to engineering activities, such as excavation and processing of raw materials, power generation, transportation, storage etc. Environmental engineering (environmental pollution management at source) employs specific methodology of the traditional sciences and their engineering applications (physics and mechanical engineering, chemistry and chemical engineering, mathematical statistics, etc.) in order to describe and solve specific environmental problems Major solid mine wastes in Zambia are mining waste rock, tailings, slag and s mall amounts of toxic hazardous chemical wastes. Zambian mining operations started in the early 1900 and it is clear that the disposal of solid wastes then, did not matter so much as little consideration were given to mitigate the effects on the environment in terms of pollution as well as environmental degradation. This can be attested to the location of the various dump sites and emission points in relation to human populations and sensitive environments like rivers, animal habitats etc. in mining areas both on the Copperbelt and Kabwe to mention two major mining operations. It is of critical importance to assess the impact that existing wastes dumps and the ones being created, have on the environment with a view to come up with new technologies and better ways of tailings disposal and management.
The study focuses on the management of mining waste by Lubambe copper mine in Chililabombwe. Lubambe Copper Mine is an underground mining operation situated on the Zambian Copperbelt close to the town of Chililabombwe.
Below is the Legislation encompassing waste management and who should be the
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enforcers -Environmental protection and pollution act No. 12 of 2011? An Act to continue the existence of the Environmental Council and re-name it as the Zambia Environmental Management Agency; provide for integrated environmental management and the protection and conservation of the environment and the sustainable management and use of natural resources; provide for the preparation of the State of the Environment Report, environmental management strategies and other plans for environmental management and sustainable development; provide for the conduct of strategic environmental assessments of proposed policies, plans and programmes likely to have an impact on environmental management; provide for the prevention and control of pollution and environmental degradation; provide for public participation in environmental decision-making and access to environmental information; establish the Environment Fund; provide for environmental audit and monitoring; facilitate the implementation of international environmental agreements and conventions to which Zambia is a party; repeal and replace the Environmental Protection and Pollution Control Act, 1990; and provide for matters connected with, or incidental to, the foregoing. [15th April, 2011 ENACTED by the Parliament of Zambia.
LUBAMBE COPPER MINE ACCOUNT
Lubambe Copper Mine was established as a brown field project, taking over some derelict infrastructure from the previously abandoned Bancroft Mines No. 2 Shaft, which consisted of the old compressor house,
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the winder house, the shaft headgear, a 423-meter deep shaft and some considerable underground workings. (Teal, 2009) Mining activities at Bancroft Mine started in the early 1950‟s with instructions to set out the Number 2 shaft location issued on 30th July 1953 by the Rhokana Corporation. Bancroft Mine was officially opened on 29th March 1957. Dr. Joseph Austen Bancroft, the geologist responsible for the extensive prospecting campaign that discovered the mine Figure 1: Location of the Mine (Source: Lubambe Mine Document - Archive)
and after whom the mine, was named was in attendance at the opening ceremony during his last visit to Zambia. He died in December that same year aged 75.
Figure 2: Current Structure at Lubambe Mine (Source: Lubambe Mine Document - Archive)
Summary of Lubambe Mine work force and safety data
The workforce, including contractors was 1,649 employees, of which 1,086 were Lubambe employees.
• The mine worked 3.84 million Fatality Free Shifts progressive to the end of August 2017.
• The mine has been fatality free from start of operations
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Figure 4: Hydrogeological settings (Source: Lubambe Mine Document - Archive)
The mine was previously known as Konkola North but was in July 2012 and then was renamed to Lubambe, a Bemba word meaning eagle. The Lubambe mining license area includes the extensions of the copper mineralization from the current south and east limb of the current mine to the Konkola basin in the south as well as the area to the east, covering the Kawiri and Kawiri north basins. The mine‟s throughput design from both the south and east Limb ore bodies is 2.5 million tons of ore, at an average mill head grade of 2.3% copper, which will result in the production of 45 000 tons of contained copper in concentrate per annum. The life of the mine is estimated at 28 years. The mine‟s environmental management program includes monitoring of dust, noise, diesel emissions, water quality, vibration and illumination. Audits are conducted to establish performance against the requirements of the environmental management program‟s targets. AN OVERVIEW OF WASTE MANAGEMENT
Like any other industry, Lubambe mine is no exception when it comes to generating both solid and non- solid waste. The environmental values to be impacted upon by this waste include the life, health and wellbeing of people and the diversity of ecological processes and associated ecosystems surrounding the mine. Solid wastes include all wastes that are discharged to places or facilities other than to the air or to
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the water, plus the residuals from air and water pollution control systems. Solid wastes are classified depending on their characteristics. Disposal methods include landfills, incinerators, and composting. In some cases, it is advantageous to subject certain of these wastes to treatment before disposal by one of these methods (Frank Woodard, 2001). SOURCES OF POLLUTION
Inadequate waste collection and waste management systems are the root of serious urban pollution and health hazards, especially in cities found in developing nations. Many cities in industrialized countries are now faced with the consequences of past mining methods that did ignore environmental impacts which adopted environmental damaging techniques and subsequently had poor or inadequate waste disposal. This has resulted in many different forms of pollution and in particular the formation of brown fields: an abandoned, vacant or under used former industrial areas where redevelopment is hampered by environmental problems and lack of adequate information on contaminated land management. (UNEP, 2001) DISPOSAL FACILITIES AND CONSEQUENCES
Among the problems emerging in developed countries is the unavailability of a suitable landfill sites to accommodate for the increase demand for solid waste disposal. The rapid urbanization that is population growth and cities expanding rapidly which is proportional to waste generation and that in all dictates for proper waste collection and disposal. Municipal waste is a component of waste and so whether in mining or in urban areas, waste has to be disposed of systematically, in many occasion it being the case, they end up being disposed of on the same dump sites. On the other hand, industrial expansion has precipitated huge quantities of industrial waste with a wider range of quality and form, which can come in form of solids, liquids, gases etc. unless correctly handled, industrial wastes may have collectively or individually serious impact on the biosphere in general and on the immediate environment in particular . This alone may endanger human being‟s health or may render his existence within the biosphere totally impossible. Industrial waste are usually heterogeneous and may vary seasonally and as such, they may not need a uniform approach to the problems they create and they are categorized in two major classes, fermentable organic wastes which decompose and mainly arise from food manufacturing or processing industry then comes the non-fermentable waste which do not lend themselves to decomposition or decompose very slowly (WHO, 1971).
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MINING OPERATIONS IN ZAMBIA
Zambian mining operations commenced in the early twentieth century and it is obvious that the disposal of solid wastes then, did not consider effects on the environment in terms of pollution as well as environmental degradation. This can be attested to the location of the various dump sites and emission points in relation to human populations and sensitive environments like rivers, animal habitats etc. in mining areas both on the Copperbelt and Kabwe to mention two major mining operations. The site of mine waste dumps is evident as one enters the mining towns of Kabwe and those on the Copperbelt. Some of these dumps are over 100 years old and dormant while others are still active dumping sites. These sites are located either within or outside population centers. This work focuses on exploring management of the large amount of waste generated by the mining industry in the process of extraction of minerals and those generated from packaging and shipping wastes, construction debris from plant maintenance, modifications, expansions, and periodic facility upgrade projects and scrap. In addition, sludges from wastewater treatment and waste resins from process water deionization. Mine mobile fleet, (i.e. haul trucks, field vehicles) also generate solid wastes as a result of waste tires, parts and waste batteries. This poses a great threat to the environment leading to air pollution, soil pollution and many other Hazardous effects to the environment as well as human lives (Frank Woodard, 2001). TYPES OF INDIRECT WASTES GENERATED BY THE MINE
The mine generates waste during operation which include:
Hydrocarbon waste such as waste oil, oily water, oily sludge, grease, coolant, oil rags, oil filters, drums, detergents, solvents, batteries, tyres, paints and resins. General waste including food waste, packaging and food containers. Recyclable waste including paper, cardboard, plastics, glass and aluminum cans. Wood waste including timber, pallets, and off-cuts. Tyres including light vehicle tyres and mine truck tyres. Scrap metal and off-cuts from the water supply pipeline and mine infrastructure areas including Drums, cans, scrap, containers, nails, screws. The mine also generates clinical waste
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Figure 5: Mining License Boundary (Source: Mine File)
The generated wastes may be hazardous: that is, having characteristics such as: flammable, corrosive, reactive, toxic, radioactive, poisonous, carcinogenic, or infectious. In a general sense, wastes that contain these materials are considered hazardous because they present a potential risk to humans and/or the environment. A good example is chemical waste which include a wide range of material such as discarded commercial chemical products (DCCP), process wastes, and wastewater (Anon., 2009). Lack of waste plan become more serious when the industrial stakeholders especially in developing countries have lack of awareness in construction waste management practices. Some of industry stakeholders do not realize that proper waste management will increase the project performance. Therefore, waste management practices among industry stakeholders need to be improved towards better environmental quality. 1.2 Mining waste
The wastes generated by the mining industry is mainly during the process of extraction, beneficiation and processing of minerals. Extraction, which is the first phase, consists of initial removal of ore from the earth‟s crust by blasting resulting in generation of large volume of waste such as soil, debris and other material which is useless for the industry and is stored in big piles within the mine lease area, and sometimes, on public land. This is one of the way by which large amount of waste is generated by the process.
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There is no estimation as to how much waste is generated by the mining industry at a global scale. However, everyone agrees that the quantity is so huge that it is unimaginable. For example, the production of 1 ton of copper could generate 1 ton of waste rock and 2.0 ton of overburden. Therefore it is a matter of concern that if the production of one metal is generating so much of waste, how much the entire industry would be generating. The bigger the scale of the mine, the greater the quantum of waste generated. Out of the two major types of mining methods (opencast and underground), opencast mining methods are more pollution intensive as they generate 8 to 10 times more quantities of waste compared to the underground mines. (Choudhury & Rajdeep, 2013). Types of mining wastes generated
Once the ore is brought to the surface, it is processed to extract the mineral, which itself generates immense quantities of waste. That is because the amount of recoverable metal in even high-grade ores is generally just a small fraction of their total mass. Moreover, as the higher-grade mineral deposits are being exhausted, the mineral industry is generating more and more quantity of waste, as they have to now depend on lower grades of reserve.
Mining wastes result from the extraction, beneficiation, and further processing of metal and industrial mineral ores. Mine waste categories include:
i. Waste rock – this is material moved to gain access to the ore or material, including overburden (material overlying the area to be mined) but excluding topsoil and other soil materials that are used in reclamation. ii. Tailings – residuals (usually generated in a slurry form) from beneficiation processes. iii. Mine water – groundwater or precipitation that infiltrates mines during extraction; and iv. Processing wastes – residuals from processing after beneficiation, such as smelting and electrolytic refining operations. 1.2 Problem Statement The problem that the study is exploring is the inefficiencies in management of waste at Lubambe mine. There are many solid and non-solid wastes like Hydrocarbon, which is hazardous waste and discharged from the mining activities (system). Although there is a controlled system of management on Solid and non-solid wastes around the mine, there have been continuous observations of adverse effects to the environment (the ecosystem) which can only imply that the management of solid and non-solid waste is ineffective. Huge quantities of wastes are produced and therefore managed inadequately in unprotected and uncontrolled dumps. This management seems to care less about environmental and social realities. Hence these practices:
Constitute a danger to public health;
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Jeopardize residential development Adjacent to these sites as well as the regional planning; Affect the quality of the environment by risking the pollution of surface water, groundwater, the air and soil;
The mine generates about 100 to 200 liters of water per second by virtue of underground mining, which means that in one hour 320,000liters to 720,000Liters is generated and it happens every day and averaging between 13million liters and 18million liters a day alone. This large amount of water that would require a very huge tank. Although only a fraction of the same water is re-used for Drilling purposes underground and in the plant as well for flotation (in the mill) after it has been separated from slurry. About 4 to 5 million Litres of water is re-used daily representing about 27% of the total daily Pumped Water. The difference is stored in storm ponds where its overflow (effluent) is discharged to the environment and ends up in rivers and lakes. Hence contaminating our source of water with chemicals that are found in mine untreated water (also called industrial Water) like dissolved heavy metals such as Aluminum (Al), Zinc (Zn), Manganese (Mn), Uranium(U), Copper (Cu), lead (Pb). There is also hydrocarbon water from the workshops where diesel also gets its way to the oil-water separator when cleaning the diesel bay. The oil – Water separator works on the principle of the difference in density (specific gravity) of fluids. The separator though to some extent succeeds in separating the oil from water since its agitated with compressed air to allow free flow and to unblock sand, it is inefficient for diesel separation due to the fact that diesel can act as a solvent of oil more especially when agitated hence the water which is released to the environment is found with traces of diesel and oil. The treatment of soil contaminated with Hydrocarbon is a hazoudous waste and not being managed appropriately as it is just being piled and not treated to reduce soil contamination.
Management of Filters is a problem because filters are not drained dry, as they will still contain oil at disposal level and that can percolate through the soil and contaminate ground water. Collection Schedule of Biodegradable wastes not being adhered hence attracts rats, and flies which stimulates bacterial growth when they accumulate on collection points and form litter which in turn can cause a lot of issues when it comes to collection as they would be scattered all over in an uncontrollable manner and when associated with other factors can cause diseases like cholera, dysentery which can lead to loss of lives and the country can lose productive people. On the other hand Non-Biodegradable waste, if not properly managed can waste land that can be put to good use. Disposal of tailings and waste rock, apart from the visual effect on the landscape, they also take up huge portions of land which cannot be used for infrastructure development and no vegetation grows.
The mine is not certified to any ISO international standard which acts like a referee when waste are neglected.
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The problem is that waste continue to accumulate as such and this poses a great danger to the environment as well as the nation at large; better methods of managing waste like Engineered landfill, Segregation of waste, Recycling , water treatment plant are not being done effectively.
As illustrated above there is a deficiency in reducing waste as such accumulation of waste is unavoidable as there is either low or no recycling at all, neither re-using nor reducing methods is applied. Recycling and reusing can only be achieved where segregation of waste is being practiced
In summary; when waste management fails then that results into accumulation solids and non-solids waste and environmental degradation which is detrimental to the nation. Poor waste management is associated with increased public health costs and loss of productivity due to injury or sick days off from work. 1.3 Purpose of the Study The purpose of the study was for academic requirements in partial fulfilment of Bachelor of Science in Project Management, a degree offered by Cavendish University- Zambia. Further the study was meant to establish the mining waste management at Lubambe mine. The study purpose is explanatory as the research is attempting to find the cause and effect of waste to the environment 1.4 Rationale of the Study Clean Environment is an important pre-requisite to better ecosystem and anything that is destroying the environment has to be condemned and stopped. If the environment is not well taken care of; our future as well as that of our children, grandchildren great grandchildren is compromised because of our selfish motives. Mismanagement of mines solids and non-solids can end up destroying the future of our beloved country. Hence the need of a proper waste management system. Proper solid waste management systems directly influence a community‟s quality of life as they can prevent disease and have shown to improve the general morale of a community (Mihelcic & Julie , 2009). Among signs of a clean environment; water is a key resource for our quality of life. It also provides natural habitats and eco-systems for plant and animal species. Access to clean water for drinking and sanitary purposes is a precondition for human health and well-being. Clean unpolluted water is essential for our ecosystems. Plants and animals in lakes, rivers and seas react to changes in their environment caused by changes in chemical water quality and physical disturbance of their habitat. In this vein, we need to provide sounds management that includes protection against anything that may disturb the composition of our water in order to safeguard our present and future generation against for instance hydrocarbon or chemical hazardous wastes to sip through to our environment and get to the aquatic table as it disturbs the quality of water.
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Deposits of tailings can render the land infertile which can lead to hunger in the country and on the other hand rock waste piling up diminish land which can be put to good use for either farming or building. Therefore, proper management of waste becomes imperative in order to avoid all these consequences 1.5 Objectives This study was guided by the following main and Specific Objectives. 1.5.1Main Objective
The main objective of this study was to explore the management of waste in the mining industry at Lubambe mine in particular which is located in Chililabombwe on the Copper belt. 1.5.2Specific Objectives
5. To determine how segregation is being used as method of managing waste at Lubambe mine. 6. To determine how the waste management Hierarchy (reduce, reuse, recycle,) method is being used at Lubambe mine. 7. To determine how water treatment plant can be used to recover waste at Lubambe mine. 8. To investigate and explore how engineered landfill can be used to deal with waste at Lubambe mine.
1.5.3 Research Questions: Primary Questions
1. How is segregation being used as method of managing waste at Lubambe mine? 2. How is waste management Hierarchy (reduce, reuse, recycle,) method being used at Lubambe mine? 3. How is water treatment plant being used to recover waste at Lubambe mine? 4. How engineered landfill can be used as a management practice to deal with waste at Lubambe mine?
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CHAPTER TWO
2.1 OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE. This chapter gives analysis of textbooks and other relevant and accredited booklets consulted for this document in order to understand and explore the management of both solid and non-solid waste in the mining industry specifically at Lubambe mine in Chililabombwe district on the Copper belt. It further highlights some insights that existed in other researches that were significant to the works carried out by the researcher. The chapter also deepened the theoretical foundation of the study that enabled the researcher to study different theories related to the identified topic (pollution levels vs. compliance levels emanating from waste management). Furthermore, wide reading exposed the researcher to several approaches of dealing with the research topic hence this contributed to a well-designed methodology. Although the literature covers a wide variety of waste management, this review will focus on four major themes that emerged throughout the literature reviewed.
2.2 Literature Review Waste includes those materials that are discarded, or are intended to be discarded. This section addresses the issue of waste management with the goal of leaving as light a footprint as possible. It describes the various categories of waste and gives guidance in assessing the management and disposal options that are available. All waste disposal activities require a permit from the local authorities, whether on-site or off- site and in case of the mine, they are granted with license conditions as a benchmark to determine compliance.
1. How is segregation being used as method of managing waste at Lubambe mine? 2. How is waste management Hierarchy (reduce, reuse, recycle,) method being used at Lubambe mine? 3. How is water treatment plant being used to recover to recover waste at Lubambe mine? 4. How engineered landfill is can be used as a management practice to deal with waste at Lubambe mine?
These themes are methods waste segregation, waste management hierarchy, water treatment and engineered landfill as essential components in waste management. While this literature presents these themes in a variety of contexts, this paper will primarily focus on their application to waste management. However, ZEMA (Zambia Environmental Management Authority) issues a license for a period of three years renewable upon non-abrogation of its conditions.
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2.3 SEGREGATION METHOD Waste is unavoidable; produced by all in every society. From the days of primitive society, human and animals have used the resources of the earth to support life and dispose of theirs wastes. (Bortoleto, et al., 2007) As it is the case in developing countries; a greater percentage of waste generation is Organic (Green, degradable) Sources of waste include residential, biomedical, agricultural, commercial and industrial. (l‟assainissement, 2006) The density of waste in developed countries, ranges from 150-200 kg/m3 whereas in developing countries it can be as high as 600 kg/m3 (Mihelcic, et al., 2009); (Schertenleib, 1992). As H. James Harrington said measurement is the first step that leads to control and eventually to improvement. If you can‟t measure something, you can‟t understand it. If you can‟t understand it you can‟t control it. If you can‟t control it, you can‟t improve it.
If waste management focuses primarily on disposal methods, then it can expect to produce more negative impacts to the environment than other management approaches. Prevention of waste accumulation, as earlier mentioned is the most desirable strategy in the waste management hierarchy. Waste is not all the same. If waste accumulation cannot be prevented then segregation or separation should be the following strategy. Source separation refers to the separation of waste into several categories at the generation source according to the different characteristics of each material before further treatment. It has different characteristics according to which it can be divided accordingly: recyclable such as glass, paper, plastic, Organic such as food leftovers, garden waste, toxic such as tin, batteries and reusable such as plastic bottles, polythene bags. While recyclable waste is dry in nature, the organic kind is wet and 100% biodegradable. Hence, bacterial action is faster in the latter. If waste is segregated, it is easier to handle, does not cause much pollution and can be reused, recycled or decomposed. Waste management is based on the principle of segregating waste and treating it according to its characteristics. Waste should be segregated at the place or source of origin (Gerlat, 2009). In the case of mine waste such as scrap. Which can be defined as material which is no longer useful to the mine or project for the purpose for which it was originally purchased or obtained. Scrap also consists of arising of waste material from manufacturing and repairing processes such as off cuts of metals and turning. These are segregated and collected onsite then transported off-site for recycling. General wastes such as packaging materials, timber pallets including food waste are taken off-site for disposal. Recyclable waste is segregated, collected, and taken for recycling. Any undamaged pallets will be returned to the supplier for reuse. Excess waste will be chipped and reused on-site as mulch for landscaping and erosion control where practical. Left over waste will be disposed of.
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2.4 WASTE MANAGEMENT HIERARCHY One of the most daunting challenges the world is facing is solid waste management. The control, storage and disposal of waste until the 20th century were problems without solutions. Today advances in science have produced a hopeful outlook for managing solid waste. Waste is unavoidable and produced by all in every society. The management of waste requires various apprehending actions. Hence it is the goal of waste management to treat waste in a safe and proper manner, in order to minimize harm or damage to the environment. For this reason various waste reduction strategies have been attempted in most cities and countries in the field of municipal solid waste (MSW) integrated management. The key to the success of such strategies has generally been found to be MSW source prevention, which is considered an effective means of enhancing waste reduction, reuse recycling and disposal reduction (Gerlat, 2009). If waste management focuses primarily on disposal methods, then it can expect to produce more negative impacts to the environment than other management approaches. Prevention of waste accumulation, as earlier mentioned is the most desirable strategy in the waste management hierarchy.
One of the major problem in developing nations is the timely collection of wastes from every part of the country. Transfer and transportation vehicles commonly used in developing countries include donkey and hand carts. These carts are small and can easily maneuver throughout the irregular roads and paths through a developing city. The service provided by donkey and hand carts is considered “primary” collection; it picks up waste from homes and transports it to transit sites. Service between transit sites and final dumps is considered “secondary” collection, and this usually requires foreign vehicles (Riyad & Farid, 2014) .The collection, transfer, and transportation phase of Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) which considers how to prevent, recycle, and manage solid waste in ways that most effectively protect human health and the environment is complex, and there are many conditions specific to developing countries that make it difficult to implement the traditional collection methods used in more developed countries. For example, the increased densities of solid waste in developing countries cannot be loaded into the conventional collection vehicles from industrialized nations. (Beukering & P., 1999). Below is a model of Solid waste management.
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Figure 6. Solid Waste Management System
Sustainable management practices following segregation such as reduction, reusing and recycling of waste are becoming more prevalent in companies today. Sustainability can only be achieved with the aid of the three strategies commonly forming the center of the waste management hierarchy; A list placing various methods of waste reduction in order of most to least desirable. The 3Rs were created to establish a hierarchy of waste management practices for individuals and businesses. Reduction is one of the most important step in the hierarchy. This step includes taking a proactive stance in purchasing and using only what is necessary. The idea is to be conscientious of one‟s supply stream and waste management practices in order to minimize raw materials. Re-use, the step following reduction focuses on finding an alternative use for materials that would otherwise be considered waste and disposed of. Ideally the goal is to eliminate or prevent waste completely. Recycling, the final step in the traditional hierarchy emphasizes on properly separating and distributing those materials that cannot be reduced or reused, to the appropriate facilities so that items can be applied to the creation or production of new products and goods. The goal of the 3Rs is to minimize the amount of waste sent to the land fill in order to create a safer and healthier environment (Gerlat, 2009). While historically the waste management hierarchy has been centrally focused on the 3Rs, the following additional steps to ensure sustainability have been added. Avoidance is the most preferable and it challenges an organization to precisely calculate and purchase only what is absolutely necessary and avoid obtaining any materials that are not essential and could be wasted or passed along the next step in the hierarchy. Recovery entails extracting materials or energy from waste to be used or processed. Treatment is subjecting waste to any physical, chemical or biological processes intended to change its volume or
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character, so that it can be disposed of with minimal or no adverse effect to the environment (Whangarei district council, 2007). The first step in managing solid waste is to reduce and strictly limit the amount of materials used. The less companies bring in, the less the companies haul away in the form of waste. Turning off lights, installing low flow toilets and programmable thermostats are all ways to reduce the amount of waste produced. Waste reduction can often be accomplished by utilization of consumption and purchasing fewer materials. Reusing items takes place when a product that has been used for its original purpose is later used to accomplish the same task or to an entirely new one based on its ability to be reused. This eliminates the need to consistently reorder products and can give companies a way to be creative and find new use for existing materials. The best goods to reuse are those with no diminishing value and minimize waste. Reducing and reusing can save money on consumption, which creates economic incentives as well as competitive advantages for companies Recycling acts as a last resort for companies, allowing them to send away materials; they cannot use to be made into something else. Recycling has played a major role in the creation of new and proactive environmental policies, while at the same time creating a market for materials that can be made into new products. Markets are created when materials such as scrap metal and higher grade plastics are separated and sold to companies that might recycle and refigure the materials for future use. There are many economic benefits that can raise motivation including “pay –as you-throw” programs, discounts on waste disposal bills, as well as money saved on lowered energy consumption resource conservation (Gerlat, 2009). Below is case study of the successful implementation of the waste management hierarchy (the 3Rs in particular). Subaru spent years studying and reviewing and redesigning processes to make their plant green. Auto plants have various indirect materials such as steel, card board, wood, plastics and paper which can be reduced, reused or recycled. Subaru of Indian has taken measures to eliminate waste and serve as ideal case study for the automobile and all other industries .Subaru has managed to save money as a result of their conscious effort to be environmental conscientious . In the past many companies have mistakenly believed that adopting environmentally friendly process adds costs negatively impacting them. Their efforts involved employees at every level of the plant finding ways to save energy reduce waste and create efficient processes. Recently businesses have realized that green practices can cut down costs through encouraging innovation in the way company any uses materials leading to efficiency. The approach to waste management should be more proactive than reactive in the sense that focus should be more on less mess to begin with instead of finding ways to clean up the mess after (Robinson and Schroeder, 2009).
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In 1998 Subaru of Indian automobile went onto become the first plant in the United States of America to be IS14001 certified, which is an international standard for excellence in the environmental management systems. The factory was able to achieve a 14% reduction in electricity consumption on a per-car basis since 2000. Then in 2004 it was recognized as the first automobile assembly plant to be “zero landfills”. In 2008, the results were extraordinary with 17,907 tons of scrap steel, 1,363 tons of cardboard and paper, and 864 tons of wood were recycled. This is equivalent to saving 27,500 mature trees, 69,873,000 kilowatt-hours of electricity conserved, 43,600 cubic yards of landfill airspace not used, 631,000 gallons of oil saved, 32,700 gallons of gasoline not consumed, and 9,541,000 gallons of water conserved. Furthermore, the Subaru engine Shop single handedly returned 2,122 tons of reusable packaging to vendors and suppliers. They key in proper waste management is to determine a method that will be most profitable for the company (Subaru of Indiana Automotive Inc., 2010).
2.5 WATER TREATMENT Processing involves anything that happens to waste from the time it is generated until the time it reaches its final disposal location, including resource recovery and recycling. The potential for resource recovery is affected by the cost of the separated material, its purity, quantity and a location (Zurbrugg, 2003)
In developing countries it is also common to find waste pickers and scavengers that will play a significant role in waste reduction. In some cases, scavengers set up shanty towns on or near the dump site and can recover as much as 15% of total waste generated (Beukering & P., 1999)
Reuse of water is when water is used and the return flow is then used again for another purpose. This may include purification (treatment) to some acceptable level for the secondary use, but the water is not treated to potable standard. While water that was previously used for potable or any other purposes is treated up to potable quality standards so that it can again be used for potable purposes is said to be reclaimed. Water is an important requirement in many industrial processes, for example, heating, cooling, production, cleaning and rinsing. The biggest users of water include irrigation, power generation and mining activities. Once used industrial discharge can contain a wide range of contaminants and originate from a myriad of sources. Some of the biggest generators of toxic industrial waste include mining, pulp mills, tanneries, sugar refineries, and pharmaceutical production. In many instances wastewater from industry not only drains directly into rivers and dams, it also seeps in the ground contaminating aquifers. Cooling towers used in industrial processes like steel manufacture and coke production not only produce discharge with an elevated temperature which can have adverse effects on biota. Water is also used as a lubricant in industrial „machinery‟ and can become contaminated with hydraulic oils, tallow tin, chromium, ferrous sulphates and chlorides and various acids. The recycling and reuse of industrial water,
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especially in closed systems, reduces the demand of the industry on freshwater supplies, as well as reduces the discharge of pollutants into the environment. Additionally, acid Mine Drainage (AMD) is the number one environmental problem facing the mining industry, and together with industrial wastewater, the biggest environmental problem in the Olifants Catchment, a mining area in South Africa. Acid Mine Drainage occurs when sulphide-bearing minerals in rock are exposed to air and water, changing the sulphide to sulphuric acid. Which can devastate aquatic habitats; is difficult to treat with existing technology and once started, can continue for centuries. Extraction decreases groundwater depth and natural filtration leading to increased oxidation of the Sulphide in the exposed rock which together with groundwater and natural filtration creates sulphuric acid (Mining Watch Canada, 2006). Moreover, mining has traditionally been a major source of unregulated wastewater discharge in developing countries. Tailings from mining operations can contain silt and rock particles. Depending on the type of ore deposit being mined, tailings can also contain heavy metals like copper, lead, zinc, mercury and arsenic. The contaminants in mine waste may be carcinogenic or neurotoxic to people (lead and mercury) or extremely toxic to aquatic organisms (copper) (Bahri,2009). In the case of the Phalaborwa region, the Phalaborwa Mining Company which operates one of the largest copper mines in the world, have established the Phalaborwa Water Management programme where they import 20 Mℓ per day of industrial water and 3Mℓ per day of potable water from the Lepelle Water Board. The industrial water is used in the various processing plants, mainly as a transport medium to transport mining residues (tailings) to the tailings dams. The tailing dam water is then recycled back into the processes. This system is called the Phalaborwa‟s „Zero Discharge‟ policy, where all water is stored and recycled to various plants for reuse. With the use of this policy the Phalaborwa Mining Company recycles approximately 130 Mℓ per day of water; this water is then returned and reused in their ore processes. Over the years, Phalaborwa Mining Company has managed to reduce its fresh water consumption from over 70 Mℓ per day to just over 20 Mℓ per day( Bahri, 2009) . In terms of water treatment, the Emalahleni Water Reclamation Plant at is an initiative driven by Anglo Coal and in partnership with Billiton(BHP) and in Public-Private Partnership (PPP) with the Emalahleni Local Municipality. The plant reclaims acid Mine Drainage to potable standards and produces 25 Mℓ per day. The plant is currently being expanded to produce up to 50 Mℓ per day (with a maximum capacity of 60 Mℓ per day). Of the 25Mℓ treated water per day, 18Mℓ is supplied to the Local Authority for domestic water augmentation, 2.5 Mℓ is bottled as „4Life‟ bottled water, a small proportion is released for environmental flow requirements, and the rest is reused in the various mining operations in the area for mining processes and potable use. Further, the plant operates at a 99% water recovery rate and the
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ultimate goal is to be a zero waste facility through 100% utilization of its by-product approximately 100 tonnes per day of gypsum ( Asano, 2002).
2.6 ENGINEERED LANDFILLS At last when Waste reaches its disposal Site; A good site has good drainage, available soil for cover, and access for transportation. It is visually hidden and away from floodplains, fault lines, airports, and wetlands (Mihelcic, (2009-06-22)). It is also important to keep the landfill relatively close to collection points as the farther away it is, the more expensive transportation costs become (Zurbrugg, 2003). As a result, in developing countries it is most common to throw your household wastes onto a neighboring open dump or to burn it openly in a drum or just in an open area behind the residential places. There are several consequences associated with these forms of disposal. Because of the high organic content in waste in developing countries, openly dumping waste will attract a lot of vermin and flies that serve as disease spreading vectors. Further, 10-20% of waste ends up as litter in developing countries that can end up flooding gutters and sewer systems (Mihelcic & Julie , 2009). While burning solid waste will reduce the incidence of issues such as vermin and flooding associated with open dumping, it increases the risk of exposing residents to harmful air pollutants (Mihelcic & Muga, 2008) While waste pickers serve to reduce the total amount of solid waste to be treated, they can also disrupt landfill operations such as compaction and cover (Johannessen & Boyer, 1999).
Landfill is an accepted methodology for waste disposal. One cannot implement cleaning, collection and waste minimisation without considering landfill disposal and other treatment processes. In spite of being at the bottom of the desirability hierarchy landfills remain a vital component of effective integrated waste management. Find below a table of world largest landfills and they capacity as well as products Fifteen of the World’s Largest Landfills
Tons Tons Per N #Acre "Green" Name Location Type Per Year o s Involvement Day (Million s)
Bordo Netzahualcoy Municipal 12,00 Methane to 1 Poniente otl, Mexico solid 927 4.4 0 energy Landfill (Mexico City) waste
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Fifteen of the World’s Largest Landfills
Tons Tons Per N #Acre "Green" Name Location Type Per Year o s Involvement Day (Million s) Apex Municipal Las Vegas, 10,50 Methane to 2 Regional solid 2200 3.8 Nevada 0 energy Landfill waste 18,00 Municipal Sudokwo Incheon, 0- Methane to 3 solid 570 6.9 n Landfill South Korea 20,00 energy waste 0 Puente Municipal Los Angeles, 10,30 Methane to 4 Hills solid 630 3.6 California 0 energy Landfill waste Municipal 6,000- Laogang Laogang Methane to 5 solid 1000+ 10,00 3 Landfill Landfill energy waste 0 Lagos Municipal Methane to 6 Dumpsite Lagos, Nigeria solid 100 9,000 3.3 energy s waste
Leachate Municipal Xingfeng Guangzhou, 6,000- collection/treatm 7 solid 2.5 Landfill China 8,000 ent and methane waste recovery
Municipal Sao Joao São Paulo, Methane to 8 solid 150 7,000 2.5 Landfill Brazil energy waste Municipal Delhi Delhi/New Methane to 9 solid 500 6,000 2.2 Landfills Delhi, India energy waste West Municipal 1 New Methane to Hong Kong solid ? 6,200 0 Territorie energy waste s Landfill
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Fifteen of the World’s Largest Landfills
Tons Tons Per N #Acre "Green" Name Location Type Per Year o s Involvement Day (Million s) Municipal 1 Malagrott Methane to Rome solid 680 4,000 2.3 1 a Landfill energy waste Municipal 1 Mumbai 4,000- Methane to Mumbai, India solid ? 2 2 Landfills 7,000 energy waste Guiyu E- 1 waste Guiyu, China Electronic ? 4,100 1.5 -- 3 Dumpsite s Industrial, agricultur 1 Dandora Methane to Nairobi, Kenya al, and 30 2,000 0.75 4 Dumpsite energy hospital waste Open Guatemal Guatemala dump; 1 a City City, includes 40 500 0.18 Methane 5 dump Guatemala medical waste Source: https://owlcation.com/stem/15-of-the-Worlds-Largest-Landfills Table 1 . World Largest Landfills
Sudokwon Landfill has a yearly waste capacity of 6.9 million tons with an average of 19,000 tons of waste per day and covering and rea of 570 acres in Incheon, South Korea. Land filling shall be restricted to non-biodegradable, inert waste and other waste that are not suitable either for recycling or for biological processing. Land filling of mixed waste shall be avoided unless the same is found unsuitable for waste processing. Mention must be made that there are a number of major environmental threats associated with landfills. One is the threat to the environment, from landfill leachate whilst another is the release in an uncontrolled manner of biogas. Leachate is a strongly polluted liquid that comprises moisture contained in the waste at the time of land filling, rainfall percolating through the
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landfill; moisture added during co-disposal as well as biologically produced liquid (Cossu , Raga and Rossetti ,2001). Biogas usually contains high concentrations of methane gas which has a global warming potential (GWP) of 21 times that of carbon dioxide. There are 5 distinct phases of degradation such as aerobic, acid, transition, methanogenic and maturation .The processes that occur during these different phases include the biological fermentation of carbohydrate, lipid and protein substrates (commonly grouped together and referred to as organics). The aerobic phase occurs until all the air entrapped during the land filling process has been used up. This phase is relatively short in compacted landfills. The transition phase commences fairly rapidly which leads into the third acid forming phase. Acid forming phase where complex organic compounds are reduced to simpler shorter chained organic molecules including the short chain fatty acids produced in the acidogenic and acetogenic processes. The methane fermentation phase (methanogenesis) begins and continues for many years. When most of the anaerobically biodegradable organics have been degraded (used up) methanogenesis slows down. The landfill enters the maturation phase during which methanogenesis continues but at a much slower rate. This phase is slow and can last a decade or more. The rate at which all these phases occur as well as the time span of the overall stabilization process depends entirely on landfill conditions. These conditions include amongst others type of bacteria present, type and biodegradability of the waste substrate (organics) and the presence of nutrients, presence of toxic substances, pH, temperature and moisture content (Chackiath and Couth ,2009) Landfills can be regarded as sustainable if air space, processes, use of products and residues are at an optimum and where no negative effects on the environment are detected. Landfills can only be sustainable once they manage to achieve full stabilization in the shortest possible time. This time can be regarded as complete stabilization occurring within one generation .Once a landfill has been stabilized the contents can be unearthed, by way of a process known as landfill mining, sorted and all usable items and residues are removed and beneficiated state that there are thousands of old landfills and dump-sites throughout developing countries which are a threat for human health (Chackiath and Couth, 2009)
Landfill mining is proposed as a method to rehabilitate the environment through sustainable landfill management especially for developing countries. In this process of landfill mining excavation, screening and separation of the material from landfill into various components including soil, recyclable material and residues, landfills can be rehabilitated and suitably engineered for future use as new landfills that have been designed correctly in order to achieve the sustainable landfill bioreactor. After the mining process, the remaining unwanted waste material left over could be used to manufacture refuse derived fuel (RDF) and the balance re-land filled into engineered cells. In this way old landfills that are posing a threat to humans or to the environment can be recycled and the landfill airspace can be recovered and utilized more
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than once thereby extending the workable life of the landfill. Therefore to ensure that a landfill is sustainable landfill gas extraction and destruction with possible added beneficiation must be an integral part of the planning processes (Farquar and Rovers, 1973; Pohland et al., 1983). 2.8 RESEARCH VARIABLES ARISING FROM LITERATURE
In this research, wastes are produced by the mines as solids and non-solids which are categorized as independent variables and Waste Segregation, Waste Management Hierarchy System, Water treatment and engineered landfill.
2.9 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK WASTE AVOIDANCE AND REDUCTION
The Environment Protection (Industrial Waste Resource) Regulations 2009 provide a regulatory framework intent on driving resource efficiency and embedding the waste hierarchy in the management of industrial wastes, including potentially hazardous prescribed industrial wastes. The easiest way for industry to reduce the costs associated with the management of their industrial waste is to avoid the generation of it altogether. The Regulations provide a decision framework within which industry must assess and implement practicable opportunities to avoid, reduce, reuse or recycle their wastes and avoid disposal to landfill. Where an opportunity to avoid, or reduce generating prescribed industrial waste is practicably accessible, then these must be implemented. Practicably accessible means the technology or required facilities are reasonably available and reasonably affordable given the scale of the business. In any event these measures would provide financial benefits over the long-term, through both reduced raw material costs and reduced waste disposal costs. 2.10 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK A conceptual framework is an analytical tool with one or multiple variations and contexts. It is used to make conceptual distinctions and organize ideas. Strong conceptual frameworks apprehend something real and do this in a way that is easy to remember and apply.
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According to Smyth R (2002) a concept is an abstract or a general idea derived from a specific phenomenon. This also means that a concept could be a word or a phrase that symbolizes several interrelated ideas. As such the conceptual model of this study was used as research tool meant to assist the
INDEPENDENT VARIABLES DEPENDENT VARIABLES
WASTE SOLID MINING SEGREGATION, WASTE
WASTE MANAGEMENT HIERARCHY, WATER TREATMENT,
NON SOLID MINE WASTE ENGINEERED LANDFILL.
researcher develop an Figure 7. Conceptual Framework
awareness and understanding of the phenomenon under study and subsequently communicate it. The study focused on the Lubambe mine solid and non-solids waste management. The mine Produces large quantity of waste which hypothetically have an effect on to the ecosystem (environment).
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CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Methodology and design 3.1 Introduction
This chapter outlines the methods used carrying out the research study. It looks at the research philosophy as well as approach, Design, strategy, Choice, time horizon sampling frame, size and techniques, without forgetting the operationalization of research variables, data collection techniques, analysis methods as well as ethical consideration and limitations of the study. Although other Mine Sites have been considered but its main aim was looking at waste management at Lubambe mine exclusively. The researcher has a background in occupational health and safety as he possess a certificate in basic occupational health and safety.
3.2 Research Philosophy and Approach A research philosophy refers to the set of beliefs concerning the nature of the reality being investigated (Bryman, 2012). Interpretivism is the research Philosophy approach undertaken during the whole study.
The Research was inductive in nature also known as an inductive reasoning; meaning research interviews were mainly used in order to narrow the scope of the study. This was an in-depth case study and data was collected by sets of interviews as inductive reasoning is based on learning from experience. Patterns, resemblances and regularities in experience are observed in as far as reaching conclusions are concerned. The study is an exploratory study as it establishes the reasons why waste cause problems to society as well as to the ecosystem.
3.3 Research Design
Inductive reasoning is often referred to as a bottom-up approach to knowing, in which the researcher uses observations to build an abstraction or to describe a picture of the phenomenon that is being studied (Lodico, 2010). Since the study was site specific, a case study approach was used to describe in-depth the experience(s) of individuals, and community groups. In fact as Robert K. Yin (1984) defined Case study research method as an empirical inquiry that investigates a contemporary phenomenon within its real-life context; when the boundaries between phenomenon and context are not clearly evident; and in which multiple sources of evidence are used.
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3.3.1 Research Strategy
The research is a case Study in nature. It looks specifically at Lubambe Coppermine Waste management structure depicting its deficits gains and future plans. Qualitative research comes from an interpretivist perspective and is therefore concerned with interpreting and understanding phenomena through the meanings that people attach to them (Greenhalgh, et al., 2001)
3.3.2 Research choice The Research Choice is multiple methods as Qualitative approaches was used. When selecting the topic, great consideration was spent looking at literature reviews about mining industry waste disposal etc. and through the researcher‟s observation; policies reviews and comparison with other mines standards. `. 3.3.3 Time Horizon
The Study time horizon is cross sectional. Both the cross-sectional and the longitudinal studies are observational studies. This means that researchers record information about their subjects without manipulating the study environment. In our study, we would simply report on what the status quo is at Lubambe at the time of conducting the research along with any other characteristics that might be of interest to the researcher.
3.3.4 Operationalization of Research variables As highlighted from the conceptual framework, solids and non-solids waste will be the independent variables as better environment, healthy community, plants and aqua lives and more land to use provide improved air and water quality and help in the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions will be the dependent variables.
Waste Segregation, Waste Management System, water treatment and engineered landfill , as dependent Variables
Solid and Non - Solid wastes in this study means Any garbage, refuse, sludge from a wastewater treatment plant, water supply treatment plant, or air pollution control facility, and other discarded material, including solid, liquid, semisolid, or contained gaseous material, resulting from industrial, commercial, mining, and agricultural operations and from community activities. (Hamilton, 2001)
In a nut shell waste means the useless and unwanted products in the non – Solid/Solid state derived from the activities of and discarded by society. It is produced either by - product of production processes or
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arise from the domestic or commercial sector when objects or materials are discarded after use. The table below indicates some of the variables to be considered in the study. It also shows the measure of scale to be used for every single indicator.
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S/ Types of Variable indicator Scale of measure N Variables
Solid mining waste Poor □ Average □ very Good □
Solidmining waste
1
Non- Solid mining Poor □ Average □ very Good □ waste
Solidmining waste
-
Independent Non
Waste Segregation Very Poor □ Poor □ Average □
Waste Waste Segrega tion
Reduction of Very Poor □ Poor □ Average □
Waste
System
Re-use of Waste Poor □ Average □ Good □
Recycling of Waste Poor □ Average □ Good □
Waste Waste Management Hierarchy 2
Waste Water
Treatment Plant Poor □ Average □ very Good □
Present
water water treatment
Presence of Poor □ Average □ very Good □ Modern engineered
landfill
Dependent engineered landfill
Table 2. Table of Variables and Scale of measure
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3.4 Sources of Data 3.4.1 Primary Sources There are several approaches available to gather data. In order to collect reliable and valid data, the researcher contacted reliable People from different interrelated departments and positions and had First key information of what really goes on site. The research questions are epistemological in nature as they try to understand a phenomenon which is waste at Lubambe mine by asking the how questions. 3.4.2 Secondary Sources The study also made use of secondary data in gathering information. The sources include government publications, annual report, publications, journals, literature review and so forth. This helped to identify how others have defined and measured key concepts. This also helped to identify how others are progressing in as far as waste management is concerned.
First and foremost, the researcher will start by gathering observations on the ground. Pertaining to waste management and then all interviews will be coded from records or transcripts (data) collected then analyzed refined and represented. Interviews directed to concerned officials. This will contribute to making analysis easier for the researcher. This data collected will help to establish ways that will improve the waste management at Lubambe copper mine and eventually have a healthy and happy community
3.5 Sampling frame A sampling frame is a complete list of all the units of analysis in a population from which a sample is to be drawn (Mikkelson, 1995). This study focused on the complete list of 40(forty) Personnel from different interrelated departments which will finally form a special screened list of key informants, selected according to the judgment of the researcher
The HSE manager(1); the Mine environmental Officer(1); Engineering the safety officer Contractor Sandvik (1); Mine Planning Engineer (1); TM3 Workshop foreman & Safety Driver (1)Pond supervisor (1), Pond Artisan(1); Geology manager (1); sampler (1), the Environmental consultant (1), Mine environmental Officer (1), Mine Mechanical Engineer – Mobile (1); Mine Mechanical Engineer – Plant (1); Mine Electrical Engineer (1); Tailing Dam Supervisor (1); Refuse collection Supervisor (1) Engineering Foremen (5) Production Manager (1); mine captain (3) ; shift boss (3) ; operators (9); Store Acting superintendent (1) Tyre Manager (1); ZEMA Legal Principal Officer (1).
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3.6 Sample size and sampling techniques
Non-probability Purposive sampling design will be used due to the nature of the study. The researcher will meet employees from different departments and purposely targeting single people or groups believed will be reliable for the study. Purposive sampling lies in selecting information for in-depth analysis. Also known as judgmental sampling, purposive sampling is a non-probability technique that involves the conscious selection by the researcher of certain people to include in a study. Participants are selected because they have particular characteristics that are of interest to the researcher. For example, they have had the experience in which the researcher is interested in, or there are certain aspects of their lives in which the researcher is interested in. below is a table showing the sample size.
Table 3. Sample Frame and Size
There are generally three steps in qualitative data analysis, data reduction, data display, and the drawing of conclusions (Huberman & Miles, 1994) The study will have a sample size of Twenty Two (22) people comprising of Four target departments and one government agency: Engineering (Mobile and Fixed), Production (Mine Planning Engineer, Mine Underground manager, shift bosses, operators, mine captain and operators) Environmental (HSE Manager, Mine environmental officer, Environmental Consultant) and. This represents 55% of all HSE officers.
Engineering Department
Mobile
Engineering the safety officer Contractor Sandvik (1)
TM3 Workshop foreman & Safety Driver (1)
Mine Mechanical Engineer – Mobile (1)
Workshop Firemen (3)
Tyre Manager (1)
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Fixed
Mine Mechanical Engineer – Plant (1)
Plant Superintendent (1)
Tailing Dam Supervisor (1)
Pond Artisan (1);
Mining Department
Geology manager (1)
Mine Planning Engineer (1)
Production Manager (1)
Operators (5)
Mine captain (1)
Store Acting superintendent (1)
Environmental Department
HSE Manager (1)
Mine environmental Officer (1)
Environmental Consultant (1)
Refuse collection Supervisor (1)
ZEMA
Legal Principal Legal Officer (1) The researcher will use personal judgment. That is, choosing people considered to possess relevant information for the study.
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3.7 Data collection techniques
Better Waste Segregation, Better Waste Management Hierarchy System, Better water treatment and engineered landfill , Better environment
The researcher will use appropriate data collection techniques to collect data. Technically this study will use, interviews phone calls, Emails, Messages, observations, Mine Reports; literature reviews; Journals; unstructured interviews and semi structured interviews, record sheets & Archives. This is because of the nature of data to be collected, the time available, in trying to meet the objectives of the study. The overall aim of this study is to investigate Mine waste management at Lubambe mine. The researcher will be concerned with views, option, perception and feelings from the mining environment.
3.8 Data analysis methods Data analysis method is thematic by nature. According to Kombo K.D et al (2006, p117) data analysis means examining what has been collected in a case study or survey and making deductions and inferences. In regard with this research thematic analysis method was used in analyzing data. This is because of the research design and the mentioned tools that were employed in data collection. Qualitatively data was analyzed through thematic topics which were discussed and it‟s where interviews focused on, i.e.: coding them according to themes 3.9 Reliability and validity of the Research The Research was undertaken within the confinement of Lubambe mine; besides that other mines elsewhere in the world were considered through site visitation and literature reviews though not within the scope of the research looking at its magnitude. Key informant people were chosen. 3.10 Ethical Considerations In order to derive quality research results, ethical standards were applied. And avoiding abuse of office, the researcher operated within the constraints of the company rules and regulations as the study was being undertaken at the mine where he was an employee of the mine. Confidentiality of all respondents was upheld as it did not require naming them but the position they were holding at the time of the study and the experience on the mine necessitated their selection, so it was part of the researcher‟s parameters. The emphasis was also made clear that results derived from this study was purely for academic purposes.
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3.11 Limitations of the Study This section highlights areas where the researcher was constrained in an effort to deliver the research results. They may be considered to enhance future research
The researcher was unable to visit many mines due to financial and time constraints The water from oil separator was not tested due to logistical problems, as only visual method were used to analyze traces of petroleum hydrocarbons contents. Unable to know the exact amount of water that is lost to the nature from the storm pond before it is transported to the dam because there is no flow meter to account for that deficit. Internet Bundles Shortages/Poor as research was interrupted because of either Poor connections or no Bundles at all Some key information from the office of the Environmental officer were not acquired such as the Zema License Conditions all of them No samples results were Obtained from the Oil separator water, as they were non available. Not able to assess the impact that existing wastes dumps and the ones being created, have on the environment with a view to come up with new technologies and better ways of tailings disposal and management
FUTURE RESEARCH Capacity of Zema staff to adequately inspect mines for breach and abrogation of mine license conditions. Plastic recycling plant and value addition on waste pickers and unemployment in Zambia
CHAPTER FOUR
PRESENTATION OF FINDINGS
4.1 INTRODUCTION The chapter illustrates the findings of the research in picture form (in appendix) to depict the exact location and happening at the time of the research. It also provides where applicable findings in table form, charts and graphs. Results in tables showed the responses of the interviewees indicating frequencies, which were also converted into percentages, and other responses were summarized in charts and graphs to indicate the trends without forgetting the Archives where the researcher gathered other important information. The chapter further included interpretation and discussion of the results.
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SECTION A Demographic Data
On Demographic Data, through observations during interviews, Sex of respondents was carefully noted; this means from a population size of Twenty (22), which includes Seven (7) Personnel from engineering Department Mobile, Four (4) from Engineering department Fixed Plant, Five (6) From Mining Department and Four (4) from Environmental department including one consultant and one (1) from Zema. The Table Below illustrates the Summary. Gender Distribution - Sex of Participants Frequency Total No Respondent Sex Mine Consultant Frequency % Staff
1 Female 2 2 4 18 2 Male 18 0 18 82 3 Total 20 2 22 100
Table 4. Gender Distribution
Total Participants by Gender
18
20
15
10 4
5
0 Female Male
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Gender Distribution in percentage
82% 100%
80%
60% 18% 40%
20%
0% Female Male
Table 2 shows that Four (4) respondents representing 18% of the total Participants were females while Eighteen (18) respondents representing 82% of the total Participants were males as illustrated in the table and graph above. This clearly shows that there were more men than females participants in this survey.
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Education Distribution – Highest level of education of Respondents during interviews, Highest level of education of Respondents was casually requested; this means from a population size of twenty two (22), which includes Four (4) Personnel with Masters, Five (5) with 1st Degree, Seven (7) with Diploma Four (4) with certificate, one (1) with a grade 12 as well as one (1) with a grade 9 as illustrated in the table and graph below.
No Respondent Highest education level Frequency
1 PHD 0
2 MASTERS 4
3 1st Degree 5
4 Diploma 7
5 Certificate 4
6 Grade 12 1
7 Grade 9 1
8 Total frequency 22
Table 5.Respondent Highest education level
Highest education level of respondents 7 7
6 5
5 4 4
4
3
2 1 1
1 0 0 PHD MASTERS 1st Degree Diploma Certificate Grade 12 Grade 9
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Industrial Exposure
Industrial exposure is the accumulated period of employee working in the industry. In this research, it‟s the combined years of work in the mining industry.
Combined Industry Exposure of Respondents Per Qualification in Years
No Qualification Frequency % 1 PHD 0 0
2 MASTERS 18 16
3 1st Degree 2 23
4 Diploma 35 32
5 Certificate 16 14
6 Grade 12 8 7
7 Grade 9 9 8
Total 111 100
Table 6. Respondents Combined Industry Exposure in Years
Combined Industry Exposure of Respondents Per
Qualification in Years
35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0
IndustrialExposure in Years PHD MASTERS 1st Diploma Certificat Grade 12 Grade 9 Degree e Frequency 0 18 25 35 16 8 9
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General overview of the research
From Key informant interviews (KII), after coding analyzing synthesizing and grouping themes. Generally, the grouping were quantified and represented in percentage format. So the following were taken out of the interviews; the perception of Solids and non-solids mining waste; Understanding the importance of waste Segregation; the level of usage of waste management hierarchy ; the presence of water treatment plant at the mine; the presence of Engineered landfill plant at the mine.
Perception of Solid Mining Waste
One of the key informant said that generally waste management is not a Lubambe challenge only as it is a world challenge, as the management of waste requires 100% dedication and improvement should be consistently improving. Solid Mining Waste includes; waste rocks, biodegradables, scrap, batteries, tyres, woods.
Perception of Solid Mining Waste
No Scale of Measure Frequency %
1 Poor 15 68%
2 Average 4 18%
3 Good 3 14%
Total frequency 22 100%
Out of the 22 people interviewed, 15 people or 68% had perception that Lubambe mine Solid Waste management is very Poor at Lubambe, whilst 4 people representing 18% said it was average and 3people representing 14% thought it was good.
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Solid Mining Waste
15
15 10 4 68% 18% 3 5 14% 0 Poor Average Good Frequency 15 4 3
IndustrialExposure in Years % 68% 18% 14%
Understanding the importance of Waste Segregation
From the key informant interview conducted, the following were observed about understanding the importance of waste segregation, an environmental engineer said that the importance of Waste Segregation cannot be overlooked as it has a direct impact on the overall management of waste as the worst part of it is that it is something that you cannot hide as the evidence is most of the time visible. He later on said that segregation makes it easy to manage all waste in general like biodegradables clinical wastes, scrap, plastics etc. although it requires more finance and skilled manpower to handle it properly. What emerged from the interview was that Segregation of waste is not fully practiced and that was a challenge that the mine needed to look into in order to minimize the effects of non-segregated waste, no one seemed to care as it is business as usual and if no one complains then everything is ok but we need to be careful with whatever we are doing now as it has a sound impact to the future generation said the TM3 workshop foreman and Safety officer.
Waste Segregation - Solids
No Scale of Measure Frequency %
1 Very Poor 17 77%
2 Average 3 14%
3 Very Good 2 9%
Total frequency 22 100%
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Waste Segregation - Solids
17
20
10 3 2
77% 14% 9% Observations) 0 Very Poor Average Very Good Scale Scale ofmeasure(people's Frequency 17 3 2 % 77% 14% 9%
Out of the 22 people interviewed 17 people or 77% observed that Solid waste Segration is very Poor at Lubambe, whilst 3 people representing 14% said it was average and 2people representing 9% thought it was very good.
Waste Segregation - Non Solids
No Scale of Measure Frequency %
1 Very Poor 3 14%
2 Average 4 18%
3 Very Good 15 68%
Total frequency 22 100%
Waste Segregation - Non Solids
15
15
10 4 3
5 14% 18% 68% Observations) 0 Very Poor Average Very Good Scale Scale ofmeasure(people's Frequency 3 4 15 % 14% 18% 68%
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Out of the 22 people interviewed 3 people or 14% observed that Non Solid waste Segregation is very poor at Lubambe, whilst 4 people representing 18% said it was average and 15people representing 68% thought it was very good.
The Level of usage of Waste management Hierarchy.
The waste management Hierarchy is a worldwide tool that helps control waste said one key informant. The environmental manager highlighted that
“There was a big connection between waste and waste management hierarchy so much so that it is almost impossible to minimize waste without actually following through the hierarchy.”
The environmental engineer said that
“Reduction is the most important aspect in the waste management Hierarchy because it involves management deliberate move to be able to take best decisions that do not harm the environment; like in a case of directing Purchasing department to acquire what is environmental friendly, for example buying a laminating machine which they are happy with that reduces reprinting papers against just using one laminated paper that people can tick or write on using a whiteboard marker over and over.”
And further said that
“The 3R(reduce, re-use and Recycle) are interrelated hence they are used as a ladder to reduce environmental degradation, which means the best way to handle Waste is by reducing waste if we can‟t reduce waste then we will have to apply the second application which is re-use of waste, for instance 1000 litre-Container that come with Degreaser or coolant from spectra oil, these containers are sold to employees at an affordable price and sometimes the same containers are sent back to some other local suppliers to supply Degreaser using the same waste container. And if we can‟t Re-use then we can recycle waste. Like the water from underground which is estimated to be ranging from 13million litre to 18million litre per day but only about 30% of this water is pumped back after being separated from slurry to be used underground as service water on the Drill rigs roads as dust suppression.”
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Anthropological Contributors to Mine Waste SECTION B Waste rock
The mine manager explained that:
“Mining operations generate two types of waste rock, overburden and mine development rock. Overburden results from the development of surface mines, while mine development rock is a byproduct of mineral extraction in underground mines. The ratio of overburden excavated to the amount of mineral removed is called the overburden ratio or stripping ratio. For example, a stripping ratio of 4:1 means that 4 tons of waste rock are removed to extract one ton of ore. The quantity and composition of waste rock varies greatly from site to site, but these wastes essentially contain the minerals associated with both the ore and host rock. In most cases, overburden and waste rock is just piled up in big heaps on unlined surface without taking proper measures to prevent runoff.”
He further on said:
“Waste rock may be an issue. Certain types of rock containing Sulphides may have the potential to generate acid on exposure to air and water. Therefore waste rock must always be analyzed for acid generating and neutralizing potential and soluble metals prior to determining final storage locations.”
When choosing a location for a waste rock disposal site, it is vital to locate it on flat or stable slopes to ensure mass stability of the waste rock and consider and minimize potential visual impacts, particularly on hillsides. In addition locations that will require re-handling over time, excluding closure activities must be avoided. Furthermore a waste rock disposal site should not be located at or near: stream channels, whether active or not, other environmentally sensitive locations
Tailings disposal method
The Dam supervisor pinpointed that
“There are several types of tailing disposal methods but Lubambe has adopted Pond storage - there are many different subsets of this method. Large earth dams may be constructed and then filled with the tailings. Tailings may be deposited into natural topographical depressions. Exhausted open pit mines may be refilled with tailings. In all instances, due consideration must be made to avoid or minimize contamination of the underlying water table, amongst other issues. Dewatering is an important part of
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pond storage, as the tailings are added to the storage facility the water is removed, usually by draining into decant tower structures; the water removed can thus be reused in the processing cycle.”
Once a storage facility is filled and completed, the surface can be covered with topsoil and re-vegetation commence. However, unless a non-permeable capping method is used, water that infiltrates into the storage facility will have to be continually pumped out into the future.
Clinical waste
Means any solid waste which is generated in the provision of medical services. This may consist wholly or partly of human tissue, blood or other body fluids, excretions, drugs or other pharmaceutical products, swabs or dressings, syringes, needles or other sharp instruments. Unless rendered safe, these may prove hazardous to any person coming into contact with it. This type of waste on the mine are being taken care of properly by licensed personnel to dispose of. Oily water
The Workshop foreman clarified that, after the oil has been separated from water from the workshop, it is collected and transported off-site by a licensed regulated waste transporter to a licensed facility for recycling. The separated water will then be disposed of through the waste water treatment system. Mine water and Water Treatment Plant
The mine mechanical engineer – fixed Plant said “
“When mine water accumulates underground, it is pumped to the surface into a storm pond then discharged into dams. This is to enable particulate matter to settle down. The clarified water may then be recycled as process water, used on-site for other purposes of dust control, or stored in surface impoundments and tanks. In some cases, stored mine water is then discharged (often after some treatment) to surface waters. Some mine water is however not actively managed and instead enters the environment via drainage and nonpoint runoff.”
Further on he said water is wasted through nonpoint runoff because at the situation at hand when the outflow volume is lower than the inflow volume then the difference is then discharged to the environment. There is too much water lost and no Water treatment plant on the mine. See below a table and a graph of Water at Lubambe mine in 2017
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nd 2 Quarter Year 2017
Item June July August
UG monthly water Dewatering (m3) 476,878 411,569 571,043
UG monthly water 136,679 174,649 175,577 Consumption(m3)
Difference Taken to the Dams 340,199 236,920 395,466
Table 7. Monthly Dewatering &Recycling table
Engineered landfill
A lot of waste are produced but they all disposed of through incineration. There is no presence of an engineered landfill.
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Here is a table for a period of six month of how much solid and non solids have been declared to Zema
WASTE
RETURNS
COMPANY NAME:
PERIOD OF REPORTING : FROM JANUARY TO JUNE 2017
Quantity of Hazardous Waste Generated/Stored Generation/Storage Waste Month Point Description January February March April May June Total
Generation of Used Oil 22,680 14,454 14,308 12,883 11,007 11,995 (litres) 87,326
Generation of Used 96 48 48 72 24 24 1 TM3 Workshop Batteries (kg) 312
Generation of Used 4.0275 2.2554 1.9332 1.611 2.7387 3.222 Flourescent Tubes (kg) 16
Generation of Used Oil 394 178.25 218 151 294.5 211.5 (litres) 1,447 Light Vehicle 2 Workshop Generation of Used 63 9 90 18 9 9 Batteries (kg) 198
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WASTE
RETURNS
COMPANY NAME:
PERIOD OF REPORTING : FROM JANUARY TO JUNE 2017
storage of Flourescent 4.0275 2.2554 1.9332 1.611 2.7387 3.222 tubes (kg) 16
Generation of Used Oil 1,126 1,252 1,032 856 982 1,064 (litres) 6,312 Former M&R 3 Wokshop Geration of Used 24 0 24 0 96 0 Batteries (kg) 144
Storage of Used 4 Salvage Yard 183 57 162 90 129 33 Batteries (kg) 654
Storage of 5 Fuel Bay Used Oil 24,200 15,884 15,558 13,890 12,283 13,270 (litres) 95,085
Reagent 6 Reagent 1,580 880 1060 800 940 0 Waste (kg) 5,260
Empty Containers (25 litres 12.915 4.305 4.305 17.22 2.87 1.435 7 Laboratory capacity) (kg) 43
Empty 52.08 19.84 19.84 12.4 8.68 11.16 124
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WASTE
RETURNS
COMPANY NAME:
PERIOD OF REPORTING : FROM JANUARY TO JUNE 2017
Containers (2.5 litres Capacity) (kg)
Empty Containers (500g 8.56 2.96 1.36 3.04 1.84 3.36 Capacity) (kg) 21
Graphical Representation of Findings
During Interviews, the key informant were asked their opinion on different matters discussed. Their responses were coded, grouped, summarized and frequency tallied then represented graphically.
Reduction of Waste - Solids
No Scale of Measure Frequency %
1 Poor 17 77%
2 Average 0 0%
3 Good 5 23%
Total frequency 22 100%
Table 8.People’s Perception on Lubambe Waste Reduction - Solids
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Reduction of Waste - Solids
17
20
15 10 5 5 77% 0 0% 23%
Observations) 0 Poor Average Good
Frequency 17 0 5 Scale Scale ofmeasure(people's % 77% 0% 23%
Out of the 22 people interviewed 17 people or 77% observed that Solid waste Reduction is Poor at Lubambe, whilst no one representing 0% said it was average and 5people representing 23% thought it was good.
Reduction of Waste - Non Solids
No Scale of Measure Frequency %
1 Poor 0 0%
2 Average 14 64%
3 Good 8 36%
Total frequency 22 100%
Table 9.People’s Perception on Lubambe Waste Reduction - Non Solids
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Reduction of Waste - Non Solids
14 15 8 10
5 0 0% 64% 36%
Observations) 0 Poor Average Good
Frequency 0 14 8 Scale Scale ofmeasure(people's % 0% 64% 36%
Out of the 22 people interviewed no one or 0% observed that Non Solid waste Reduction is Poor at Lubambe, whilst 14people representing 64% said it was average and 8people representing 36% thought it was good.
Re-use of Waste - Solids
No Scale of Measure Frequency %
1 Poor 2 9%
2 Average 9 41%
3 Good 11 50%
Total frequency 22 100%
Table 10. People’s Perception on Lubambe Waste Re-Use (Solids)
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Re-use of Waste - Solids
15 11 9 10 2 5 9% 41% 50%
Observations) 0 Poor Average Good
Frequency 2 9 11 Scale Scale ofmeasure(people's % 9% 41% 50%
Out of the 22 people interviewed 2 people or 9% observed that Solid waste Re-use is Poor at Lubambe, whilst 9people representing 41% said it was average and 11people representing 50% thought it was good.
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Re-use of Waste - Non Solids
No Scale of Measure Frequency %
1 Poor 10 45%
2 Average 4 18%
3 Good 8 36%
Total frequency 22 100%
Table 11.People’s Perception on Lubambe Waste Re-Use (Non Solids)
Re-use of Waste - Non Solids 10 8
10
8 6 4 4 45% 18% 36%
Observations) 2 0
Scale Scale ofmeasure(people's Poor Average Good Frequency 10 4 8 % 45% 18% 36%
Out of the 22 people interviewed 10 people or 45% observed that Non Solid waste Re-use is Poor at Lubambe, whilst 4people representing 18% said it was average and 8people representing 36% thought it was good.
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Recycling of Waste - Solids
No Scale of Measure Frequency % 1 Poor 9 41% 2 Average 4 18% 3 Good 9 41%
Total frequency 22 100% Table 12People’s Perception on Lubambe Waste Recycling - Solids
Recycling of Waste - Solids
9 9
10 8 4 6 4 41% 18% 41%
Observations) 2 0
Poor Average Good Scale Scale ofmeasure(people's Frequency 9 4 9 % 41% 18% 41%
Out of the 22 people interviewed 9 people or 41% observed that Solid waste Recycling is Poor at Lubambe, whilst 4 people representing 18% said it was average and 9people representing 41% thought it was good.
Recycling of Waste - Non Solids
No Scale of Measure Frequency %
1 Poor 19 86%
2 Average 0 0%
3 Good 3 14%
Total frequency 22 100%
Table 13.People’s Perception on Lubambe Waste Recycling - Non Solids
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Recycling of Waste - Non Solids
19
20
15 10 3 5 86% 0 0% 14%
Observations) 0 Poor Average Good
Scale Scale measure(people's of Frequency 19 0 3 % 86% 0% 14%
Out of the 22 people interviewed 91 people or 86% observed that Solid waste Recycling is Poor at Lubambe, whilst no one people representing 0% said it was average and 3people representing 14% thought it was good.
Water Treatment Plant
No Scale of Measure Frequency % 1 Very Poor 22 100% 2 Average 0 0% 3 Very Good 0 0%
Total frequency 22 100% Table 14.People's Perception on the Presence of a Water Treatment Plant at Lubambe Mine
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Water Treatment Plant
22
25 20 15 10 100% 0 0% 0 0% 5 Observations) 0 Very Poor Average Very Good
Scale Scale ofmeasure(people's Frequency 22 0 0 % 100% 0% 0%
Out of the 22 people interviewed 22 people or 100% observed that there was no Water treatment at the plant and no one representing 0% observed it was neither average nor good..
Presence of Engineering Landfill
No Scale of Measure Frequency % 1 Very Poor 22 100% 2 Average 0 0% 3 Very Good 0 0%
Total frequency 22 100% Table 15.People's Perception on the Presence of an Engineering Landfill at Lubambe Mine
Presence of Engineering Landfill
22
25 20 15 10 100% Observations) 0 0% 0 0% 5 0 Scale Scale ofmeasure(people's Very Poor Average Very Good Frequency 22 0 0 % 100% 0% 0%
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Out of the 22 people interviewed 22 people or 100% observed that there was no Engineering landfill at the plant and no one representing 0% observed it was neither average nor good..
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CHAPTER FIVE
DATA ANALYSIS 5.1 INTRODUCTION
Chapter five discusses data. The data comes from chapter four having raw data, and the discussion involves arguing the ideas that have been generated from field study and interviews. The discussion of findings is crucial as it has to be compared with literature as well to establish how gaps existing in research are being closed. 5.2 DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS
The study had four major objectives namely: 1. To determine how segregation is being used as method of managing waste at Lubambe mine. 2. To determine how the waste management Hierarchy (reduce, reuse, recycle,) method is being used at Lubambe mine. 3. To determine how water treatment plant can be used to recover waste at Lubambe mine. 4. To investigate and explore how engineered landfill can be used to deal with waste at Lubambe mine.
The research study sought to establish the merits and demerits of management of waste in the mining industry at Lubambe mine in particular which is located in Chililabombwe on the Copper belt Sample The total combined experience of all the respondents is 111years which translates into an average of 5.04years industry exposure per person. The Environmental Policy is present and its main objective is to protect the environment against any pollution in every possible way in order to safeguard present as well as future ecosystem. The researcher after a series of observations as well as one to one interviews with the stakeholders, he managed to finally elaborate and analyze the findings in relation to the research objectives into the following points.
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Overview The research was narrowed down to Interviews and observations, literature reviews as well as group discussions in trying to derive the challenges as well as the scores of waste management at Lubambe Mine. The overall results of the interviews were that Out of the 22 people interviewed on the perception of Waste Management at the Mine, 15 people or 68% had perception that Lubambe mine Solid Waste management is very poor at Lubambe, whilst 4 people representing 18% said it was average and 3people representing 14% thought it was good. This means the challenges faced by Lubambe mine are more than the gains.
5.1.1 SEGRATION OF WASTE
Segregation of waste at Lubambe mine is not fully utilized. The waste Rock which is the major is dumped in one place except for one area that is abandoned within the mine, clinical waste is well managed and secluded; but as for biodegradables, plastics, wood, Filters hoses, containing and non-containing Hydrocarbon, scrap metals etc are not segregated as they are piled up together in a single workshop bin The Pictures in the appendix illustrate the shortfalls and gains
Out of the 22 people interviewed 17 people or 77% observed that Solid waste Reduction is Poor at Lubambe, whilst no one representing 0% said it was average and 5people representing 23% thought it was good. These results clearly tells a story. 77% agreed that there were poor Segregation of Solid waste at Lubambe mine. This entails that there is poor management of solid waste segregation.
5.1.2 WASTE HIERARCHY
Waste Hierarchy is not fully praticed at Lubambe as the workshop has only two Skip bins which are loaded with all types of wastes, biodegradables and non biodegradables.
Data from previous chapter revealed that
Clinical , Chemicals and oily wastes are being taken care of by licensed officers that dispose of them. They are well segregated and just the oil that is taken to local suppliers to recycle it.
Mine water is pumped out on a daily basis as shown in the Table in the previous Chapter. About 13Million to 18 Million Litres per day; and only 4 to 5 million Litres are reused (about 27%) this actually
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tranlate to 73% of unaccounted water. It‟s not clear the volume that is lost to nature due to the fact that there is no flow meter to the discharge outlet as it just overflows from the ponds.
So in short waste Hierachy is not Practiced on the mine on all skip Bins. Because all mine skip bins are neither colour coded nor do they have labels to indicate what contents should go into them. Like in the pictures in the appendix, all domestic, hydrocarbons, hazardous like tubes etc are loaded just in one skip bins. This is a big issue as biodegradables should actually be separated to avoid bad smell, flies and rats and should always be quickly evacuated and disposed of safely.
5.1.3 WATER PLANT TREATMENT
There is no Water plant Treatment at Lubambe mine as water escaped through Overflowing ponds and discharged in to the nature before being made unharmful to the environment.
Mine water is pumped out on a daily basis as shown in the Table below. About 13Million to 18 Million Litres per day; and only 4 to 5 million Litres is reused (about 27%). This is not treated water and may contain heavy metals
Out of the 22 people interviewed 22 people or 100% observed that there was no Water treatment at the plant and no one representing 0% observed it was neither average nor good.
5.1.4 ENGINEERING LANDFILL
There is no Engineering Landfill constructed and or utilized at Lubambe mine. Waste is being dumped in an open unprotected and uncontrolled area. Besides the contamination of the soil with hydrocarbons; these wastes contain plastics that can find its way to rivers and lakes hence the fish will take it as food and end up dying. So poor management of waste has an impact on biolives as well.
Out of the 22 people interviewed 22 people or 100% observed that there was no Engineering landfill at the plant and no one representing 0% observed it was neither average nor good.
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CHAPTER SIX
6.0 Conclusions and Implications 6.1 Introduction
Chapter six concludes the research and highlights its implications. In this report, waste is considered as the actual residue, by product of a process or anything that is not required in the production of copper. Waste can come in many forms, which can be either solids or non-solids. Every mine in the world accumulates wastes in the production of its main output; major solid mine wastes in Zambia are mining waste rock, tailings, slag and small amounts of toxic hazardous chemical wastes. Zambian mining operations commenced in the early twentieth century and it is obvious that the disposal of solid wastes then, did not consider effects on the environment in terms of pollution as well as environmental degradation.
6.2.1 Waste segregation
Waste Segregation should be fully practiced at Lubambe Mine from the source. And this is cemented by (Gerlat, 2009), who said Waste should be segregated at the place or source of origin
Waste Segregation at Lubambe should be fully practiced at Lubambe Mine. The implications are that: o When waste segregation is well administered on the Mine, it will actually create a better healthy environment for workers to operate their day to day business hence increasing Productivity. o Another point is that when Waste is well sorted, it can be channeled to Company that can actually recycle them therefore earning revenue for the company o Will create jobs for the recycling company.
6.2.2 Waste Hierarchy
Waste Hierarchy has to be fully utilized at Lubambe Mine in order to draw the benefits of this waste management System, this is supported by (Gerlat, 2009) who said The goal of the 3Rs is to minimize the amount of waste sent to the land fill in order to create a safer and healthier environment Poor Waste Management necessitated by lack management Support, the implications are that: o as this supports Waste Segregation, otherwise the whole process would be chaotic o There are less piles of unused and unwanted wastes
60 | P a g e o Control waste at source hence ;only receive the best environmentally friendly products o It will create Jobs, as People will be ferrying the materials to recycle.
6.2.3 Water Treatment Plant
Water Treatment Plant to be installed to recover all waste water and avoid water percolating into the environment before treatment. The contaminants in mine waste may be carcinogenic or neurotoxic to people (lead and mercury) or extremely toxic to aquatic organisms (copper) (Bahri,2009)
There are lot of waste water that is not being utilize properly as such a Water treatment plant should be installed to recover all waste water. The implications are that:
• This will cushion the water deficit in Chililabombwe. • It will create Jobs for people to work on the plant • And it will reduce flooding underground
6.2.4 Engineered Landfill
Engineered Landfill is the best modern solutions to waste using leading edge technology that should be constructed at least in the vicinity of the mine. It is also important to keep the landfill relatively close to collection points as the farther away it is, the more expensive transportation costs become (Zurbrugg, 2003).
It will be environmental friendly waste disposal as it is done in a secure manner and minimizes environmental impacts.
• It will bring in revenue through selling of methane gas • Decrease unemployment rate • Reduce environmental pollution
6.3 Recommendations
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6.3.1 Waste segregation o Waste Segregation at Lubambe should be fully practiced at Lubambe Mine as this will bring about good occupational health and safety o Introduction of various colour coded Skip Bins and be used for intended purposes o Full awareness campaign to sensitize the employees o Contracting a waste collection company that has a proper skip Bin Loading Truck(s) with Proper approved Contract o Bio-farm should be in use with correct Neutralizing/sterilizing chemicals before the rains come as soil would be washed away, and hydrocarbons will percolate into the environment. And it should be manned at least 12hrs daily. o Install proper Fuel Water separator to minimize fuel sipping to the environment. o Requires Management Support o A requirement for an environmental liability insurance cover should be included in the provisions of our environmental law to ensure availability of funds for prompt corrective action, clean-up and rehabilitation in case of an environmental damage.
6.3.2 Waste Hierarchy o Waste reduction measures like recycling, form the most important aspect of any waste management system. Some progress worth mentioning is the open-pit back filling at Lubambe mine.Waste Reduction should be supported and embraced by Management as it will trickle down to all departments. o The utilization of mine solid wastes in the building industry and road construction, should be researched on and marketed aggressively. o Requires Management Support to back up with appropriate policies that will safeguard the environment. o Acquire and Install a filter Press to squeeze out hydrocarbons before filter disposal o Follow lay down guidelines to dispose of, fluorescent tube as they contain mercury.
6.3.3 Water Treatment Plant o A Water treatment plant should be constructed and installed to recover all wastewater. This can be facilitated by Lubambe Mine company signing a memorandum of understanding with Mulonga water and sewerage company to spearhead the project.
62 | P a g e o Reduce water body pollution o This will cushion the water deficit in Chililabombwe. o It will create Jobs for people to work on the plant o And it will reduce flooding underground hence increasing productivity on the mine. o A growing realization that good environmental management is responsible management, and that this would in the long run, prove cost-effective and make good economic sense through; o Improved safety of material and human resources. o Requires Management Support. o Reduced cost and savings from possible claims and compensations resulting from pollution and other environmental damages.
6.2.4 Engineered Landfill o Engineered Landfills has to be constructed to deal with problem of waste o Requires Management Support as this is a capital project requiring huge sum of money. o It will bring in revenue through selling of methane gas o Lubambe Company to Sign a memorandum of understanding with the Local Government in order for them to spearhead after percentage agreement towards the purchase of that technology. o Government to allocate more funds to environmental budget. o ZEMA to be autonomous and have less government interference in order to advise/punish offenders regardless of political affiliation. o Empower ZEMA financially in order to employ qualified environmentalists. o Northern region (Copperbelt, North Western, Luapula) to have more officers as it the hub of copper mines and to be able to control and reduce pollution in the region. o Institution’s capacity is low therefore to work with cooperating partners like NORAD, CIDA in order to increase capacity. o Post-closure maintenance and rehabilitation measures for the waste disposal sites must be included at the planning and design stage.
63 | P a g e o Use of Environmental Impact Assessments in the permit system for mine solid waste dumps, so that negative impacts can be identified and mitigation measures drawn and implemented at an early stage during the design stage. o ZEMA should have specialization officers that deal with specific threat to environment like water specialists, chemical specialists
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APPENDIX
WORDS MEANING (sources Electronic Dictionary) Beneficiation is any process that improves (benefits) the economic value of the ore by removing the gangue minerals, which results in a higher grade product (concentrate) and a waste stream (tailings).
Tailings, also called mine dumps, culm dumps, slimes, tails, refuse, leach residue or slickens, terra-cone (terrikon), are the materials left over after the process of separating the valuable fraction from the uneconomic fraction (gangue) of an ore.
Gangue In mining, is the commercially worthless material that surrounds, or is closely mixed with, a wanted mineral in an ore deposit. It is thus distinct from overburden, which is the waste rock or materials overlying an ore or mineral body that are displaced during mining without being processed.
Concentrate is a form of substance which has had the majority of its base component (in the case of a liquid: the solvent) removed. Typically, this will be the removal of water from a solution or suspension, such as the removal of water from fruit juice. One benefit of producing a concentrate is that of a reduction in weight and volume for transportation, as the concentrate can be reconstituted at the time of usage by the addition of the solve
Overburden In mining, (also called waste or spoil) is the material that lies above an area that lends itself to economic exploitation, such as the rock, soil, and ecosystem that lies above a coal seam or ore body
Reclamation is the act of returning something to a former, better state. Land reclamation might involve razing a strip mall and planting crops. Reclamation is the noun form of the verb to reclaim. Most people involved in reclamation want to reclaim something out of a sense of moral or environmental duty.
Pyro metallurgy is a branch of extractive metallurgy. It consists of the thermal treatment of minerals and metallurgical ores and concentrates to bring about physical and chemical transformations in the materials to enable recovery of valuable metals. Pyro metallurgical treatment may produce products able to be sold such as pure metals, or intermediate compounds or alloys, suitable as feed for further processing. Examples of elements extracted by pyro metallurgical processes include the oxides of less reactive elements like iron, copper, zinc, chromium, tin, and manganese
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Greenhouse Gas (GHG) is a gas in an atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiation within the thermal infrared range. This process is the fundamental cause of the greenhouse effect. The primary greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone.
Benign: gentle and kind
Litter: Litter consists of waste products that have been disposed improperly, without consent and at an inappropriate location e.g.: bubble gum, empty bottles, cigarette butts, broken washing machine etc.
Composting : is the biological decomposition of organic waste such as food or plant material by bacteria, fungi, worms and other organisms under controlled aerobic (occurring in the presence of oxygen)conditions. The end product of composting is accumulation of partially decayed matter called humus.
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Appendix
List of Pictures
List of Pictures During Research –; some pictures especially those taken from an areal
view were taken using a drone. - Observations
Picture 1.Full Skip Bin at Lubambe Workshop
Picture 2. OverflowingTM3 Workshop Skip Bin at Lubambe Mine
.
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Picture 3.Lumwana mine Segregated waste Bins.
Picture 4.Lubambe Mine Waste Rock Dump
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Picture 5.Lubambe Mine Waste Rock Dump
Spillage observed at the Oil/Fuel Farm at Lubambe Copper Mine - Photos - Findings (Source Field Work)
Figure depict a scenario of an old oil and fuel spillage at the fuel farm. Picture 6.oil and fuel spillage at Lubambe fuel farm Spillage observed at the Oil/Fuel Farm at Lubambe Copper Mine - Photos - Findings (Source Field Work)
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The below picture depicts a very wel kept Oil/Fuel bunded area at Lubambe Fuel Farm Picture 7.oil and fuel spillage at the fuel farm
A clean Oil Fuel bunded area at Lubambe Copper Mine - Photos - Findings (Source Field Work)
Picture 8.Clean and Well Maintained fuel farm
The Bio Farm with full of untreated Contaminated Silt,rear View. Source - Field work
Picture 9 A. Bio Farm at Lubambe Mine
The Figure below Depicts waste being taken away from site from skip bins
74 | PThe a g Bio e Farm with untreated Contaminated Silt. Source - Field work
Picture 10 B. Bio Farm at Lubambe Mine
Picture 11.Transportation Of waste From Site To Dump Area
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Picture 12.Transportation Of waste From Site To Dump Area Using Manual labour
Picture 13. Hydrocarbon waste being pumped out of Oil separator by means of a Submersible pump`
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Picture 14. Waste (used) Oil tank Being Transported
Hydrocarbon
Picture 15. Ponds Attendants at Lubambe
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Picture 16.Water Ponds
Picture 17. High Volume of water through the canal
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Picture 18. water being offloaded from underground through the huge pipes.
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Picture 19. Pond Monthly Maintenance
Picture 20. Water Pipes - From Underground
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Picture 21. the researcher posing at the Pond
the top view of the salvage yard and scrap yard at Lubambe Copper Mine - Photos - Findings(Source Field Work)
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Picture 22. Top View of salvage yard
Picture 23. Lubambe Portal - Top View
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Picture 24. TM3 Workshop Areal View
Picture 25. Quadro Pond & Main Pond Side View
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Picture 26. Rock Waste Being Recycled
Picture 27. Area View of the Main Dam at Lubambe Mine
Picture 28. Area Vew of Main and Storm Dam
The End
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