Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF)

Home , Behta Hajipur, Doab, Malviya Bridge, Valmiki National Park

National Mission for Clean Ganga Ministry of Jal Shakti Department of Water Resources, River Development & Ganga Rejuvenation, Government of India

Annex-I - Environmental and Social Baseline

Prepared by

The Energy and Resources Institute (January 2011)

Updated by

Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd (16 March 2020)

CONTENTS 1. NATIONAL GANGA RIVER BASIN PROJECT ...... 1 1.1. INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.2. Ganga River Basin Management: Initiatives ...... 1 1.3. NMCG: An Evolutionary Journey ...... 2 1.3.1. National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA) ...... 2 1.3.2. National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) ...... 2 1.4. NMCG Projects ...... 3 1.4.1. Short-term Action Plan ...... 3 1.4.2. Medium-term Action Plan ...... 3 1.4.3. Long-term Action Plan ...... 4 1.5. Identified Thurst Areas and Action Points ...... 4 1.6. Key Achievements under Namami Gange Programme ...... 5 1.7. External Funding and Funding Mechanism of NMCG ...... 8 1.8. Portfolio of Projects: NGRBA ...... 8 1.9. Potential Environmental Impacts of the Projects ...... 9 1.10. Environmental and Social Analysis (ESA) and Management Framework (ESMF) ...... 10 1.10.1. Project description ...... 10 1.10.2. Objectives of ESMF project ...... 11 1.10.3. Composition of ESMF report ...... 11 2. ENVIRONMENTAL PROFILE OF GANGA BASIN ...... 13 2.1. The Ganga River ...... 13 2.2. Course of the Ganga...... 15 2.3. Stream and Flow Characteristics of Ganga ...... 18 2.4. Physiography of Ganga Basin ...... 21 2.5. Soil Characteristics ...... 22 2.6. Climatic Factors ...... 24 2.7. Groundwater Resources ...... 26 2.8. Land Use ...... 29 2.8.1. NATURAL VEGETATION – GANGA BASIN ...... 31 2.8.2. Environmentally Sensitive Areas ...... 33 3. GANGA BASIN – POLLUTION ASPECTS ...... 47 3.1. General ...... 47 3.2. Urban Water Supply ...... 47 3.3. Municipal Wastewater generation and disposal ...... 51 3.4. Industrial wastewater ...... 54 3.5. Agricultural sources of pollution ...... 55 3.6. Water Quality ...... 56 3.7. Polluted river stretches ...... 64 3.8. Water quality Monitoring ...... 67 3.9. Ganga Action Plan (Phase I & II) ...... 69 3.10. Existing sewage treatment capacity ...... 71 3.11. Conclusion ...... 74 4. SOCIAL ANALYSIS ...... 75 4.1. Socio-economic profile of Ganga basin ...... 75 4.1.1. Health ...... 89 4.1.2. Economic Profile ...... 92 4.1.3. Housing profile ...... 92 4.2. Cultural Practices of Communities ...... 100 4.2.1. Fest and Festivals ...... 104 4.2.2. Sanitation ...... 104 4.3. Vulnerable communities and gender ...... 105 4.3.1. Health indicators in eleven states ...... 106

i Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011)

4.4. Key Stakeholders ...... 107 4.5. Key social and cultural issues ...... 108

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE 1-1 : NAMAMI GANGE AT A GLANCE (30TH SEPTEMBER, 2019) ...... 5 TABLE 1-2: PORTFOLIO OF RIVER POLLUTION MITIGATION PROJECTS UNDER NGRBP ...... 9 TABLE 2-1: MAJOR RIVER BASINS OF INDIA ...... 13 TABLE 2-2 STATE WISE DISTRIBUTION OF THE DRAINAGE AREA OF GANGA RIVER IN INDIA ...... 15 TABLE 2-3: SUB BASIN AREA OF THE RIVER GANGA AND THEIR DRAINAGE AREA ...... 18 TABLE 2-4: ANNUAL WATER INFLOW AND OUTFLOW IN GANGA BASIN AT SELECTED MONITORING STATIONS OF YEAR 2018..... 18 TABLE 2-5: STREAM CHARACTERISTICS OF VARIOUS TRIBUTARIES OF THE GANGA ...... 20 TABLE 2-6: SOILS TYPES IN GANGA BASIN AND THEIR SUSCEPTIBILITY TO EROSION (AREA IN SQUARE KILOMETRES) ...... 23 TABLE 2-7: RAINFALL AND TEMPERATURE DETAILS AT SELECTED STATIONS IN THE GANGA BASIN ...... 25 TABLE 2-8: STATE WISE GROUNDWATER USAGE PATTERN IN THE GANGA BASIN STATES ...... 28 TABLE 2-9: STATE-WISE GROUND WATER RESOURCES AVAILABILITY, UTILISATION AND STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT ...... 28 TABLE 2-10: STATE-WISE LAND USE PATTERN AND CROPPING INTENSITY IN GANGA BASIN STATES (2014-2015) ...... 30 TABLE 2-11: TEMPERATURE ZONES OF INDIA ...... 31 TABLE 2-12: STATE-WISE FOREST COVER IN GANGA BASIN STATES ...... 33 TABLE 2-13: BIOSPHERE RESERVES COMING UNDER GANGA BASIN ...... 34 TABLE 2-14: NATIONAL PARKS WITHIN GANGA BASIN ...... 35 TABLE 2-15 : TIGER RESERVES WITHIN GANGA BASIN ...... 37 TABLE 2-16 : ENDANGERED SPECIES OF GANGA BASIN ...... 37 TABLE 2-17: WEST BENGAL MANGROVE COVER DATA (2017) ...... 40 TABLE 2-18 : STATE-WISE INTENSITY OF IRRIGATION IN THE GANGA BASIN (2014-2015) ...... 41 TABLE 2-19: STATE / SOURCE-WISE NET AREA IRRIGATED (2014-2015) IN THE GANGA BASIN ...... 41 TABLE 2-20: IRRIGATION PROJECTS COMPLETED/ONGOING FOR STATES IN GANGA BASIN (2017) ...... 42 TABLE 2-21: INFORMATION ON MAJOR/MEDIUM IRRIGATION PROJECTS AND CATCHMENT AREA IN GANGA BASIN STATES ...... 43 TABLE 2-22: SOURCES OF WATER FOR IRRIGATION WITHIN GANGA BASIN (2014-2015) ...... 43 TABLE 2-23: DIVERSION /STORAGE PROJECTS FOR CONSUMPTIVE USE IN GANGA BASIN ...... 44 TABLE 2-24: STORAGE PROJECTS FOR HYDROELECTRICITY GENERATION IN GANGA BASIN ...... 45 TABLE 3-1 : DISTRIBUTION OF TOWNS AND CITIES IN GANGA BASIN ...... 47 TABLE 3-2: IMPORTANT GANGA RIVER FRONT TOWNS IDENTIFIED IN 2017 ...... 47 TABLE 3-3: WATER SUPPLY IN CLASS I AND CLASS II CITIES IN THE GANGA BASIN STATES ...... 48 TABLE 3-4: CITY-WISE WATER SUPPLY LEVELS FOR THE 97 GANGA RIVER FRONT TOWNS ...... 48 TABLE 3-5: MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER GENERATION AND MODE OF DISPOSAL IN THE GANGA BASIN ...... 51 TABLE 3-6: WASTEWATER GENERATION DATA FOR CLASS I AND CLASS II CITIES ...... 51 TABLE 3-7 : SECTOR-WISE AND STATE-WISE GPIS IN 2019 ...... 54 TABLE 3-8: COMPLIANCE STATUS OF GPIS (2019) AS ON 11.12.2019 ...... 54 TABLE 3-9 : STATE WISE COMPLIANCE STATUS OF GPIS ...... 55 TABLE 3-10 : SECTOR WISE COMPLIANCE STATUS OF GPIS ...... 55 TABLE 3-11: BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND, DISSOLVED OXYGEN, AND FAECAL COLIFORM IN THE RIVER GANGA ...... 60 TABLE 3-12: WATER QUALITY DATA OF RIVER GANGA (YEAR 2014-2019) ...... 62 TABLE 3-13: WATER QUALITY DATA OF RIVER GANGA (YEAR 2014-2019) ...... 63 TABLE 3-14: DESIGNATED BEST USE CLASSIFICATION OF INLAND SURFACE WATERS IN INDIA ...... 64 TABLE 3-15: POLLUTED RIVER STRETCHES OF GANGA ...... 65 TABLE 3-16: DISTRIBUTION OF WATER QUALITY MONITORING STATIONS WITHIN GANGA BASIN ...... 68 TABLE 3-17: LIST OF WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS ANALYZED ...... 68 TABLE 3-18: FREQUENCY OF WATER QUALITY MONITORING STATIONS WITHIN GANGA BASIN ...... 69 TABLE 3-19: TARGET AND STP CAPACITIES INSTALLED UNDER GANGA ACTION PLAN ...... 70 TABLE 3-20: SEWAGE GENERATION FOR VARIOUS YEARS, TREATMENT CAPACITY CREATED / PROPOSED TO BE CREATED ...... 70 TABLE 3-21: STATE WISE WASTEWATER GENERATION AND TREATMENT IN CLASS I &II TOWNS IN GANGA RIVER BASIN ...... 71

ii Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011)

TABLE 3-22: SEWAGE GENERATION AND TREATMENT OF CLASS I CITIES OUT OF THE 97 TOWNS ALONG THE RIVER GANGA ...... 72 TABLE 3-23: SEWAGE GENERATION AND TREATMENT OF CLASS II AND OTHER CITIES ALONG THE RIVER GANGA ...... 73 TABLE 4-1: DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION BY LOCATION AND CASTE ...... 86 TABLE 4-2: DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION BY SEX ...... 87 TABLE 4-3: EDUCATIONAL LEVEL ...... 87 TABLE 4-4: DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION BY AGE GROUP ...... 88 TABLE 4-5: GENDER STATUS…...... 88 TABLE 4-6: LIFE EXPECTANCY AT BIRTH BY SEX IN INDIA 2000-2014 ...... 89 TABLE 4-7: INFANT MORTALITY RATES - 2006-2011 ...... 89 TABLE 4-8: STATE WISE DATA ON HEALTH INFRASTRUCTURE ...... 90 TABLE 4-9: STATE / UT WISE CASES AND DEATHS DUE TO DENGUE IN INDIA 2015-2018 (PROVISIONAL) ...... 90 TABLE 4-10: STATE/UT WISE CASES AND DEATHS DUE TO CHOLERA IN INDIA 2017(PROVISIONAL) ...... 90 TABLE 4-11: STATE/UT WISE CASES AND DEATHS DUE TO ACUTE DIARRHEAL DISEASE IN INDIA 2017 (PROVISIONAL) ...... 91 TABLE 4-12: STATE/UT WISE CASES AND DEATHS DUE TO ENTERIC FEVER (TYPHYOID) IN INDIA 2017 (PROVISIONAL) ...... 91 TABLE 4-13: DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION BY OCCUPATION ...... 92 TABLE 4-14: TYPE OF FUEL USED ...... 93 TABLE 4-15: DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY AVAILABILITY OF BATHROOMS AND TOILETS ...... 93 TABLE 4-16: DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS CONNECTED BY DRAINAGE SYSTEM ...... 94 TABLE 4-17: DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY AVAILABILITY OF KITCHEN ...... 94 TABLE 4-18: DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY AVAILABILITY OF ELECTRICITY AND TOILETS (IN PERCENTAGE) ...... 95 TABLE 4-19: DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY AVAILABILITY OF DRINKING WATER SOURCES ...... 95 TABLE 4-20: SOURCES OF SAFE DRINKING WATER ...... 95 TABLE 4-21: DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY BANKING SERVICES AND ASSET OWNERSHIP ...... 96 TABLE 4-22: LAND USE PATTERN ...... 96 TABLE 4-23: BRIEF ECONOMIC PROFILE OF GANGA BASIN ...... 97 TABLE 4-24: CULTURAL PROFILE OF THE STATES ...... 101 TABLE 4-25: TABLE DESCRIBING THE SC AND ST POPULATION ...... 105 TABLE 4-26: TABLE SHOWING VARIATION IN LITERACY RATE OF MALES AND FEMALES ...... 106 TABLE 4-27: IDENTIFIED KEY STAKEHOLDERS ...... 107

LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 2-1: GANGA BASIN MAP (SOURCE: STATUS PAPER ON RIVER GANGA, NRCD, MOEF, 2009) ...... 15 FIGURE 2-2: DIAGRAMMATIC REPRESENTATION OF THE RIVER GANGA AND ITS TRIBUTARIES ...... 16 FIGURE 2-3: AVERAGE ANNUAL FLOWS (MCM) IN THE MAJOR TRIBUTARIES OF THE GANGA RIVER ...... 17 FIGURE 2-4: PHYSIOGRAPHY AND GROUNDWATER FLOW OF GANGA BASIN, (SOURCE: MUKHERJEE AND DASGUPTA, 1983) ...... 21 FIGURE 2-5: SOIL AND RAINFALL (ISOHYETAL) MAP OF GANGA BASIN (SOURCE: MUKHERJEE AND DASGUPTA, 1983) ...... 24 FIGURE 2-6: VEGETATION TYPES OF GANGA BASIN ...... 32 FIGURE 2-7: HISTORIC DISTRIBUTION OF DOLPHINS IN GANGA RIVER ...... 38 FIGURE 2-8: FACTORS AFFECTING DOLPHINS ...... 39 FIGURE 3-1: BOD LEVELS IN RIVER GANGA DURING YEAR 2014 AND 2019 (SOURCE: CPCB) ...... 57 FIGURE 3-2: DO LEVELS IN RIVER GANGA DURING YEAR 2014 AND 2019 (SOURCE: CPCB) ...... 57 FIGURE 3-3: WATER QUALITY OF RIVER GANGA (UTTARAKHAND SEGMENT) [SOURCE: CPCB] ...... 58 FIGURE 3-4: WATER QUALITY OF RIVER GANGA (U.P UPPER SEGMENT) [SOURCE: CPCB] ...... 58 FIGURE 3-5: WATER QUALITY OF RIVER GANGA (U.P LOWER SEGMENT) [SOURCE: CPCB] ...... 59 FIGURE 3-6: WATER QUALITY OF RIVER GANGA (MID-GANGA SEGMENT) [SOURCE: CPCB] ...... 59 FIGURE 3-7: WATER QUALITY OF RIVER GANGA (WEST BENGAL SEGMENT) [SOURCE: CPCB] ...... 60 FIGURE 3-8: LOCATION OF WATER QUALITY MONITORING STATIONS ...... 67 FIGURE 4-1: MAP SHOWING DISTRICTS OF BIHAR STATE WHICH FALLS IN THE GANGA BASIN ...... 76 FIGURE 4-2: MAP SHOWING DISTRICTS OF CHHATTISGARH STATE WHICH FALLS IN THE GANGA BASIN ...... 77 FIGURE 4-3: MAP SHOWING DISTRICTS OF NCT OF DELHI WHICH FALLS IN THE GANGA BASIN ...... 78 FIGURE 4-4: MAP SHOWING DISTRICT OF HARYANA STATE WHICH FALLS IN THE GANGA BASIN ...... 79 FIGURE 4-5: MAP SHOWING DISTRICTS OF HIMACHAL PRADESH STATE WHICH FALLS IN THE GANGA BASIN ...... 80

iii Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011)

FIGURE 4-6: MAP SHOWING DISTRICTS OF JHARKHAND STATE WHICH FALLS IN THE GANGA BASIN...... 81 FIGURE 4-7: MAP SHOWING DISTRICTS OF MADHYA PRADESH STATE WHICH FALLS IN THE GANGA BASIN ...... 82 FIGURE 4-8: MAP SHOWING DISTRICTS OF RAJASTHAN STATE WHICH FALLS IN THE GANGA BASIN ...... 83 FIGURE 4-9: MAP SHOWING DISTRICTS OF UTTAR PRADESH STATE WHICH FALLS IN THE GANGA BASIN ...... 84 FIGURE 4-10: MAP SHOWING DISTRICTS OF UTTARAKHAND STATE WHICH FALLS IN THE GANGA BASIN ...... 85 FIGURE 4-11: MAP SHOWING DISTRICTS OF WEST BENGAL STATE WHICH FALLS IN THE GANGA BASIN ...... 86

List of Appendices to the Annex Annex-Appendix 1 : Ground Water Quality of the Districts of the States under Ganga Basin

Annex-Appendix 2 : Environmentally Sensitive Areas in Ganga Basin

Annex-Appendix 3 : Compelte List of Wildlife Sanctuaries in Ganga Basin

Annex-Appendix 4 : Population of Cities/ Towns (2011)

Annex-Appendix 5 : Water Supply in Class II Cities

Annex-Appendix 6 : Sewage Generation of Class I Cities in Ganga Basin (Disposal in Tributaries)

Annex-Appendix 7 : Water Quality Data of River Yamuna (2012-2016)

Annex-Appendix 8 : Sewage Generation and Treatment of Class I Cities in the Ganga Basin

1. NATIONAL GANGA RIVER BASIN PROJECT 1.1. INTRODUCTION

1. The river Ganga has significant economic, environmental and cultural value in India. Rising in the Himalayas and flowing into the Bay of Bengal, the river traverses a course of more than 2,500 km through the plains of north and eastern India. The Ganga basin – which also extends into parts of Nepal, China and Bangladesh – accounts for 26 per cent of India’s landmass, 30 per cent of its water resources and more than 40 per cent of its population. The Ganga also serves as one of India’s holiest rivers whose cultural and spiritual significance transcends the boundaries of the basin.

2. Despite its importance, extreme pollution pressures pose a great threat to the biodiversity and environmental sustainability of the Ganga, with detrimental effects on both the quantity and quality of its flows. Due to increasing population in the basin and poor management of urbanization and industrial growth, river water quality has significantly deteriorated, particularly in dry seasons. Untreated sewage and industrial wastewater represent the primary sources of pollution, with only one-third of the sewage generated in the main-stem towns and cities receiving treatment before being discharged in the river.

3. Inadequate wastewater collection and treatment infrastructure/capacity provides the most immediate explanation for this failure, as evidenced by the fact that 25% of pollution in the Ganga comes from the industrial sector. Yet this issue is also intrinsically linked to poor management of the water supply and sanitation, as well as failures in pollution monitoring by regulatory agencies. Other factors, such as non-point source pollution from agriculture and livestock and poor solid waste management, also contribute to the problem. Decreased flow, common during the dry season but also fueled by substantial water extraction for irrigation contributes to poor water quality in the critical middle stretch of the river.

1.2. GANGA RIVER BASIN MANAGEMENT: INITIATIVES

4. The Government of India (GoI) has undertaken clean-up initatives in the past. The most prominent of such efforts was the Ganga Action Plan, launched in 1985 later complemented by a similar plan for the Yamuna, the biggest tributary of the Ganga. These programmes have faced significant public scrutiny and, despite some gains made in slowing the rate of water quality degradation, they have been widely perceived as failure. The main shortcomings of these initiatives were: (i) inadequate attention to institutional dimensions, including the absence of a long-tem-basin planning and implementation framework; (ii) little effort made in addressing systemic weakness in the critical sectors of urban wastewater, solid waste management, environmental monitoring, regulation and water resources management; and (iii) inadequate scale, coordination and prioritization of investments, with little emphasis on ensuring their sustainability. These programs also did not pay sufficient attention to the social dimensions of river clean- up, failing to recognize the importance of consultation, participation and awareness-raising.

5. The lessons drawn from these prior experiences indicate that improving water quality in the Ganga cannot be achieved by plugging the infrastructure gap alone. Rather, any effective initiative will have to adopt a three-pronged approach:

1 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011)

I Establishing a basin-level, multi-sectoral framework for addressing pollution in the river (including national/state policies and river basin management institutions);

II Making relevant institutions operational and effective (e.g. with the capacity to plan, implement and manage investments and enforce regulations); and,

III Implementing a phased program of prioritized infrastructure investments (with emphasis on sustainable operations and mobilization of community support)

1.3. NMCG: AN EVOLUTIONARY JOURNEY

1.3.1. National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA) 6. The NGRBA was established through Gazette notification of the Government of India S.O. No. 521 (Extraordinary) dated 20 February 2009 under section 3 of the Environment Protection Act, 1986, as an empowered planning, financing, monitoring and coordinating authority for the Ganga River.

1.3.2. National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) 7. The first avatar of NMCG was in the form of a national level Program Management group (PMG) in 2011, for seeking $1bn assistance from World Bank. Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) accorded approval on 28.04.2011 to the World bank assisted project of NGRBA at an estimated cost of Rs. 7000 crore to be implemented by NMCG as a registered Society under the Societies Registration Act 1860, to act as an implementation arm of NGRBA.

8. With change in Allocation of Business Rules, 1961 vide Gazette Notification dated 31.07.2014, the work related to Ganga & its tributaries was transferred to Ministry of Water Resources, River Development & Ganga Rejuvenation from the Ministry of Environment & Forests. The administrative control of NMCG thus came over to the Ministry of Water Resources, River Development & Ganga Rejuvenation. The NGRBA was re-constituted vide notification dated 29th September, 2014 for making suitable changes in the proposed governing structure.

9. The next major development in the evolution of NMCG was launch of Namami Gange Programme on 13th May 2015 with the approval of Cabinet as a Central Sector Scheme (100% central assistance), with components including all objectives of NGRBA. Rs 20,000 crore non-lapsable funds were earmarked for five-year period, i.e. 2015-2020.

10. The Namami Gange Program with a definite timeline of five year required a truly empowered implementing body. This realization led to reconstitution of NMCG as an Authority on 7th October 2016. With simultaneous dissolution of NGRBA, the present form of NMCG as an Authority is the designated body to take all necessary decisions and actions for pollution abatement and rejuvenation of River Ganga.

11. Later in 2019, Ministry of Jal Shakti was formed by merging Ministry of Water Resources, River Development & Ganga Rejuvenation and Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation. Now, NMCG falls under the Department of Water Resources, River Development & Ganga Rejuvenation, Ministry of Jal Shakti.

2 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011)

1.4. NMCG PROJECTS

12. All new projects sanctioned under Namami Gange Programme would have 100% funding from the Central Government for the entire life cycle cost of the assets created, which includes 15-year Operation & Maintenance cost as well.

13. The Action Plan has been considered for ‘Short-term’- a period of 3 years, Medium-term-a period of 5 years and ‘Long term’- a period of 10 years and more. The projects already sanctioned have also been taken into account in this action plan. Public private partnership (PPP) is being explored where in the project funding will be linked to performance outcomes and benchmark indicators.

1.4.1. Short-term Action Plan 14. In order to control pollution and to contain it to manageable limits, following short-term activities have been undertaken:

i. Scheme for rehabilitation and up-gradation of existing sewage treatment plants (STPs) along Ganga ii. Ensuring 100% sewerage infrastructure in identified town alongside Ganga depending upon the previous investments etc. iii. Pollution mitigation in open drains through interception & diversion works. iv. In situ sewage treatment in open drains and other innovative methods. v. Support for preparation of Detailed Project Reports (DPRs) to keep a shelf of projects ready vi. River Front Management for Ghat’s developments in selected cities and towns vii. Industrial pollution abatement in selected cities and towns viii. Action Plan for select cities-Public amenities, waste disposal and sanitation ix. Capacity building of urban local bodies x. Afforestation-Conservation of Flora xi. Conservation of Aquatic life-special attention on Dolphin, Turtles and Ghariyals xii. Safe disposal of flowers and other puja material xiii. Establishment of Ganga Task Force and Ganga Vahini xiv. GIS data and Spatial Analysis for Ganga basin xv. Study of communities depending on Ganga for their traditional livelihood xvi. National Ganga Monitoring Centre xvii. Special guidelines for sand mining in Ganga xviii. Study of possible diversion of a portion of river Bhagirathi at suitable location xix. Assessment of Special Properties of Ganga Water xx. Communication and Public Outreach Activities

1.4.2. Medium-term Action Plan 15. On medium term, apart from the completion of the ongoing projects, following activities are envisaged: i. Urban habitations on banks of river Ganga have been identified by the NMCG for extending coverage of sewerage infrastructure including sewage treatment. ii. Ministry of Drinking Water and sanitation (MoDW&S) has contemplated scheme for making all 1649 Gram Panchayats located on Ganga banks free from open defecation.

3 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011) iii. The MoEF & CC/CPCB to enforce zero liquid discharge by the grossly polluting industries located in the all Ganga River Basin States.

1.4.3. Long-term Action Plan 16. The long-term vision for Rejuvenation of river ganga is restoring wholesomeness of river Ganga in terms of defining concept of ensuring Nirmal Dhara, Aviral Dhara and maintaining the ecological integrity of the river.

1.5. IDENTIFIED THURST AREAS AND ACTION POINTS

17. There are 7 identified thrust areas and 21 action points for the rejuvenation of Ganga and its tributaries, as below:

Thrust Area 1-Aviral Dhara: ► Taking up comprehensive measures to determine and maintain environmental flow, which is site, season and river specific and ensuring longitudinal connectivity. Thrust Area 2-Nirmal Dhara: ► Rehabilitation and upgradation of existing sewage treatment facilities and taking up new projects of sewage infrastructure in conjunction with the Ministry of Urban Development. ► Treatment of sewage and other effluents flowing directly into the river through various drains by adoption of suitable technology and financial models. ► Tackling industrial pollution in conjunction with Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change and through active involvement of Central Pollution Control Board and State Pollution Control Boards. ► Promoting sanitation in rural areas on the banks of the river Ganga in conjunction with the Ministry of Rural development and development of select village panchayats as model panchayats to be christened as “Ganga Grams”. ► Tackling pollution coming from use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture by promotion of organic farming in the villages adjacent to river Ganga in conjunction with the Ministry of Agriculture. ► Tackling pious refuse entering into the river; removal of floating solid waste; development of model Dhobi Ghats. ► Creating model cremation ghats on the banks of the river and promoting eco-friendly methods of cremation of dead bodies taking religious leaders into confidence. Thrust Area 3-Protection and Beautification of riverfront and development of Public amenities: ► River front development and Ghats at selected 7 places and also at other places of cultural significance. ► Development of public amenities in Char Dham Yatra and at Ganga Sagar. ► Engagement of Ganga Task Force. Thrust Area 4-Inter-ministerial Coordination, State’s participation and Capacity building: ► Providing support to States for preparation of DPRs of various projects under Ganga rejuvenation program. ► Coordination between various Ministries of the Central Government and concerned State Governments; capacity building of State Governments, Urban local bodies and Panchayati Raj Institutions.

4 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011)

Thrust Area 5-Research and Monitoring: ► G.I.S and spatial mapping of Ganga basin. ► Research projects such as those relating to assessment of special quality of Ganga water; study of communities traditionally dependent upon Ganga for livelihood and study for formulation of guidelines for scientific sand mining. ► Establishment of National Ganga Monitoring Centre. ► Establishment of Ganga Institute of River Sciences at a suitable location along Ganga. Thrust Area 6-Conservation of plants and aquatic species: ► Massive Afforestation drive for medicinal plants and native tree species. ► Conserving rich diversity of Gangetic aquatic life. Thrust Area 7-People’s participation and Creating Awareness: ► Creation of Ganga Vahini/Ganga Vichar Manch. ► Communication and Public outreach activities.

1.6. KEY ACHIEVEMENTS UNDER NAMAMI GANGE PROGRAMME

18. Since the inception of the Namami Gange Programme (2011) till date (September 2019), a total of 305 projects have been sanctioned for a cost of Rs.28614 crore. The detail of the various projects undertaken by NMCG is presented in the Error! Reference source not found. below.

Table 1-1 : Namami Gange at a Glance (30th September, 2019) No. of Sanction Cost S. No. Projects Undertaken Projects (Rs. in crore) I. Sewage Infrastructure 1 Sewerage Infrastructure 150 23130.95 2 Modulat STPs Decentralized Treatment 1 410.00 II. Entry Level Activities 3 Old Ghats & Crematoria (Projects under NRCP/NGRBA – in State of West 24 204.39 Bengal) 4 Ghats & Crematoria (New Projects under Namami Gange Programme) 47 822.01 5 River Front Development 1 336.73 6 Ghats Cleaning 3 43.87 7 River Surface Cleaning 1 33.53 III. Institutional Development (Non-Infrastructure) 8 Ganga Knowledge Center 5 145.11 9 Ganga Monitoring Center 1 46.69 10 CPCB 12 964.59 [(i) Pollution Inventorization, assessment and surveillance on Ganga river, (ii) Strengthening of Environmental Regulator, (iii) Water Quality Monitoring system for River Ganga, (iv) Strengthening of laboratories, (v) Inspection & Monitoring of Industries, STPs & CETPs, (vi) Upgradation of Infrastructure of existing CETP] 11 District Ganga Committee 1 2.30 IV. Project Implementation Support/ Research & Study Projects/ Public Relations and Public Outreach 12 Project Implementation Support/ Research & Study Projects/ Public 10 154.05 Relations and Public Outreach V. Biodiversity 13 Educating Schools & Communities for conserving habitat of Ganga River 1 1.28 Dolphin

5 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011)

No. of Sanction Cost S. No. Projects Undertaken Projects (Rs. in crore) 14 Assessment of fish & fisheries of the Ganga river system for developing 3 7.31 suitable conservation & restoration plan 15 Biodiversity Conservation 4 141.95 VI. Afforestation 16 Afforestation 21 306.31 VII. Composite Ecological Task Force & Ganga Mitra 17 Composite Ecological Task Force & Ganga Mitra 4 198.50 VIII. Bioremediation 18 Bioremediation 15 242.92 IX. Construction of IHHL across Gram Panchayats near Ganga River 19 Construction of toilets across Gram Panchayats near Ganga River (States- 1 1421.26 Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand & West Bengal) TOTAL 305 28613.75 Source: Monthly Progress Report (September 2019), NMCG The key achievements under Namami Gange programme are:- 1. Creating Sewerage Treatment Capacity: A total of 150 projects were sanctioned in the States of Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal. Out of these projects, 44 projects have been completed, 70 projects are under progress and 36 projects are under tendering stage. 2. Ghats and Crematoria: Out of a total of 71 projects sanctioned, 24 projects are of old ghat & crematoria which are under NRCP/NGRBA in the State of West Bengal and 47 are new projects under the Namami Gange programme. Out of the total projects, 46 projects have been completed, 22 projects are under progress and 3 projects are under tendering stage. 3. Creating River-Front Development: 2 River-Front Development projects have been sanctioned of which, one project is in Patna and another project is in Chandigarh. 4. River Surface Cleaning: River Surface cleaning for collection of floating solid waste from the surface of the Ghats and River and its disposal are afoot and pushed into service at 11 locations. Further, trash skimmers have been deployed to control the solid waste floating in the river in 11 locations (i.e. Delhi, Haridwar, Garhmukteshwar, Kanpur, Prayagraj, Varanasi, Patna, Sahibganj, Howrah, Mathura-Vrindavan and Nabadwip). 5. Bio-Diversity Conservation: Several Bio-Diversity conservation projects are namely: Biodiversity Conservation and Ganga Rejuvenation, Fish and Fishery Conservation in Ganga River, Ganges River Dolphin Conservation Education Programme has been initiated. 5 Bio-Diversity centers’ at Dehradun, Narora, Prayagraj, Varanasi and Barrackpore has been developed for restoration of identified priority species. A total of 4 projects have been sanctioned upto September 2019 which are under implementation. 6. Afforestation: Forestry interventions for Ganga through Wildlife Institute of India; Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute and Centre for Environment Education have been initiated. Forestry interventions for Ganga have been executed as per the Detailed Project Report prepared by Forest Research Institute, Dehradun. So far 21 projects have been sanctioned of which 10 projects are compeleted, 6 projects are under implementation andAdministrative Approval & Expenditure Section (AA& ES) has been issued for the remaining 5 projects. 7. Bioremediation: A total of 15 projects have been sanctioned for bioremediation of which all the projects are under implementation phase. The total cost of these projects is Rs.243 crore.

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8. Industrial Effluent Management: There are 3 tannery clusters on the main stem of river Ganga namely Jajmau, (Kanpur) having operational 346 units and the effluent is collected and treated at 36 MLD CETP (9 MLD tannery wastewater + 27 MLD sewage). Unnao having 15 units connected to CETP (2.15 MLD) and and Banthar 20 units operational connected to CETP (4.5 MLD) numbers of tanneries respectively. These clusters have CETP which are non-compliant with stipulated discharge norms. CPCB has issued direction under Section 5 of E(P)A, 1986 for up-gradation of these 3 CETPs so as to comply with the prescribed standards. In addition, 19 numbers individual tanneries having own ETP’s are located in U.P, Bihar and West Bengal. The 3 CETPs at Kanpur region connected with Tanneries sector are being monitored on weekly basis under PMO directions since March, 2019. Directions under section 18(1)(b) of Water Act, 1974 issued in May, 2019 based on weekly inspection reports. The volume of effluent for tannery units in the cluster has increased and to meet the increased wastewater load New 20 MLD CETP being constructed at Jajmau (sanctioned cost Rs 617 crore) with Odour Control Systems, Zero Liquid discharge (ZLD) based pilot plant of 200 KLD capacity for demonstration and Modular Chrome Recovery System. The up-gradation of Unnao CETP under Namami Gange programme under consideration. Up-gradation proposal for Banthar CETP sanctioned on 8th November 2019 with an estimated cost of Rs.108.93 crore. Further, the 5 textile clusters namely Bhadohi, Pilkuwa, Rooma, Farrukabad and Mathura were selected for consideration of CETP, of which CETP is not feasible for Bhadohi. NMCG has sanctioned the 6.25 MLD CETP project for Mathura textile cluster amounting Rs. 13.87 crore with a condition that industry has to contribute 25% of project cost and 100 % O&M. Further, SPV should reuse the 50-60% treated effluent water by the member units in their process. Three bids have been received through e-tendering which are under evaluation. A new Textile Park is proposed in the Farrukhabad textile cluster for which 1.5 MLD CETP is required. ZLD based system has been accepted by textile association with 25 % funding toward the capital cost by the SPV of Textile Park. The proposal is due for consideration in next Executive Committee meeting subjected to receiving of approval from State Government and on the grounds of Environmental Clearance. Rooma textile cluster has 1.55 MLD CETP, which is operational and CETP Rooma run by Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) namely Rooma Pollution Control Association of member units of Rooma. The CETP is working adequately, except the primary tube settler and aeration tank which are working at its half capacity (0.76 MLD). Direction has therefore been issued to the member units to operate at 50 % of the consented production capacity. Pilkhuwa Industrial Park has been developed by Hapur Pilkhuwa Development Authority (HPDA). Pilkhuwa has 2.10 MLD CETP with 7 units contributing 2.1 MLD effluent, whereas the industrial park is designed for 179 units. The CETP was found non-complying w.r.t. inspection conducted on 30.05.2019. The up-gradation will be considered by SPV once stabilization and connections are completed at CETPs. 9. Industrial Effluent Monitoring: 1072 Grossly Polluting Industries (GPIs) have been identified on main stem of river Ganga and its tributaries after re-inventorisation exercise carried out by CPCB in 2019 in consultation with concerned SPCBs. Inventory of GPIs is updated on annual basis . Regulation and enforcement through regular and surprise inspections of GPIs is carried out for compliance verification against stipulated environmental norms. The GPIs are also inspected on annual basis for compliance verification of the pollution norms and process modification, wherever required through third party technical institutes. First round of inspection of GPIs by the third-party technical institutes has been carried out in 2017. Second round of inspection of GPIs has been

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completed in 2018. Out of 961 GPIs inspected in 2018, 636 are complying, 110 are non-complying and 215 are self-closed. Action has been taken against 110 non-complying GPIs and are issued closure directions under Section 5 of the E(P) Act. In 2019, in the third round of inspection by third party technical insitutions, 726 inspctions have been completed as on 11.12.2019. Online Continuous Effluent Monitoring Stations (OCEMS) connectivity established to CPCB server in 899 out of 1072 GPIs. 10. Ganga Gram:- NMCG has released Rs.1020.44 crore to Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation for construction of Individual Household Latrine (IHHL), Solid-Liquid Waste Management and afforestation in 4465 Ganga Bank villages. The Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation has constructed 10,83,688 toilets in these 4465 villages and declared then Open Defecation Free (ODF). 11. Public Awareness: A series of activities such as events, workshops, seminars and conferences and numerous IEC activities were organized to make a strong pitch for public outreach and community participation in the programme. Various awareness activities through rallies, campaigns, exhibitions, shram daan, cleanliness drives, competitions, plantation drives and development and distribution of resource materials were organized and for wider publicity the mass mediums such as TV/Radio, print media advertisements, advertorials, featured articles and advertorials were published. Gange Theme song was released widely and played on digital media to enhance the visibility of the programme. NMCG ensured presence at Social Media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and You Tube etc.

1.7. EXTERNAL FUNDING AND FUNDING MECHANISM OF NMCG

19. External Funding: The Central Government has approved the projects for ‘World Bank’ assistance to National Ganga River Basin Authority(NGRBA) for abatement of pollution of river Ganga’ at an estimated cost of Rs.7000 crore. The Bank will support the Government of India by providing technical assistance and financing of US $ 1 billion (approx. 4600 crore).The World Bank Board has approved this project on 31st May 2011.The Loan agreement with World Bank has been signed on 14th June 2011.Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) is supporting one project on Ganga in Varanasi worth Rs. 496.9 Crore on 85:15 basis.

20. Funding Mechanism: The investments required to create the necessary treatment and sewerage infrastructure was shared between Centre and State Governments on 70:30 basis. Further, after approval of Namami Gange Cabinet Note, the scheme has been changed to Central Sector Scheme (CSS) with 100% funding from the central government. The funding also includes 10 years of Operations & Maintenance (O&M) period which is further extended upto 15 years for Namami Gange Programme. The State Governments would be required to motivate ULBs for resource recovery and revenue generation.

1.8. PORTFOLIO OF PROJECTS: NGRBA

21. The portfolio of projects under the NGRBP mainly aims at preventing discharge of untreated waste water into River Ganga and thus aiding abatement of river water pollution and improvement in water quality. Consequently, this also contributes to an improvement in the status of environment, health & sanitation for the citizens of the concerned cities and towns. The projects, which will be implemented under NGRBP, have their own beneficial impacts, as well as adverse. The significance of these impacts depends

8 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011) on the individual project, along with its size and location. In general, the projects under NGRBP are small in size as compared to major infrastructure development projects and/or Industrial projects and therefore relatively have less potential adverse impacts.

22. The portfolio of river pollution mitigation projects to be implemented under the National Ganga River Basin Project (NGRBP) is given in Table 1.1. The implementation of these projects is spread across several cities and/or towns within the Ganga basin states of Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Delhi, Bihar, Jharkhand, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and West Bengal.

23. To develop and guide its environmental and social management procedures, the NGRBA has carefully examined the portfolio of projects previously executed under the river pollution mitigation projects under Ganga Action Plan (Phase I and II), along with similar other urban infrastructure projects implemented elsewhere in the country under various Government of India sponsored schemes. It has supplemented these studies with field visits and appraisals of sample projects to be implemented under the present NGRBP and accordingly identified the environment and social issues arising from projects to be implemented under NGRBP.

Table 1-2: Portfolio of River Pollution Mitigation Projects under NGRBP S.No. Portfolio of Projects Portfolio Components 1 Sewerage and • Provision for an entirely new sewerage network including individual Sanitation Schemes house connections and gravity-based interception and diversion arrangements to drains carrying sanitary sullage/dry weather flow • Extensions to existing sewerage networks in some parts of cities/towns to include areas which are un-sewered hitherto or to newly developed areas in the recent years 2 Sewage Treatment • Entirely new sewage treatment plant/facility Plants/Facility • Augmentation of capacities in existing sewage treatment plant/facility • Remodelling /Renovation of existing sewage treatment facilities, resulting in better effluent quality and augmented treatment capacity 3 Solid Waste Treatment • Engineered landfills with leachate collection and treatment systems Facilities • Waste segregation and composting facilities 4 Industrial Pollution • Common Industrial Effluent Treatment Plants(CETP’s) Control Facilities • Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facility(TSDF’s) • Other Industrial Effluent Treatment and disposal facility 5 River Front • River Front Development and beautification schemes of river banks Development Schemes • Construction of Bathing Ghats • Redevelopment of Cremation grounds, situated on river banks • Development of electric and or gas-based crematoriums situated on river banks To be implemented within the Ganga basin states of Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal

1.9. POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF THE PROJECTS

24. The implementation of the river pollution mitigation projects under NGRBP is anticipated to encounter a variety of environmental and social issues/problems, including:

► The pollution of surface and groundwater bodies or other natural resources; ► Issues related to air pollution or other environmental health and sanitation problems;

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► Inconvenience to public due to traffic diversions and construction activities; ► Issues of land acquisition and rehabilitation and resettlement.

25. The NGRBP recognize these environmental and social issues and plans to mitigate them through a set of management procedures detailed in this Environmental & Social Management Framework (ESMF). NGRBA, through its state level SGRBA’s will ensure that policies and procedures described in the ESMF are applied to all World Bank supported projects.

1.10. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ANALYSIS (ESA) AND MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK (ESMF)

1.10.1. Project description

26. Given the distributed nature of proposed project investments over a large area in multiple states, the investments under the project may entail significant environmental and social impacts, including acquisition of private land and resettlement issues. To help understand, environmental and social issues associated with the NGRBA project and potential infrastructure investments proposed to be supported by The World Bank, NGRBA, through the consultant, conducted the Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA) of the project activities. The ESA formed the basis for development of the Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) that ensures compliance of all project activities with the environmental regulations of GoI and the safeguard policies of The World Bank.

27. All potential projects and sub-projects planned under the NGRBP would have significant environmental and social impacts. Therefore, the purpose of developing the Environmental and Social Management Frame Work (ESMF) was to facilitate the management of environmental and social issues of all investment projects proposed by the NGRBA. The ESMF currently only addresses the broader portfolio of projects1 to be implemented under the NGRBA, as relevant information for specific projects (i.e. their size, type and location) are either not yet available or are currently being prepared. As specific project identification will operate as a demand-driven process, a single ESMF common to the NGRBA, the SGRBAs and all other project implementing agencies is required. Through their use of an ESMF, the SGRBAs and NGRBA will incorporate international best practices for managing social & environment issues of sub- projects using an explicit management framework.

28. The current ESMF document is intended to help manage the social and environmental impacts through appropriate measures during the planning, design, construction and operation of various sub- projects of NGRBP. The framework identifies the level of safeguard due-diligence required for all categories of sub-projects of NGRBP and provides specific guidance on the policies and procedures to be followed for environmental and social assessment along with roles and responsibilities of the implementing agencies.

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1.10.2. Objectives of ESMF project 29. The ESA and ESMF study for the project2 has been carried out to accomplish the following objectives;

► Determine key social and environmental issues associated with River Ganga and possible activities that could be initiated by NGRBA, both at national as well as state level; ► Conduct an environmental and social impact assessment of the ‘no regret’ investments proposed to be supported by the project, identify potential environmental and social impacts associated with such investments and recommend measures to mitigate impacts; ► Carry out an analysis of various stakeholders associated with the project, identify their concerns with regard to environmental and social aspects, and recommend measures to mainstream these aspects into the project; ► Develop an Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for the project, to ensure that environmental and social issues are effectively addressed in project design and implementation. 1.10.3. Composition of ESMF report 30. The ESMF has been divided into two volumes.

Volume I, titled Environmental and Social Analysis comprises the following sections:

► Project Description ► Ganga Basin Profile ► Ganga Basin - Pollution Aspects ► Initiatives of GOI Volume II, titled Environmental and Social Management Framework comprises the following sections:

► Project Description ► Environmental Impacts ► Social Impacts ► Environmental and Social Regulatory Framework ► Environmental Management Framework ► Social Management Framework ► Project Appraisal, Monitoring and Reporting Arrangements ► Institutional Arrangements ► Training and Capacity Building ► Budgetary Support. ► Updation / maintenance of the ESMF 31. The Volume I is the environmental and social analysis (ESA) report and provides an overview of the Ganga basin profile including the tributaries: Ramganga, Kali, Yamuna (downstream of Delhi), Hindon,

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Gomti, Betwa, Chambal, Parbati, Kshipra, Sind, Tons, Son, Damodar, Ajay, Burhi Gandak, Kiul, Kosi, Mahananda, Ken and Ghagra. The Ganga basin covers 11 States i.e. Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Delhi, Bihar, Jharkhand, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and West Bengal. The ESA report is structured as follows.

Chapter I : National Ganga River Basin Project Chapter II : Environmental profile of the Ganga basin Chapter III : Pollution aspects in Ganga basin Chapter IV : Social profile of the Ganga basin Chapter V : Policy and institutional framework for Ganga basin management

2. ENVIRONMENTAL PROFILE OF GANGA BASIN

2.1. THE GANGA RIVER

32. India is drained by 14 major river systems with a catchment area of more than 2,500,000 Sqkm. These river systems are grouped into four broad categories: the Himalayan rivers, the Peninsular rivers, the Coastal rivers and the Inland rivers. In addition to the Ganga, the Himalayan river system includes the Indus and Brahmaputra river basins.

33. The Ganga River (about 2525 km long) is fed by runoff from the Ganga basin, a vast land area bounded by the snow peaks of the Himalaya in the north and the peninsular highlands and the Vindhya Range in the south. The basin encompasses an area of more than a million square kilometers (1,086,000 sq.km.) spread over four countries: India, Nepal, Bangladesh and China. With 861,404 sq.km. within India itself, the Ganga basin is the largest river basin in India and covers approximately 26.3 per cent of India’s total geographical area. The catchment area, length, total utilizable water of all major river basins within India and the states that they cover are given in Table 2.1.

Table 2-1: Major river basins of India S. Rivers Length Catchment Area States falling in the Total Utilisable No (Km.) (Sq.Km.) catchment Water (BCM) 1 Indus J&K, Punjab, Himachal 72.49 Pradesh, 1114 321289 Rajasthan and Chandigarh UT 2 a) Ganga Uttarakhand, Uttar 420.99 Pradesh, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Delhi 2525 861404 UT, Bihar, Jharkhand, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and West Bengal. b) Brahmaputra Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, 59.07 Meghalaya, Nagaland, 916 194413 Sikkim, West Bengal, Mizoram and Tripura c) Barak and other rivers Assam, Meghalaya, flowing into Meghna like 41723 Nagaland, Manipur, Gomti, Muhari, Fenny etc. Mizoram and Tripura 3 Sabarmati 371 21674 Rajasthan and Gujarat 4.93 4 Mahi 583 34842 Rajasthan, MP and Gujarat 7.3 5 Narmada Madhya Pradesh, 45.33 1312 98796 Maharashtra and Gujarat 6 Tapi Madhya Pradesh, 22.77 724 65145 Maharashtra and Gujarat 7 Brahmani Madhya Pradesh, Bihar and 22.35 799 39033 Orissa

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S. Rivers Length Catchment Area States falling in the Total Utilisable No (Km.) (Sq.Km.) catchment Water (BCM) 8 Mahanadi Madhya Pradesh, 66.45 851 141589 Maharashtra, Bihar, Chattisgarh and Orissa 9 Godavari Maharashtra, Andhra 116.95 Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, 1465 312812 Orissa and Puducherry 10 Krishna Maharashtra, Andhra 84.41 1401 258948 Pradesh and Karnataka 11 Pennar Andhra Pradesh and 11.79 597 55213 Karnataka 12 Cauvery Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, 31.3 800 81155 Kerala and Puducherry TOTAL 2529401 966.13 Source: CWC, 2005 ; Jain et al, 2007 ; NMCG Website

34. The Ganga flows through the states of Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Delhi, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand and West Bengal. The extent of the Ganga basin within these states is given in Table 2.2 and Figure 2.1. In the entire basin, Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand together share the maximum basin area of 34%, followed by Madhya Pradesh, Bihar and Rajasthan.

 Water Data - Complete Book, CWC (2005); Jain, S.K., Agarwal, P.K., and Singh, V.P. (2007). Chapter 7: River Basins of India. In: Hydrology and Water Resources of India, Springer, the Netherlands.

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Figure 2-1: Ganga basin Map (Source: Status paper on river Ganga, NRCD, MoEF, 2009) (May also be seen at Annex-Appendix 9)

Table 2-2 State wise distribution of the drainage area of Ganga River in India S. No. State Details Drainage Area (Sq. Km.) 1 Uttarakhand Alaknanda and Bhagirathi which after their confluence 52,988 become Ganga 2 Uttar Pradesh Ganga, Yamuna and its tributary, Ram Ganga, Chambal, 241,392 Kaithi, Betwa, Ken, Son, Rihand, Sharda, Gomti 3 Haryana Yamuna 34,343 4 Himachal Pradesh Yamuna 4,317 5 Delhi UT Yamuna 1,484 6 Bihar Ghagra, Gandak, Kosi, Son, Punpun, North Koel 93,580 7 Jharkhand Ganga, Damodar, North Koel, Ajay 50,389 8 Rajasthan Chambal, Banganga 112,496 9 Madhya Pradesh Chambal, Sindh, Betwa, Ken, Son, Rihand 181,066 10 Chhattisgarh Rihand and Son 17,908 11 West Bengal Damodar, Ganga 71,489 TOTAL 861,452 Source: Report on Ganga Basin, Ministry of Water Resources, March 2014

2.2. COURSE OF THE GANGA

35. The Ganga rises in the Garhwal Himalaya (30o 55’N, 79o7’E) as the Bhagirathi. The ice-cave of Gaumukh at the snout of the Gangotri glacier, at 3,892 meters above sea level, is recognized as the traditional source of the Ganga. The river cuts through the Himalayas until another head stream, the Alaknanda, joins at Devapraya. It is below this confluence that the united stream of Bhagirathi and Alaknanda becomes known as the River Ganga.

36. After running some 250 kilometers from its source, the Ganga pierces through the Himalayas at Sukhi (near Rishikesh), before turning southwestwards for another 30 km where it finally descends into the vast Indo-Gangetic plain at Haridwar (elevation 283m). At this point, the river swells into a mighty stream of 750 metres wide. At Rishikesh, the Ganga delivers an average of 27 billion cubic metres of crystal clear water per annum.

37. Throughout the course of the Ganga, from its source at Gaumukh to its mouth at Sagar Island in Bay of Bengal, it is a common practice for Indians to take daily dips in the holy waters of the Ganga, especially at places of pilgrimage like Rishikesh, Haridwar, Garhmukteshwar, Kannauj, Prayagraj, Mirzapur and Varanasi. Figure 2.2 shows the schematic diagram of the entire stretch of river Ganga and its major tributaries.

38. Apart from its sacred significance, water from the Ganga is widely used for domestic and industrial purposes in towns and villages located on its course. The other major use of Ganga water is for irrigation. For example, the Upper Gangetic Canal network, located near Hardiwar, siphons off large quantities of water for irrigating a major portion of the Ganga-Yamuna plains in Uttar Pradesh, reducing flow in this area to only 15 billion cum per annum at Balawali. Further downstream, a few minor tributaries join, once more increasing the Ganga’s flow. At Garhmuktesar, minor streams join the Ganga to increase the flow to 22 billion cum in a year. The annual flow continues to rise for some 240 km downstream of Haridwar until reaching Narora. At this point, another large irrigation network, the Lower Gangetic Canal, takes off at a barrage spanning the 1164-metre river bed, and leaves a greatly diminished Ganga in its wake.

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39. The Ganga does not receive any major tributary until the Ramganga joins at Kannauj, adding some 15.62 billion cum of water annually. At Prayagraj (1020 km from the source), the Ganga is joined on the right by the River Yamuna, which actually contributes more water (76.5 billion cum / annum) than the main river itself, augmenting the flow volume of the Ganga to a level of 130 billion cubic metres per year.

40. After Prayagraj, the Ganga begins to receive several major tributaries at more frequent intervals, namely, the Tons, Son, Gomati, Ghaghara, Gandak, Burhi Gandak and Kosi. After Rajmahal, the Ganga eventually reaches the head of its delta at Farakka, in the state of Jharkhand, having increased its flow volume at each confluence. In addition to flow volume, water quality and sediment load also fluctuate depending on the composition of the contributing stream.

Figure 2-2: Diagrammatic representation of the River Ganga and its tributaries (the map can also be seen at Annex-Appendix 10)

Original source: Parua, P.K., 2009; added the tributaries: Hindon, Kali, Shipra, Kali Sind, Parvati, Sai, Rabti, North Koel, Kiul Bhagmati, and Damodar from Ganga River Basin Management Plan 2015 and Status Paper on Ganga River NRCD, MoEF, 2009.

41. Below Farakka, the Ganga bifurcates into the Padma and the original channel of the Ganga, known as the Bhagirathi. Therefore, the Bhagirathi is treated as the main Ganga for all purposes in West Bengal. The Padma, carrying the majority of Ganga’s flow, eventually turns southeastwards into Bangladesh, while the Bhagirathi (Ganga) winds southwards down the deltaic plain of West Bengal and ultimately empties

 Parua, P.K. (2009). Chapter 4: The Ganga’s Hydrology. In: The Ganga: Water Use in the Indian Subcontinent, Water Science and Technology Library 64, Springer.)

16 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011) into the Bay of Bengal under the name of Hugli. Nearly halfway between Farakka and Sagar Island, the hydraulic character of the Bhagirathi (Ganga) suddenly changes upon its entry into the tidal zone of the Gangetic delta. The speed and direction of water in the estuarine streams and creeks are in continual flux due to the ebb and flow of the tides.

42. The tributaries which contribute the largest amount of water per annum are,: the Ghaghara river (94.4 billion cum), followed by the Yamuna (76.5 billion cum), the Kosi (68.34 billion cum), the Gandak (52.2 billion cum), the Son (31.8 billion cum), the Ramganga (15.62 billion cum), the Gomati (7.39 billion cum), the Burhi Gandak (7.1 billion cum) and the Tons (5.91 billion cum). The names and drainage areas of these tributaries of Ganga are given in Table 2.3. In addition, Figure 2.3 outlines a line diagramme of thse tributaries and their annual flows in MCM.

Figure 2-3: Average annual flows (MCM) in the major tributaries of the Ganga River Source: Jain et al, 2007

 Jain, S.K., Agarwal, P.K., and Singh, V.P. (2007). Chapter 8: Ganga Basin. In: Hydrology and Water Resources of India, Springer, the Netherlands

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Table 2-3: Sub basin area of the river Ganga and their drainage area S. No. Sub basin Drainage Area (Sq. Km.) 1 Above Ramganga Confluence 39104.61 2 Banas 51651.51 3 Bhagirathi and others (Ganga Lower) 64038.97 4 Chambal Lower 10941.26 5 Chambal Upper 25546.57 6 Damodar 41965.49 7 Gandak and others 56260.43 8 Ghaghara Confluence to Gomti confluence 58634.18 9 Ghaghara 26254.06 10 Gomti 29865.21 11 Kali Sindh and others up to Confluence with Parbati 48492.61 12 Kosi 18413.58 13 Ramganga 30839.69 14 Sone 65110.05 15 Tons 16905.74 16 Upstream of Gomti confluence to Muzaffarnagar 29061.37 17 Yamuna Lower 124867.19 18 Yamuna Middle 34586.39 19 Yamuna Upper 35798.19 Source: MoWR, 2014

2.3. STREAM AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF GANGA

43. Due to their high gradient and a tremendous velocity, Himalayan rivers including the Ganga have a strong erosive power. The geological fact that the Himalayan rivers run through poorly consolidated sedimentary rocks affected by folds and faults results in high rates of erosion and silt deposition. Landslide debris further adds to the silt load.

44. The high intensity of rainfall in the Himalayan region means that more than 60 per cent of the water flowing into the Ganga basin comes from the Himalayan streams joining the Ganga from the north. The Peninsular streams combine to contribute only 40 percent of the water, despite the fact that the catchment area of the Peninsular streams extends well over 60 percent of the entire Ganga basin.

45. Excluding the major tributaries (Yamuna, Ghaghara, Kosi, Son, Gandak and Ramganga), the tributaries of the Ganga have rather low annual flows, (Ref. Figure above). A lack of water in streams and tributaries increases their susceptibility to water pollution. Therefore, the Ganga’s minor tributaries are pollution prone, especially as their flows diminish during the dry season.. As the main river’s flow rate fluctuates reach to reach, its susceptibility to pollution varies accordingly. The annual water inflow and outflow in the Ganga basin, is given in Table 2-4.

Table 2-4: Annual water inflow and outflow in Ganga basin at selected monitoring stations of year 2018 (Jan-Dec.) District Total inflow (BCM) Change in Storage (BCM) Total Outflow (BCM) Hardwar 2.86 0.04 2.82 Prayagraj 5.16 0.03 5.13 Patna 2.76 0.06 2.70 Sahibganj 2.0 0.06 1.94 Hugli 4.77 0.1 4.67 Nadia 4.69 0.09 4.60 Source: CWC: Water Audit: From: 01-Jan-2018 to: 31-Dec-2018

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46. Water flow in the Ganga basin fluctuates enormously not only due to the seasonal variation of rainfall, but also due to the large scale withdrawal of water for canal irrigation. The minimum flow occurs in winter (December to February), while the lowest flow in the rest of the course of the Ganga is in the summer (March to May). In places like Prayagraj and Nabadwip, the lowest flows occur in the summer season, while Patna and Azamabad have low flow rates during winter. Overall, the flow of water in all the streams of the Ganga basin reaches critically low levels during the long, dry season from December to May - a serious concern which must be factored into any pollution control and prevention management programme administered in the basin.

47. An annual inflow (stream water & rainfall), Outflow and total change in year 2018 have been presented in table above (2-5). Outflow is meant for evapotranspiration, utilization in different head (agriculture, domestic, industrial) and surface outflow, while change in storage is described in term such as minor irrigation, reservoir, soil moisture and ground water.

48. Based on stream characteristics, the entire 2,525 km course of the Ganga can be divided into the following major five sections: (i) mountainous, (ii) upper plain, (iii) middle plain, (iv) deltaic non-tidal and (v) deltaic tidal plain.

49. The mountainous section stretches from the river’s source to Rishikesh, with an average bed slope of one in 67 and a mean flow rate of 850 cubic metres per second at Rishikesh. The subsequent upper plain section extends from Rishikesh downstream until Prayagraj at a slope of one in 4,100 and a mean flow rate ranging between 850 and 1,720 cum per second before its confluence with the Yamuna. The third, middle plain section stretches from Prayagraj to Farakka, with a slope of one in 13,800 and an increase in the mean flow rate to 10,200 cum per second at Azamabad. Following this part lies the upper deltaic non-tidal plain section, with a slope of one in 23,000 and a much-reduced mean flow rate of 1,300 cum per second near Nabadwip. The final segment is the lower deltaic tidal plain section, with a slope of one in 24,000 and varying flows due to influence of the tides.

50. The fairly large volume and high flow of the Ganga in the middle plain section (1,005 km) between Prayagraj and Farakka render this stretch relatively less vulnerable to pollution, compared to the sections on the upstream of Prayagraj and downstream of Farakka. For instance, the mean annual flow at the rate of 7,626 cum per second at Patna, between Prayagraj and Farakka, is high enough to wash off significant amounts of pollutants. However, above Prayagraj the mean annual flow is less than 1,700 cum per second and, as a result, the upper plain course of the Ganga is liable to be polluted to some extent if adequate precautionary measures are not taken; this fact is especially true during the lean months. This same increased susceptibility to pollution also occurs downstream of Farakka, where the mean annual stream flow again falls off drastically to a level of 1,300 cum per second at Nabadwip. Further down, especially in the estuarine section near the outfall, the up-and-down movement of the water periodically causes temporary suspension of the water current, as the tide shifts from ebb to flow and vise versa. As a result of this stagnation, removal of pollutants in the tidal section can expected to be slow and difficult.

51. The flow of water in various streams of the Ganga basin varies enormously from year to year, season to season, month to month and even day to day. Accordingly, it is extremely essential to consider the extreme low stage conditions of water flow in the streams in each month - instead of only the average scenarios - when planning pollution monitoring and mitigation programs.

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52. The Ganga is joined by a large number of tributaries both from the left as well as from the right. Majority of them originate in the Himalayan ranges but some of them have their sources in the peninsular plateau. Table 2.5 below shows the various tributaries of Ganga and their characteristics.

Table 2-5: Stream Characteristics of various tributaries of the Ganga S. Length Elevation above Tributaries Source No. (Km) sea level (m) Ramganga Doodhatoli ranges in the district of Pauri Garhwal, 1 542 3,110 Uttarakhand 2 Kali Doon valley in the western part of Uttarakhand 350 3,600 Yamuna Tehri Garhwal district of Uttarakhand from the 3 1,376 6,320 Yamunotri glacier near Banderpoonch peaks Hindon Upper Shivalik in lower Himalayan range of District 4 Saharanpur Uttar Pradesh (India) 256 -

Gomti Originates from Gomat Taal near Madho Tanda, 5 Pilibhit, flows through Uttar Pradesh and meets 940 200 the Ganges near Saidpur, Kaithi 6 Betwa Bhopal District in Madhya Pradesh 789 470 Chambal Vindhyan range near Mhow in Indore District of 7 960 354 Madhya Pradesh 8 Sind Machoi Glacier 415 4800 9 Tons Rupin-Supin Glacier 186 3900 Sahibi/Sabi Seasonal river, flows from Aravalli hills in Rajasthan 10 210 - Nadi Damodar Hills of the Chottanagpur Plateau of the Palamau 11 575 1366 district of Bihar Son Sonbhadra in the Maikala range of hills in Madhya 12 Pradesh and in the plains of Bihar near Arrah (west 780 600 of the Patna) Burhi Chautarwa Chaur near Bisambharpur in the district 13 Gandak of West Champaran in Bihar from the spring of 320 300 Someshwar hills 14 Gandak Nhubine Himal Glacier 255 7620 Kiul Tisri Hill Range Giridih district, Chota Nagpur 15 Plateau, Jharkhand Chota Nagpur Plateau, 111 605 Jharkhand 16 Kosi Dharpani Dhar 730 2500 Mahanand hills of the Himalayas in the Darjeeling district of 17 268 2100 a West Bengal 18 Ken Ahirgawab in Jabalpur District of Madhya Pradesh 357 550 19 Ghagra Mapchachungo Glacier, Tibet, China 1,080 3,962 (Source: Report on Ganga Basin, Ministry of Water Resources, March 2014)

53. The Yamuna is the largest and the most important tributary of the Ganga. Its main affluent in the upper reaches is the Tons which rises from the Bandarpunch glacier and joins Yamuna below Kalsi before the latter leaves the hills. At this site, the water carried by the Tons is twice the water carried by the Yamuna. Chambal river raises south-west of Mhow in the highlands of Janapao Hills and takes a north- westerly course through the Malwa Plateau. Betwa river joins the Yamuna near Hamirpur. The Son River springs from the Amarkantak Plateau. Damodar River rises in the hills of the Chotanagpur plateau and flows through a rift valley. More important tributaries of the Ganga are Ramganga, the Gomti, the Ghaghra, the

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Gandak, the Burhi Gandak and the Kosi. They originate in the Himalayas and join river Ganga on its left bank.

2.4. PHYSIOGRAPHY OF GANGA BASIN

54. Physiographically, India is divided into seven major sections: (1) Northern Mountains, (2) Great Plains (3) Central Highlands (4) Peninsular Plateaus, (5) East Coast, (6) West Coast and (7) Islands. The Ganga basin falls entirely within the first three divisions. The peninsular plateau of the Gangetic trough (with an elevation of less than 300 metres) is filled with older (Pleistocene) and recent alluvia, forming nearly 4,000,000 SqKm in the states of Haryana, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal, comprising 50% of basin area. The Ganga basin can be divided into the following eight physiographic divisions, briefly described below and shown in Figure 2.4.

Figure 2-4: Physiography and Groundwater flow of Ganga Basin, (Source: Mukherjee and Dasgupta, 1983) a. Trans-Yamuna Plain

This sector constitutes the western end of the Ganga basin, covering the states of Haryana and Rajasthan. The region is characterized by thick, unconsolidated material subtly sloping down from the western watershed towards the Yamuna. On account of the flat topography, water logging and saline efflorescence has been recorded in many areas, especially since the introduction of large-scale and intensive irrigation practices through the Western Yamuna Canal.

 Mukherjee K. N. Dasgupta S. P. 1983. Center for Study of Man and Environment, Graphic offset press (P) Ltd., Calcutta, India

21 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011) b. Ganga-Yamuna Doab East of Trans-Yamuna plain lies the Ganga-Yamuna interfluvial doab tract, which stands out as a large slab of older alluvial (bangar) terrace sloping towards the south and southeast, falling off from a level of 283 metres at Haridwar to some 95 metres at Prayagraj. The twin rivers, Ganga and Yamuna, wind along the low-lying (khadar) flood-plain belts built up by the younger alluvial sediments deposited during periodical inundations. The bangar terraces, on the contrary, are thick deposits of older silts, rising high above the khadar plain – up to 20 metres at times - measured from the present river beds. The bangar surface of the Ganga-Yamuna Doab has a rather variegated topography interspersed by breaks of slope due to terrace formations and sand belts (Bhur), which stand out like transverse sand dunes. c. Rohilkhand To the east of the Ganga-Yamuna doab lies the large plain of Rohilkhand, which extends from the Ganga to near Lucknow, where the land steps down to the lower alluvial plain of Avadh. Rohilkhand comprises a flight of several river terraces separated from each other by step-like breaks of slope. The highest terrace is located at the Himalayan foothills and is built up of bouldery bhabar deposits. d. Avadh Plain Further east of Rohilkhand and lying at a lower elevation is the Avadh plain. The Avadh plain comprises the extensive khadar belts of several mighty streams, the chief of which is the Ghaghara. e. North Bihar Plain Further east, the great riparian plain of North Bihar appears. The North Bihar plain is riddled with numerous old river beds which have been deserted by the Kosi in the course of its movement from the eastern end of Bihar to its present position as the main channel in the west. In addition to the depressions left by these old river beds, there also lies large marshes and waterlogged areas, known as the chorus, along the Ganga. f. North Bengal Plain At the farthest end of the Ganga basin is the North Bengal plain, which contains Pleistocene deposits of the Barind region, terraces of coarse-grained materials and tarai depressions in the piedmont plain below the Darjeeling hills. g. Bengal Basin South of the Ganga (Padma), lies the Bengal basin, which comprises much of the Gangetic delta plain’s recent alluvium and its western rim. The western rim is made up of Pleistocene alluvial formation (often lateritic), as the land slopes up towards the rocky Chota Nagpur plateau.

2.5. SOIL CHARACTERISTICS

55. The Ganga basin is characterized by a wide variety of soils. The soils of the high Himalayas in the north are subject to continued erosion and the Gangetic trough provides a huge receptacle into which thousands of metres of thick sediment layers are deposited to form a wide valley plain. The plateau on the south has a mantle of residual soils of varying thickness arising due to the weathering of the ancient rocks of the peninsular shield. Ten classes of soils have developed in the Ganga basin under different Iithological, climatic and pedogenetic conditions.

56. Some of the soils within the Ganga basin are highly susceptible to erosion. Such soils need adequate conservation measures and appropriate land management interventions, with an eye towards preserving

22 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011) the soil resource and keeping the turbidity levels of the surface water within tolerable limits. The susceptibility of each of the soil groups to erosion and the areas covered in the different states within the Ganga basin are indicated in Table 2-6. The soil classification map of Ganga basin is given in Figure 2-5.

Table 2-6: Soils Types in Ganga Basin and Their Susceptibility to Erosion (Area in Square Kilometres)

soils soils soils

Soils

State

S.No.

Shallow Shallow

Red and Redand

Medium Medium

Red Soils Red

and Black Black and

Mountain Mountain

Black soils Black soils Black

Total Area Total

Mixed Red Mixed

Deep Black Black Deep

Yellow soils Yellow

Laterite and and Laterite

Alluvial Soils Alluvial

Submontane Submontane Lateritic soils Lateritic 1 Haryana - - 33516 684 ------34200 2 Uttar Pradesh and 12428 32586 209491 16457 740 4438 10502 3621 3962 188 294413 Uttarakhand 3 Bihar and Jharkhand - - 91881 32338 19333 - - - - 858 144410 4 West Bengal - - 57323 704 7271 - - - - 6712 72010 5 Rajasthan - - 40768 12166 16827 9810 9332 9394 9085 - 107382 6 Madhya Pradesh - - 17272 39075 5990 11168 14251 79881 33470 598 201705 7 Himachal Pradesh 1296 4280 223 ------5799 8 Delhi - - 1225 260 ------1485 Ganga Basin 13724 36866 451699 101684 50161 25416 34085 92896 46517 8356 861404 Per cent of Total Area 1.59 4.28 52.44 11.80 5.83 2.95 3.96 10.78 5.40 0.97 100 Susceptibility to Erosion Very Very Moderat Very High High Moderate Low Low Low Low High High e Source: National River Conservation Directorate (MoEF),2018.

57. Among the soil types within Ganga basin, the alluvial soil covers more than 52 per cent of the basin. The alluvial deposits of the basin not only cover the great Gangetic trough, but also extend over a sizable portion of the peninsular foreland in the form of a layer less than 3 metres thick. The entire alluvial formation is endowed with rich soil nutrients. The alluvial deposits of the Ganga and its tributaries, coming down the Himalaya and the peninsular foreland, have yielded annual harvests of crops for the past thousands of years with little significant deterioration. Besides paddy, this tract produces a wide variety of crops including wheat, jowar, bajra, small millets, pulses of different kinds, maize, cotton, jute and many other food and commercial crops.

58. If managed properly, the alluvial soils are highly fertile soils, capable of producing the highest possible yields of crops to feed the millions. However, these soils are sensitive to change and prone to rapid degradation and pollution. In certain parts of the basin, the soils are already showing signs of salinity (as in Haryana), alkalinity (as in western U.P.), calcareousness (as in north Bihar) and acidity (as in West Bengal) due to overuse, long occupation and continued application of inputs like excessive irrigation water and toxic agro-chemicals of various types. The land degradation status within Ganga basin is given in subsequent sections.

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Figure 2-5: Soil and Rainfall (Isohyetal) map of Ganga Basin (Source: Mukherjee and Dasgupta, 1983)

2.6. CLIMATIC FACTORS a. Temperature 59. The Ganga basin forms an extensive bowl of warm air, especially during the day-time. The mean maximum daily temperature even in the coldest month (January) does not fall below 21°C, except in the higher hills, whereas the air temperature starts rapidly rising all over Ganga basin from March onwards, beginning a hot season that prevails from April to June. Usually, May is the hottest month in most part of the basin, except in lower Bengal. Daily mean maximum and mean minimum air temperatures, as recorded at selected stations in the Ganga basin, are given in Table 2-7.

60. In the Gangetic plains, westwards of Gaya, the daily mean maximum temperature in May rises to 40°C and above. During May, the mean daily maximum air temperature shoots up as high as 42.3°C in Kota in the Central Indian upland region. The maximum air temperature in other areas are; Prayagraj (41.8°C), Agra (41.6°C), Hissar (41.1°), Gaya (40.7°C), Lucknow (40.5°C and Bareilly (40.5°C). Under this high temperature regime, much of the pollutants become suspended in the air and remain aloft for a considerable period of time in the atmosphere. Some of the pollutants are brought down by rain drops where they eventually find their way into surface runoff systems.

61. Throughout the Ganga basin, the cold weather period extends from December to February. January is the coldest month, with the temperature often falling below 10°C; this is especially true in the valley plain west of Gaya, where the daily mean minimum air temperature in January reaches 10.03°C. In January, the daily mean minimum temperature plummets as low as 5.8°C in Hissar, followed by Dehra Dun (5.96°C), Delhi (7.7°C), Agra (7.7°C), Gonda (8.3°C), Bareilly (8.25°C), Lucknow (6.9°C),Prayagraj (8.9°C) and Patna (9.2°C). In the lower Gangetic plain, the minimum temperature is usually higher: 10.03°C in Gaya and 12.3°C

 Mukherjee K. N. Dasgupta S. P. 1983. Center for Study of Man and Environment, Graphic offset press (P) Ltd., Calcutta, India 24 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011) in Kolkata. Low temperatures are often associated with the intrusion of cold air from across the Gangetic plain in the months of December and January. In the cold of the winter months, the heavy cold layers of the atmosphere act as blankets upon the land surface, not allowing the suspended pollutants in the air to escape into the higher atmosphere. b. Rainfall 62. The weather in the Ganga basin is characterized by a distinct wet season during the period of south west monsoon (June to September). The air temperature in the Ganga basin starts falling with the onset of the monsoon from June onwards, making the weather more humid and equable. The diurnal range between the daily mean minimum and the daily mean maximum temperature becomes lower and lower as the monsoon advances. Eventually, the lowest diurnal range of temperature occurs at the peak of the monsoon, which is usually in August, though sometimes in July. As soon as the monsoon is over, the diurnal range of temperature starts increasing rapidly to a maximum attained during the month of November.

63. Due to its proximity to the coast, Kolkata stands as an exception, with its highest diurnal range (13.37°C) occurring during the coldest month (January). On account of high population density and a heavy concentration of industrial units in the Kolkata Metropolitan District, the effect of this temperature is very pronounced, with frequent episodes of smog in the winter evenings followed by mist in the colder morning hours.

64. The southwest monsoon makes landfall at the mouth of the Ganga around the first week of June and advances upstream. By the end of July, the monsoon reaches the western end of the Ganga basin. In the majority of the basin, the rainy season spreads over three months (July, August and September) and usually 70 to 80 per cent of the total annual rainfall occurs during this period. In the eastern part of the basin, such as in West Bengal and Bihar, the wet season is longer, usually starting in June and continuing until the end of September or early October.

65. The geographical distribution of the mean annual rainfall in the basin is shown by isohyetal lines on Figure 2.5. The isohyetal lines indicate that the lowest precipitation in the Gangetic plain occurs in Haryana (less than 500 mm per annum), with the rainfall increasing downstream until reaching lower Bengal, where nearly 1,600 mm of rainfall occurs. Heavier rainfall continues in the upper Himalayan region, such as in Dehra Dun, where the rainfall is as high as 2,209 millimeters per annum. The rainfall rates as recorded at selected stations in Ganga basin is given in Table 2-7.

Table 2-7: Rainfall and Temperature details at Selected Stations in the Ganga Basin Water surplus July to September Mean Temperature S. Mean annual in wet rainfall expressed (in 0C) Station and Year No. rainfall (mm) months: as percentage of Maximum Minimum Jul-Sep (mm) annual rainfall Dehra Dun (1901- 2209.0 1697.4 76.8 27.8 15.4 1 2000) Delhi (Safdarjang) 716.2 535.2 74.7 31.3 19.0 2 (1901-2000) 3 Hissar (1901-2000) 490.8 336.3 68.5 32.6 17.7 4 Agra (1901-2000) 724.8 576.2 79.5 32.5 18.9 Prayagraj (1901- 962.7 762.0 79.1 32.5 19.6 5 2000) 6 Gaya (1901-2000) 1130.4 847.3 75.0 32.1 20.1

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Water surplus July to September Mean Temperature S. Mean annual in wet rainfall expressed (in 0C) Station and Year No. rainfall (mm) months: as percentage of Maximum Minimum Jul-Sep (mm) annual rainfall Kolkata (Alipore) 1651.2 950.2 57.5 31.4 22.0 7 (1901-2000) Bareilly (1901- 1040.0 784.1 75.4 31.2 18.7 8 2000) 9 Patna (1901-2000) 1074.8 815.9 75.9 31.7 21.6 10 Kota (1901-2000) 807.9 676.5 83.7 34.3 21.8 Shimla (1901- 1041.4 529.2 50.8 17.9 10.7 11 2000) Ranchi (1901- 1403.2 942.8 67.2 33.5 23.7 12 2000) Bhopal (Bairagarh) 1087.7 886.8 81.5 38.3 21.8 13 (1901-2000) Source: Monthly mean data of important cities, India Meteorological Department

66. Within the Ganga basin, every square kilometer of land surface area receives an average of one million cubic meters of water annually through rainfall. However, less than half of this total is actually available, after accounting for water lost through evapo-transpiration (30 percent) and seepage into the ground (20 percent). Rainfall distribution indicates that the greater part of the basin would be hydrologically dry if the total annual rainfall were distributed evenly over the twelve months of the year. Since the vast majority is concentrated in a three-month span in most of the basin, the water available from rainfall usually exceeds what is lost through evaporation during this period, allowing some surplus water to flow down the Ganga river and its tributaries

2.7. GROUNDWATER RESOURCES

67. The Ganga basin, by virtue of its alluvial makeup, is endowed with vast resources of ground water. The yield rates of groundwater and major aquifer systems occurring within the basin are given in Figure 2.4. It can be seen that, except for some isolated patches, the greater part of the extensive Gangetic plain (lying mainly on the north of the Ganga in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar) yields groundwater at an average rate of more than 150 cum per hour. The lower part of the Ganga Yamuna doab in Uttar Pradesh and the Bhagirathi-Hugli basin in West Bengal have equally high yields.

68. Aquifer zones of moderate yield [between 50 cum and 150 cum per hour] occur in several areas such as the upper Ganga-Yamuna doab (Uttar Pradesh), the plains of Alwar and Jhunjhunun (Rajasthan), the Ganga-Ghaghara doab in Uttar Pradesh, the Magadh plain (Bihar) and the Rarh plain (West Bengal).

69. Aquifers of still lower yield (less than 50 cum/hour) are scattered over different parts of the Ganga basin, including the outer Himalayan range, the Jaipur-Bharatpur tract (Rajasthan), the lower Chambal valley (Madhya Pradesh), the Bundelkhand upland (Uttar Pradesh), the south Bihar plains, the Baghelkhand plateau (Madhya Pradesh) and the Rarh highlands (West Bengal).

70. In the remaining part of the Ganga basin, available aquifers with yield less than 20 cum/hour are scattered in local pockets (areas are shown as unhatched on Figure 2.4. A special zone, yielding water under artesian conditions at a high rate of more than 150 cum per hour, is marked by crossed hatchings along the Himalayan foothills.

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71. The other special zones, yielding saline water at varying rates, are indicated by a pattern of dots on Figure 2.4. These aquifers are found, often in patches, throughout the Trans-Yamuna region of Haryana, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh, as well as in the lower Ganga-Yamuna doab. The aquifers in the coastal areas of West Bengal as shown on the figure yield brackish water at a rate of more than 150 cum per hour. a. Groundwater Quality

72. The vast Gangetic alluvial trough is characterized by not only one of the most prolific aquifers in quantitative terms, but also by the relatively high quality of the available water, though the quality deteriorates as one proceeds down the river to the outfall. Along the Himalayan foothills (bhabar and tarai belts), the water is of high quality, as these belts are under continuous recharge from the Himalayan streams. In certain localized areas of the Ganga plain, the fluoride & arcenic content in the groundwater is high enough to cause fluorosis and skin diseases when regularly consumed for long periods of time. In the central alluvial trough, the groundwater has low mineral contents. The mineral content increases near the southern fringe of the alluvial formation, especially in certain parts of Agra, Aligarh, Mathura, Mainpuri and Ballia districts of Uttar Pradesh,. Near the delta area in West Bengal, the water in certain aquifers turns saline due to incursion of sea water.

73. Ground water quality of the states falling under Ganga basin is given in Annex-Appendix 1. The groundwater quality is monitored by the Central Ground Water Board once a year (April/May) through a network of observation wells located all over the country. The hot spots for groundwater in districts coming under basin states are identified on the basis of six main parameters: salinity (EC>3000 micro simen/cm), chloride, fluoride (>1.5 mg/l), iron (>1.0 mg/l), arsenic (>0.05 mg/l) and nitrate (>45 mg/l). The states of Bihar, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal is affected by arsenic (where the concentration is greater than the permissible limit of 0.05 mg/l as per IS: 10500), fluoride, iron & nitrate. Salinity and chloride have been identified in Haryana, Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh. b. Groundwater Potential and Use

74. The Ganga basin has a vast reservoir of groundwater, replenished every year at a very high rate. The conjunctive use of groundwater for irrigation, even within the canal command areas, not only ensures steady supply to the cultivated fields on time but also helps reduce water logging and salinization due to consequent downward movement of subsurface moisture.

75. The groundwater usage for irrigation in the states falling under Ganga basin exceeded 120.41 billion cum per year as of 2013 and accounted for more than 50 per cent of the groundwater irrigated area of the entire country. The net annual groundwater availability for irrigation, domestic and industrial usage in the states of the Ganga basin has been assessed at 203.05 billion cum per year. Some 65 per cent of this potential has already been utilized. The groundwater usage pattern in the basin states is given in Table 2.8. The extent of groundwater utilization for irrigation is highest in Uttar Pradesh (48.35 BCM per year), followed by Madhya Pradesh (17.95 BCM per year), Rajasthan (13.79 BCM per year), Haryana (13.32 BCM per year), West Bengal (10.84 BCM per year) and Bihar (10.36 BCM per year).

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Table 2-8: State wise Groundwater Usage Pattern in the Ganga basin states Annual Groundwater Draft Net annual Projected Demand for S. (BCM per year) Groundwater Domestic and State No. Domestic and availability Industrial uses upto Irrigation Total Industrial uses (BCM/year) 2025 (BCM per Year) 1 Uttarakhand 0.84 0.15 0.99 1.97 0.30 2 Uttar Pradesh 48.35 4.41 52.76 71.58 6.44 3 Haryana 13.32 0.60 13.92 10.30 0.56 4 Himachal Pradesh 0.16 0.11 0.27 0.53 0.07 5 Delhi 0.41 0.25 0.39 0.31 0.25 6 Bihar 10.36 2.37 12.73 28.49 0.60 7 Jharkhand 0.63 0.72 1.35 5.99 0.17 8 Rajasthan 13.79 1.92 15.71 11.26 2.32 9 Madhya Pradesh 17.95 1.41 19.36 34.16 2.35 10 Chhattisgarh 3.76 0.64 4.40 11.90 0.76 11 West Bengal 10.84 1.00 11.84 26.56 1.53 Ganga Basin states 120.41 13.58 133.72 203.05 15.35 India as a whole 228.30 24.76 253.06 411.30 31.62 Source: Ground Water Year Book-India 2016-17, Central Ground Water Board, Govt. of India

76. Apart from irrigation, groundwater resources are also being heavily tapped for industrial and domestic uses majoring both urban and rural areas. Throughout the alluvial area of the Ganga basin, the major urban water supply schemes are dependent upon groundwater resources. Similarly, a large number of industries also withdraw significant amounts of groundwater, especially from the easily accessible aquifers in the alluvial zone. The demand for domestic and industrial uses are expected to increase to 15.35 BCM per year in the Ganga basin states by the year 2025, as shown in Table 2.8.

77. The mean annual replenishable groundwater in India as a whole has been assessed at 446.87 billion cumec per year, of which about 219.09 billion cumec per year (49%) lies in the states of the Ganga basin. The annual replenishable groundwater levels, annual groundwater draft and balance of groundwater available for further exploitation for each state within the Ganga basin is given in Table 2.9.

Table 2-9: State-wise Ground Water Resources Availability, Utilisation and Stage of Development in the Ganga Basin states-(as on March, 2013) Annual Balance Annual Replenishable Stage of S. Groundwater available State Groundwater Groundwater No. Draft (BCM per (BCM per (BCM per Year) Development (%) Year) year) 1 Uttarakhand 2.00 0.99 1.01 50 2 Uttar Pradesh 76.34 52.76 23.58 74 3 Haryana 11.36 13.92 -2.56 135 4 Himachal Pradesh 0.56 0.27 0.29 51 5 Delhi 0.34 0.39 -0.05 127 6 Bihar 31.31 12.73 18.58 45 7 Jharkhand 6.56 1.35 5.21 23 8 Rajasthan 12.51 15.71 -3.2 140 9 Madhya Pradesh 35.98 19.36 16.62 57 10 Chhattisgarh 12.80 4.40 8.4 37 11 West Bengal 29.33 11.84 17.49 45 Ganga basin states 219.09 133.72 85.37 India as a whole 446.87 253.06 Source: Ground Water Year Book-India 2016-17, Central Ground Water Board Govt. of India

28 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011)

78. Among the various states within the Ganga basin, Uttar Pradesh has the largest replenishable groundwater potential, with 76.35 billion cumec per year of usable groundwater; of this total, about 48.78 billlion cumec per year is currently in use primarily for irrigation, although a large share is consumed in the major cities for domestic and industrial purposes. Madhya Pradesh has the second highest replenishable potential in the basin at around 37.19 billion cum per annum here. The stage of groundwater development is highest in Delhi with 170 per cent followed by Rajasthan with 125 per cent and then Haryana with 109 per cent, followed by Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, West Bengal and Bihar.

2.8. LAND USE

79. The states falling under Ganga basin are extensively cultivated, constituting approximately more than 45 per cent of the total area of the India. About 14 per cent of land is not available for cultivation and put to various non-agricultural uses. Although the net sown area constitutes 50 per cent of the Ganga basin states area, the total cropped area & cultivable land constitutes 60 per cent & 65 percent of the basin states area, respectively. The cropping intensity is highest in Delhi with 1897 sqkm followed by West Bengal, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand and Jharkhand. The landuse pattern and cropping intensity of landuse within the Ganga basin is given in Table 2-10.

29 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011)

Table 2-10: State-wise Land Use Pattern and Cropping Intensity in Ganga Basin States (2014-2015) (Area in Square Kilometres) Reporting Agriculture Land/ Land not Total Geographical Area for Land Total Cropped Cultivable Land/ Cropping S. No State Forest available for Fallow Net Sown Area Area Utilization Area Culturable Land/ Intensity cultivation Land Statistics Arable Land 1 Bihar 94,160 93,596 6,216 21,438 10,080 52,783 76,730 65,788 1,454 2 Chhatisgarh 135,190 137,898 63,155 10,296 5,254 46,807 57,279 55,579 1,224 3 Haryana 44,210 43,715 376 6,533 1,081 35,218 65,357 36,556 1,856 4 Himachal 55,670 45,756 11,261 11,273 764 5,500 9,183 8,117 1,670 Pradesh 5 Jharkhand 79,720 79,700 22,394 12,738 25,073 13,845 15,537 43,430 1,122 6 Madhya 308,250 307,563 86,942 35,064 8,173 153,512 238,101 172,524 1,551 Pradesh 7 Rajasthan 342,240 342,675 2,740 43,430 3,928 175,215 242,354 255,110 1,383 8 Uttarakhand 53,480 59,926 3,800 4,520 1,436 7,002 10,968 15,486 1,567 9 Uttar 240,930 241,705 16,586 35,075 16,307 165,980 261,471 189,391 1,575 Pradesh 10 West Bengal 88,750 86,831 11,727 18,531 3,502 52,384 96,900 56,550 1,850 11 Delhi 1,480 1,470 15 932 198 219 354 528 1,615 Ganga Basin 1,444,080 1,440,835 225,212 199,830 75,796 708,465 1,074,234 899,059 16,867 States India 3,287,260 3,078,175 717,936 438,797 26,1825 1,401,300 1,983,599 1,818,861 1,416 Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, 2014-15

30 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011) 80. Land not available for cultivation and fallow land in the Ganga basin states covers a considerable area of 199,830 & 75,796 Sqkm (Table 2.10). This category of land consists both of tracts which cannot be put to agricultural or silvicultural uses at an economic level due to their unproductive nature, as well all lands put to various other economic uses, such as mineral exploitation or construction of human settlements, industrial structures, roads, railways, airports and other civil works needed for providing transport, communication and similar infrastructural facilities for human habitation.

81. A large proportion of the non-arable land is also used in urbanization and in construction of home- steads in rural areas all over the thickly populated basin of the Ganga.

82. The states falling under Ganga basin have only 15.60 per cent of their land areas covered by forest, as compared to India as a whole which has 21.84 per cent of land under forest cover. In some states, especially Haryana, Delhi, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Rajasthan and West Bengal, the forest cover is as low as 0.9 to 13.2 per cent of the geographical area. Most of forest tracts within the Ganga basin are severely degraded on account of over exploitation. As a result, the forest ecosystem in the Ganga basin is under severe stress. Even in the better forested states of Chhattisgarh (46.72 per cent), Madhya Pradesh (28.21 per cent), Jarkhand (28.09 per cent) and Himachal Pradesh (20.23 per cent), the proportion of land actually under dense tree cover within the government forest tracts is very low due to extensive clear felling of trees carried out in recent decades.

2.8.1. NATURAL VEGETATION – GANGA BASIN 83. The type of vegetation depends on edaphic, climatic and biotic factors, among which the effect of the climatic factor is most significant. The main climatic factors which control vegetative activity are temperature, sunlight and precipitation. In India, four temperature zones are distinguishable: tropical, sub- tropical, temperate and alpine. Among these, the tropical and subtropical temperature zones are most predominant in the entire Ganga basin. The climatic details for these temperature zones are given below in Table 2-11.

Table 2-11: Temperature Zones of India Zone Mean Annual Temp (oC) Mean Temp Jan. (oC) Remarks Tropical Over 24 Over 18 No frost Sub-Tropical 17 to 24 10 to 18 Frost is rare Source: Environmental Atlas of India, CPCB

84. The climatic diversities result into a number of vegetation zones. India’s major vegetation zones can be classified into 16 major types, of which six are tropical, three are sub-tropical, three are temperate and one each of alpine, littoral and swamp types. The vegetation type of the Ganga basin is largely comprised of tropical moist and dry deciduous types, but also includes a few additional varaties. The vegetation type of Ganga basin are described below and illustrated in Figure 2.6.

31 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011)

Figure 2-6: Vegetation types of Ganga basin Source: Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India a. Tropical Moist Deciduous Vegetation

85. This vegetation type thrives in areas having moderate rainfall of 1500-2000mm, a mean annual temperature of 26oC to 27oC and an average relative humidity of 60 to 80 per cent. It is also known as the monsoon forest as the trees shed their leaves during dry season. It is found on the Western Ghats, eastern coastal plain, eastern plateau, Himalayan foothills and in some parts of Sutlej-Ganga plains. Common trees are sal, teak, sandal wood, arjun, jarul, ebony mulberry, kusum siris, palas, mahua, simul and dhup. b. Tropical Dry Deciduous Vegetation

86. The dry deciduous vegetation type grows in areas where rainfall is less than 150mm and the dry period is relatively long. Trees grow shorter than in tropical moist deciduous category and the undergrowth is shrubby and grassy. During the hot, dry phase (March to May months), the trees shed their leaves. This type is found in eastern Rajasthan, Kathiawar, rainshadow area of the Deccan plateau, central India and Punjab. Common plants are teak, sal, bijasal, laurel, palas, khair and kendu.

c. Sub-Tropical Coniferous Vegetation

87. This type is a pure association of chir pine without underwood and a few shrubs. It is found throughout the whole length of the northwest Himalaya between elevations of 1000-1800m.

32 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011) d. Himalayan Dry Temperature Vegetation

88. This type is found in the inner dry ranges of the Western Himalaya where precipitation is below 1000 mm. and is predominantly a coniferous forest with xerophytic shrubs. Epiphytes and climbers are rare. Important species are chilgoza, deodar, oak, maple, ash, celtis, parrotia, olive, etc. e. Himalayan Moist Temperate Vegetation

89. In the western Himalaya, between 1500m and 3000m elevation, forests of deodar, spruce, maple, walnut, poplar, cedar, chestnut, birch, oak etc. occur. These are 30 to 50m high. Undergrowth is mostly evergreen. Mosses and ferns grow freely on trees. The extent of forest cover among the various states within Ganga basin is given in Table 2-12.

Table 2-12: State-wise Forest Cover in Ganga Basin states (2017) Forest Cover Change in Very % of Geographical Moderatly Open Forest State Dense Total Geographical Area (Sqkm) Dense Forest Forest Cover v. Forest (Sqkm) Area Cover (Sqkm) (Sqkm) 2015 (Sqkm) Bihar 94,163 332 3,260 3,707 7,299 7.75 45 Chhattisgarh 135,192 7,064 32,215 16,268 55,547 41.09 -12 Delhi 1,483 6.72 56.24 129.45 192.41 12.97 3.64 Haryana 44,212 28 452 1,108 1,588 3.59 8 Himachal 55,673 3,110 6,705 5,285 15,100 27.12 393 Pradesh Jharkhand 79,716 2,598 9,686 11,269 23,553 29.55 29 Madhya 308,252 6,563 34,571 36,280 77,414 25.11 -12 Pradesh Rajasthan 342,239 78 4,340 12,154 16,572 4.84 466 Uttar 240,928 2,617 4,069 7,993 14,679 6.09 278 Pradesh Uttarakhand 53,483 4,969 12,884 6,442 24,295 45.43 23 West Bengal 88,752 2,994 4,147 9,706 16,847 18.98 21 Ganga Basin 1,444,093 30,360 112,385 110,341 253,086 17.53 1242.64 states India 3,287,469 98,158 308,318 301,797 708,273 21.54 6778 Source: Forest Survey of India, 2017

90. The Ganga basin has gained significant forest cover in between the 2015 and 2017 surveys. Increase of forest cover in Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh can be attributed to plantation, regeration of fast growing species and conservation efforts. The decline in forest cover in Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh is due to expansion of agriculture, development activities, submergence, mining and rotational felling.

2.8.2. Environmentally Sensitive Areas 91. The Environmentally sensitive areas comprise Biosphere Reserves, Wildlife Sanctuaries, National Parks and Tiger Reserves among others. The environmentally sensitive areas within the Ganga basin are briefly summarized hereunder.

33 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011) a. Biosphere Reserves 92. The Government of India has established 18 Biosphere Reserves of India, (categories roughly correspond to IUCN Category V protected areas), which protect larger areas of natural habitat (i.e. more than a National Park or Animal Sanctuary) and often include one or more National Park and / or Reserves, along buffer zones that are open to some economic uses. Protection is granted not only to the flora and fauna of the protected region, but also to the human communities which inhabit these regions and their ways of life.

93. The Ganga basin has four Biosphere reserves, namely the Nanda Devi Biosphere, the Sundarbans National Park, the Achnakmar-Amarkantak biosphere and the Panna Biosphere. Three of these biospheres (except the Panna Biosphere Reserve) are also a part of the World Network of Biosphere reserves. The details of these biosphere reserves are given below in Table 2-13.The location of Biosphere reserves within the Ganga basin are shown in Annex-Appendix 2.

Table 2-13: Biosphere Reserves coming under Ganga Basin S. Adjacent Name Location (Distract) State Type Area (SqKm) No. Tributary 1 Sunderbans* North and South 24- West Bengal Ganga Gangetic 9630 Paraganas Delta 2 Nanda Devi* Pithoragarh Uttarakhand Ramganga West 5860.69 Himalayas 3 Achanakmar - Annupur, Dinodori Madhya Narmada, Maikala 3853.51 Amarkantak districts of Madhya Pradesh and Johilla and Hills Pradesh and Bilaspur Chhattisgarh Son district of Chhattisgarh 4 Panna Panna, Chhattarpur Madhya Son Catchment 2998.98 Pradesh Area of the Ken River Source: Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change b. National Parks

94. A National Park is a reserve of natural or semi-natural land, declared or owned by the Government of India and set aside for human recreation and enjoyment, animal and environmental protection and is restricted from most development. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and its World Commission on Protected Areas has classified National Parks under its Category II type of protected areas.

95. At present India has 104 National Parks, spread all across the country, out of which 34 National Parks are within the Ganga basin. The total area cover of National Parks in the Ganga Basin is a little over 19374.69 sq.km., with about half coming from Uttarakhand. A list of national parks within the Ganga basin, including district, adjacent tributary and settlement information is given below in Table 2.14. It should be noted that the Ganga basin’s boundaries are not exact, and national parks were deemed to be part of the basin if the districts in which they are located were determined to fall within the basin.

34 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011) Table 2-14: National Parks within Ganga Basin Location Adjacent Adjacent Name State Area (SqKm) (District) Tributary Settlement Paschim Valmiki National Park Bihar Koshi Valmikinagar 335.65 Champaran Guru Ghasidas National Koriya and Chhattisgarh Banas Sidhi 1440.71 Park Surguja Kanger Valley National Chhattisgarh Bastar Kanger Jagdalpur 200.00 Park Yamunanaga Kalesar National Park Haryana Yamuna Yamunanagar 46.82 r Sultanpur National Park Haryana Gurgaon Yamuna Gurgaon 1.43 Betla National Park Jharkhand Palamu Koel Latehar 226.33 Madhya Sanjay National Park Sidhi/Sarguja Son Sidhi 1938.00 Pradesh Madhya Panna, Panna National Park Son Satna 543.00 Pradesh Chatarpur Bandhavgarh National Madhya Shandol Son Katni 105.40 Park Pradesh Madhya Fossil National Park Mandla Son Dindori 0.27 Pradesh Madhya Madhav National Park Shivpuri Chambal Shivpuri 337.00 Pradesh Madhya Van Vihar National Park Bhopal Narmada Bhopal 4.45 Pradesh Madhya Kanha National Park Mandla Narmada Mandla 940 Pradesh Madhya Hoshangaba Satpura National Park Narmada Pipariya 524 Pradesh d Indira Priyadarshini Madhya Chhindwara Pench Seoni 292.85 Pench National Park Pradesh and Seoni Madhya Dinosaur National Park Dhar Dhar 0.89 Pradesh Ranthambore National Swai Rajasthan Chambal Sawai Madhopur 392.00 Park Madhopur Sariska National Park Rajasthan Alwar Banas Alwar 273.80 Dessert National Park Rajasthan Jaisalmer Banas Jaisalmer, Barmer 3162 Keoladeo National Park Rajasthan Bharatpur Yamuna Agra 28.73 Mukundra Hills National Kota and Rajasthan Kota Chambal 200.45 Park Chittorgarh Gangotri National Park Uttarakhand Uttarkashi Ganga Gangi 1552.73 Govind Pashu Vihar National Park and Uttarakhand Uttarkashi Tons Dharkadhi 958 Sanctuary Haridwar, Dehradun, Rajaji National Park Uttarakhand Ganga Rishikesh 820.42 and Pauri Garhwal Nainital and Corbett National Park Uttarakhand Pauri Yamuna Yamunanagar 521.00 Garhwal Valley of Flowers Uttarakhand Pithoragrh Ramganga Joshimath 87.50 National Park Nanda Devi National Park Uttarakhand Chamoli Ramganga Chamoli 624.60

35 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011) Location Adjacent Adjacent Name State Area (SqKm) (District) Tributary Settlement Uttar Lakhimpur- Dudhwa National Park Ganga, Sarda Palia Kalan 1270 Pradesh Kheri North and Sundarbans National West Bengal South 24- Ganga Haldia 1330.10 Park Paraganas Malbazar, Torsa, Buxa National Park West Bengal Jalpaiguri Jalpaiguri, 760 Brahmaputra Mainaguri Jaldapara National Park West Bengal Jalpaiguri Torsa Uttar Madarihat 216.51 Gorumara National Park West Bengal Jalpaiguri Tista Mainaguri 73.45 Neora Valley National West Bengal Darjeeling Brahmaputra Lava 88 Park Rammam Singalila National Park West Bengal Darjeeling Manebhanjang 78.60 and Sirikhola Ganga Basin Total 34 National Parks 19374.69 Source: Wildlife Institute of India 2018, ENVIS Center on Wildlife and Protected Areas, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change c. Wildlife Sanctuaries

96. India has 543 animal sanctuaries, commonly referred to as Wildlife Sanctuaries (IUCN Category IV protected area). Wildlife sanctuaries are designated as a National Wildlife Sanctuary when they are deemed of national importance to conservation, usually due to some flagship faunal species.

97. Out of this 543, 119 are located in the Ganga basin, spread across Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Delhi, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal. The total area set aside for these sanctuaries is 26,120 km2. An exhaustive list of wildlife sanctuaries within the Ganga basin by state is given Annex-Appendix 3 and locations are shown in Annex-Appendix 2. It should be noted wildlife sanctuaries were deemed to be part of the basin in the same manner as national parks, namely based on whether the districts in which they are located were determined to fall within the basin. d. Tiger Reserves

98. Among the 543 wildlife sanctuaries across India, 50 have special significance for the conservation of the Bengal Tiger and therefore designated as Tiger Reserves. Project Tiger, a wildlife conservation program initiated in India in 1972 to protect the Bengal Tigers, governs these reserves, which are meant to be representative of various regions throughout India. The programme strives to maintain a viable population of this conservation-reliant species in their natural environment. The Bengal Tiger faces extinction due largely to the threat of poaching for their pelts.

99. Out of the 50 designated tiger reserves, 13 are located near the project area in the Ganga Basin, and comprise a total area of over 15419 km2. The list of tiger reserves in Ganga basin, with associated district and adjacent tributary information, are given in Table 2-15. Tiger reserves were deemed to be part of the basin in the same manner as national parks, namely based on whether the districts in which they are located were determined to fall within the basin.

36 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011) Table 2-15 : Tiger Reserves within Ganga Basin Name State Location (District) Adjacent Tributary Area (Sq.Km)

Valmiki Bihar Paschim Champaran Gandak 899.38 Guru Haridas Chhattisgarh Koriya Banas 1440 Palamu Jharkhand Palamu Auranga 1130.00 Bandhavgarh Madhya Pradesh Shahdol and Jabalpur Johilla and Son 716.90 Panna Madhya Pradesh Ken Panna and Chhatarpur 576.13 Pench Madhya Pradesh Seoni and Chhindwara Pench 1179.63 Ranthambhore Rajasthan Sawai Madhopur and Chambal and Banas 1113.36 Karauli Sariska Rajasthan Alwar Chambal and Banas 681.11 Mukundra Hills Rajasthan Kota Ranapratap Sagar 759.99 Dudhwa Uttar Pradesh Lakhimpur Kheri and Suheli 3326.00 Bahraich Jim Corbett Uttarakhand Nainital and Pauri Yamuna 821.99 Garhwal Rajajji Tiger Uttarakhand Dehra Dun Ganga 1075.17 Reserve Sunderbans West Bengal North and South Ganga 1699.92 24-Paraganas Ganga Basin Total 13 Reserves 15419.58 Source: Wildlife Institute of India 2018, ENVIS Center on Wildlife and Protected Areas, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change e. Endangered Species in Ganga Basin 100. The names, species names and location of the various endangered species of the Ganga Basin are given below in Table 2-16.

Table 2-16 : Endangered Species of Ganga Basin Name Species Location Vultures Gyps Bengalensis, Gyps Tenuirostris and Basin-wide Gyps Indicus Ganga Dolphin Platanista Gangetica Ganga River Bengal Florican Houbaropis Bengalensis Uttar Pradesh Bengal Tiger Panthera Tigris Thirs Madhya Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Rajasthan and West Bengal Gharial (Crocidile) Gavialis Gangeticus Ganga River (specifically Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh) Red-Crowned Roofed Batagur Kachuga Ganga Basin Turtle (Bengal Roof Turtle) Ganga Shark Glyphis gangeticus Ganga River and Hoogly River Large-Tooth Sawfish Pristis microdon Mahanadi River, estuaries of Ganga and Bramhaputra Siberian Crane Grus leucogeranus Wetland Area of Keoladeo National Park in Rajasthan Spoon-Billed Sandpiper Eurynorhynchus pygmeus West Bengal Source: Critically Endangered Animal Species of India 2011, Ministry of Environment and Forest

101. Among these, the Ganga Dolphins warrant additional focus. Ganga Dolphins are one of only four varieties of exclusively freshwater dolphins in the world, with the others residing in China, Pakistan and in the Amazon river basin, which spans multiple countries in Latin America. Though scant, available studies indicated that there were about 10,000 dolphins in the Ganga river during the late 19th century. Recent

37 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011) findings estimated the current population at 3,2943. Recognizing the ecological role of the species in river ecosystems and its need for protection, Gangetic dolphins was listed in the Schedule I of Wild Life ACT 1972 and was designated as the National Aquatic Animal in 2009. It is also considered as an endangered species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The distribution of Dolphins in River Ganga is at Figure 2-7 and the factors which affect the dolphins is given in Figure 2-8.

Figure 2-7: Historic Distribution of Dolphins in Ganga River

3 Wildlife Institute of India, Conserving Gangetic Dolphin, Smart Strategy Implementation and Adaptive Management for the Ganga River (WII – GACMC, 2019)

38 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011)

• Reduced Depths Very High • Fishing Risks

• Motorised Boats • Riverbed Agriculture High Risks • Drain

• Sand Mining • Solid Waste Medium • Open Cremation Risk

• Cultural Offering • Mass Bathing Low Risk

Figure 2-8: Factors affecting dolphins

102. This reduction in population size is attributed to many factors amongst which reduced depths, fishing, motorized boats, pollution from river bed agriculture and sewerage play significant role. NMCG has been engaged in ‘biodiversity conservation and Ganga rejuvenation’ project which focuses on science- based species restoration by involving multiple stakeholders. As part of this initiative survey on the distribution of Gangetic Dolphin was conducted in 2018 and 2019 and some recommendation were provided for protecting it. The survey indicate that the moratality rate of Gangetic Dolphin has been in the reducing trend as compared to the previous years, one of the reason could improved water quality and water availability in the river. As recommended by this study, Ganga 2 project will continue contributiong positively for rejuvenation of Ganga Dolphins by reducing pollution to the river.

103. Gharial face similar threats as the Ganga dolphins, as they mostly share the same habitat. Bengal Floricans are threatened by the continuous conversion of their grassland habitats to agricultural purposes. The various vulture species throughout India face extinction due to a number of reasons, the most significant of which is the use of diclofenac as a painkiller for animals. The vultures absorb the diclofenac by consuming the carcasses of dead animals. The vultures are then unable to metabolize the drug, which causes a gout-like illness and eventually, death. The threats and conditions of the Bengal Tigers have been detailed above. f. Mangrove Forests and the Sunderbans

39 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011) 104. Mangrove forests consist of salt-tolerant plant species and occur along the inter-tidal zones of rivers and seas. The plants form narrow strips or extensive patches in the estuarine habitats and/or river deltas of tropical and sub-tropical climates. Due to the fact that mangroves must survive the tidal fluctuations and storms surges associated with the harsh environment between land and sea, they display distinctive morphological and physiological adaptations that make them at once one of the more resilient and more unique ecosystems on the planet. These extensive adaptations allow for mangrove forests to become perhaps the most productive and diverse kind of wetland area in the world. However, mangroves provide more than just a habitat for a diverse array of species and wildlife; their ecosystem also serves as a plentiful source of firewood, timber, fodder, fruits, medicines, etc. for neighboring human settlements while providing a critical buffer zone against cyclones, sea-level rise and other natural threats.

105. Mangroves are classified by the density of their canopy cover. The categories are “very dense” (canopy cover of more than 70%), “moderately dense” (canopy cover of between 40-70%), and “open” (canopy cover between 10-40%). Among the states within Ganga basin, only West Bengal has mangrove forests cover, due to the fact that part of the Sunderbans mangrove forest falls within its boundaries. All told, the Sunerbans is 10,000 km2, however only 40% falls in India, with the rest residing in Bangladesh. Like most mangroves, the Sunderbans consist of a number of small, forested islands floating amidst tidal streams. It is also home to a number of rare fauna, most notably, the Bengal Tiger. The details of West Bengal’s mangrove cover are given below in Table 2-17.

Table 2-17: West Bengal Mangrove Cover Data (2017) Very Dense Moderately Dense Change since State Open Mangrove Total Mangrove Mangrove 2015 West Bengal 999 692 423 2,114 8 India 1,481 1,480 1,960 4,921 181 Source: State of Forest Report 2017, Forest Survey of India

106. As this table makes clear, West Bengal’s mangroves are critical to India’s overall mangrove cover, providing nearly half (43%) of the total. West Bengal also provides nearly 67% of India’s very dense mangrove cover, and almost half (47%) of India’s moderately dense mangroves. It provides a much smaller share (22%) of India’s open mangroves, as this type of cover is far less prevalent in this stretch of the Sunderbans mangrove forest. Fortunately, India has increased its mangrove cover by 181 km2 since 2015, with nearly 4.4% of that growth coming from West Bengal. While these numbers are encouraging, it seems clear that for India to continue to have thriving mangrove ecosystems, those in West Bengal must be nurtured and protected. g. Irrigation

107. The Gangetic plain is one of the most extensively irrigated basins in the world. As of 2015, the net irrigated area in the states falling under the Ganga basin was some 450,542 Sq. km., constituting more than 66 per cent of the net irrigated area of India as a whole. The net and gross irrigated areas are highest in Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh, which also the share major drainage area of the basin. Throughout much of the basin, the fields are repeatedly irrigated for raising crops more than once within a year. When considering all these multiple irrigated areas together, the gross irrigated area in all the basin states is estimated to be of the order of 610,005 Sq. km. The intensity of irrigation within the Ganga basin is given in Table 2-18.

40 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011) Table 2-18 : State-wise intensity of Irrigation in the Ganga Basin (2014-2015) Net Area Irrigated Gross Area Irrigated Net Irrigated S. Net Sown Area State from all sources from all the Sources to Net Sown No. (Sq. km.) (sq. km.) (sq. km.) (%) 1 Bihar 29868.42 52675.21 52783.16 56.59 2 Chhattisgarh 14657.77 17869.37 4680.74 313.15 3 Delhi 218.89 290.38 218.89 100.00 4 Haryana 29735.71 58242.62 35217.51 84.43 5 Himachal Pradesh 1127.49 1929.12 5499.64 20.50 6 Jharkhand 2065.79 2214.67 13845.15 14.92 7 Madhya Pradesh 95840.93 103006.12 153512.51 62.43 8 Rajasthan 78817.1 101707.85 175214.96 44.98 9 Uttar Pradesh 143894.38 209647.65 165980.43 86.69 10 Uttarakhand 3299.64 5424.83 7001.71 47.13 11 West Bengal 31016.01 56997.79 52383.86 59.21 Ganga Basin States 430542.13 610005.61 666338.56 64.61 India as a whole 683834.52 964574.91 1401300.18 48.80 Source: Land Use Statistics at a Glance 2005-06 to 2014-15, Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmer’s Welfare 108. As per the data compiled by Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmer’s Welfare (2015), nearly 430,542 sq.km. of land area is irrigated from all available water sources. The most extensively used water source is the groundwater wells which irrigated nearly 283,159 sq.km of land area during the year 2014-15 (Table 2-19). A large proportion of the water used eventually trickles into the subsoil layers through the cultivated fields, recharging groundwater supplies. The entire quantity of water used comes from the net balance of rain water received each year, after deducting losses through evaporation and transpiration. On average, each Sq. Km of the Ganga Basin receives a million cubic meters of water as rainfall. 30 per cent of this is lost as evaporation, while the remainder eventually exits the land surface as run off and/or seeps down into the subsoil as groundwater recharge, a portion of which often oozes out at lower levels into streams. In the course of the water’s movement either overland or below the surface, various chemical compounds dissolve in it. Some of these extraneous chemical constituents are derived from the residues of pesticides and chemical fertilizers, which are added to the soil every year for better yield of crops.

Table 2-19: State / Source-wise net area irrigated (2014-2015) in the Ganga basin Name of the Canals Tank Wells Other Sources Total Area (All S.No. State/UT (Sq. Km.) (Sq. Km.) (Sq. Km.) (Sq. Km.) Sources) (Sq. Km.) 1 Bihar 9338.38 572.78 18803.63 1153.63 29868.42 2 Chhattisgarh 9018.01 426 4480.05 733.71 14657.77 3 Delhi 22.41 0 185.42 11.06 218.89 4 Haryana 11511.27 0 18223.41 1.03 29735.71 5 Himachal Pradesh 40.36 0.62 252.11 834.40 1127.49 6 Jharkhand 67.47 485.14 1010.42 502.76 2065.79 7 Madhya Pradesh 16464.60 2730.67 64029.65 12616.01 95840.93 8 Rajasthan 19287.40 696.99 57332.78 1499.93 78817.10 9 Uttar Pradesh 24818.54 1836.47 116570.23 669.14 143894.38 10 Uttarakhand 787.43 0 2271.32 240.58 3299.64 11 West Bengal 0 0 0 31016.01 31016.01 Ganga Basin states 91355.87 6748.67 283159.02 49278.26 430542.13 India 161824.65 17228.14 429593.92 75187.81 683834.52 Source: Land Use Statistics at a Glance 2005-06 to 2014-15, Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmer’s Welfare

41 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011) 109. The total net irrigated area from all sources constitutes nearly 62.96 percent of India’s 683,835 Sq.Km. total net irrigated area. About 33.42 per cent of the net irrigated area is in Uttar Pradesh alone. In fact, three Gangetic States – Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and West Bengal – have between them 69.82 per cent of the basin total area irrigated.

Major/ Medium Water Resources Projects in the Ganga Basin a. Irrigation Projects 110. In the Ganga basin, there are several major systems of canals. The upper Gangetic main canal, taking off from Haridwar, is 230 km long and carries a discharge of about 300 cubic metres per second. Further down, the lower Gangetic canal has a discharge of more than 150 cubic metres per second. Including these projects, there are a total of 155 major irrigation projects in the Ganga basin. The number of major, medium and Extension/Renovation/ Modernisation (E.R.M) irrigation projects in existence or under construction in Ganga basin is given in Table 2-20. As the table shows, over half of the completed major irrigation projects take place in Uttar Pradesh. Medium irrigation projects, however, appear far more commonly than major ones, with nearly two-thirds falling in either Madhya Pradesh or Rajasthan. Future development plans will place greater emphasis on major projects, with Madhya Pradesh, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh receiving the largest number of projects. The emphasis on major projects in the future points to aggressive efforts on continued agricultural development, likely aimed at addressing concerns over food security. E.R.M. initiatives, which currently make up a small fraction of completed projects, will also make up a greater proportion of future projects, suggesting an additional trend towards the improvement of existing infrastructure.

Table 2-20: Irrigation Projects Completed/Ongoing for States in Ganga Basin (2017) Major Projects Medium Projects E.R.M. State Completed Ongoing Completed Ongoing Completed Ongoing Haryana 14 - - - - 1 Uttar Pradesh 62 8 38 1 1 3 Delhi Not Not Not Not available Not available Not available available available available Uttarakhand 5 - 5 2 - - Bihar 16 9 27 7 2 - Chhattisgarh 10 2 34 2 - 2 Jharkhand 2 9 103 14 - - West Bengal 5 2 21 5 1 - Rajasthan 17 2 116 5 2 1 Madhya Pradesh 24 17 102 10 - - Himachal Pradesh - 1 5 2 - - Ganga Basin 155 50 451 48 6 7 states Source: Water Resources Information System, Central Water Commission, GoI

111. The total number of medium or major irrigation projects – 491 as of the latest published survey in 2016 – represents a command area of about 36.12% of the basin, or about 472,226 Sq.km. Nearly half of this command area falls in Uttar Pradesh which, at 97.13% coverage, is almost entirely blanketed by 109 irrigation projects. Haryana achieves the second highest percentage of command area coverage with 87.5%, but its 38,683 Sq.km is bested by Bihar’s 59,392 Sq.km. On the low end, a mere 0.64% of Himachal Pradesh’s total geographic area is covered by irrigation. Information on the number of major/medium irrigation projects and their respective command areas as a percentage of total area in the Ganga Basin states is given in Table 2-21.

42 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011) Table 2-21: Information on Major/Medium Irrigation Projects and Catchment Area in Ganga Basin States (2016) Total Total % of Number of Irrigation Commands States Geographical Command Geographical Major Medium Total Area (Sq km) Area (Sq km) Area Uttarakhand 53483 2517.1 4.71 5 7 12 Uttar Pradesh 240928 234007.63 97.13 70 39 109 Haryana 44212 38683.56 87.5 14 0 14 Himachal Pradesh 55673 358.3 0.64 0 1 1 Delhi 1,484 NA NA NA NA NA Bihar 94163 59392.55 63.07 25 34 59 Jharkhand 79714 3994.77 5.01 9 71 80 Rajasthan 342239 50518.9 14.76 7 94 101 Madhya Pradesh 308245 48628.88 15.78 17 67 84 Chhattisgarh 135191 27038.2 20 NA NA NA West Bengal 88752 34124.93 38.45 7 24 31 Ganga Basin States 1307409 472226.62 36.12 154 337 491 Source: India-WRIS WebGIS, 25 October 2016

112. These irrigation projects derive their water from a variety of sources. Canals cater to some 24 per cent of the net irrigated area. Wells, however, provide the nearly twice that amount, especially in Uttar Pradesh (81%), Madhya Pradesh (67%), Delhi (85%) and Rajasthan (73%), with net irrigated area served by wells given in parentheses. The sources of water for irrigation in percentage of net irrigated area within Ganga basin is given in Table 2-22.

Table 2-22: Sources of Water for Irrigation within Ganga Basin (2014-2015) S.No. State Canals Tanks Wells Other sources 1 Uttarakhand 24% 0% 69% 7% 2 Uttar Pradesh 17% 1% 81% 0% 3 Haryana 39% 0% 61% 0% 4 Himachal Pradesh 4% 0% 22% 74% 5 Delhi 10% 0% 85% 5% 6 Bihar 31% 2% 63% 4% 7 Jharkhand 3% 23% 49% 24% 8 Rajasthan 24% 1% 73% 2% 9 Madhya Pradesh 17% 3% 67% 13% 10 Chhattisgarh 62% 3% 31% 5% 11 West Bengal 0% 0 0 100% Ganga Basin states 21% 2% 66% 11% India as a whole 24% 3% 63% 11% Note: All figures indicate % of net irrigated area; Source: Land Use Statistics at a Glance 2005-06 to 2014-15, Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmer’s Welfare b. Projects for Consumptive Use 113. Major water diversion and storage projects in the Ganga basin date back at least to 1355, during Ferozshah Tuglaq’s rule. It is these sorts of projects that allowed basin inhabitants to cultivate of the Ganga basin’s plentiful soils and develop the intensive agricultural civilizations which exist today. While all of the major projects ultimately function as conduits for irrigation water, they also provide a means of flood control by diverting or storing excess water during the monsoon season. For example, the Agra Canal located at the Okhla Barrage in Delhi sees an increase of from 30.8 m3/s to 56 m3/s during the monsoon season. In all, there are 12 major diversion/storage projects in the Ganga basin for consumptive uses, representing a total of between 2556.6 to 2581.8 m3/s water diverted and 6797 MCM stored annually. The name, location, capacity and additional information on these projects are given in Table 2-23.

43 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011) Table 2-23: Diversion /Storage Projects for Consumptive Use in Ganga Basin Year of Name and Diversion/ Discharge(m3/s)/ Completion/ Purpose Location Storage storage in (MCM) Commissioning Upper Ganga 297 m3/s Irrigation (0.924 1854 Diversion Canal, Haridwar million Ha) Agra Canal, Okhla 30.8 m3/s during Non- Irrigation 1874 Barrage, Delhi Diversion monsoon and 56 m3/s during monsoon Lower Ganga 157 m3/s Irrigation (0.5 1880 Diversion Canal, Narora million ha) Gandhisagar Dam/ 6797 MCM Live Irrigation over 1960 M.P. Storage Storage 0.757 million ha. 115 MW East Ganga Canal 237 m3/s Irrigation 1990-91 Bhimgoda Diversion during Kharif 0.233 Haridwar million ha In between Eastern Yamuna 85 m3/s Irrigation 1719-1748 AD Canal Diversion during Mughal Dynasty 1355 AD Western Yamuna During Canal Diversion 190 m3/s Irrigation Ferozshah Tuglaq rule Sharda Sahayak Irrigation 2000 Canal, Diversion 650 m3/s (1.674 million ha) Lakhimpur Kheri Gandak Canal Irrigation 1985 Diversion 147 m3/s 0.96 million ha) Kosi Canal Irrigation 1963 Diversion 425 m3/s (0.44 million ha) Kota Barrage Irrigation 1960 Diversion 230 m3/s (0.5 million ha) Madhya Ganga Irrigation 1994 Diversion 234 m3/s Canal, Bijnor (0.306 million ha) Source Status Paper on Ganga River, NRCD, MoEF 2015

114. As this table makes clear, many of these storage projects are quite old, with nearly half having been completed before the 20th century. Since the 1990s, only 3 additional projects have been created, although the most recent project – the Sharda Sahayak Canal – represents by far the largest project in terms of water diverted and area irrigated. Nevertheless, renovation of older works as well as the construction of newer ones will likely be necessary for the Ganga basin to meet its future agricultural demands. The projected increase of E.R.M. projects, mentioned above, suggests that this problem is being addressed. c. Hydroelectric Storage Projects in the Ganga Basin

115. With extensive monotonous regions and a multitude of tributaries, the Ganga basin is rich in hydroelectric potential. The 8 existing projects and 3 additional works under construction are a testament to the regions importance to India’s overall hydroelectricity portfolio. The fact that almost half of the existing projects have been completed in the past decade and 3 more projects are currently under construction suggests that India will continue to look to the basin to meet the growing energy demands of its rapidly developing economy. The list of hydroelectric storage projects in the Ganga basin, along with name, location, storage and generation capacity are listed in Table 2-24.

44 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011) Table 2-24: Storage Projects for Hydroelectricity Generation in Ganga Basin Year of Name and Completion/ Storage Storage (MCM) Purpose Location Commissioning Rihand Dam/ 8900 MCM Live Hydro Electricity Sonbhadra, UP Storage 300 MW + Water 1962 Storage Supply to Thermal Plants Obra Dam 211 MCM Hydro Electricity 1970-71 Storage Sonbhadra, UP Gross Storage 99 MW Chambal Valley 10500 MCM 370 MW 1973 Project (Excluding Storage Live Storage Hydro Electricity Kota Barrage) Ramganga 2190 MCM-Gross Hydroelectric (198 Multipurpose Storage MW) and Irrigation 1974 Storage Project at Kalagarh (.575 million Ha in Bijnor Flood Co ntrol 1991 Tons I at Bansagar Diversion Barrage Hydro Electricity Hydroelectric (15 1997 Eastern Gandak Storage Barrage MW) 2899MCM Dams 5 lakh ha. irrigation 1999 Chambal Valley Project Diversion and Barrage 5410 MCM Hydro Electricity (90MW) 2001-02 Tons II & III at Bansagar Storage Live Storage For drinking and regulation 2002 Ganga Barrage at Kanpur Storage - purpose 2400 MW of Hydropower and Irrigation to Tehri Dam 2006 Storage 2615 MCM Live 0.27 million ha on Bhagirathi Land. Drinking water supply to Delhi @ 10 m3/s Dhauliganga Hydro Electricity 2006 Storage - Pithoragarh 280 MW Under Tapovan Vishnugarh Hydro Electricity 520 MW Run of the construction Project, Joshimath Dhauliganga River since 2005 (Chamoli) Lakhwar Phase I Installed Capacity Under 580 MCM Live and Phase II on Storage 540 MW construction Storage River Yamuna Irrigation (0.15 Million Ha) Jamrani Under 144 MCM Live + Multipurpose Dam Storage construction Storage 30 MW Hydro + near Kathgodam drinking 3.63 MCM Gross Under Storage Vishnugarh-Pipalkoti HEP Storage 444 MV Construction 2.47 MCM Live Storage 3.06 MCM Gross Under Storage Sela Urthing HEP Storage 230 MV Construction 1.705 MCM Live Storage Under Bokang Bailing HE Project 50.67 MCM Storage 330 MW Construction at Pithoragarh District Gross Storage

45 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011) Year of Name and Completion/ Storage Storage (MCM) Purpose Location Commissioning 35.13 MCM Live Storage Rupin Hydro Electric Under 85200 cum live Project in Tehsil Dodra- Storage 45 MW Construction storage Kwar, Shimla District Hydroelectric Project Under over Madhu Ganga Storage 596 MCM 76 MW Construction River, Uttarakhand Under Bowlanand Prayag Construction Hydroelectric Project, - - 300 MW Completion: Uttarakhand Dec 2025 Source Status Paper on Ganga River, NRCD, MOEF 2015

3. GANGA BASIN – POLLUTION ASPECTS

3.1. GENERAL

116. Increasing population, urbanization, industrialization, and the use of agricultural chemicals continue to pose a significant threat to water quality in the Ganga basin today. As shown in Table 3-1, the number of cities and towns in the Ganga basin has increased from 1873 in 1991 to 1949 in 2001, while the urban population has increased from 88 million in 1991 to 128 million in 2001. Of this Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand alone host more than one fourth of the total urban population in the basin and more than one third of the cities and towns. The state-wise number of Ganga river front towns is preented in Table 3-2. Detailed information on population of class I and class II cities in the Ganga basin is given in Annex- Appendix 4.

Table 3-1 : Distribution of towns and cities in Ganga basin Total number of Number Total Population Per cent of Class I City towns and cities of class S. total population State I cities No population in year 1991 2001 2011 1991 2001 2011 in year in basin 2011 2011 1 Uttarakhand 74 2,560,404 1.805 74 2,560,404 Uttar 702 670 27,544,233 34,539,582 2 648 40,938,038 28.862 61 26,228,317 Pradesh 3 Haryana 90 97 80 4,054,744 6,115,304 7,928,280 5.590 20 6,014,739 Himachal 4 55 56 56 449,196 595,581 670,493 0.473 1 169,578 Pradesh 5 Delhi 7 4 3 8,471 ,625 12,905,780 11,402,709 8.039 3 11,402,709 6 Bihar 139 11,266,945 7.943 26 6755370 211 215 6,715,096 14,675,541 7 Jharkhand 40 5,351,345 3.773 9 3,913,194 8 Rajasthan 215 216 185 10,077,371 13,214,375 15,807,765 11.145 29 10,480,755 Madhya 9 368 364 18,963,873 13.370 32 11,162,693 Pradesh 433 12,152,967 20,152,892 10 Chhattisgarh 84 168 5,801,907 4.090 10 3,315,980 11 West Bengal 160 239 129 18,707,601 22,427,251 21,148,659 14.910 59 17,791,539 Ganga Basin 1873 1949 3897 88,172,833 90,086,724 141,840,418 100.00 324 99,795,278 Source: Census 2011 Table 3-2: Important Ganga river front towns identified in 2017 S. No. State Total number of cities/towns taken up in basin 1 Uttarakhand 16 2 Uttar Pradesh 21 3 Bihar 18 4 Jharkhand 2 5 West Bengal 40 Total 97 Source: NMCG, 2019

3.2. URBAN WATER SUPPLY

117. Water consumption in the basin for domestic and industrial purposes has a direct impact on the river water quality, as a large proportion of the wastewaters from urban areas are discharged directly into

47 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011) the Ganga River and its tributaries. As is seen from the water supply data given in Table 3-3, out of the 232 Class I cities and 149 Class II cities in Ganga basin, as many as 95 or more are served with less than 100 lpcd of water, as against the CPHEEO norm of 135 lpcd for cities with piped water supply and sewerage system. The percent population covered by organized water supply is also extremely low, with figures of only 2 to 3% coverage in Class I and II cities of Bihar and Jharkhand. As water supply per capita is improved and more and more population is covered under the many ongoing urban infrastructure development programs of the Government of India and the state and local governments, wastewater volumes will also increase over time. Greater efforts is required in ensuring adequate wastewater disposal so as to curb the river pollution. Out of the 97 Ganga river front towns, the city-wise water supply of Class I and Class II cities is given in Table 3-4.

Table 3-3: Water supply in class I and class II cities in the Ganga basin states No of cities in different categories of per Percent Municipal Water No of capita water supply (lpcd) Population State/UT Population in supply cities covered by Year 2008 (MLD) Between Between <100 >300 organized 100-200 200-300 water supply Class I cities Bihar & 37 10747725 2300.25 - 11 26 - 3% Jharkhand Delhi 1 14701150 4346 - - 1 - 100% Haryana 20 5494110 783.39 2 16 1 1 12% Himachal 1 163490 36.18 - - 1 - - Pradesh Madhya 25 10795000 1560.91 10 14 1 - 41% Pradesh Rajasthan 24 9611490 1727.96 9 14 1 - 20% Uttar Pradesh & 65 26346330 4613.8 7 52 5 1 6% Uttarakhan d West 59 19699751 3702.6 17 38 1 3 56% Bengal Ganga Basin 232 97559046 19071.1 Class II cities Bihar & 24 1940100 232.04 - 24 - - 2% Jharkhand Haryana 7 544040 49.68 7 - - - 10% Madhya 23 1745050 163.64 18 4 1 - 31% Pradesh Rajasthan 21 1599260 184.76 18 2 - 1 47% Uttar Pradesh & 47 3451980 443.53 3 44 - 1 23% Uttarakhan d West 27 2004440 225.56 4 21 2 - 35% Bengal Ganga Basin 149 11284870 1299.21 Source: Status of water supply, wastewater generation and treatment in class-I cities and class-II towns of India, CPCB, 2010

Table 3-4: City-wise water supply levels for the 97 Ganga river front towns Population in Percapita water S.NO Cities Water supply (MLD) year 2011 supply (lpcd) Water Supply in Class I cities Bihar

48 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011) Population in Percapita water S.NO Cities Water supply (MLD) year 2011 supply (lpcd) 1 Patna 1684297 381.08 226.26 2 Bhagalpur (M.Corp) 400146 90.54 226.27 3 Begusarai 252008 28.99 115.04 4 Buxar 102861 11.83 114.99 5 Munger 213303 48.25 226.23 6 Jamalpur 105434 12.13 115.01 7 Chapra 202352 45.77 226.21 8 Danapur 182241 9.66 53.00 9 Hajipur 147688 33.42 226.29 Total 3290330 661.67 Uttar Pradesh 10 Prayagraj 1168385 211.03 180.61 11 Ballia 104424 1.23 11.77 12 Farrukhabad-cum-Fatehgarh 276581 46.33 167.51 13 Ghazipur 121020 15.39 127.19 14 Jhansi 505693 84.70 167.50 15 Kanpur 2768057 463.66 167.50 16 Mirzapur-cum-Vindhyachal 234871 39.34 167.51 17 Mughalsarai 109650 24.67 225.02 18 Varanasi 1198491 254.68 212.50 Total 6487172 1141.03 Uttarakhand 19 Rishikesh 119848 19.57 163.26 20 Haridwar 811338 239.72 295.46 Total 931186 259.29 West Bengal 21 Baidyabati 133221 22.48 168.72 22 Bally 293373 7.84 26.73 23 Bansberia 114179 15.40 134.87 24 Baranagar 245213 18.26 74.46 25 Barrackpore 154475 22.41 145.08 26 Behrampur 195224 38.16 195.45 27 Bhadreswar 111625 21.71 194.51 28 Bhatpara 383762 6.49 16.92 29 Champadani 122376 8.57 70.00 30 Chandannagar 183554 20.43 111.32 31 Haldia 200827 3.58 17.83 32 Halisahar 126893 21.42 168.77 33 Howrah 1077075 181.75 168.75 34 Hugli-Chinsurah 177259 35.84 202.17 35 Kalyani 100575 24.90 247.60 36 Kamarhati 347721 58.68 168.75 37 Kanchrapara 136055 22.96 168.78 38 Khardaha 113920 14.06 123.42 39 Kolkata 4787965 1477.03 308.49 40 Maheshtala 448317 9.01 20.11 41 Nabadwip 125528 21.19 168.80 42 Naihati 228795 23.67 103.45 43 Panihati 377347 36.17 95.85 44 Rishra 137035 17.78 129.75 45 Serampore 201673 18.89 93.65 46 Santipur 151777 25.60 168.70 47 Titagarh 122368 11.14 91.02 48 Uluberia 274846 5.32 19.36

49 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011) Population in Percapita water S.NO Cities Water supply (MLD) year 2011 supply (lpcd) 49 Uttarpara Kotrung 159147 26.86 168.76 Total 11232125 2217.60 Water Supply in Class II cities Bihar 50 Barauni 71660 2.76 33.64 51 Barh 61470 11.53 144.22 52 Fatuah 50961 9.67 135 53 Mokameh 60678 10.77 177.45 54 Sultanganj 52892 7.14 135 Total 297661 41.87 Jharkhand 55 Sahibganj 88214 10.15 115.03 Uttar Pradesh 56 Bijnor 93297 11.20 120.05 57 Gangaghat/Shuklaganj 84072 10.09 119.98 58 Kannauj 84862 10.18 119.99 Total 262231 31.47 West Bengal 59 Budge-Budge 76858 8.26 107.49 60 Chakdah 95203 11.43 120.06 61 Dhuliyan 95706 10.29 107.51 62 Diamond Harbour 50158 6.77 135.00 63 Garulia 89603 12.20 136.13 64 Gayespur 58998 6.62 112.27 65 Jangipur 88131 4.70 53.34 66 Jiyagunj/ Azimgunj 51790 6.99 135.00 67 Katwa 81966 2.76 33.64 68 Konnagar 79960 11.53 144.22 Total 768373 81.55 Water Supply in other Cities Bihar 69 Barahiya 43032 5.81 135.00 70 Bhaktiyarpur 47897 6.47 135.00 71 Kahelgaon 35497 4.79 135.00 72 Sonepur 37776 5.10 135.00 73 Total 164202 22.17 Jharkhand 74 Rajmahal 27850 3.76 135.00 Uttar Pradesh 75 Anoopsahar 29087 3.93 135.00 76 Babrala 18108 2.44 135.00 77 Bithoor 11300 1.53 135.00 78 Chunar 37185 5.02 135.00 79 Garhmukteshwar 46077 6.22 135.00 80 Hastinapur 26452 3.57 135.00 81 Narora 22775 3.07 135.00 82 Ramnagar 49132 6.63 135.00 83 Saidpur 24338 3.29 135.00 Total 264454 35.7 Uttarakhand 84 Gangotri 4564 0.62 135.00 85 Badrinath 22307 3.01 135.00 86 Uttarkashi (Budkot) 17475 2.36 135.00 87 Joshimath 20111 2.71 135.00

50 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011) Population in Percapita water S.NO Cities Water supply (MLD) year 2011 supply (lpcd) 88 Chamoli-Gopeshwar 24447 3.30 135.00 89 Nandprayag 1920 0.26 135.00 90 Karnaprayag 8801 1.19 135.00 91 Gaucher 10637 1.44 135.00 92 Rudraprayag 10612 1.43 135.00 93 Srinagar 24464 3.30 135.00 94 Kirtinagar 1722 0.23 135.00 95 Devprayag 4015 0.54 135.00 96 Tapovan 20000 2.70 135.00 Total 219362 23.09 West Bengal 97 Murshidabad 44024 5.94 135.00 Source: NMCG, 2019

3.3. MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER GENERATION AND DISPOSAL

118. Out of the 232 class I cities and 149 class II cities, wastewater generation data is available for 179 class I cities and 147 class II cities and is presented in Table. As seen from the Table 3-5, 36 class I cities and 14 class II cities discharge their wastewater directly into the Ganga river, 113 class I cities and 18 class II cities discharge the wastewater into the tributaries of the Ganga, while 30 class I cities and 115 class II cities have land disposal. In terms of volume, the 179 class I cities generate about 11000 MLD of wastewater, and the 147 class II cities generate about 1000 MLD of wastewater. Overall, nearly 2760 MLD of wastewater are discharged directly into the river Ganga from various locations. The city-wise wastewater generation data for class I and class II cities discharging into the Ganga River is given in Table 3-6. It is seen that West Bangal and Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand have the highest number of cities discharging wastewater directly into the Ganga. Although the number of cities is more in case of West Bengal, in terms of volume Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand are contributing the maximum wastewater flow into the river Ganga. Wastewater generation data for class I and class II cities discharging into the tributaries of the Ganga and on land is given in Annex-Appendix 6.

Table 3-5: Municipal wastewater generation and mode of disposal in the Ganga basin Sewage STP Capacity Sewage S.No. State/UT No. of cities Generation in Sanctioned Generation in 2016 (MLD) (MLD) 2035 (MLD) 1. Uttarakhand 16 84.60 98.61 32.30 2. Uttar Pradesh 21 967.50 1144.01 1220.90 3. Bihar 18 455.70 124.00 606.30 4. Jharkhand 2 13.00 12.00 16.00 5. West Bengal 40 1432.00 575.48 1638.10 Total 97 2952.8 1954.10 3513.6 Source: Data collected in year 2019 from NMCG, with basic source of report ‘based on Basin Condition Assessment & Feasibility Studies (CA & FS), NMCG 2011’

Table 3-6: Wastewater generation data for class I and class II cities (of 97 cities) discharging wastewater into the Ganga river Population Sewage STP Capacity Sewage S. No Cities in year Generation in Sanctioned Generation in 2011 2016 (MLD) (MLD) 2035 (MLD) Sewage Generation of Class I cities Bihar 1 Patna 1684297 217.7 109 286.1 2 Bhagalpur (M.Corp) 400146 46.6 11 59.6 3 Begusarai 252008 21.6 0 33.2

51 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011) Population Sewage STP Capacity Sewage S. No Cities in year Generation in Sanctioned Generation in 2011 2016 (MLD) (MLD) 2035 (MLD) 4 Buxar 102861 12.0 2 16.1 5 Munger 213303 24.4 0 29.7 6 Jamalpur 105434 12.0 0 13.9 7 Chapra 202352 23.2 2 28.9 8 Danapur 182241 26.1 0 41.2 9 Hajipur 147688 17.7 0 24.1 Uttar Pradesh 10 Prayagraj 1168385 187.7 272 234 11 Ballia 104424 11.7 0 13.3 12 Farrukhabad-cum-Fatehgarh 276581 33.1 2.7 45.4 13 Ghazipur 121020 15.6 0 20.3 14 Jhansi 505693 4.2 1.5 6.2 15 Kanpur 2768057 375.2 457 456.8 16 Mirzapur-cum-Vindhyachal 234871 26.8 18 33.2 17 Mughalsarai 109650 15.1 0 19 18 Varanasi 1198491 235.8 362 310.3 Uttarakhand 19 Rishikesh 119848 14.6 23 19.6 20 Haridwar 811338 50.6 63 73.5 West Bengal 21 Baidyabati 133221 15.3 6 18.3 22 Bally 293373 33.7 3. 41.1 23 Bansberia 114179 12.9 0.3 14.1 24 Baranagar 245213 27.7 0 30.5 25 Barrackpore 154475 17.4 5.35 20.1 26 Behrampur 195224 23.6 3.7 33.2 27 Bhadreswar 111625 12.7 7.6 14.8 28 Bhatpara 383762 48.3 61 57.8 29 Champadani 122376 12.8 1 14.2 30 Chandannagar 183554 20.7 22.7 24.2 31 Haldia 200827 25.5 0 35.8 32 Halisahar 126893 15.5 13 17.0 33 Howrah 1077075 135.7 45 160.1 34 Hugli-Chinsurah 177259 20.4 0 23.0 35 Kalyani 100575 11.9 21 16.0 36 Kamarhati 347721 39.7 40 44.4 37 Kanchrapara 136055 14.2 0 16.5 38 Khardaha 113920 13.0 3 14.2 39 Kolkata 4787965 580.8 179 614.5 40 Maheshtala 448317 52.4 4.2 67.5 41 Nabadwip 125528 14.2 10.5 16.6 42 Naihati 228795 25.8 18 29.8 43 Panihati 377347 43.6 12 53.6 44 Rishra 137035 15.8 0 18.1 45 Serampore 201673 22.7 19 26.7 46 Santipur 151777 17.4 0 21.5 47 Titagarh 122368 13.6 23.1 15.2 48 Uluberia 274846 29.9 0 35.9 49 Uttarpara Kotrung 159147 18.2 0 21.6 Total 21940813 2707.1 1821.65 3280.7

52 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011) Population Sewage STP Capacity Sewage S. No Cities in year Generation in Sanctioned Generation in 2011 2016 (MLD) (MLD) 2035 (MLD) Sewage Generation of Class II cities Bihar 50 Barauni 71660 8.1 0 9.7 51 Barh 61470 7.1 0 9.3 52 Fatuah 50961 6.2 0 9.2 53 Mokameh 60678 6.9 0 8.1 54 Sultanganj 52892 6.7 0 9.8 Jharkhand 55 Sahibganj 88214 10.1 12 12.4 Uttar Pradesh 56 Bijnor 93297 11 0 14.7 57 Gangaghat/Shuklaganj 84072 9.9 0 11.7 58 Kannauj 84862 9.8 13 12.9 West Bengal 59 Budge-Budge 76858 8.7 4.25 10.2 60 Chakdah 95203 10.9 0 12.6 61 Dhuliyan 95706 11.7 0 18.4 62 Diamond Harbour 50158 5.8 2 7.1 63 Garulia 89603 10.2 7.9 12.3 64 Gayespur 58998 6.8 8.23 8.5 65 Jangipur 88131 11.3 0 14.4 66 Jiyagunj/ Azimgunj 51790 7.1 1.39 8.4 67 Katwa 81966 9.4 2.3 11.7 68 Konnagar 79960 9.1 22 10.7 Total 1416479 166.8 73.07 212.1 Sewage Generation of other Cities Bihar 69 Barahiya 43032 4.9 0 5.9 70 Bhaktiyarpur 47897 6.0 0 9.9 71 Kahelgaon 35497 4.2 0 6.6 72 Sonepur 37776 4.3 0 5.0 Jharkhand 73 Rajmahal 27850 2.7 0 3.7 Uttar Pradesh 74 Anoopsahar 29087 3.4 2.56 4.8 75 Babrala 18108 2.2 0 3 76 Bithoor 11300 1.3 0 1.6 77 Chunar 37185 4.2 0 5 78 Garhmukteshwar 46077 5.9 9 9.4 79 Hastinapur 26452 3.2 0 4.4 80 Narora 22775 2.7 6.25 3.4 81 Ramnagar 49132 5.9 0 8.1 82 Saidpur 24338 2.8 0 3.4 Uttarakhand 83 Gangotri 4564 0.5 1 1.3 84 Badrinath 22307 1.7 0 2.4 85 Uttarkashi (Budkot) 17475 2.4 2 3.1 86 Joshimath 20111 2.5 0 3.9 87 Chamoli-Gopeshwar 24447 3.0 0 3.4 88 Nandprayag 1920 0.2 0.15 0.3 89 Karnaprayag 8801 1.0 0 1.3 90 Gaucher 10637 1.3 0 1.8 91 Rudraprayag 10612 1.6 0 4.2

53 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011) Population Sewage STP Capacity Sewage S. No Cities in year Generation in Sanctioned Generation in 2011 2016 (MLD) (MLD) 2035 (MLD) 92 Srinagar 24464 2.6 4.5 3.2 93 Kirtinagar 1722 0.2 0.06 0.3 94 Devprayag 4015 0.5 1.4 0.5 95 Tapovan 20000 0.0 3.5 0.0 96 Muni ki Reti 48287 1.9 0 3.0 West Bengal 97 Murshidabad 44024 5.6 1.96 7.5 Total 719892 78.7 32.38 110.4 GRAND TOTAL 24077184 2952.6 1927.1 3603.2 Source: Data collected in year 2019 from NMCG, with basic source of report ‘based on Basin Condition Assessment & Feasibility Studies (CA & FS), NMCG, 2011

3.4. INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER

Inspection of GPIs in 2019 ► 1072 Grossly Polluting Industries (GPIs) have been identified on main stem of river Ganga and its tributaries. The state wise and sector wise data is given below:

Table 3-7 : Sector-wise and State-wise GPIs in 2019 Sector Bihar Jharkhand Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal Total Chemical 0 1 11 2 2 16 Distillery 10 0 52 4 3 69 Fertilizer 0 0 6 0 1 7 Food & Beverages 16 4 46 3 7 76 Oil & Refinery 1 0 0 0 1 2 Others 1 1 29 7 10 48 Pesticide 0 0 2 0 1 3 Petrochemical 0 0 0 0 3 3 Pharmaceuticals 0 0 2 1 1 4 Pulp & Paper 5 0 45 28 15 93 Slaughter House 4 0 24 0 0 28 Sugar 11 0 104 5 2 122 Tannery 5 0 399 0 0 404 Textile 3 0 188 4 2 197 Total 56 6 908 54 48 1072 Source: NMCG, 2019 ► Inspection of 1072 GPIs has been commenced by 16 third party technical institutions in April 2019. As on 11.12.2019, inspection of 726 GPIs (647 by TPIs + 79 by CPCB) has been completed except 346 tanneries connected with CETP, Jajmau which are closed by UPPCB. Out of 726 GPIs, 536 reports have been processedThe state-wise compliance status as on 11.12.2019 is given as below:

Table 3-8: Compliance status of GPIs (2019) as on 11.12.2019 Action Non-Complied Temporary Permanent

S.No Complied State Completed SCN Closure Closed Closed 1 Bihar 54 41 4 0 9 0 2 Uttar Pradesh 376 203 62 5 89 17 3 Uttarakhand 52 46 1 0 5 0 4 Jharkhand 6 0 6 0 0 0 5 West Bengal 48 31 14 0 3 0 Total 536 321 87 5 106 17 Source: NMCG, 2019

54 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011) Inspection of GPIs in 2018 ► In 2018, 12 institutes were involved and completed inspection of 961 GPIs during April – July, 2018 along with concerned SPCBs and State Mission for Clean Ganga (SMCGs)/ District Ganga Committees (DGCs). ► Out of 961 inspections carried out (952 by Third Party technical institutes + 9 by CPCB) in 2018, 636 are complying and 110 are non-complying and 215 are self-closed. Action has been taken on 110 non- complying industries in which 110 GPIs are issued closure directions under Section 5 of the E(P) Act. Closure was ensured through District Administration.

Table 3-9 : State wise compliance status of GPIs Non-Complying Permanent Temporary State Total Complying Show Cause Closure Closed Closed Notice Issued Bihar 48 2 5 41 0 0 Uttar Pradesh 812 24 172 508 0 108 Uttarakhand 57 4 4 49 0 0 West Bengal 44 0 4 38 0 2 Total 961 30 185 636 0 110 Source: NMCG, 2019

Table 3-10 : Sector wise compliance status of GPIs Non-Complying Permanent Temporary Sector Total Complying Show Cause Closed Closed Closure Issued Notice Chemical 15 0 1 14 0 0 Distillery 50 2 6 42 0 0 Fertilizer 6 0 0 6 0 0 Food, Dairy & 59 1 7 51 0 0 Beverages Oil & Refinery 2 0 0 2 0 0 Others 29 1 2 25 0 1 Pesticide 1 0 1 0 0 0 Petrochemical 3 0 0 3 0 0 Pharmaceuticals 3 0 0 3 0 0 Pulp & Paper 85 4 4 73 0 4 Slaughter House 21 0 7 14 0 0 Sugar 85 5 3 77 0 0 Tannery 409 5 107 197 0 100 Textile 193 12 47 129 0 5 Total 961 30 185 636 0 110 *Others include Automobile, Electroplating, Galvanized Iron structure, Hair Oil Manufacture, Liquid Bromine, Manufacturing & Repair of aircraft, Paint, Telephone sets, Diesel locomotive units. Source: NMCG 2019

3.5. AGRICULTURAL SOURCES OF POLLUTION

119. Besides municipal and industrial wastewater, another source of pollution in the Ganga basin is the application of agricultural chemicals such as fertilizers, and pesticides. As discussed in the previous chapter, the Ganga basin states consume nearly 10 million tones of chemical fertilizers per year, which constitutes 45 percent of the total chemical fertilizer consumption in the country. Of this, Uttar Pradesh alone consumes 38% of the fertilizer used. The problem with such intensive use of fertilizer is that agricultural

55 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011) runoff into surface water bodies may carry high levels of nitrogen and phosphorus. It has been estimated that 10 to 15 per cent of the nutrients added to the soils through fertilizers eventually find their way to the surface water systems. Runoff from arable lands may contain nitrogen up to 70 mg/l and phosphorus ranging from 0.05 to 1.1 mg/l, with potential to raise the nutrient level to a considerable degree in stream waters.

120. Similarly, pesticide consumption in the Ganga basin states is about 21,000 tonnes per year (47.6% of the total pesticide consumption in the country). Although the quantity of pesticides used is much less than the total amount of the chemical fertilizers used, pesticides are highly toxic and chemically more stable than the fertilizer residues. Pesticide residues in water, even in trace(s), could potentiallty affect human health adversely when used as a drinking water source. Even traces of pesticides in water are highly toxic to aquatic fauna.

121. Unfortunately, the available data relating to the pesticide and nutrient levels in the Ganga water are not sufficient to draw any definitive conclusions at present; however, given the extensive use of agricultural chemicals in the region, a continued focus and further study in this area is warranted.

3.6. WATER QUALITY

122. Wastewater discharge into the river Ganga is reported to have significant impact on the water quality along its huge catchment area. The water quality is calculated and presented as minimum, maximum and mean value to assess the extent of water quality variation throughout the year.

123. According to bathing water quality standard (BOD less than 3mg/l), Figure 3-1 presents BOD level less at several locations such as Rishikesh, Haridwar, Garmukteshwar, Prayagraj, Varanasi Khurji and Rajmahal in year 2019. In comparison to the preceding year 2014, there has been drop in the average BOD level in these six stations. Moreover, amongst the sixteen (16) locations identified for water quality observation, it is observed that with functioning of sewage treatment capacity under the Ganga Action Plan the BOD levels are quite acceptable from the stretch Rishikesh to Kannauj. But, there has been significant escalation in BOD level from the stretch Kannuaj to Kanpur while slighty improving in Varanasi but increasing at Varanasi at Malviya Bridge. Fuerhert from Bihar to Westbengal Pollution load is observed increasd at ending point of Palta an Uluberia, which shows evidence of high pollution load, may be due to direct discharge of untreated sewerage water into the river. Kanpur Downstream depicts the highest BOD level above than the standard level marking at remaining stations.

56 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011)

Figure 3-1: BOD levels in river Ganga during year 2014 and 2019 (Source: CPCB) ► Figure 3-2 shows variation in past and present DO levels in the Ganga River at various locations from 2014 to 2019. Overall DO level shows acceptable performance i.e. more than 5 mg/L in sixteen (16). In general, it can be witnessed that in comparison to 2014 the DO level has marginally increased in 2019 in most of the observation stations in the stretch from Rishikesh to Uluberia along the Ganges.

Figure 3-2: DO levels in river Ganga during year 2014 and 2019 (Source: CPCB)

57 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011) ► It is also observed that standards for coliforms are exceeded more frequently than for BOD and DO. Figure 3-3, Figure 3-4, Figure 3-5 and Figure 3-6 shows that the standard for feacal coliform has exceeded at almost all locations. The detail has been given below. ► In Rishikesh, there has been drop in the Feacal coliform almost by 50-60% from 2014 to 2019; Haridwar has also witnessed decrease, but the total amount of coliform is almost ten times to that of Rishikesh.

Figure 3-3: Water quality of river Ganga (Uttarakhand segment) [Source: CPCB] ► The stretch from Kanpur onwards witnesses tremendous increase in amount of coliform. With presence of major urban areas like Kanpur, Lucknow, Unnao, Rae Bareilly, and Fatehpur; there is huge population to curtail in the catchment area.

Figure 3-4: Water quality of river Ganga (U.P upper segment) [Source: CPCB] ► In year 2019, total coliform content is showing significant reduction from 2014 record but still far above than limit. The Namami Gange Sewerage sanitation work under cricual cities such Varanasi, Prayagraj are showing improvement, however still target is far to achieve.

58 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011)

Figure 3-5: Water quality of river Ganga (U.P lower segment) [Source: CPCB] ► Escalation in Coliform content is observed in year 2019, around five location of middle Ganga Stretch shows Faecal Coliform content greater than record of year 2014. Stations of Mokama D/S, Munger, Ganga at Sultanganj Bhagalpur shows the significantly high coliform.

Figure 3-6: Water quality of river Ganga (Mid-Ganga segment) [Source: CPCB] ► This stretch of Ganga in West Bengal has witnessed decrease in the amount of Faecal coliform from 2014 to 2019. Although level of Coliform content is not complying anywhere with the stipulated criterial limit.

59 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011)

Figure 3-7: Water quality of river Ganga (West Bengal segment) [Source: CPCB]

124. The compliance and trends for key water quality parameters for the river Ganga during 2018 to 2019 are summarized in Table 3-11.

Table 3-11: Biochemical oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen, and faecal coliform compliance with the standard, and trends in the River Ganga BOD DO Faecal Coliform Location Compliance Compliance Compliance Trend Trend Trend with std with std with std Bhagirathi at Gangotri Yes Marg. Yes Increasing Yes ---- Alaknanda B/C decreasing Mandakini at Yes Marginally Yes No trend Yes Decreasing Rudraprayag decreasing Alaknanda A/C Yes Marginally Yes Increasing Yes No trend Mandakini at decreasing Rudraprayag Alaknanda b/C to Yes --- Yes Increasing Yes No trend Bhagirathi at Devprayag Bhagirathi B/C with Yes Decreasing Yes Increasing Yes No trend Alaknanda at Devprayag Bhagirathi B/C with Alaknanda at Yes No trend Yes Increasing No No trend Devprayag Alaknanda A/C with Yes Decreasing Yes Increasing Yes No trend Bhagirathi at Devprayag Ganga at Rishikesh U/S Yes Decreasing Yes Increasing Yes Decreasing Ganga at Haridwar D/S Yes Decreasing Yes Increasing Yes Decreasing Garhmukteshwar Yes Decreasing Yes Increasing Yes Decreasing Narora (Bulandshar) Yes Decreasing Yes Marginally Yes No trend Increasing Kannauj u/s (Rajghat) Yes Decreasing Yes Increasing Yes Decreasing Kannauj d/s No Decreasing Yes Increasing No Decreasing Bithoor (Kanpur) No Decreasing Yes Increasing Yes Decreasing Kanpur u/s (Ranighat) No Decreasing Yes Increasing No Decreasing

60 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011) BOD DO Faecal Coliform Location Compliance Compliance Compliance Trend Trend Trend with std with std with std Kanpur d/s (Jajmau No Decreasing Yes Increasing No Increasing pumping station) Dalmau (Rai Bareilly) No Marginally Yes Increasing No Decreasing decreasing Prayagraj (Rasoolabad) Yes Decreasing Yes Increasing No Increasing Prayagraj d/s (Sangam) Yes Decreasing Yes Increasing No Increasing Varanasi u/s (Assighat) Yes Marginally Yes Marginally Yes Decreasing decreasing Increasing Varanasi d/s (Malviya No Marginally Yes Marginally No Decreasing Bridge) Increasing Increasing Trighat (West No Marginally Yes Marginally Yes Decreasing Ghazipur) Increasing decreasing Ganga at Buxar yes Marginally Yes Marginally No Decreasing decreasing decreasing Ganga at Khurji, Patna Yes --- Yes ---- No No trend u/s Ganga at Patna d/s Yes decreasing Yes Marginally No Increasing (Ganga Bridge) decreasing Ganga at Mokama Yes Marginally Yes Marginally No Increasing (u/s) decreasing Increasing Ganga at Mokama Yes Decreasing Yes Marginally No Increasing (d/s) decreasing Ganga at Munger Yes Marginally Yes Marginally No Increasing Decreasing decreasing Ganga at Bhagalpur Yes Marginally Yes Decreasing No Increasing Decreasing Rajmahal Yes ----- Yes No trend No --- Ganga at Kahalgaon Yes Marginally Yes Marginally No Increasing Decreasing decreasing Baharampore Yes Marginally Yes Decreasing No Increasing Decreasing Serampore No Increasing Yes Marginally No Decreasing decreasing Dakshineshwar No Marginally Yes Marginally No Decreasing increasing decreasing Howrah-Shivpur No Marginally Yes Decreasing No Marginally increasing Decreasing Garden Reach No Increasing Yes Decreasing No Decreasing Uluberia No Marginally Yes Marginally No Increasing Decreasing increasing Palta Yes Marginally Yes Decreasing No Decreasing increasing Diamond Harbour Yes Marginally Yes Marginally Yes Decreased increased decreasing Source: Analyis based on CPCB data 2018-19 Water quality levels at different monitoring locations on river Ganga between: 2014-2019 is presented in the Table 3-12 and

Table 3-13. Similar trends for the Yamuna River are given in Annex-Appendix 7.

61 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011)

Table 3-12: Water Quality Data of River Ganga (Year 2014-2019)

pH BOD (mg/l) DO (mg/l) FECAL COLIFORM (MPN/100ml) TOTAL COLIFORM (MPN/100ml)

Location

2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 WATER QUALITY 6.5 – 8.5 < 3 mg/l > 4 mg/l < 2500 MPN/100ml < 5000 MPN/100ml CTITERIA Ganga at Buxar, 8.3 8.2 8.3 8.1 7.8 7.9 2.8 2.7 2.8 2.2 2.2 2.3 7.6 8.6 5.5 8.0 8.2 7.3 5400 3000 3000 2112158 7655 4944 16000 11000 9000 2688133 15848 1604 Ramrekhaghat Buxar, Bihar 8.3 8.3 8.2 8.03 7.7 8.0 2.8 2.6 2.9 1.9 1.8 1.8 7.8 8.5 6 8.3 8.6 8.3 1500 3100 2600 1545942 5555 8639 4600 9400 5000 2687858 11264 29956 Ganga at confluence of 8.3 8.3 8.4 7.8 7.5 7.9 2.7 2.5 2.8 2.1 1.9 2.1 7.6 8.2 7 8.1 8.4 8.0 3500 1500 2100 6373 4627 3075 9200 4200 4800 15927 10836 21000 Sone river Doriganj, Chapra Patna D/s (Ganga Bridge), 8.3 8.4 8.3 7.9 7.6 8.0 2.8 2.5 2.8 2.7 2.5 2.2 7 7.7 6.2 7.8 8.0 7.5 9000 3200 9000 116083 8942 99600 24000 10000 9000 197350 17000 31000 Bihar Ganga at Fatuha 8.3 8.5 8.2 7.9 7.3 7.8 2.5 2.3 2.8 2.5 2.4 2.4 7 7.8 6.8 7.9 7.8 7.0 3000 1700 2600 148217 3575 4670 9000 4700 5000 259117 7650 16560 Mokama (U/S) 8.2 7.8 8.6 7.9 7.6 7.9 2.5 2.5 2.8 1.9 2.1 1.9 7.4 7.6 7.6 8.2 8.1 7.4 2400 2500 2200 5100 4509 4520 5000 7200 5000 8720 10391 19370 Mokama (D/S) 8.1 7.7 8 7.7 7.7 7.9 2.8 2.4 2.7 2.7 2.5 2.3 7.2 8.1 7.5 7.6 7.9 7.0 5000 2200 2200 2467 12564 11669 16000 7600 5000 6000 22000 25571 Munger 8 7.8 7.9 7.7 7.7 8.0 2.6 2.4 2.8 2.3 2.3 2.0 7.4 7.8 6.9 7.6 8.1 7.4 3000 1800 3000 11933 12727 13060 9000 5300 8000 35358 22818 50600 Ganga at Sultanganj, 7.9 7.8 8.1 7.7 7.7 8.0 2.7 2.4 2.8 2.6 2.4 1.9 7.5 7.8 7.1 7.5 7.9 7.4 2400 1500 3000 17458 13900 9548 5400 4400 9000 42142 24818 39090 Bhagalpur Bhagalpur 8.1 7.8 8.1 7.69 7.5 8.0 2.7 2.6 2.8 2.6 1.9 1.8 7.5 7.7 6.9 7.8 8.4 7.6 5400 2900 2600 11764 9455 7628 24000 9600 5000 28890.9 16845 27060 Kahalgaon 8.2 7.9 8.1 7.9 7.6 8.0 - 2.6 2.8 2.2 2.1 1.7 7.6 7.9 7.2 7.8 8.0 7.9 5000 2300 2600 9940 7991 5170 16000 7300 5000 36330 16818 33700 Baharampore, 8.1 8 8.3 7.9 8.1 8.1 8.7 4.1 5.3 2.5 2.6 2.9 4.4 7.1 5 7.5 7.2 7.5 900000 68000 220000 167000 91429 128455 1600000 100000 280000 285833 132143 2727 West Bengal Tribeni on Ganga, Near 8.4 8.1 8.5 7.8 7.9 8.1 5 4.2 4.9 3.2 3.1 3.4 5.3 6.5 5.1 6.6 7.0 6.5 110000 59000 170000 165455 90917 72200 240000 82000 220000 210833 121417 107000 Burning Ghat Palta, West 8.1 8 8.3 7.8 7.9 8.0 8.5 3.4 5.5 2.4 3.6 3.7 4.5 6.4 4.7 6.2 6.5 6.0 500000 76000 220000 174167 150833 110176 900000 100000 280000 224167 233333 208832 Bengal Serampore, 8.6 8 8.3 7.9 7.9 8.1 9.7 3.7 6.3 4.2 3.1 4.0 4.1 6.5 4.6 6.7 6.6 6.8 500000 97000 220000 185000 93000 7836 1600000 130000 280000 244167 126917 119636 West Bengal Dakshineshwar, 8.5 7.9 8.2 7.8 7.7 7.6 7 4.7 6.1 3.5 4.3 4.0 4.1 6.5 3.8 5.9 5.9 6.2 1100000 190000 240000 147818 248714 196300 2500000 350000 500000 241818 545000 408900 West Bengal Howrah-Shivpur, 8.6 7.9 8.2 7.8 7.4 7.7 5.7 3.2 9 2.9 3.7 3.5 5.1 5.9 3.7 5.3 5.8 5.8 250000 100000 80000 63363.6364 144750 130545 650000 210000 240000 96455 251667 192927 West Bengal Garden Reach, 8.9 7.8 8.3 7.9 7.4 7.7 4.8 3.6 9.7 4.0 3.6 3.6 5 5.7 3.1 5.4 5.2 5.8 1200000 150000 300000 102545 272357 173000 1500000 280000 500000 160000 474429 283636 West Bengal Nabadip on Ganga, 8.2 8.1 8.5 7.9 7.9 8.1 4.8 2.7 3.8 2.5 3.0 3.1 5.1 7.1 4.7 7.0 7.5 6.8 1300000 73000 130000 122500 84417 65412 5000000 100000 170000 161667 116500 107824 Ghoshpara near Monipurghat Uluberia, West 8.8 7.9 8.2 7.9 7.3 7.7 5.8 3.1 6.5 2.7 3.1 3.1 4 5.5 2.5 5.4 5.6 5.6 130000 46000 110000 21727 38429 65545 300000 86000 220000 33909 55929 33736 Bengal Diamond Harbour, West 8.3 7.9 8.4 7.6 7.5 7.8 6.2 3.7 12 2.8 2.9 2.5 4.6 6.2 4.4 6.2 6.3 6.1 240000 22000 30000 16636 10357 2409 500000 59000 50000 28636.4 17357 8464 Bengal Source: Central Pollution Control Board, 2019

62 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011)

Table 3-13: Water Quality Data of River Ganga (Year 2014-2019)

pH BOD (mg/l) DO (mg/l) FECAL COLIFORM (MPN/100ml) TOTAL COLIFORM (MPN/100ml)

Location

2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 WATER QUALITY 6.5 – 8.5 < 3 mg/l > 4 mg/l < 2500 MPN/100ml < 5000 MPN/100ml CTITERIA Bhagirathi at - - 7.6 7.1 7.1 7.2 - - - 1.0 1.0 1.1 - - 9.2 10.1 8.8 9.8 - - - 2 - 7 - - - 11 - 9 Gangotri Alaknanda B/C Mandakini at 8.2 7.8 7.9 7.5 7.6 7.8 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 7.8 8.8 8.4 9.2 9.2 9.8 - - - 240 - 2 - - - 1841.6 - 2 Rudra Prayag Mandakini B/C Alaknanda at 8.2 7.9 7.9 7.5 7.6 7.8 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 8.6 9.1 8.6 9.2 9.3 9.6 - - - 240 - 2 - - - 3201.6 - 2 Rudra Prayag Alaknanda B/C to Bhagirathi at 8.2 8.1 7.8 7.6 7.7 7.8 1 1 1 1.0 1.0 1.0 7.4 8.2 8.6 10.0 9.1 9.6 - - - 17000 - 2 - - - 320002 - 2 Devprayag Bhagirathi B/C with Alaknanda at 8.2 8.4 7.9 7.6 7.7 7.7 1.2 1 1 1.0 1.0 1.0 7.8 9.5 9 9.5 9.1 9.9 - - - - - 2 - - - 184002 - 2 Devprayag Alaknanda A/C Mandakini at 8.2 8 8.1 7.7 7.7 7.7 1.2 1 1 1.0 1.0 1.0 7.4 7.8 8.2 9.3 9.2 9.7 - - - 94000 - 2 - - - 2 - 2 Rudra Prayag Alaknanda A/C with Bhagirathi at 8.2 8 7.7 7.7 7.6 7.8 1.2 1 1 1.0 1.0 1.0 7.4 8.7 8.8 9.3 9.4 9.8 - - - - - 2 - - - 2 - 2 Devprayag Rishikesh U/S 8 7.7 7.8 7.4 7.5 7.7 1.4 1 1 1.0 1.0 1.0 7.4 9.8 9.2 10.0 9.9 10.2 - - - - - 2 40 15 40 48.5 - 2 Haridwar D/S 7.7 7.7 7.8 7.6 7.9 7.6 7.2 1 6.4 1.0 1.1 1.2 4 9.8 4 8.8 9.2 8.9 - - - - 154 1600 358 1600 331 - 281 Garhmukteshwar, 7.8 7.4 7.6 7.5 7.5 7.3 3.5 2.8 3.5 2.3 2.6 2.0 7.2 7.8 7.1 8.0 7.9 8.6 840 785 710 255 320 669 1500 1200 1200 493 450 1443 UP Narora 7.5 7.3 7.8 7.3 7.4 7.3 3.3 2.6 3.8 2.8 2.1 1.7 7.8 7.4 6.2 7.6 7.7 8.3 410 430 610 256 306 521 630 913 9000 583 543 1066 (Bulandsahar),UP Kannauj U/S 8.4 7.9 8.4 7.8 8.2 8.3 3.8 3.5 4.1 3.4 3.5 2.9 6.5 8.3 7.4 7.6 8.4 8.4 2600 2200 2700 2567 2300 2136 4900 3900 5400 4483 3817 3773 (Rajghat) UP Kannauj D/S, UP 7.9 8 8.3 7.9 8.2 8.1 4.2 3.7 4.7 3.9 4.3 3.3 2.8 7.9 7.5 8.0 8.5 8.0 4000 2900 3900 3450 2833 2745 5800 5100 33000 6742 4675 4618 Bithoor (Kanpur), 8.7 8.2 8.4 8.02 8.3 8.3 3 2.8 3.6 3.2 3.3 3.1 6.4 8 7 8.5 8.4 7.9 3500 2500 2800 2320 2458 2327 4900 4300 5400 4110 4000 4100 UP Kanpur U/S 8.9 8.1 8.4 7.9 8.1 8.3 4.2 2.9 4.8 3.5 3.7 3.2 6 8.2 6.6 8.0 7.9 7.8 2600 3200 3400 3175 2883 2664 5400 5200 6300 5892 4608 4473 (Ranighat) UP Kanpur D/S (Jajmau Pumping 8.2 7.8 8.2 7.6 7.9 8.1 5.5 5.4 8.8 4.9 6.9 4.4 4.4 6.5 4.6 6.3 6.0 6.9 24000 20000 58000 37250 37417 23818 79000 54000 120000 97917 79333 40364 Station) UP Dalmau (Rai 7.9 8 8 7.9 7.9 8.3 4.5 4.2 4.9 4.2 3.9 3.6 6.5 8.2 6.1 7.5 9.1 8.5 6900 5000 6100 5264 5308 2936 9100 8000 8700 7842 7808 3609 Bareilly) UP Ganga at Kala 7.9 7.9 8 7.9 7.9 8.3 4.3 4 4.8 4.1 3.8 3.6 6.6 8.3 6.3 7.6 9.2 8.5 6300 5000 5900 5280 5142 2900 8900 8000 8500 7609 7667 3582 Kankar, Raibarelly Prayagraj 8.4 7.9 8.4 7.9 8.1 8.2 4.4 3.9 4.5 4.3 3.6 2.8 8.1 8.2 6.8 8.2 8.9 8.5 26000 17000 26000 18545 10292 9145 47000 30000 58000 33364 21585 18545 (Rasoolabad) UP Prayagraj D/S 8.4 7.9 8.4 7.9 8.0 8.1 9.2 3.8 4.8 4.4 3.6 2.8 8 8.1 7.2 8.0 8.5 8.1 34000 17000 33000 1650 9725 9691 48000 31000 63000 38300 19800 19364 (Sangam) UP Ganga at Kadaghat, 8.5 8.1 8.4 8.1 8.1 8.2 4.7 4 4.7 4.7 4.0 9.1 7.6 8 7 8.0 8.6 8.2 26000 21000 27000 20200 12492 10736 40000 33000 54000 38000 24533 21182 Prayagraj Varanasi U/S 8.4 8.1 8.5 8.3 8.3 8.3 3.3 3.5 3.5 3.1 2.8 2.7 7.3 8.2 7.4 8.2 8.2 8.1 3300 2000 2300 22200 1467 1000 4900 3300 3600 4617 2658 1982 (Assighat) UP Varanasi D/S 8.7 8.5 8.6 8.5 8.2 8.2 5 4.9 6.8 5.7 5.1 3.8 6.7 7.3 6.4 6.8 6.7 7.0 46000 30000 33000 30333 30917 19727 63000 44000 63000 53917 48583 34182 (Malviya Bridge) Trighat (Ghazipur) 8.7 8.4 8.7 8.5 8.2 8.2 4.4 4.1 5.4 5.1 4.5 3.8 6.8 7.5 6.7 7.3 7.2 7.3 22000 22000 31000 24500 25250 13182 46000 31000 46000 42667 41000 23818 UP Source: Central Pollution Control Board, 2019

63 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011)

3.7. POLLUTED RIVER STRETCHES

125. Water quality management in India is carried out as per the provisions of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974. The basic objective of this Act is to maintain and restore the purity of national aquatic resources by prevention and control of pollution. The Act does not define the level of purity to be maintained or restored in different water bodies of the country. The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) has thus taken human use of water as a basis for the identification of water quality objectives for different water bodies in the country.

126. It is an ambitious objective to maintain or restore all-natural water bodies to a pristine level. Planning pollution control activities to attain such a goal is bound to be a deterrent to developmental activities and cost prohibitive. Since the natural water bodies must be used for various competing as well as conflicting demands, the objective is to restore and/or maintain natural water bodies or their parts to such a quality as needed for their best uses. Thus, a concept of “designated best use” (DBU) was developed. As per this concept, out of several uses a water body is put to, the use which demands highest quality of water is termed as “designated best use”, and accordingly the water body is designated. Primary water quality criteria for different uses have been identified. A summary of the use-based classification system is given in Table 3-14.

Table 3-14: Designated Best Use Classification of Inland Surface Waters in India S. Class of Designated Best Use Criteria No. Water 1 Drinking Water Source A 1 Total Coliforms OrganismMPN/100ml shall be 50 or less without conventional 2 pH between 6.5 and 8.5 treatment but after 3 Dissolved Oxygen 6mg/l or more disinfection 4 Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days 20oC 2mg/l or less 2 Outdoor bathing B 1 Total Coliforms Organism MPN/100ml shall be 500 or less (Organised) 2 pH between 6.5 and 8.5 3 Dissolved Oxygen 5mg/l or more 4 Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days 20oC 3mg/l or less 3 Drinking water source after C 1 Total Coliforms Organism MPN/100ml shall be 5000 or conventional treatment and 2 less disinfection 3 pH between 6 to 9 4 Dissolved Oxygen 4mg/l or more Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days 20oC 3mg/l or less 4 Propagation of Wild life and D 1 pH between 6.5 to 8.5 Fisheries 2 Dissolved Oxygen 4mg/l or more 3 Free Ammonia (as N) 1.2 mg/l or less 5 Irrigation, Industrial Cooling, E 1 pH between 6.0 to 8.5 Controlled Waste disposal 2 Electrical Conductivity at 25oC micro mhos/cm Max.2250 3 Sodium absorption Ratio Max. 26 4 Boron Max. 2mg/l Source: Central Pollution Control Board

127. When the pollution levels along different stretches of the Ganga and its tributaries are compared with the designated best uses, it is observed that at several locations the BOD levels exceed the water quality criteria, rendering the water unsuitable for its designated best use, that is, outdoor bathing. Recent data on polluted river stretches in the Ganga basin is given in Table 3-15.

128. The water quality data under national water quality monitoring programme has been analysed statistically and monitoring locations exceeding the water quality criteria are identified as polluted by

64 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011) CPCB. The polluted locations in a continuous sequence are defined as polluted river stretches and categorised in five priority classes based on BOD concentration exceeding to BOD levels >30 mg/l, BOD between 20&30 mg/l, BOD between 10&20mg/l, BOD between 6-10 mg/l and BOD between 3& 6 mg/l. Therefore Priority I and II are more polluted than III,IV, &V of different stretches of Ganga River basin.

129. It is seen from this data that in terms of BOD concentrations, several tributaries such as the Yamuna, Ghaggar, Sukhana, Kshipra, Hindon, and Kosi etc are even more polluted than the Ganga and prioritsed under category I &II. With respect to river Ganga, the most polluted stretch of the Ganga main stream occurs between Tribeni to Diamond Harbour (Max. BOD 12 mg/L), followed by Kannauj to Varanasi (Max.BOD 8.8 mg/L), Haridwar to Sultanpur (BOD 6.6 mg/L) and Buxar to Bhagalpur (Max.BOD 4.2 mg/L). If the more critical parameter of total coliform concentration were to be considered, it may be found that the number of polluted river stretches is much higher than what is observed based on BOD values alone.

Table 3-15: Polluted River stretches of Ganga Polluted River Stretches- Priority4 I & Priority II BOD Range/ Max State River River Stretch Priority Value (mg/l) Delhi Yamuna Wazirabad To Asgarpur 9 - 80 I Ghaggar Rorki To Sirsa 6 - 482 I Haryana Yamuna Panipat To Sonepat 4 - 55 I Sukhana Sukhna To Parwanoo 54.0 I Himachal Pradesh Markanda Kala AMB to Narayanpur 3.2 - 24 II Chambal Nagda to Rampura 12 - 80 I Khan Kabit Khedi to Khajrana 30.8 - 80 I Madhya Pradesh Kshipra Siddhawat to Trivenisangam 4 - 38 I Betwa Mandideep to Vidisha 3.3 - 20.2 II Hindon saharanpur to Ghaziabad 48-120 I Kalinadi Muzaffar nagar to Gulaothi town 8 - 78 I Uttar Pradesh Varuna Rameshwar to conf with Ganga, Varanasi 4.5-45.2 I Asgarpur To Etawah Yamuna 12.0-55 I Shahpur To Prayagraj (Balua Ghat) Bhela Kashipur to RAJPURA ATNDA 6.0-76.0 I Dhela Kashipur to Garhuwala, Thakurdwara 12 - 80 I Uttarakhand Suswa Mothrowala to Raiwala 37.0 I Kichha Along Kichha 28.0 II Vindhadhari Haroa bridge to Malancha burning ghat 26.7-45.0 I West Bengal Mahananda Siliguri to Binaguri 6.5-25 II

Polluted River Stretches- Priority III, IV & V BOD range/ Max State River name River Stretch Priority Value (mg/l) Sirsia Ruxol To Koirea Tola (Raxaul) 20.0 III Farmar Along Jogbani 3.6 V Ganga Buxar To Bhagalpur 3.2 - 4.2 V Bihar Poonpun Gaurichak To Fatuha 3.3 V Ram rekha Harinagar To Ramnagar 5.0 V Sikrahna Along Narkatiaganj 4.5 V Himachal Pradesh Sirsa Nalagarh To Solan 8 - 16 III

4 As per CPCB methodology- Mesuring standard for BOD is 30mg/L, 20-30mg/l, 10-20mg/l,6-10mg/l, & 3-6mg/l for priority stretches I,II,III,IV & V respectively 65 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011) Polluted River Stretches- Priority III, IV & V BOD range/ Max State River name River Stretch Priority Value (mg/l) Ashwani Along Yashwant Nagar 3.2 V Beas Kullu TO Dehragopipur 6.0 V Giri Along Sainj 4.4 - 6 V Pabbar Along Rohru 3.6 - 4 V Garga Along Talmuchu 6.2 IV Sankh Kongserabasar to Bolba 8.4 IV Subarnarekha Hatia Dam To Jamshedpur 3.4 - 10 IV Jharkhand Damodar Phusro Road BDG to Turio 3.9 V Jumar Kanke Dam To Kadal 3.3 V Konar Along Tilaya And Konar 3.4 - 3.6 V Nalkari Along Patratu 3.8 V Sone Along Amlai 12.4 III Gohad Gohad Dam To Gormi 6.3 IV Kolar Surajnagar To Shirdipuram 7.5 IV Tapi Nepanagar to Burhanpur 4.6 - 8 IV Bichia Silpari to Gadhawa 3.5 V Chamla Along Badnagar, Ujjain 4.0 V Choupan Along Vijaipur 3.4 V Kalisot Mandideep to Samardha Village 4.1 V Kanhan In Chindwara District Kanhan 3.2 V Madhya Pradesh Boundry Katni Along Katni 3.5 V Kunda Khargone To Khedi Khurd 4.0 V Malei Jaora To Barauda 3.5 V Mandakini (MP) Along Chitrakut 5.8 V Newaj Along Shujalpur 4.0 V Parvati Batawada To Pilukhedi 3.2 V Simrar Along Katni 3.9 V Tons Chakghat To Chappar 3.5 V Wainganga Chindwara To Balaghat 3.2 V Along Bisalpur Dam, Banas 13.2 III Rajasthan Swaroopganj, Newta Dam Chambal Sawaimadhopur To Kota 3.2-4.8 V Gomti Sitapur to Varanasi 3.1-18.0 III Ganga Kannauj to Varanasi 3.5-8.8 IV Ramganga Muradabad to Kannauj 6.6 IV Betwa Hamirpur to Wagpura 3.5-4.2 V Uttar Pradesh Ghaghara Barhalganj to Deoria 4.0-4.5 V Rapti Domingarh to Rajghat 4.7-5.9 V Sai Unnao to Jaunpur 4.0-4.5 V Saryu Ayodhya to Elafatganj 4.3 V Kalyani D/S Pant Nagar 16.0 III Ganga Haridwar to Sultanpur 6.6 IV Uttarakhand Kosi Sultanpur to Pattikalan 6.4 IV Nandour Along Sitarganj 5.6-8.0 IV Pilkhar In The Vicinity Of Rudrapur 10.0 IV Churni Santipur Town To Majhadia 10.3-11.3 III Dwarka Tarapith to Sadhak Bamdeb Ghat 5.6-17.0 III West Bengal Ganga Tribeni to Diamond Harbour 5.0-12.2 III Damodar Durgachakm to Dishergarh 4.4-8.2 IV Jalangi Laal Dighi to Krishna Nagar 8.3 IV

66 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011) Polluted River Stretches- Priority III, IV & V BOD range/ Max State River name River Stretch Priority Value (mg/l) Kansi Midnapore to Ramnagar 9.9 IV Mathabhanga Madhupur to Gobindapur 8.5 IV Barakar Kulti to Asansol 5.7 V Dwarakeshwar Along Bankura 1-5.6 V Kaljani Bitala to Alipurdwar 6.0 V Karola Jalpaiguri to Thakurer Kamat 3.9 V Mayurkashi Suri to Durgapur 5.2 V Rupnarayan Kolaghat to Benapur 3.1-5.8 V Silabati Ghatal to Nischindipur 3.8 V Teesta Siliguri to Paharpur 3.3 V Source: Polluted River Stretches in India: Criteria and Status 2018, CPCB

3.8. WATER QUALITY MONITORING

130. Presented below, Figure 3-8 shows the location of water quality monitoring stations on river Ganga.

Figure 3-8: Location of water quality monitoring stations

131. Water quality monitoring in the Ganga basin presently covers 765 rivers, 32 drains, 26 canals and 76 lakes. The waterbody-wise distribution of Water quality monitoring stations within Ganga basin is given in Table 3-16.

67 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011) Table 3-16: Distribution of Water Quality Monitoring Stations within Ganga Basin (updated as on 01.01.2020) Drain/ Water S. Ganga Basin Creek River Lake Tank Pond Canal Ind. Well Treat. STP Total No. States / Sea Drain Plant 1 Bihar 96 3 - 2 - - - 70 - - 171 2 Chhattisgarh 29 1 - 1 - - - 8 - - 39 3 Delhi 10 4 - - 2 - 9 45 6 - 76 4 Haryana 20 3 - - 12 - - - 2 - 37 Himachal 5 5 - - - - 23 49 - - 217 Pradesh 140 6 Jharkhand 65 4 - 4 - - - 3 - - 76 Madhya 7 158 22 1 12 - - - 54 - - 247 Pradesh 8 Rajasthan 35 17 - 1 5 - - 141 - - 199 Uttar 9 114 2 - 2 1 - - 40 2 161 Pradesh - 10 Uttarakhand 39 2 - - 4 - - 19 - 3 67 11 West Bengal 59 13 - - 2 - - 68 - - 142 Total Ganga 765 76 1 22 26 0 32 497 10 3 1432 Basin Total India as 2017 341 138 105 58 73 77 1153 10 50 4022 a Whole Source: Source: Central Pollution Control Board (MoEF & CC), 2020

132. In accordance with the National Water Quality Monitoring Program, the water samples are analyzed for 28 parameters consisting of physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters for ambient water samples apart from the field observations. Besides this analysis, 9 trace metals and 15 pesticides are analysed and bio-monitoring is carried out for selected samples. The list of parameters analysed is given in Table 3-17.

Table 3-17: List of Water Quality Parameters Analyzed under National Water Quality Monitoring Programme S. S. Parameters Parameters No. No. Core Parameters (9) Field Observations (7) 1 PH 1 Weather 2 Temperature 2 Depth of main stream/depth of water table 3 Conductivity, μmhos/cm 3 Colour and intensity 4 Dissolved Oxygen, mg/L 4 Odour 5 BOD, mg/L 5 Visible effluent discharge 6 Nitrate – N, mg/L 6 Human activities around station 7 Nitrite – N, mg/L 7 Station detail 8 Fecal Coliform, MPN/100 ml Trace Metals (9) 9 Total Coliform, MPN/100 ml 1 Arsenic, μg/L General Parameters (19) 2 Cadmium, μg/L 1 Turbidity, NTU 3 Copper, μg/L 2 Phenolphthalein Alkalinity, as CaCO3 4 Lead, μg/L 3 Total Alkalinity, as CaCO3 5 Chromium (Total), μg/L 4 Chlorides, mg/L 6 Nickel, μg/L 5 COD, mg/L 7 Zinc, μg/L 6 Total Kjeldahl - N, as N mg/L 8 Mercury, μg/L 7 Ammonia - N, as N mg/L 9 Iron (Total), μg/L 8 Hardness, as CaCO3 Pesticides (15) 9 Calcium, as CaCO3 1 Alpha BHC, μg/L 10 Sulphate, mg/L 2 Beta BHC, μg/L 11 Sodium, mg/L 3 Gama BHC (Lindane), μg/L 12 Total Dissolved Solids, mg/L 4 O P DDT, μg/L

68 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011) S. S. Parameters Parameters No. No. 13 Total Fixed Dissolved Solids, mg/L 5 P P DDT, μg/L 14 Total suspended Solid, mg/L 6 Alpha Endosulphan, μg/L 15 Phosphate, mg/L 7 Beta Endosulphan, μg/L 16 Boron, mg/L 8 Aldrin, μg/L 17 Magnesium, as CaCO3 9 Dieldrin, μg/L 18 Potassium, mg/L 10 Carboryl (Carbamate), μg/L 19 Fluoride, mg/L 11 2-4 D, μg/L Bio-Monitoring (3) 12 Malathian, μg/L 1 Saprobity Index 13 Methyl Parathian, μg/L 2 Diversity Index 14 Anilophos, μg/L 3 P/R Ratio 15 Chloropyriphos, μg/L Source: Central Pollution Control Board 133. The frequency of monitoring at the stations on surface water bodies such as rivers, lakes, ponds, canals and creeks is either monthly or quarterly, whereas samples at the groundwater monitoring stations are taken on a half yearly basis. The frequency of water quality monitoring at stations within Ganga basin is given in Table 3-18.

Table 3-18: Frequency of Water Quality Monitoring Stations within Ganga Basin S. Ganga Basin States Monthly Half Yearly Quarterly Yearly Total No. 1 Bihar 8 20 8 – 36 2 Delhi 14 – 1 – 15 3 Haryana 5 – 18 – 23 4 Himachal Pradesh – 20 33 1 54 5 Jharkhand 1 – 8 – 9 6 Madhya Pradesh 50 18 37 – 105 7 Rajasthan 4 37 10 – 51 8 Uttar Pradesh 41 25 7 – 73 9 Uttarakhand 3 1 9 3 16 10 West Bengal 9 30 12 – 51 Total Ganga Basin 135 151 143 4 433 Total India as a Whole 362 382 497 4 1245 Source: Central Pollution Control Board,2019

3.9. GANGA ACTION PLAN (PHASE I & II)

134. The Govt. of India (GOI) launched the Ganga Action Plan (GAP) in the year 1985, with an ambitious objective of abatement of pollution in River Ganga due to discharge of untreated sewage into the river from point as well as non-point sources and thus to improve the water quality in River Ganga.

135. The approach of the GAP was to create sewage treatment plants in the cities along the Ganga so that no untreated sewage is discharged into the river. This was expected to bring the quality of the river water to a desired level. In addition, works were also undertaken to prevent pollution of the river from industrial effluents and non-point sources, improving aesthetics, and promoting public participation.

136. The Ganga Action Plan and the subsequent National River Conservation program (NRCP, launched in 1995), which included Ganga Action Plan Phase II, covered altogether 167 towns in 20 states and 38 rivers across India. Under the program, a total of 1085 schemes with an estimated project cost of Rs. 470 million, have been approved with the objective of pollution abatement of rivers and improvement of water quality. Out of these, 802 schemes have been completed, with an expenditure of Rs. 352 million.

69 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011)

137. As shown in Table 3-19, under the Ganga Action Plan (Phase I & II), the target was to install a cumulative sewage treatment plant capacity of 1098 MLD. Out of this, 1017 MLD has been installed in the five GAP states, namely Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal and Uttarakhand.

138. The estimated sewage generation / projections, treatment capacity created and/or proposed to be created under different schemes in the six major cities of GAP states are given in Table 3-20. It can be seen from Table 3-20 that the STP capacity in these six cities is 694 MLD, which constitute only 52% of the total needed capacity as of 2008 and therefore grossly inadequate to treat the sewage generated. Even if all the projects considered under Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) become operational – a very unlikely prospect – the STP capacity created would still be inadequate to meet the needs of these cities beyond 2010 and therefore these cities will continue to discharge untreated sewage in River Ganga.

Table 3-19: Target and STP Capacities installed under Ganga Action Plan STP Created (MLD) Cost (Rs. Lakh) S. No. State Phase Completion Target Actuals Actual Cost GAP I 111 111 1467.18 1420.38 1 Bihar GAP II 24.5 11 434.44 184.7 GAP I – – – – 2 Jharkhand GAP II – – 62.11 61.56 GAP I 349.5 349.5 9367.6 9701.35 3 Uttar Pradesh GAP II 80.74 35.63 65161.29 77593.1 GAP I 376.6 372.6 7179.99 6913.79 4 West Bengal GAP II 144.07 120.01 37739.48 22398.46 GAP I 24.33 24.33 857.6 921.88 5 Uttarakhand GAP II 83.60 73.67 11486.04 3947.42 GAP I - - - - 6 Delhi GAP II 165 30 64999.53 27164.5 GAP I - - - - 7 Haryana GAP II 322 322 34609.47 29775.62 Total Source:NMCG; MoEF 2014 Table 3-20: Sewage Generation for Various Years, Treatment Capacity Created / Proposed to be created in Six Selected Towns of Namami Gange Treatment Treatment Sewage Generation Capacity Capacity Current Status (MLD) Being S. City / Created so of Treatment State Created No. Town far Under Capacity Under GAP GAP I & II (MLD) 1985 2008 2010 2020* II (MLD) (MLD) 229MLD sanctioned of Rishikesh, which 99 MLD 1 Uttarakhand 24.33 65 75 94 28.5 43 Haridwar existing and 130.67 MLD to be created 9 MLD (CETP Uttar sanctioned) 2 Kanpur 205 400 411 555 171 – Pradesh and 457 MLD (existing STP)

70 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011) Treatment Treatment Sewage Generation Capacity Capacity Current Status (MLD) Being S. City / Created so of Treatment State Created No. Town far Under Capacity Under GAP GAP I & II (MLD) 1985 2008 2010 2020* II (MLD) (MLD) 340MLD Uttar Sanctioned of 3 Prayagraj 110 210 213 242 89 – Pradesh which 72 MLD are New STPs. 242 MLD sanctioned of Uttar which 102 4 Varanasi 147 292 317 350 101.8 37 Pradesh MLD existing and 140 MLD created 246 (under JnNURM). Later 350 MLD 5 Bihar Patna 100 210 236 316 109 – capacity sanctioned under Namami Gange. 65 MLD 6 West Bengal Howrah 75 111 121 142 85 – sanctioned Total 661.33 1288 1373 1699 584.3 80 1808 * Projected Source: NMCG 2019

3.10. EXISTING SEWAGE TREATMENT CAPACITY

139. The estimated sewage generation from Class I and Class II cities within Ganga basin is given in Table 3-21. The city-wise data on wastewater generation is given in Annex-Appendix 8.

Table 3-21: State wise wastewater generation and treatment in class I &II towns in Ganga river basin S. Sewage generation Sewage treatment Capacity gap Percent treatment State/UT No. (in MLD) capacity (in MLD) (MLD) capacity 1 Bihar 1879 124.55 1754.45 7% 2 Chattisgarh 951 0 0 0% 3 Delhi 4155 2693.7 1461.3 65% 4 Haryana 1413 852.7 560.3 60% 5 Himachal Pradesh 110 114.72 0 104% 6 Jharkhand 1270 117.24 1152.76 9% 7 Madhya Pradesh 3214 482.23 2731.77 15% 8 Rajasthan 2736 865.92 1870.08 32% 9 Uttar Pradesh 7124 2646.84 4477.16 37% 10 Uttarakhand 495 152.9 342.1 31% 11 West Bengal 4667 416.9 4250.1 9% 11 Ganga Basin 28014 8467.7 19546.3 30% Source: Inventorization of Sewage Treatment Plant, 2015, & Government of India Ministry of Environment, Forest &Climate Change Lok Sabha Unstarred Question No.2541, Updated on 28th May, 2018

140. Detailed information on sewage treatment in towns along river Ganga given in the Table 3-22 and Table 3-23 below and information about other towns in Ganga Basin is given in Annex-Appendix 8.

71 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011) Table 3-22: Sewage generation and treatment of Class I cities out of the 97 Towns along the river Ganga Sewage Treatment Population in Percentage S.NO Cities Generation in Capacity year 2011 covered (%) 2016 (MLD) ( in MLD) Bihar 1 Patna 1684297 217.7 109 50 2 Bhagalpur (M.Corp) 400146 46.6 11 24 3 Begusarai 252008 21.6 0 0 4 Buxar 102861 12.0 2 17 5 Munger 213303 24.4 0 0 6 Jamalpur 105434 12.0 0 0 7 Chapra 202352 23.2 2 9 8 Danapur 182241 26.1 0 0 9 Hajipur 147688 17.7 0 0 Uttar Pradesh 10 Prayagraj 1168385 187.7 272 145 11 Ballia 104424 11.7 0 0 12 Farrukhabad-cum-Fatehgarh 276581 33.1 2.7 8 13 Ghazipur 121020 15.6 0 0 14 Jhansi 505693 4.2 1.5 36 15 Kanpur 2768057 375.2 457 122 16 Mirzapur-cum-Vindhyachal 234871 26.8 18 67 17 Mughalsarai 109650 15.1 0 0 18 Varanasi 1198491 235.8 362 154 Uttarakhand 19 Rishikesh 119848 14.6 23 158 20 Haridwar 811338 50.6 63 125 West Bengal 21 Baidyabati 133221 15.3 6 39 22 Bally 293373 33.7 3. 9 23 Bansberia 114179 12.9 0.3 2 24 Baranagar 245213 27.7 0 0 25 Barrackpore 154475 17.4 5.35 31 26 Behrampur 195224 23.6 3.7 16 27 Bhadreswar 111625 12.7 7.6 60 28 Bhatpara 383762 48.3 61 126 29 Champadani 122376 12.8 1 8 30 Chandannagar 183554 20.7 22.7 110 31 Haldia 200827 25.5 0 0 32 Halisahar 126893 15.5 13 84 33 Howrah 1077075 135.7 45 33 34 Hugli-Chinsurah 177259 20.4 0 0 35 Kalyani 100575 11.9 21 176 36 Kamarhati 347721 39.7 40 101 37 Kanchrapara 136055 14.2 0 0 38 Khardaha 113920 13.0 3 23 39 Kolkata 4787965 580.8 179 31 40 Maheshtala 448317 52.4 4.2 8 41 Nabadwip 125528 14.2 10.5 74 42 Naihati 228795 25.8 18 70 43 Panihati 377347 43.6 12 28 44 Rishra 137035 15.8 0 0 45 Serampore 201673 22.7 19 84 46 Santipur 151777 17.4 0 0 47 Titagarh 122368 13.6 23.1 170 48 Uluberia 274846 29.9 0 0 49 Uttarpara Kotrung 159147 18.2 0 0 Total 21940813 2707.1 1821.65 Source: Data collected in year 2019 from NMCG, with basic source of report ‘based on Basin Condition Assessment & Feasibility Studies (CA & FS), NMCG, 2011

72 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011) Table 3-23: Sewage generation and treatment of Class II and other cities out of the 97 Towns along the river Ganga Population Sewage STP Capacity Percentage S.NO Cities in year Generation in Sanctioned covered (%) 2011 2016 (MLD) (MLD) Sewage Generation of Class II cities Bihar 50 Barauni 71660 8.1 0 0 51 Barh 61470 7.1 0 0 52 Fatuah 50961 6.2 0 0 53 Mokameh 60678 6.9 0 0 54 Sultanganj 52892 6.7 0 0 Jharkhand 55 Sahibganj 88214 10.1 12 118.81 Uttar Pradesh 56 Bijnor 93297 11 0 0 57 Gangaghat/Shuklaganj 84072 9.9 0 0 58 Kannauj 84862 9.8 13 132.65 West Bengal 59 Budge-Budge 76858 8.7 4.25 48.85 60 Chakdah 95203 10.9 0 0.00 61 Dhuliyan 95706 11.7 0 0.00 62 Diamond Harbour 50158 5.8 2 34.48 63 Garulia 89603 10.2 7.9 77.45 64 Gayespur 58998 6.8 8.23 121.03 65 Jangipur 88131 11.3 0 0.00 66 Jiyagunj/ Azimgunj 51790 7.1 1.39 19.58 67 Katwa 81966 9.4 2.3 24.47 68 Konnagar 79960 9.1 22 241.76 Total 1416479 166.8 73.07 Sewage Generation of other Cities

Bihar 69 Barahiya 43032 4.9 0 0.00 70 Bhaktiyarpur 47897 6.0 0 0.00 71 Kahelgaon 35497 4.2 0 0.00 72 Sonepur 37776 4.3 0 0.00 Jharkhand 73 Rajmahal 27850 2.7 0 0.00 Uttar Pradesh 74 Anoopsahar 29087 3.4 2.56 75.29 75 Babrala 18108 2.2 0 0.00 76 Bithoor 11300 1.3 0 0.00 77 Chunar 37185 4.2 0 0.00 78 Garhmukteshwar 46077 5.9 9 152.54 79 Hastinapur 26452 3.2 0 0.00 80 Narora 22775 2.7 6.25 231.48 81 Ramnagar 49132 5.9 0 0.00 82 Saidpur 24338 2.8 0 0.00 Uttarakhand 83 Gangotri 4564 0.5 1 200.00 84 Badrinath 22307 1.7 0 0.00 85 Uttarkashi (Budkot) 17475 2.4 2 83.33 86 Joshimath 20111 2.5 0 0.00 87 Chamoli-Gopeshwar 24447 3.0 0 0.00 88 Nandprayag 1920 0.2 0.15 75.00 89 Karnaprayag 8801 1.0 0 0.00

73 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011) Population Sewage STP Capacity Percentage S.NO Cities in year Generation in Sanctioned covered (%) 2011 2016 (MLD) (MLD) 90 Gaucher 10637 1.3 0 0.00 91 Rudraprayag 10612 1.6 0 0.00 92 Srinagar 24464 2.6 4.5 173.08 93 Kirtinagar 1722 0.2 0.06 30.00 94 Devprayag 4015 0.5 1.4 280.00 95 Tapovan 20000 0.0 3.5 0.00 96 Muni ki Reti 48287 1.9 0 0.00 West Bengal 97 Murshidabad 44024 5.6 1.96 35.00 Total 719892 78.7 32.38 Source: Data collected in year 2019 from NMCG, with basic source of report ‘based on Basin Condition Assessment & Feasibility Studies (CA & FS), NMCG, 2011

3.11. CONCLUSION

141. The Ganga in Uttar Pradesh evidently demands treatment of sewage and minimum ecological flow for its survival as a river. Since a river is a living eco-system and therefore ultimate goal should be to protect the functioning of the river eco-system. The increasing trend of fecal coliforms in Uttarakhand in Alakananda, Mandakini and Bhagirathi downstream of Gangotri is observed. In Uttar Pradesh, increasing trend of BOD and faecal coliforms is observed from Garhmukteshwar to Tarighat reflecting entire length in the state. In Bihar stretch of the river, although level of BOD is confirming to the standard but increasing trend is clearly seen, whereas fecal coliform is not confirming to standard and showing an increasing trend. In West Bengal, although a decreasing trend is observed with respect to fecal coliforms, it is exceeding the standard at all locations. The water quality needs improvement in Uttrakhand from downstream of Rudrapryag, in Uttar Pradesh from Garhmukteshwar to Tarighat, in Bihar from Buxar to Kahalgaon, and in West Bengal from Behrampore to Diamond Harbour on priority basis. An assessment of flow and wastewater is necessary.

142. The sewage generated in the cities like Patna (279.14 MLD), Kanpur (417.35 MLD), Prayagraj (176 MLD), Varanasi (230.17 MLD) and Kolkata (705.86 MLD), is much more than the existing capacity for sewage treatment plants in these major cities — Patna (44%), Kanpur (50%), Prayagraj (43%), Varanasi (75%) and Kolkata (28%). It is pertinent to mention that waste water in Kolkata is discharged into the estuarine part of the river. About 1023.9 MLD of wastewater is generated in Class II cities, and treatment capacity available is only 79.28 MLD, which is 8% of the total wastewater generated. The contribution of Class II cities to sewage generation, though, is as low as 9% to sewage generated by Class I cities.

143. As the population increase and urbanization continues, more treatment capacity will need to be added along with more effective O& M of existing facilities. The water quality data need to be better assessed and used for undertaking future actions. For example, according to available water quality data, fecal coliforms rather than DO-BOD emerge as the most critical parameter of water quality and the polluted river stretches need to be identified on this basis. Also, although much focus is on urban wastewater generation, there are other sources of pollution which need to be equally considered and assessed such as pollution from agricultural chemicals and rural animal and human waste.

4. SOCIAL ANALYSIS “The Ganga, especially, is the river of India, beloved of her people, round which are intertwined her memories, her hopes and fears, her songs of triumph, her victories and her defeats. She has been a symbol of India's age long culture and civilization, ever changing, ever flowing, and yet ever the same Ganga." - Jawaharlal Nehru, First Prime Minister of India

4.1. SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE OF GANGA BASIN

144. Ganges mainly flows though eleven Indian states namely, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Delhi, Bihar, Jharkhand, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, andWest Bengal. Each of the state has distinct socio-economic profile.

145. The Ganga basin is one of the most densely populated and fertile river basins in the world. The basin supports about 600 million people over an area of approximately 860, 000 sq. km of which some 100 million are directly dependent on the river and its tributaries. The Ganges Basin supports one of the world's highest densities of humans.

146. The state of the river Ganga is significantly affected by the population living within the basin. The Ganga Basin has 2014 cities and towns, with an estimated population of 165 million. Average population density in the Ganga basin is 550 persons per sq.km. as compared to 382 for India (2011 census).

75 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011) State-wise socio-economic profile of Ganga Basin

Bihar

147. The total population of Bihar is 10,40,99,452. In this State, out of a total 38 districts, 31 districts fall within the Ganga basin namely, Araria, Aurangabad, Begusarai, Bhagalpur, Bhojpur, Buxar, Darbhanga, Gaya, Gopalganj, Jamui, Jehanabad, Katihar, Kishanganj, Lakhisarai, Madhubani, Munger, Muzaffarpur, Nalanda, Nawada, Patna, Paschim Champaran, Purba Champaran, Purnia, Rohtas, Saharsa, Samastipur, Saran, Sitamarhi, Siwan, Supaul, and Vaishali. The population of these 31 districts is about 9,47,76,226.

Figure 4-1: Map showing districts of Bihar state which falls in the Ganga basin

76 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011) Chhattisgarh

148. In India, the total area of Ganga Basin is 862,769 sq. km. of the total Ganga Basin area, 5.85%, about 17,907 sq. km., falls under the state. The districts which lies within the basin are Bastar, Bilaspur, Dhamtari, Durg, Korba, Koriya, Raigarh, Raipur, Rajnandgaon, and Surguja with an estimated population of 1,95,40,913 people. The total population of the state is 2,55,45,198.

Figure 4-2: Map showing districts of Chhattisgarh state which falls in the Ganga basin

77 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011) Delhi

149. The total population of Delhi is 1,67,87,941. All the 9 districts of Delhi – Central, East, New Delhi, North, North East, North West, South, South West and West districts lies within the Ganga Basin.

Figure 4-3: Map showing districts of NCT of Delhi which falls in the Ganga basin

78 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011) Haryana

150. The total population of Haryana is 2,53,51,462. Out of 21 districts, 20 of the districts lies in the Ganga Basin. The districts are Ambala, Bhiwani, Faridabad, Fatehabad, Gurgaon, Hisar, Jhajjar, Jind, Kaithal, Karnal, Kurukshetra, Mahendragarh, Palwal, Panchkula, Panipat, Rewari, Rohtak, Sirsa, Sonipat and Yamunanagar. The total population in the basin districts is approximately 2,42,62,199.

Figure 4-4: Map showing district of Haryana state which falls in the Ganga basin

79 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011) Himachal Pradesh

151. Himachal Pradesh is a northern Indian state in the Himalayas with a population of 68,64,602. There is only one district in the Ganga Basin in the state i.e. Shimla having a population of 8,14,010.

Figure 4-5: Map showing districts of Himachal Pradesh state which falls in the Ganga basin

80 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011) Jharkhand

152. The total population of the Jharkhand state is 3,29,88,134. Out of the total 24 districts in the state, 12 districts, namely, Bokaro, Deoghar, Dhanbad, Giridih, Hazaribagh, Kodarma, Palamu, Paschim Singhbhum, Purbi Singhbhum, Ramgarh, Ranchi, and Sahibganj lie within the Ganga Basin The population of the districts in the Ganga Basin is 2,18,85,507.

Figure 4-6: Map showing districts of Jharkhand state which falls in the Ganga basin

81 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011) Madhya Pradesh

153. The total population of the Madhya Pradesh State is 7,26,26,809. The state has 50 districts, of which 41 districts lies in the Ganga Basin. These districts are Ashoknagar, Balaghat, Betul, Bhind, Bhopal, Burhanpur, Chhatarpur, Chhindwara, Damoh, Datia, Dewas, Dhar, Guna, Gwalior, Harda, Hoshangabad, Indore, Jabalpur, Katni, Khandwa, Khargone, Mandla, Mandsaur, Morena, Narsimhapur, Neemuch, Panna, Ratlam, Rewa, Sagar, Satna, Sehore, Seoni, Shahol, Shajapur, Sheopur, Shivpuri, Singrauli, Tikamgarh, Ujjain, and Vidisha. The population in these districts is 6,33,83,918.

Figure 4-7: Map showing districts of Madhya Pradesh state which falls in the Ganga basin

82 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011) Rajasthan

154. The total population of Rajasthan state is 6,85,48,437. Out of 33 districts in the state, 28 districts lies within the Ganga Basin. These districts are Ajmer, Alwar, Banswara, Baran, Barmer, Bharatpur, Bhilwara, Bikaner, Bundi, Chittaurgarh, Churu, Dausa, Dhaulpur, Ganganagar, Hanumangarh, Jaipur, Jaisalmer, Jhunjhunu, Jodhpur, Karauli, Kota, Nagaur, Pali, Rajsamand, Sawai Madhopur, Sikar, Tonk and Udaipur. The population of these districts is 6,20,15,832.

Figure 4-8: Map showing districts of Rajasthan state which falls in the Ganga basin

83 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011) Uttar Pradesh

155. The total population of Uttar Pradesh state is 3,45,39,582. Out of 70 districts in the State, 61 lies in the Ganga Basin. These districts are Agra, Aligarh, Prayagraj, Amroha, Auraiya, Azamgarh, Bahraich, Ballia, Balrampur, Banda, Barbanki, Baraut, Bareilly, Basti, Badohi, Bijnor, Budaun, Bulandshahr, Chandauli, Etah, Etawah, Faizabad, Farrukhabad, Fatehpur, Firozabad, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Ghaziabad, Ghazipur, Gonda, Gorakhpur, Hamirpur, Hardoi, Hathras, Jalaun, Jaunpur, Jhansi, Kannauj, Kanpur Nagar, Kheri, Kushinagar, Lalitpur, Lucknow, Mahoba, Mainpuri, Mathura, Mau, Meerut, Mirzapur, Moradabad, Muzaffarnagar, Pilibhit, Pratapgarh, Rae Bareli, Rampur, Sahranpur, Shahjahanpur, Sitapur, Sonbhadra, Sultanpur, Unnao and Varanasi. The total population of the Ganga Basin districts is 33,348,040.

Figure 4-9: Map showing districts of Uttar Pradesh state which falls in the Ganga basin

84 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011) Uttarakhand

156. The total population of Uttarakhand State is 1,00,86,292. Out of 13 districts in the state, 7 lies in the Ganga Basin. The districts are Chamoli, Dehra Dun, Garhwal, Hardwar, Rudraprayag, Tehri Garhwal, and Uttarkashi. The population of the districts lyin in the Ganga Basin are 54,65,689 persons. persons.

Figure 4-10: Map showing districts of Uttarakhand state which falls in the Ganga basin

85 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011) West Bengal

157. The total population of West Bengal state is 9,12,76,115. Out of 19 districts in the state, 17 districts lies within the Ganga Basin. These districts are Banjura, Barddhaman, Birbhum, Dakshin Dinajpur, Darjiling, Hugli, Jalpaiguri, Koch Bihar, Kolkata, Malda, Murshidabad, Nadia, North 24 Parganas, Paschim Medinipur, Purba Medinipur, Puruliya, and Uttar Dinajpur. The total population of these districts is 7,82,64,125.

Figure 4-11: Map showing districts of West Bengal state which falls in the Ganga basin Demographic profile of Ganga basin

158. Basic demographic characteristics of the states are described in the table below:

Table 4-1: Distribution of population by location and caste % Population Total % urban % rural Number of Household % SC % ST States below Population population population households size Population Population poverty line Bihar 104,099,452 11.29 88.71 18,913,565 5.5 15.91 1.28 33.74 Chhattisgarh 25,545,198 23.24 76.76 5,650,724 4.5 12.82 30.62 39.93 Delhi 16,787,941 97.50 2.50 3,435,999 4.9 16.75 0.00 9.91 Haryana 25,351,462 34.88 65.12 4,857,524 5.2 20.17 0.00 11.16 Himachal 6,864,602 10.03 89.97 1,483,280 4.6 25.19 5.71 8.06 Pradesh Jharkhand 32,988,134 24.05 75.95 6,254,781 5.3 12.08 26.21 36.96 Madhya 72,626,809 27.63 72.37 15,093,256 4.8 15.62 21.09 31.65 Pradesh Rajasthan 68,548,437 24.87 75.13 12,711,146 5.4 17.83 13.48 14.71

86 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011) % Population Total % urban % rural Number of Household % SC % ST States below Population population population households size Population Population poverty line Uttar 199,812,341 22.27 77.73 33,448,035 6.0 20.70 0.57 29.43 Pradesh Uttarakhand 10,086,292 30.23 69.77 2,056,975 4.9 18.76 2.89 11.26 West Bengal 91,276,115 31.87 68.13 20,380,315 4.5 23.51 5.80 19.98 India 1,210,569,573 31.15 68.85 249,454,252 4.8 16.63 8.61 21.92 Source: Census of India 2011 & BPL population (Tendulkar methodology) 2011-12, Niti Aayog- poverty press note 2013

159. Majority of the population in ten states (except Delhi) falls in rural category. Out of the eleven states, Chhattisgarh has the maximum population of Scheduled Tribes, the indigenous people. In most of the states (except Delhi and Haryana), tribes are present in all the districts along the river Ganga except for two districts in Uttar Pradesh, though the spatial distribution varies from state to state.

Table 4-2: Distribution of population by sex Sex ratio States Total Population % male % female Sex Ratio (0-6 years) Bihar 104,099,452 52.14 47.86 918 935 Chhattisgarh 25,545,198 50.24 49.76 991 969 Delhi 16,787,941 53.53 46.47 868 871 Haryana 25,351,462 53.23 46.77 879 834 Himachal Pradesh 6,864,602 50.72 49.28 972 909 Jharkhand 32,988,134 51.32 48.68 948 948 Madhya Pradesh 72,626,809 51.79 48.21 931 918 Rajasthan 68,548,437 51.86 48.14 928 888 Uttar Pradesh 199,812,341 52.29 47.71 912 902 Uttarakhand 10,086,292 50.94 49.06 963 890 West Bengal 91,276,115 51.28 48.72 950 956 India 1,210,569,573 51.47 48.53 943 919 Source: Census of India 2011

160. All the eleven states have comparable sex ratio. Out of these eleven States, Uttar Pradesh has the lowest sex ratio. The state of Chhattisgarh is the best amongst the eleven states in sex ratio and even better than the national average of 943 females per 1000 males. While in sex ratio categorization for the age group of 0-6 years, state of Chhattisgarh fares well and has sex ratio even more than national average.

Table 4-3: Educational Level States Literacy Rate Education Level among literates Total Male Female Below primary Primary Middle Secondary Sr. Secondary Graduate and above Bihar 63.82 73.39 53.33 13,701,980.00 13,154,969 7,969,599 7,266,128 3,839,395 3,061,676 Chhattisgarh 71.04 81.45 60.59 3,687,369.00 4,192,144 3,202,404 1,628,487 1,172,386 1,018,853 Delhi 86.34 91.03 80.93 1,458,061.00 2,230,894 1,931,411 2,186,314 1,598,435 2,757,844 Haryana 76.64 85.38 66.77 2,473,145.00 3,772,022 2,705,282 3,225,936 1,892,113 1,877,085 Himachal Pradesh 83.78 90.83 76.6 611,475.00 1,162,995 826,611 1,127,997 662,457 446,609 Jharkhand 67.63 78.45 56.21 4,293,415.00 4,808,604 3,091,107 2,473,825 1,459,686 1,328,477 Madhya Pradesh 70.63 80.53 60.02 9,582,214.00 11,878,241 8,431,000 4,441,266 3,193,222 3,222,802 Rajasthan 67.06 80.51 52.66 8,083,827.00 10,524,424 7,319,223 4,610,185 2,515,863 3,063,282 Uttar Pradesh 69.72 79.24 59.26 21,424,480.00 27,798,792 23,122,728 15,137,315 10,807,005 9,919,838 Uttarakhand 79.63 87.4 70.7 1,034,583.00 1,550,574 1,406,871 1,019,490 755,008 910,288 West Bengal 77.08 82.67 71.16 15,902,612.00 14,954,591 12,474,301 5,430,854 5,599,953 4,827,817 India 74.04 82.14 65.46 146,897,597.00 184,170,833 133,903,266 105,939,743 77,942,593 68,288,971 Source: Census of India 2011

87 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011) 161. Delhi shows highest literacy rate while Bihar shows the lowest literacy rate amongst the eleven states in terms of both male and female literacy rate. Literacy rate of Bihar is lower than the National literacy rate while literacy rate of Delhi followed by Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, West Bengal and Haryana is much higher than the national literacy rate of 74.04%. Literacy rate is an indicator of development and the level of awareness about the cleanliness, hygiene and healthy lifestyle amongst the natives. Women in all the eleven states have lesser rate of literacy as compared to males, reflecting the poor importance given to the education of women.

Table 4-4: Distribution of population by age group States 0-9 years 10 – 14 years 15-59 years 60 years and above Bihar 27,801,306 13,919,882 5,467,617 7,707,145 Chhattisgarh 5,299,823 2,884,013 15,334,338 2,003,909 Delhi 2,917,172 1,648,147 11,058,475 1,147,445 Haryana 4861276 2,668,678 15,596,219 2,193,755 Himachal Pradesh 1,136,161 639,224 4,376,045 703,009 Jharkhand 7,786,722 4,104,396 18,623,604 2,356,678 Madhya Pradesh 15,737,741 8,564,501 42,528,389 5,713,316 Rajasthan 15,344,908 8,380,518 39,441,271 5,112,138 Uttar Pradesh 45,438,385 2,569,881 111,442,109 15,439,904 Uttarakhand 1,983,665 1,145,343 6,039,867 900,809 West Bengal 15,580,952 9,156,523 58,683,807 7,742,382 India 239,734,904 132,709,212 730,072,019 103,849,040 Source: Census of India 2011

162. All the states witness the maximum number of population in the age group ranging from 15-59 years. In the age group of 0-9 years, maximum population is present in Uttar Pradesh and the minimum is in Himachal Pradesh. In the age group from 60 years and above the same trend is seen that is maximum population in Uttar Pradesh and minimum in Himachal Pradesh. Uttar Pradesh is a very populous state.

Table 4-5: Gender Status

India

Delhi

Bihar

Pradesh Pradesh

Madhya

Haryana

Himachal Himachal

Rajasthan

Jharkhand

West West Bengal

Uttarakhand

Chhattisgarh UttarPradesh % women married by the 40.62 20.09 13.59 24.09 11.89 39.51 32.46 42.37 13.57 23.24 42.16 28.58 age of 18 years % men married by the 34.42 24.67 13.66 24.28 12.02 30.49 32.83 42.42 14.43 28.82 22.73 23.62 age of 21 years Total fertility 3.3 2.5 1.6 2.3 1.7 2.6 2.8 2.7 3.1 1.9 1.6 2.3 rate Source: Census of India 2011

163. Rajasthan clearly shows that most of the females get married by the age of 18, and for males also the rate of getting married by the eligible age of 21 is high. The fertility is higer than the national fertility rate in the States of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh whereas it is lowest in the States of Chhattisgarh and West Bengal.

88 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011) 4.1.1. Health 164. Health is an important indicator of human well being. Life expectancy, IMR, maternal mortality rate are some of the important indicators of the health status.

Table 4-6: Life Expectancy at birth by sex in India 2000-2014 2000-04 2001-05 2002-06* 2010-14 States/India Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Bihar 61.8 59.9 62 60.1 62.2 60.4 68.1 67.8 Chattisgarh ______Delhi ______Haryana 65.3 65.8 65.6 66 65.9 66.3 68.6 66.3 Himachal 66.1 66.8 66.3 67.1 66.5 67.3 71.6 69.3 Pradesh Jharkhand ______Madhya 57.5 57.2 57.8 57.5 58.1 57.9 64.2 62.5 Pradesh Rajasthan 60.9 62 61.2 62.2 61.5 62.3 67.7 65.5 Uttar Pradesh 59.9 59 60.1 59.3 60.3 59.5 64.1 62.9 Uttarakhand ______West Bengal 63.7 65.2 63.9 65.5 64.1 65.8 70.2 68.9 India 62.1 63.7 62.3 63.9 62.6 64.2 67.9 66.4 Sources: SRS, Registrar General of India, based Abridge Life Tables, 2002-06; * Bihar, MP & UP includes Jharkhand, Chhatisgarh & Uttarakhand resp.; National Health Profile 2008: MoHFW.

165. Life Expectancy of India for 2005-10 period: Overall (64.7); Male (63.2) & Female (66.4) as per United Nations World, Fact Book; (September 17, 2009) 166. Average life expectancy has shown increasing trend from year 2002 to 2014 in all the eleven states as with the trend shown by the country. Out of the all basin states, Himachal Pradesh has the highest life expectancy at birth for both sexes (males, females).

Table 4-7: Infant Mortality Rates - 2006-2011 (State-wise and rural / urban wise) (per 1000 live births)

Rural Urban Combined

State

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Bihar 58 57 53 52 46 44 63 58 58 52 50 45 60 58 56 52 48 44 Chhattisgarh 59 58 57 50 48 47 62 61 58 57 54 50 61 59 57 54 51 48 Delhi 36 36 34 31 29 25 39 36 37 34 31 31 37 36 35 33 30 28 Haryana 57 55 51 48 46 41 58 56 57 53 49 48 57 55 54 51 48 44 Himachal 45 45 43 44 35 36 55 49 45 45 47 39 50 47 44 45 40 38 Pradesh Jharkhand 46 47 45 42 41 36 52 49 48 46 44 43 49 48 46 44 42 39 Madhya 72 72 68 66 62 57 77 72 72 68 63 62 74 72 70 67 62 59 Pradesh Rajasthan 65 63 60 58 52 50 69 67 65 61 57 53 67 65 63 59 55 52 Uttarakhand ______Uttar 70 67 64 62 58 55 73 70 70 65 63 59 71 69 67 63 61 57 Pradesh West Bengal 37 36 34 33 29 30 40 37 37 33 32 34 38 37 35 33 31 32

India 56 55 52 49 46 43 59 56 55 52 49 46 57 55 53 50 47 44

Sources: Data book for DCH, 28 October 2011, Planning Commission of India

89 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011)

167. Infant Mortality rates have shown decreasing trends in all the states and Ganga basin as general from 2006 to 2011. Highest IMR is found in the state of Madhya Pradesh. The same trend is seen in both rural and urban areas that the state of Madhya Pradesh has the maximum cases of IMR. On an average in 2011 the cases of IMR reported in Madhya Pradesh was 59 per 1000 live births.

Table 4-8: State wise data on Health infrastructure State Required PHCs In place PHCs Bihar 3099 1899 Chhattisgarh 774 785 Delhi 5 8 Haryana 550 366 Himachal Pradesh 212 538 Jharkhand 966 297 Madhya Pradesh 1989 1171 Rajasthan 1861 2079 Uttar Pradesh 5194 3621 Uttarakhand 238 257 West Bengal 914 1239 Source: RHS Bulletin, October 2017, M/O Health & F.W., GOI

168. Bihar and Jharkhand state clearly reflects the poor health facility available in the states, the required number of primary health centers is far behind the present number of primary health centers in the state. Primary health centre is an important health infrastructure and should be accessible to all the residents.

Table 4-9: State / UT wise Cases and Deaths due to Dengue in India 2015-2018 (provisional) 2018 (Provisional 2015 2016 2017 (Provisional) S. No. State till 22 July, 2018) Cases Deaths Cases Deaths Cases Deaths Cases Deaths 1 Bihar 1771 0 1912 0 1854 0 8 0 2 Chhattisgarh 384 1 356 0 444 0 31 0 3 Delhi 15867 60 4431 10 9271 10 90 0 4 Haryana 9921 13 2493 0 4550 0 17 0 5 Himachal Pradesh 19 1 322 0 452 0 220 0 6 Jharkhand 102 0 414 1 710 5 23 0 7 Madhya Pradesh 2108 8 3150 12 2666 6 80 0 8 Rajasthan 4043 7 5292 16 8427 14 1912 3 9 Uttar Pradesh 2892 9 15033 42 3092 28 164 0 10 Uttarakhand 1655 1 2146 4 849 0 6 0 11 West Bengal 8516 14 22865 45 37746 46 NA NA Source: Dengue/DHF situation in India 2015-18. Directorate of National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme

169. State of West Bengal shows the maximum number of cases due to dengue and hence the cases of deaths due to dengue are also reported high in the State. While in the latest available data of year 2018 three cases of deaths have been reported in the state of Rajasthan.

Table 4-10: State/UT wise Cases and Deaths Due to Cholera in India 2017(Provisional) 2016 2017 (Provisional) S. No. State Cases Deaths Cases Deaths 1 Bihar 0 0 0 0 2 Chhattisgarh 12 0 0 0 3 Delhi 228 0 137 2 4 Haryana 0 0 2 0

90 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011) 2016 2017 (Provisional) S. No. State Cases Deaths Cases Deaths 5 Himachal Pradesh 0 0 0 0 6 Jharkhand 5 0 0 0 7 Madhya Pradesh 42 1 0 0 8 Rajasthan 2 0 17 0 9 Uttar Pradesh 0 0 1 0 10 Uttarakhand 0 0 0 0 11 West Bengal 157 0 89 0 Source: National Health Profile 2018, Central Bureau of Health Intelligence, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare

170. Highest number of cases (137 nos.) was reported in the state of Delhi, with 2 cases of reported deaths. West Bengal also reported 89 cases of cholera in the year 2017.

Table 4-11: State/UT wise Cases and Deaths Due to Acute Diarrheal Disease in India 2017 (Provisional) Male Female Total Reference Period S. No. State Cases Deaths Cases Deaths Cases Deaths up to 1 Bihar 167,525 8 141,764 11 309,289 19 December 2017 2 Chhattisgarh 94,864 12 85,534 13 180,398 25 December 2017 3 Delhi 72,613 62 55,972 55 128,585 117 December 2017 4 Haryana 122,654 13 114,098 7 236,752 20 December 2017 5 Himachal Pradesh 149,684 17 164,779 9 314,463 26 December 2017 6 Jharkhand 49,654 0 41,672 0 91,326 0 December 2017 7 Madhya Pradesh 383,192 56 315,204 46 698,396 102 December 2017 8 Rajasthan 546,515 1 424,598 0 971,113 1 December 2017 9 Uttar Pradesh 684,387 148 534,624 154 1,219,071 302 December 2017 10 Uttarakhand 48,880 3 49,900 3 98,780 6 December 2017 11 West Bengal 965,726 61 923,068 54 1,888,794 115 December 2017 Source: National Health Profile 2018, Central Bureau of Health Intelligence, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare

171. Acute diarrheal disease is manly attributed to poor sanitation and drinking untreated polluted water. West Bengal shows the maximum number of cases of diarrhea disease. While Uttar Pradesh bags the second rank among the eleven states. In West Bengal, males are more prone to diarrhea as compared to females as indicated by the data. And hence the number of deaths due to diarrhea is higher in males of Bengal as compared to females. This clearly reflects the vulnerable and poor status in the society.

Table 4-12: State/UT wise Cases and Deaths Due to Enteric Fever (Typhyoid) in India 2017 (Provisional) Male Female Total Reference S. No. State Cases Deaths Cases Deaths Cases Deaths Period up to 1 Bihar 88907 1 82326 1 171233 2 December 2017 2 Chhattisgarh 39916 1 35311 2 75227 3 December 2017 3 Delhi 10068 16 8300 1 18368 17 December 2017 4 Haryana 25464 3 23117 1 48581 4 December 2017 5 Himachal Pradesh 18636 9 21056 3 39692 12 December 2017 6 Jharkhand 21782 0 19362 0 41144 0 December 2017 7 Madhya Pradesh 58420 4 48037 5 106457 9 December 2017 8 Rajasthan 43905 0 35112 0 79017 0 December 2017 9 Uttar Pradesh 359757 136 280921 112 640678 248 December 2017 10 Uttarakhand 16504 5 15863 2 32367 7 December 2017 11 West Bengal 122130 6 112883 0 235013 3 December 2017 Source: National Health Profile 2018, Central Bureau of Health Intelligence, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare

172. High cases of water borne diseases are reported in the states, but they are averted by treatment and fewer numbers of deaths happen due to water borne diseases. High number of water borne diseases

91 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011) could be attributed to inaccessibility to safe drinking water and poor sanitation and hygiene surroundings. Moreover the use of untreated water is also one of the important reason for such diseases.

4.1.2. Economic Profile Economic Importance

173. The Ganges Basin with its fertile soil is instrumental to the agricultural economies of India and Bangladesh. The Ganga basin is one of the most populous regions on Earth, home to 450 million people at an average density of over 550 individuals per square kilometre. In the delta zone this rises to over 900 per square kilometre. As a result, there is strong demand and competition for natural resources, especially water for domestic use and irrigation, and most of the basin tributaries are regulated by barrages.

Hydroelectric Power 174. The hydroelectric potential of the Ganges and its tributaries has been estimated at 13 million kilowatts, of which about two-fifths lies within India and the rest in Nepal. Some of this potential has been exploited in India with such hydroelectric developments as those along the Chambal and Rihand rivers.

Occupation Profile

175. The maximum numbers of workers are based in Uttar Pradesh, while minimum number is in Uttarakhand. But Uttar Pradesh also leads the group by having maximum number of people categorized as non-workers. It forms substantial part of the non workers population of the country. Uttar Pradesh has the highest number of main workers followed by the West Bengal and in the last is Himachal Pradesh.

Table 4-13: Distribution of population by Occupation Marginal States Total Workers Main workers Non workers workers Bihar 34,724,987 21,359,611 13,365,376 69,374,465 Chhattisgarh 12,180,225 8,241,714 3,938,511 13,364,973 Delhi 5,587,049 5,307,329 279,720 11,200,892 Haryana 8,916,508 7,015,283 1,901,225 16,434,954 Himachal Pradesh 3,559,422 2,062,501 1,496,921 3,305,180 Jharkhand 13,098,274 6,818,595 6,279,679 19,889,860 Madhya Pradesh 31,574,133 22,702,119 8,872,014 41,052,676 Rajasthan 29,886,255 21,057,968 8,828,287 38,662,182 Uttar Pradesh 65,814,715 44,635,492 21,179,223 133,997,626 Uttarakhand 3,872,275 2,870,624 1,001,651 6,214,017 West Bengal 34,756,355 25,686,630 9,069,725 56,519,760 India 481,743,311 362,446,420 119,296,891 728,826,262 Source: Census of India 2011 4.1.3. Housing profile 176. The table below provides housing profile of the eleven states of Ganga basin:

92 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011)

Table 4-14: Type of Fuel Used

Type of Delhi

Fuel Bihar

Haryana

Rajasthan

Jharkhand

West Bengal West

Chhattisgarh Uttarakhand

Uttar Pradesh Uttar

Madhya Pradesh Madhya Himachal Pradesh Himachal

Fire wood 6,578,605 4,545,101 112,291 1,228,813 849,684 3,557,421 9,939,187 7,776,685 972,074 15,707,246 6,637,341 Crop 6,153,363 49,865 9,094 665,018 15,753 249,098 841,994 1,381,767 25,430 2,863,975 5,127,815 residue Cow dung 4,106,831 209,150 19,487 670,240 2,355 443,552 1,147,848 372,720 63,188 7,613,010 2,010,585 Coal 190,559 129,170 4,476 5,021 363 1,121,179 33,391 13,739 1,211 82,508 1,585,448 Kerosene 50,777 28,469 175,443 47,290 30,792 14,578 194,357 112,100 35,676 238,467 429,309 LPG 1,528,380 628,600 569,556 720,832 883,286 6,226,793 3,003,996 2,075,925 2,717,504 2,873,314 3,603,293 Electricity 22,389 6,092 1,335 1,384 2,184 21,076 6,876 3,794 806 28,374 15,128 Biogas 47,335 10,520 3,017 11,722 1,266 6,595 52,252 12,145 9,460 52,033 51,275 Any other 228,163 4,823 1,866 2,986 325 39,173 6,916 7,599 699 40,493 550,252 Source: Census of India 2011

177. Table indicates that fire wood is the most common type of fuel used by the households indicating low economic development in the society. All eleven states reflect the same point of excess usage of fuel wood by the households. Substantial number of households in Uttar Pradesh still uses cow dung as a fuel. It is the second most preferred fuel after fire wood in the state. While limited number of household sin all the eleven states use electricity as fuel.

178. Sanitation infrastructure, is depicted through the data described in the tables below indicating the overall status of sanitation and hygiene in the states.

Table 4-15: Distribution of households by availability of Bathrooms and toilets

Distribution

Delhi

Bihar Uttar

Pradesh Pradesh Pradesh Madhya

households Haryana

Himachal Himachal

Rajasthan

Jharkhand

West West Bengal

Uttarakhand Chhattisgarh % households 42.03 11.26 14.76 87.02 68.11 67.46 16.48 25.80 36.81 60.50 29.05 having Bathrooms % urban 45.73 54.43 87.32 86.13 90.26 55.34 69.94 79.28 87.68 69.72 59.97

% rural 7.16 3.55 74.84 57.47 64.57 4.07 10.54 22.98 49.04 17.15 11.94 % households 23.1 24.6 89.5 68.6 69.1 22.0 28.8 35.0 65.8 35.5 58.8 having toilets Pit latrine 2.5 3.5 1.8 17.4 8.1 1.4 2.3 6.5 11.9 4.2 25.6 Water 20.1 21.0 85.7 50.4 60.7 20.4 26.1 27.6 53.2 29.8 31.9 closet Other 0.5 0.2 2.1 0.8 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.8 0.7 1.7 1.4 latrines No latrines 76.9 75.4 10.5 31.4 30.9 78.0 71.2 65.0 34.2 64.4 41.2 Source: Census of India 2011

93 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011) 179. It is observed from the table above that, among the states of Ganga basin, Haryana has the maximum number of households having bathrooms (i.e. 87.02%) whereas, Chhattisgarh has the least number of households having bathroom facilities (i.e. 11.26%). The availability of toilets in the households is maximum in Delhi (89.5%) whereas minimum in Jharkhand (22%). However the figures above also shows that Jharkhand have the maximum number of households (78%) having no toilet facility followed by Bihar and Chhattisgarh. Poor sanitation coverage is a cause of serious concern for the quality of River Ganga. Poor sanitation coverage is a cause of serious concern for the quality of River Ganga.

180. However, over 40,000,000 toilets have been constructed across rural India since the start of the Swachh Bharat Mission in 2014. It would be right to say that the picture of these states in terms of bathrooms and toilets is changing slowly.

Table 4-16: Distribution of households connected by drainage system States Closed drains Open drains No drains Uttarakhand 379,849 840,819 776,400 Uttar Pradesh 4,238,765 18,459,627 10,225,874 Bihar 1,266,306 6,749,588 10,924,735 Jharkhand 445,272 1,377,951 4,358,384 West Bengal 1,853,782 4,489,442 13,724,075 Madhya Pradesh 1,463,346 4,511,473 8,992,778 Chhattisgarh 295,895 1,062,386 4,264,569 Delhi 1,977,793 1,223,935 138,810 Rajasthan 1,346,514 3,879,171 7,355,618 Haryana 996,566 3,076,288 645,100 Himachal Pradesh 366,748 596,042 513,791 India 44,745,321 81,442,213 120,552,694 Source: Census of India 2011

181. Drainage system is another indicative factor of poor sanitation coverage and all the states are setting a clear example of it. West Bengal has maximum number of households having no drainage facility followed by Uttar Pradesh. This shows that all the waste water is drained into open areas, which may run into nearby water bodies, causing pollution and inviting health implications.

Table 4-17: Distribution of households by availability of kitchen States Number of households having separate kitchen Not available Cooking in Open Uttarakhand 14,00,688 5,91,142 2,34,784 Uttar Pradesh 133,92,578 194,60,321 29,14,445 Bihar 63,38,590 125,67,812 34,81,309 Jharkhand 24,36,894 37,36,610 3,66,028 West Bengal 122,29,812 77,80,634 24,87,577 Madhya Pradesh 70,03,760 79,36,565 6,01,616 Chattisgarh 31,56,571 24,55,219 2,80,521 Delhi 26,43,099 6,87,906 46,518 Rajasthan 63,94,308 61,59,555 16,90,987 Haryana 31,35,763 15,72,636 4,21,663 Himachal Pradesh 13,02,713 1,69,565 1,77,451 Source: Census of India 2011

182. Uttar Pradesh has the maximum number of households having separate kitchen and also takes the lead in having the maximum number of households where kitchen is not available. Whereas in Bihar there are maximum number of households where cooking is done in open. Kitchen availability is an indication of better hygiene practice.

94 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011)

Table 4-18: Distribution of households by availability of electricity and toilets (in percentage) Electricity and toilets both Electricity available but Toilet but no Both not States available no toilet electricity available Bihar 10.87 5.49 12.19 71.45 Chhattisgarh 22.56 52.70 2.03 22.71 Delhi 89.21 9.90 0.32 0.57 Haryana 66.10 24.41 2.53 6.96 Himachal 68.09 28.67 1.02 2.21 Pradesh Jharkhand 19.57 26.21 2.46 51.76 Madhya 27.04 40.07 1.77 31.12 Pradesh Rajasthan 32.55 34.45 2.42 30.58 Uttarakhand 62.90 24.14 2.88 10.09 Uttar Pradesh 24.78 12.03 10.87 52.32 West Bengal 43.01 11.49 15.84 29.67 India 41.02 26.23 5.90 26.85 Source: Census of India 2011

183. Electricity and toilets are indicative of the economic status of the households, all the states show low coverage in terms of availability of both essential infrastructure. Bihar and Jharkhand shows the worst coverage with only 11% of households in Bihar and 20% of households in Jharkhand have access to both toilets and electricity.

Table 4-19: Distribution of households by availability of drinking water sources States %Within premises % Near premises % Away from premises Bihar 50.11 37.92 11.97 Chhattisgarh 19.00 54.51 26.49 Delhi 78.43 15.40 6.17 Haryana 66.53 21.40 12.07 Himachal Pradesh 55.54 34.97 9.48 Jharkhand 23.18 44.94 31.87 Madhya Pradesh 23.90 45.58 30.52 Rajasthan 35.04 39.02 25.94 Uttar Pradesh 51.92 36.01 12.06 Uttarakhand 58.25 26.59 15.15 West Bengal 38.64 34.72 26.64 Source: Census of India 2011

184. Chhattisgarh has very low percentage of households (19%) which have drinking water facility within their premises. While the majority of the households in the state have water facilities near the premises. While compared to all eleven states, Delhi indicates best of statistics in terms of percentage coverage of households having drinking water facility within the premises.

Table 4-20: Sources of safe drinking water

al al

garh

imach

hand

Delhi West Uttar

housholds Bihar

Bengal

Haryan

Rajasth

Uttarak

Jharkha

Pradesh Pradesh Pradesh

Madhya Chhattis Tap 15.09 44.21 75.81 70.20 93.30 34.65 50.55 75.40 72.72 44.68 49.97 Hand 64.37 18.18 5.11 8.42 1.34 27.16 14.62 6.13 17.14 36.75 22.60 pump Tube well 10.37 13.24 8.24 10.81 0.95 9.71 15.32 5.58 3.11 9.59 15.69 Well 0.09 0.54 0.98 1.52 0.18 Tank / 0.16 0.25 1.19 0.55 0.20 0.21 0.74 1.63 0.16 0.23 0.21 Pond

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Institute (17th January, 2011)

al al

garh

imach

hand

Delhi West Uttar

housholds Bihar

Bengal

Haryan

Rajasth

Uttarak

Jharkha

Pradesh Pradesh Pradesh

Madhya Chhattis River / 0.12 0.14 0.01 0.14 0.05 0.63 0.13 0.12 0.07 0.05 0.13 Canal Spring 0.05 0.11 0.01 0.03 0.41 0.11 0.06 0.04 0.06 0.04 0.38 Others 1.72 0.49 3.48 2.03 0.56 1.31 1.47 2.43 0.85 0.97 0.82 Source: Census of India 2011

185. The importance of safe drinking water for health and development has been reflected in the outcomes of many international policy forums. States of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal have majority of households having access to safe drinking water from handpump, while Himachal Pradesh followed by Uttarakhand has tap as the major source for drinking water. Very few households in all the eleven states rely on the river/ spring water for drinking purpose.

Table 4-21: Distribution of households by Banking services and Asset ownership % households owning following assets % households Scooter / States availing banking Radio Television Telephone Bicycle Motorbike/ Car / Jeep services Moped Bihar 44 26 15 2 49 8 2 Chhattisgarh 49 11 31 2 61 16 2 Delhi 78 33 88 17 31 39 21 Haryana 68 17 68 8 45 33 11 Himachal 89 29 74 13 9 16 8 Pradesh Jharkhand 54 17 27 2 59 16 3 Madhya 47 15 32 3 40 19 3 Pradesh Rajasthan 68 16 38 6 29 24 5 Uttar Pradesh 72 25 33 2 68 20 4 Uttarakhand 81 15 62 7 31 23 6 West Bengal 49 18 35 4 57 9 2 Source: Census of India 2011

186. Asset ownership and banking services of the households in the states indicate the basic socio- economic status of the households in the states. Bihar has low percentage of households having access to banking services whereas Himachal Pradesh has the highest percentage in the same among all the states. Delhi has the highest percentage in asset ownership by the households, whereas Bihar and Chhattisgarh has the lowest percentage.

Table 4-22: Land use pattern Permanent pasture % Fallow % Land under Total Land Net Sown and State cultivable Land (in forested miscellaneous Area (in Ha) Area (in Ha) grazing area Ha) Area use (in Ha) land (in Ha) Bihar 9,416,000 69.87 5,278,316 1,007,997 6.60 15,326 2478.13 Chhattisgarh 13,519,000 41.11 468,074 525,394 46.72 886,890 9.83 Delhi 148,000 35.65 21,889 19,798 1.00 61 11.77 Haryana 4,421,000 82.69 3,521,751 108,102 0.85 24,919 87 Himachal Pradesh 5,567,000 1.46 549,964 76,419 20.23 1,510,434 636.7 Jharkhand 7,972,000 54.48 1,384,515 2,507,342 28.09 113,809 982.6 Madhya Pradesh 30,825,000 55.97 15,351,251 871,304 28.21 1,303,170 195.58

96 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011) Permanent pasture % Fallow % Land under Total Land Net Sown and State cultivable Land (in forested miscellaneous Area (in Ha) Area (in Ha) grazing area Ha) Area use (in Ha) land (in Ha) Rajasthan 34,224,000 74.54 17,521,496 3,924,829 8.01 1,673,671 264.85 Uttar Pradesh 24,093,000 78.61 16,598,043 1,630,742 6.88 65,198 3878.17 Uttarakhand 5,348,000 28.96 700,171 143,610 71.05 192,077 3050.12 West Bengal 8,875,000 63.72 5,238,386 350,179 13.21 2,366 494.65 India 328,726,000 55.33 140,130,018 26,182,461 21.84 10,258,121 31401.07 Source: Land Use Statistics at a Glance 2005-06 to 2014-15, Department of Economics and Statistics, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmer’s Welfare

187. Rajasthan has the maximum land coverage amongst the eleven states. It is being followed by Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Bihar, West Bengal, Jharkahnd, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Haryana and Delhi, the smallest state area wise in the group. Uttarakhand and Chhattisgarh have maximum area under forest area, even more than average area for the country under forest cover. Rajasthan also has the maximum land categorized as fallow land.

Table 4-23: Brief economic profile of Ganga Basin State Economic Profile

Bihar ▪ Bihar is located in the eastern part of India, surrounded by Uttar Pradesh on the West, Jharkhand on the south, and West Bengal on the east. Bihar shares the international border with Nepal. Ganga flows through the plains of Bihar from west to east. Lying on the foothills of Himalayas, Bihar has rich natural resources. The topography of Bihar can be easily described as a fertile alluvial plain occupying the Gangetic Valley. Agriculture and mining sector contribute 18% each to the Gross State Domestic Product, the remaining 54% being tertiary sector contribution. ▪ Bihar has very fertile farm land and flourishing orchards. The major crops grown in the state are: paddy, wheat, lentils, sugarcane, and jute. The marsh in the West Champaran district also grows cane. ▪ Bihar is one of the only regions outside China which produces litchi. Other major fruits grown in the state include mangoes, bananas, and jack fruit. ▪ Bihar has dence forest throughout the state. These include the moist deciduous forests in Champaran district, Sal, Shisham, Cedrela, Toona, Khair and Seemal forest in Saharsa and Poornia districts. Bihar is also richly endowed with water resources- both ground water and surface water. Mineral production in the state includes Steatite, Pyrites, Quartzite, Crude Mica and Limestone. Chhattisgarh ▪ Chhattisgarh is located in Central India sharing borders with Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Jharkhand, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh. The main economic activity of the state is mining and industries. ▪ Chhattisgarh contributes to 16% of the country’s total mineral production. The state produces 38% of the total steel produced in India, expected to grow to 50% by 2020. ▪ The state also produces 11% of the total cement in the country. ▪ 44% of the area of the state is enriched with precious forests. The state is identified as one of the richest bio-diversity habitats. ▪ The state has over 200 non-timber forest products, with a potential for value addition Delhi ▪ Delhi is the national capital of India. It is situated between the states of Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. Delhi stands between a triangle formed by the River Yamuna on the east, and Aravalli range from the west and south. ▪ Over the past decade, Delhi has constantly been expanding. Being one of the most important cities in the global economic network, Delhi attracts people from all over the world. ▪ The prominent economic activity in Delhi is the service sector. It contributes to 86% in the Gross State Domestic Product, with only 2% contribution from the primary sector.

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The major industries of the city are IT sector, Handloom, Fashion, Textile and the electronic industry. ▪ Delhi is the largest commercial center in the Northern India and the largest hub of small industries. ▪ Delhi, being the national capital, is the hub of administrative and political activities and offices. Delhi also is the center for education and research. Haryana ▪ Haryana is located in the northern part of India, surrounded by Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, and Rajasthan and adjacent to Himachal Pradesh and Delhi. ▪ Haryana shares the capital Chandigarh with the state of Punjab. ▪ Haryana, though one of the smallest states in terms of size, it is one of the highest contributors to the National GDP. ▪ At the time of formation of Haryana, agriculture was the highest contributor (60% to the GSDP) to the economy of the state. But due to recent developments and the rise of tertiary and services, the profile of economy has changed. According to the the Government of Haryana, service sector and industries contribute to almost 82% of the economy of the state. ▪ The rich gangetic plains in Haryana still make agriculture one of the most important livelihoods in the rural areas. Himachal Pradesh ▪ Himachal Pradesh is a small state located in the northern part of India in the Western Himalayas, surrounded by Punjab, Haryana and Uttarakhand. The state shares a border with Tibet. ▪ The state has a mountainous terrain, spread across valleys. About 90% of the state’s population lives in rural areas. Despite this, the state has become a pioneer in development in the field of Education, Health, Social Welfare and Inclusive Growth. ▪ The numerous perennial rivers flowing in the state, along with the terrain, allow the state to produce hydropower energy and surplus electricity, which is then further sold to other states such as Delhi, Punjab, and West Bengal. ▪ Though the economic growth of the state has been dependent upon agriculture, in the recent times there has been a shift in the economic activities. The share of agriculture has declined from 55.5% in 1950-51 to 9.4% in 2015-16. The major dominant sector in 2015-16 in GSDP was the service industry and tertiary sector. ▪ Tourism plays an important role in the economic profile of the state. Approximately 18 million tourists arrived in Himachal Pradesh in the year 2015-16, of which 0.5 million were foreign tourists. Jharkhand ▪ Jharkhand is a state in the eastern India. It was carved out in November 2000 from the state of Bihar. The state is surrounded by Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Odisha and Chhattisgarh. ▪ Large area of the state is hidden in hills and dense forests, making it inaccessible to most people. The state is inhabited by numerous tribes living in the region for thousands of years. ▪ The tertiary sector contributes to 40% of the GSDP, followed by secondary sector (33%) and primary sector (27%). Jharkhand is the leading producer of mineral wealth in the country. The total value of mineral production is amounted to over Rs. 3000crores. ▪ The state of Jharkhand is endowed with wide range of minerals ranging from Iron Ore, Coal, Copper Ore, Mica, Bauxite, Fire Clay, Graphite, Kyanite, Sillimanite, Lime Stone, and Uranium etc. ▪ Ganga of Jharkhand is intrinsically linked to the economy of the state. It provides the necessary silt in much of the land around it, increasing its fertility. Paddy is the greatest crop of the region. Therefore, the significance of Ganga in the state increases manifold. Many towns in Jharkhand are primarily industrial. Ganga provides the necessary infrastructure for the factories to perform. Thus, the importance of Ganga at Jharkhand cannot be fathomed. It is not surprising that the inhabitants consider Ganga as the reigning deity and worship it with all devotion and faith. Madhya Pradesh ▪ Madhya Pradesh is the second largest state in Central India, surrounded by Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Uttar Pradesh.

98 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011) State Economic Profile

▪ Madhya Pradesh has an agricultural and pastoral economy. Industrial and service sectors are concentrated in districts like Indore, Bhopal, Gwalior and Jabalpur. ▪ Madhya Pradesh is also the second richest state in minerals. Manganese reserves are located in Balaghat and Chhindwara districts. ▪ The state produces 45% of the total Bauxite in India. Bauxite producing centers are found in Jabalpur, Mandla, Shahdol, Satna and Rewa. ▪ Coal reserves can be found in Satpura and northeastern parts of Madhya Pradesh. The state is the only other state in India, along with Chhattisgarh, which produces diamond. ▪ More than 30% of the state’s area is encompassed by forest. The eastern region comprised of Balaghat, Mandla, Shahdol and Sidhi districts have dense deciduous forest cover. The major trees found are Teak, Sal, Bamboo and Tendu. ▪ Due to the rich alluvial soil in the Ganga basin, agriculture plays an important role in the state. Major crops grown in the state are wheat, soybean, jowar, paddy, coarse millets, pulses, cereals and groundnut. Cotton, sugarcane and Oil seeds are also grown in the state. Irrigation of the land is dependent on Narmada, Chambal, Tapti, Betwa, Sone, Shipra, Kali Sindh and Tava. ▪ Mandsaur district is also the largest opium producing district in the country. ▪ The Chambal valley and Narmada valley have a huge potential of hydroelectric power generation. The state also has numerous conventional and non-conventional power projects under progress. Rajasthan ▪ Rajasthan state is the largest state in the country. It is also known as the ‘Land of Kingdoms’ or the ‘Land of Kings’. It is surrounded by Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Delhi and Gujarat. It shares the international border with Pakistan. ▪ The Aravalli hills range runs from south-west to north-east through the heart of the State. The west and the north-west part of the State, is either desert or semi-desert and known as the Great Indian Desert "The Thar". ▪ The main activities in Rajasthan are agriculture and service sector. The secondary and tertiary sector contributes 30.5% and 50% to the state’s GDP respectively. Simultaneously, agriculture and service sector employ 44% and 47% of the labor force respectively. ▪ Tourism is one of the biggest sector in the state. The imprint of the state on the world tourist map is everlasting. The state offers heritage tourism, and rural and eco-tourism among various other attractions. ▪ Rajasthan is a mineral-rich state. Some of the minerals produced in the state are gold, silver, sandstone, limestone, marble, rock, phosphate, copper and lignite. Rajasthan is also the second largest producer of cement. ▪ Rajasthan contributes to one-tenth production of salt in India. Uttar Pradesh ▪ Uttar Pradesh is a state in the northern India surrounded by Haryana, Rajasthan, Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, and Uttarakhand. Uttar Pradesh shares the international border with Nepal. ▪ Service sector contributes to 51% of the State GDP, followed by agriculture (25%) and industry (24%). ▪ The major minerals found in the state are limestone, dolomite, glass-sand, marble, bauxite, non-plastic fireclay and uranium. Barytes, edalusite, sand-stone, pebbles, reh, salt, punter, maurang, sand and other minor minerals are also found in the state. Uttarakhand ▪ Uttarakhand is located in the northern India, surrounded by Himachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh. The state shares international borders with Nepal and China. The state is bestowed with rich wealth of natural resources like in the form of: snowy mountains, rivers and dense forests. The renowned pilgrim shrines of various communities also lie in the state. ▪ Agriculture is one of the most significant sectors of economy of the state. Major crops grown include Basmati rice, wheat, soybeans, groundnuts, coarse cereals, pulses and oil seeds. Fruits like apples, oranges, pears, peaches, litchis, and plums are widely grown and important to the large food processing industry. The state has promoted agricultural export zones for litchi, horticulture, herbs, medicinal plants and rice production.

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▪ The tertiary sector also plays an important role in the economy. The state depends on tourism and hydropower with a growing potential in IT, ITES, biotechnology, pharmaceuticals and automobile industries. ▪ West Bengal ▪ West Bengal is located in the Eastern India on the Bay of Bengal. It is the 4th most populous state in India. It is surrounded by Odisha, Bihar, Sikkim, Assam and Jharkhand. It shares an international border with Nepal, Bhutan and Bangladesh. West Bengal includes the Darjeeling Himalayan Hill Region,, the Ganges Delta, the Rarh region, and the coastal Sundarbans. ▪ Service sector is the leading economic contributor in the state, with 56% contribution. The primary and secondary sector contribution is equivalent to 19% and 25% respectively. ▪ The major crop grown in the state is rice, potato, jute, sugarcane and wheat. Tea is produced for commercial purposes in the northern districts. Darjeeling region is well known for the high quality of tea. ▪ The main industrial regions include the industrial sites in Kolkata region, mineral rich western highlands and the Haldia port region. The Durgapur-Asansol colliery belt houses a number of steel plants. ▪ Important manufacturing industries are engineering products, electronics, electrical equipment, cables, steel, leather, textiles, jewelry, frigates, automobiles, railway coaches, and wagons. The Durgapur center has established a number of industries in the areas of tea, sugar, chemicals, and fertilizers. Natural resources like tea and jute in and nearby parts has made West Bengal a major center for the jute and tea industries. ▪ The Ganga River provides perennial supply of water to the plain of West Bengal for irrigation and human & industry consumption. The river is navigable and the major transport system in the region with a huge traffic flow. For a long time, the Calcutta Port was the biggest port of India. Though in the past its significance had gone down, but recently it had again came up to the 3rd position in the list of Indian Ports. The fish from the river are important to the local economy. ▪ The modern container port of Haldia, on the intersection of lower Hooghly and Haldi River, now carries much of the region's maritime trade. One new port will be built in the deep sea to reduce load on Calcutta port. ▪ Hooghly river valley was the most important industrial area of erstwhile state of Bengal. Due to declining jute industry, the prime industry of this region, it lost its glory and partitioning of Bengal. But still it is one of the biggest industrial areas of India. Except Kolkata and Howrah it has number of small cities which forms the Greater Kolkata Agglomeration, the second biggest Indian city and former capital. Source: Respective State Department Websites, Respective State Economic Surveys

4.2. CULTURAL PRACTICES OF COMMUNITIES

188. The river Ganga is also mentioned in the Rig-Veda, the earliest of the Hindu scriptures. Hindus treat Ganga like a Goddess rather than a river and it is considered highly sacred. It is worshipped in India and holds an important place in the Hindu religion. Hindu belief holds that bathing in the river on certain occasions causes the forgiveness of sins and helps attain salvation. People travel from distant places to immerse the ashes of their kin in the waters of the Ganga; this immersion also is believed to send the ashes to heaven. Several places which lie along the banks of the river Ganga are considered sacred for Hindus, including Haridwar and Kashi.

189. The religious importance of the Ganges may exceed that of any other river in the world. It has been revered from the earliest times and today is regarded as the holiest of rivers by Hindus. While places of Hindu pilgrimage, called tirthas, are located throughout the subcontinent, those that are situated on the Ganges have particular significance.

100 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011) 190. Table below describes in brief for each state the social, cultural and economic issues related to the river Ganga. It presents significance as well as the issue related to the contamination of the pious river.

Table 4-24: Cultural profile of the states State Cultural Profile Bihar ▪ Bihar has a rich cultural heritage. The predominant themes are from the myths and legends of Hinduism. Sita, from the Indian epic Ramayana, is believed to be born in Bihar. Gautam Buddha also attained enlightenment in the city of Gaya. ▪ The languages spoken in the state include Hindi, Urdu, Maithili, Bhojpuri, Angika and Magahi. ▪ Mithila paintings, or Madhubani art, is world famous for its intricate designs. ▪ Bihar has a network of rivers. This is the most striking feature about the geography of Bihar. ▪ Among the rivers flowing through Bihar, the Ganges river is most dominant and is joined by the three mighty rivers, Ghagra, Gandak, and Sone. ▪ One of the most striking feature of the river system of Bihar is the dominant role of Ganga. The important rivers that join the Ganga from the north are, from west to east, Ghaghra, the Gandak, the Burhi Gandak, the Kosi, the Mahananda and its tributaries. River Kosi also called the sorrow of Bihar is one of the largest tributaries of river Ganga. After flowing 58 km in Nepal, it enters the north Bihar plains near Bhimnagar and after another 260 km, flows into the Ganges near Kursela ▪ Chhath is an ancient Hindu festival dedicated to the worship of the Lord Sun and is mainly celebrated in the northeast region of India chiefly in Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, some parts of Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand on the banks of Ganga. It goes without mention that the river Ganges is one of the most important rivers of Jharkhand: the other rivers in Jharkhand flow as tributaries to the river Ganga. ▪ Sonpur, which is situated along Ganga's bank in Bihar, is famous for the great bathing festival which is the occasion for the greatest cattle and elephant fair in the world. Chhattisgarh ▪ Cultural life of Chhattisgarh comprises varied forms of traditional art and crafts, tribal dances, folk songs, regional festivals and fairs and amusing cultural fests. Being a tribal dotted region, Chhattisgarh has a multihued tribal culture reflecting vibrant colors of tribal life. ▪ Handicrafts of Chhattisgarh are fine example of artistic perfection of the local artisans and brilliant use of the natural resources in making of the beautiful home decor items. Tribal culture also resembles in these local art and handicrafts of Chhattisgarh. Wood carvings, bell metal (Dhokra) handicraft, terracotta figurines, tribal jewellery, paintings, clay pieces and cotton fabrics are much adorned local handicrafts of the region. Some of the handicrafts include Shokra, tribal jewelry, Terracotta figures, Loha Shilp, wall paintings, Godna, wood carvings, Bamboo work, etc. ▪ Folk dances of Chhattisgarh are mainly tribal dances that purely showcase tribal culture of the state. The main dances in the state are Saila, Suwa, Karma, and Rawat Nach. ▪ The festivals in Chhattisgarh include Goncha Festival, Bastar Festival, Kajari Festival, Madai Festival, Phagun Madai, Bhoramdeo Festival, Hareli Festival, Navakhana Festival, and Chhath Puja among various others. ▪ Bastar is known for its unique and distinct tribal heritage. The Bastar Dassera is the traditional festival of the Gaiety of our tribals. All of Chhattisgarh has many virgin, unexplored tourism destinations. Haryana ▪ Haryana is known as the “Home of Gods”. Haryana has a rich history dating back to the Vedic period. It is in this region that the Vedic Civilization began along the banks of River Saraswati. The Vedas were written in the state, and the Aryans chanted their sacred Mantras in this site. Haryana, specifically Krukshetra is the site for the epic battle of Mahabharata and where Lord Krishna preached Bhagvada Gita to Arjun. Haryana has been the scene of many wars because of it being “The Gateway of North India”. ▪ It was on this soil that saint Ved Vyas wrote Mahabharat in Sanskrit.Excavations of various archeological sites in Haryana, like Naurangabad and Mittathal in Bhiwani, Kunal in Fatehabad, Agroha near Hissar, Rakhi Garhi (Rakhigarhi) in Jind, Sites in Rukhi (Rohtak) and Banawali in Sirsa have evidence of pre-Harappan and Harappan culture. Findings of pottery, sculpture, and jewelry in sites at Pehowa, Kurukshetra, Tilpat, and Panipat have

101 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011) State Cultural Profile proved the historicity of the Mahabharat war. These places are mentioned in the Mahabharat as Prithudaka, Tilprastha, Panprastha and Sonprastha. ▪ Festivals and fairs of Haryana include Lohri, Baisakhi, Gugga Naumi, Surajkund, Karthik Fair etc. Himachal Pradesh ▪ Himachal Pradesh, also known as “Devabhoom”, or the land of Gods, has a unique cultural profile. There are over 2000 temples in the state. The state is not only a site for Hindu Pilgrimage, but also, Buddhist, Sikh and Christian sites of importance. ▪ The general set up of Himachal Pradesh is the picturesque dense forests, fast flowing rivers, terraced fields, snow clad mountains, small fairy tale villages and friendly hill folk besides its centuries- old rich culture. ▪ Colorful and vibrant dresses, buoyant celebrations, festivals and fairs mark the culture of Himachal Pradesh. ▪ Some of the fairs and festivals celebrated in Himachal Pradesh are the Kullu Dussehra, Shivratri Fair(Mandi), Shoolini Mela(Solan), Minjar Fair(Chamba), Mani Mahesh Chhari Yatra(Chamba), Renuka Fair(Sirmaur), Vrajeshwari Fair(Kangra), Cattle Fair, Chhat Festival and Navratri festival. Delhi ▪ Delhi is an amalgamation of cultures, with a rich and lush history. It is a symbol of ancient values and aspirations. ▪ Delhi is a cosmopolitan city where people from all over India embrace a modern lifestyle. People from varied ethnicities and background call Delhi home. All major festivals of India are celebrated in the city, giving a new meaning to Unity in Diversity. ▪ Various festivals such as Holi, Diwali, Guru Purab, Durga Pujo, Buddha Purnima, Christmas, Eid etc. are celebrated with vigor and pomp. ▪ Delhi also has deep history engrained within the city. With heritage monuments and old city charm, Delhi offers a rich cultural experience to people. From morning walks along Yamuna Ghats, navigating the gullys of Chandni Chowk, to enjoying a historical monument, Delhi offers a range of cultural activities. Delhi also is the home of important religion and worshipping places such as ISKON Temple, Lotus Temple, Jama Masjid, Bangla Sahib Gurudwara etc. Jharkhand ▪ There are various tribes living in the state of Jharkhand. The lifestyle and culture of these tribes has barely altered over the years. Scholars of anthropology and archaeology believe that the language used by the tribes in the state is identical to the language of Harappan people. This has led to the deciphering of Harappan inscriptions using rock paintings and language used by these tribes. ▪ History and archeology plays an important part in the profile of Jharkhand. Pre-Hrappa civilization pottery, cave paintings and rock-art have been discovered in Jharkhand. Evidence from ancient civilizations such as intricate woodwork, pitkar paintings, tribal ornaments, stone carvings, dolls and figurines, masks and baskets etc. are found in the state. ▪ Kohvar and Sohrai paintings are practiced by women in Jharkhand. These paintings are culturally significant for married women, especially during weddings and at harvest time. It is a tradition passed on to younger girls, over generations. Elaborate design motifs, animal and plant forms, fertility motifs are abundant and often echo ancient cave art found in the surrounding.The colours used are all natural shades, red oxide from stone, red ochre, kaolin white, manganese black earth etc. ▪ Jharkhand is also famous for tribal handicrafts and handloom such as ‘sabal ghaas’ (peepal leaves) made into plates, bowls, and decoration pieces etc., unusual wooden toys made in Toupadana, Dokra the metal craft, tribal jewelry, clay work etc. ▪ The festivals celebrated in Jharkhand are equally vibrant. Sarhul is celebrated during spring season and the Saal trees get new flowers on their branches. The Karam festival is a worship of Karam devta, the god of power, youth and youthfulness. The unmarried tribal girls celebrate the Jawa festival, which has its own kind of songs and dance. Other festivals include Hal Punhya, Bhagta Parab, Rohini, Bandna, Jani-Shikaar, and Chhath Pooja. Madhya Pradesh ▪ Madhya Pradesh is known as the ‘Heart of India’. The population in the state is a blend of different religions, caste and ethnicities. Madhya Pradesh is home to numerous tribes living in the region for thousands of years.

102 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011) State Cultural Profile ▪ There are references in Vedas and epics like Ramayana about the people of Madhya Pradesh. Tribal music, dance, craft and textile are a major attraction of the state. Bagh printing, Madana art, durrie weaving, and tribal painting, are indigenous to the state. ▪ The Kumbh in Ujjain, known as Simhasta, is one of the most important festivals in the state. It is held once in every 12 years, on the banks of Kshipra river. The Ujjain districts hosts about 227 fairs every year. ▪ Khajuraho Dance Festival, held in the UNESCO World Heritage site of Khajuraho, attracts people from all over the world to a culturally enriched show of classical dances. ▪ Other major festivals include Aalami Tableegi Ijtima, fairs of Ramlila, Hira Bhumia, Pir Budhan, Nagaji, Tetaji, Jageshwari Devi, Amarkantak Shivratri, Mahamrityunjay, Lokrang and Lokranjan Festival. Rajasthan ▪ Rajasthan is a unique, colorful and vibrant state. It has a rich and long historical past. The state is known for its folk dances, folk music and the traditional cuisine. Being a princely state, Rajasthan exudes royal grandeur and royal lifestyle. “Rangeelo Rajasthan” is abundant with historic cities, rustic forts, bustling markets and rich culture. ▪ Forts, palaces, havelis, fairs and festivals, handicrafts, heritage hotels, adventure tourism, temple architecture, luxury trains etc. are some of the attractions for tourists in Rajasthan. ▪ One of the biggest factor in the maintenance of traditions and rituals is the beliefs of Rajasthani people. Rajasthani people are very strict in observing traditions and rituals, and prefer to adhere to traditions and customs of their ancestor which are being followed since ages. ▪ The major festivals and fairs of Rajasthan include Desert Festival, Pushkar Camel Fair, Teej festival, Nagaur Fair, Mewar Festival, Brij Holi, Abhaneri Festival, Kolayat Fair, Kumbalgarh Festival etc. among numerous others. Uttar Pradesh ▪ Uttar Pradesh is also known as holy land. Various holy shrines and pilgrim places, festivals, etc. play an important role in the cultural importance of the state. Uttar Pradesh has been the site for historical epics like Ramayana, Krishna, Buddha, Ashoka, Harsha, Akbar, Shahjahan and Mahataman Gandhi. The rivers Yamuna and Ganga flow through the state. ▪ Uttar Pradesh is known for its rich culture and tradition. Historic cities such as Ayodhya and Mathura attract large number of tourists. Agra, the city of Taj Mahal, also receives a large number of tourists. Other cities of historical importance include Gokul, Vrindavan, Sarnath, Kushinar etc. ▪ Nestled along the banks of Yamuna and Ganga, cities such as Kanpur, Prayagraj, Varanasi, Mirzapur, etc. are major attractors of pilgrims and tourists. Sangam at Prayagraj is the confluence of Ganga, Yamuna and the mythical Saraswati. ▪ Mahakumbh, inscribed in the UNESCO’s Representative List of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity is held once every 12 years. It is one of the biggest festivals in India. The Kumbh Mela is a mass Hindu Pilgrimage of faith in which believers gather to bathe in the sacred river of Ganga. In 2007, about 70 million people attended the Kumbh Mela in Prayag, Prayagraj. Uttarakhand ▪ Uttarakhand has a rich and vibrant culture. The state is the site where the famous sage Vyas composed the Indian epic Mahabharata. Evidence of practice of Shaivism, Buddhism and Folk Shamanic religion can be traced. ▪ People are divided into regions and are thus better recognized as Kumaoni (Inhabitants of Kumaon Region) and Garhwali (Inhabitants of Garhwal Region). Uttarakhand also inhabits ethnic groups such as Bhotias, Jaunsaries, Tharus, Bokshas, and Rajis. ▪ Languages like Kumaoni and Garhwali, Hindi, Urdu, and Punjabi are also widely spoken.Various tribal communities are both nomadic and those hailing from the Indo- Aryan descent are part of the ethnicity of Uttarakhand. ▪ Important religious cities and pilgrimage sites such as Hardwar, Rishikesh, Kedarnath, Gangothri, Badrinath, Rudraprayag etc. are major attractions in the state. ▪ The city is associated as the Gateway to both Lord Shiva and Lord Vishnu, as ‘Haridwar’ and ‘Haridwar’ respectively. Haridwar is also rightfully called ‘Gangadwar’, as the holy river Ganga which flows down the Himalayas, enters the plains at Haridwar and spreads over the northern plains. Haridwar is among the seven sacred cities of Hindu culture in

103 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011) State Cultural Profile India. Haridwar is also one of the four venues in the country for the Kumbh Mela and Ardh Kumbh Mela, held every twelve and six years respectively. West Bengal ▪ The culture of West Bengal is extremely diverse in nature. West Bengal is famous for Bengali literature, music, fine arts, drama and cinema. The state is the birth place of Rabindranath Tagore and many more eminent personalities. ▪ Different geographic regions of West Bengal have different languages such as Hindi, Bengali, Nepali etc. Some of the major festivals in the state include Durga Puja, Diwali, Saraswati Puja, Dolyatra, Rath Yatra, Jagaddhatri Puja, Eid, Muharram, Christmas etc. ▪ Like the rest of the Ganges, the Bhāgirathi-Hooghly is considered sacred to Hindus, and its water is considered holy. ▪ Ganga Sagar Mela, also known as Ganga Dussehra Mela is held in the month of January, on the occasion of Makar Sankranti at Sagardwip, about 105 km. south of Kolkata. Sagardwip is the island situated at the mouth of Ganga where the Hooghly river joins the sea. This is the largest fair of the West Bengal and celebrated for three days. On this day, a large number of Hindu pilgrims collect here and take bath in the holy waters and visit the Kapil Muni Temple. ▪ The river Ganga was an important transportation channel in the early history of Bengal, and later with the colonial trading ports. The river's presence is one of the reasons chosen by the British to settle there at Calcutta. The Dutch/French colony at Chandannagar on the Hooghly was once the rival of British Calcutta, but was eclipsed by Calcutta in the colonial wars of the 18th century. The river banks hosted several battles and skirmishes towards the start of the colonial era, including the Battle of Plassey Palashi, as well as earlier wars against Maratha raiders. On eastern bank lie many historic and wealthy towns like Murshidabad, Jangipur and Ziaganj. 4.2.1. Fest and Festivals 191. Fest and Festivals happening at the ghats and river basin at different time periods of the year attracts millions of tourist and pilgrimages. With improper sanitation facilities and poor river front management, these activities add to the load of contamination in the river thus degrading the river water quality. The pious refuses and the customs of disposing unburnt and partially burnt increase the woes of water quality of the Ganga basin.

192. Special provision of sanitation facilities should be arranged during the festivals when thousands of pilgrims visit holy places along the banks to take dip in sacred river. At present the facility of sanitation for pilgrims is not up to the mark. Better management of the basin with proper facilities should happen in coordination with the local communities. The beliefs of people are tied with the sacredness of the Ganges, and over the years it is growing in terms of the people coming during these festivals. The Prayagraj witnessed around 13 million pilgrims in 1977, over 18 million in 1989, 60 million in 2001 and then 120 million was estimated in 2013 during Mahakumbh.

4.2.2. Sanitation 193. Less than 50% of households in all the states have bathrooms in their households; especially the scenario is very poor in rural areas. Majority of the households in all the states have no access to the toilets. The figures presents that rural areas in the states have lack of basic amenities and infrastructure related to sanitation. Poor sanitation, open defecation are important factors contributing to the pollution of water. Some of the cultural beliefs in people don’t permit them to use toilet, they prefer going out for defecation generally near the drains. Table 15 and 16 in the previous section reflects on the status of households having access to bathrooms, toilets and connection to drains. The results are not promising and it is severely affecting the water quality of Holy Ganges.

104 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011) 194. With the rising awareness communities have started understanding the importance of river water quality and how poor quality can affect their health also. But still, large section of society needs to be trained about the environmental and economical significance of the river water, besides social and cultural significance.

4.3. VULNERABLE COMMUNITIES AND GENDER

195. Society is witness of the poor development and indiscrimination cause against the marginalized sections of the society generally classified as ‘Scheduled Tribes’. As identified by the demographic tables, out of eleven States only 9 states have tribal population, which are regarded as the indigenous group. Chhattisgarh has the maximum number of ST natives living in the state. Table below describes the number of different scheduled castes and scheduled tribes residing in all the eleven states of Ganga Basin.

Table 4-25: Table describing the SC and ST population Site Scheduled Castes (SC) Scheduled Tribes (ST) Bihar Total: 16,567,325 Total: 1,336,573 Dusadh etc.: 4,945,165 Gond: 256,738 Chamar etc.: 4,900,048 Oraon: 144,472 Pasi: 880,738 Munda: 14,028 Chhattisgarh Total: 3,274,269 Total: 7,822,902 Chamar etc.: 2,318,964 Gond: 4,298,404 Ganda etc.: 381,459 Oraon: 748,789 Pasi: 4,628 Munda: 15,095 Delhi Total: 2,812,309 - Chamar etc.: 1,075,569 Dhanak, Dhobi etc.: 257,745 Pasi: 59,400 Haryana Total: 5,113,615 - Chamar etc.: 2,429,137 Dhogri etc.: 632,655 Pasi: 51,350 Himachal Pradesh Total: 1,729,252 Total: 392,126 Doomna etc.: 83,757 Gaddi: 92,547 Chamar etc.: 458,838 Kanaura: 50,994 Pasi: 1,496 Jad etc.: 1 ,974 Jharkhand Total : 3,985,644 Total : 8,645,042 Chamar etc : 1,008,507 Santhal : 2,754,723 Dusadh etc : 424,330 Mal Pahariya : 135,797 Rajwar: 196,320 Sauria Paharia : 46,222 Madhya Pradesh Total : 11,342,320 Total : 15,316,784 Chamar etc : 5,368,217 Bhil : 5,993,921 Balahi etc : 1,331,098 Gond : 5,093,124 Pasi: 51,582 Kol : 1,167,694 Rajasthan Total : 11342 Total : 9,238,534 Chamar etc : 2,491,551 Mina : 4,345,528 Balmiki etc : 466,313 Bhil etc. :4,100,264 Pasi: 4,025 Koli Dhor : 1,535 Uttarakhand Total: 1,892,516 Total: 291,903 Chamar etc.: 548,813 Tharu: 91,342 Balmiki: 112,383 Buksa: 54,037 Pasi: 19,432 Bhotia: 39,106 Uttar Pradesh Total: 41,357,608 Total: 1,134,273 Pasi etc.: 6,522,166 Gond etc.: 569,035 Chamar etc.: 22,496,047 Tharu: 105,291 Kol: 422,042 Jaunsari: 3,720

105 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011) Site Scheduled Castes (SC) Scheduled Tribes (ST) West Bengal Total: 21,463,270 Total: 5,296,953 Namasudra: 3,504,642 Santal: 2,512,331 Pod etc.: 2,450,260 Oraon: 643,510 Chamar etc. 1,039,591 Gond: 13,535 Source: Census 2011

196. Gender wise also, females are the poor and backward section of the society in terms of various parameters like sex ratio, health, literacy rate. As reflected in many tables above, women are given lesser importance. For instance the literacy rate in the table below shows that lesser numbers of females are literate as compared to males in all the eleven states and even at the national level.

Table 4-26: Table showing variation in literacy rate of males and females States % male % Female Bihar 73.39 53.33 Chhattisgarh 81.45 60.59 Delhi 91.03 80.93 Haryana 85.38 66.77 Himachal Pradesh 90.83 76.60 Jharkhand 78.45 56.21 Madhya Pradesh 80.53 60.02 Rajasthan 80.51 52.66 Uttar Pradesh 79.24 59.26 Uttarakhand 88.33 70.70 West Bengal 82.67 71.16 India 82.14 65.46 Source: Census of India 2011 4.3.1. Health indicators in eleven states

► Health indicators of West Bengal show that the Total Fertility Rate of the State is 1.6. The Infant Mortality Rate is 25 and Maternal Mortality Ratio is 101 (SRS 2016-2017) which are lower than the National average.

► Health indicators of Uttar Pradesh indicate that the Total Fertility Rate of the State is 3.1. The Infant Mortality Rate is 43 and Maternal Mortality Ratio is 201 (SRS 2016-2017) which are higher than the National average.

► Health indicators of Uttarakhand depicts that the Total Fertility Rate of the State is 1.9. The Infant Mortality Rate is 38 and Maternal Mortality Ratio is 201 (SRS 2016-2017) which are higher than the National average.

► Health indicators of Bihar reflect that the Total Fertility Rate of the State is 3.3. The Infant Mortality Rate is 38 and Maternal Mortality Ratio is 165 (SRS 2016-2017) which are higher than the National average.

► Health indicators of Jharkhand infer that the Total Fertility Rate of the State is 2.6. The Infant Mortality Rate is 29 and Maternal Mortality Ratio is 165 (SRS 2016-2017) which are higher than the National average.

► Health indicators of Chhattisgarh infer that the Total Fertility Rate of the State is 2.5. The Infant Mortality Rate is 39 and Maternal Mortality Ratio is 173 (SRS 2016-2017) which are higher than the National average.

106 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011) ► Health indicators of Delhi infer that the Total Fertility Rate of the State is 1.6. The Infant Mortality Rate is 18 and Maternal Mortality Ratio is NA (SRS 2016-2017).

► Health indicators of Himachal Pradesh infer that the Total Fertility Rate of the State is 1.7. The Infant Mortality Rate is 25 and Maternal Mortality Ratio is NA (SRS 2016-2017).

► Health indicators of Madhya Pradesh infer that the Total Fertility Rate of the State is 2.8. The Infant Mortality Rate is 47 and Maternal Mortality Ratio is 173 (SRS 2016-2017) which are higher than the National average.

► Health indicators of Rajasthan infer that the Total Fertility Rate of the State is 2.7. The Infant Mortality Rate is 41 and Maternal Mortality Ratio is 199 (SRS 2016-2017) which are higher than the National average.

Source: Ministry of Health and Family Welfare

197. Maternal mortality ratio also indicates that women are not given proper care and their chances of development are also very poor.

198. Table 4-11 in the previous section also indicates that in Bihar and Chattisgarh more number of females are getting diarrhea as compared to males and hence more females are dying because of diarrhea as compared to men. This could be attributed to poor sanitation facilities available to women in the society.

199. Thus, women and indigenous people are the most vulnerable groups who are deprived of education, proper health facility and basic needs like access to safe drinking water and proper sanitation.

200. Moreover, proper education to these groups can help in better community sensitization for the issues related to maintaining river health and water quality. Educated mothers help in educating children better, and educated children are the torch bearers of the future, who can bring significant changes. Health and educated females and indigenous group is important to bring about any change in the river basin.

4.4. KEY STAKEHOLDERS

Table 4-27: Identified key stakeholders S No State Key stakeholders identified 1 Uttar Pradesh Government officials including representatives from Ganga Pollution Control Unit, U.P Jal Nigam, U.P Jal Nigam, PHED Research institutes like IIT Kanpur, WWF-India NGOs and CSOs like Ganga Sewak Samaj - Prayagraj, Maa Shakuntla Devi Shikhsha evam Vikas Samiti, Kanpur, Eco Friends Kanpur, 2 Uttarakhand Government officials including representatives from Uttarakhand Payjal Nigam, PHED, ward members Forest Research Institute (FRI), Dehradun Research institutes like IIT Roorkee, WWF-India, G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development NGOs and CSOs like People’s Science Institute, Dehradun, Disha Foundation, Shree Hari Ganga Samiti, Samaj Sewa Sansthan, Dharam Gramin Uthan Sansthan, Himalayan Orginasation For Progress And empowerment 3 West Bengal Government officials including representatives from Urban Development Department, PHED, ward members,

107 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011) S No State Key stakeholders identified Research institutes like IIT Kharagpur, WWF-India, Calcutta University, Indian Institute of Bio-Social Research and Development, Central Inland Fishries Research Institute, Indian Institute of Environmental Studies and Wetland Management NGOs and CSOs like Peoples Green Society, Ramakrishna Mission 4 Bihar Government officials including representatives from Urban Development Department, PHED, ward members

Research institutes like IIT Patna, NIT Patna, WWF-India, Centre for Flood Management Studies (National Institute of Hydrology) NGOs and CSOs like Institute of Environment and Eco Development, Centre for Environment Education 5 Jharkhand Government officials including representatives from Urban Development Department, PHED, ward members Research institutes like WWF-India NGOs and CSOs like Krishi Gram Vikas Kendra 6 Delhi Government officials including representatives from Urban Development Department, PHED, ward members Research institutes like IIT, Delhi 7 Madhya Government officials including representatives from Urban Development Department, Pradesh PHED, ward members University of Madhya Pradesh 8 Others National River Conservation Directorate (NRCD), Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India Wildlife Institute of India (WII), Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India, Centre for Environment Education (CEE), ), Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India

201. The key stakeholders insisted on the important fact of coordination amongst all the important stakeholders at different levels to ensure proper and sustainable implementation of various projects. Management of the river is a joint and coordinated responsibility; hence transparency and proper coordination is necessary.

4.5. KEY SOCIAL AND CULTURAL ISSUES

202. Ganga is an issue of national importance it is a national heritage and all the concerned stakeholder should work jointly to make Ganges pollution free. All the states should coordinate their activity. Upstream states should be responsible in their activities which might impact the water received by downstream states through the river flow.

203. Some of the key issues identified by the stakeholders are:

► Involvement of community in all the projects related to River Ganga. ► Making Ganga pollution free and maintaining minimum environment flows in the river. ► Environment benign cultural rituals and practices on banks of Ganga ► Maintaining minimum water quality and quantity of the river for meeting community requirements ► Provision of basic amenities like safe drinking water and proper sanitation facilities to the communities especially women and children. ► Inclusion of social development plan with the emphasis on vulnerable group in the portfolio of projects. ► Planning project by taking future socio-economic scenarios well into consideration

108 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011) ► Community monitoring of disposal of any kind of refuse into the river water ► Creating mass awareness through different media like street plays, advertisements etc and using school children as a vehicle of change.

109

APPENDICES TO ANNEX-I

Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011)

ANNEX-APPENDIX 1: GROUND WATER QUALITY OF THE DISTRICTS OF THE STATES UNDER GANGA BASIN Sl. Effected districts N States Arsenic (>0.05 Salinity (EC > 3000 Fluoride (>1.5 mg/l) Iron (>1.0 mg/l) Nitrate (>45 mg/l) Chloride (> 1000 mg/l) o mg/l ) µS/cm at 25 ° C) 1 Bihar Aurangabad, Banka, Aurangabad, Aurangabad, Banka, Begusarai, Buxar, Bhabua(Kaimur), Begusarai, Bhojpur, Bhagalpur, Bhojpur, Bhagalpur, Bhojpur, Jamui, Munger, Buxar, East Bhabua, Buxar, Darbhanga, Nawada, Rohtas, Champaran, Darbhanga, Patna, Katihar, Khagaria, Supaul, Gaya, Gopalganj, Katihar, Rohtas, Saran, Kishanganj, Gopalganj, Paschim Khagaria, Kishanganj, Siwan Lakhiserai,Munger, Champaran Lakhiserai, Patna, Purnea, Madhepura, Samastipur, Saran, Muzafferpur, Vaishali Nawada, Rohtas, Saharsa, Samastipur, Siwan, Supaul, West Champaran 2 Jharkhand Bokaro, Giridih, Godda, Chatra, Deoghar, East Chatra, Garhwa, Sahibganj Gumla, Palamu, Singhbhum, Giridih, Godda, Gumla, Ramgarh, Ranchi Ranchi, West Lohardega, Pakur, Singhbhum Palamu, Paschimi Singhbhum, Purbi Singhbhum, Ranchi, Sahibganj 3 Delhi North West Delhi, South East Delhi, New North West, West, North West, West, South West West Delhi, West Delhi Delhi, North West South West Delhi, South West Delhi, West Delhi 4 Haryana Bhiwani, Faridabad, Ambala, Bhiwani, Ambala, Bhiwani, Ambala, Fatehabad, Bhiwani,Faridabad, Rohtak, Bhiwani, Gurgaon, Hissar, Jhajjar, Faridabad, Fatehabad, Faridabad, Karnal, Sonepat, Fatehabad, Gurgaon, Gurgaon,Jhajjar,Mahendragarh,si Jind, Kaithal, Gurgaon, Hissar, Fatehabad, Mewat Hissar, Jhajjar, rsa, Sonipat. Kurushetra, Karnal, Jhajjar, Jind, Kaithal, Gurgaon, Hissar, Kaithal, Mahendergarh, Panipat, Karnal, Kurukshetra, Jhajjar, Jind, Mahendergarh,Panip Rewari, Rohtak, Sirsa, Mahendergarh, Kaithal, Karnal, at, Rewari, Rohtak, Sonepat Panipat, Rohtak, Sirsa, Kurukshetra, Sirsa, Sonepat Sonepat, Yamuna Mahendergarh, Nagar Panchkula, Panipat,

1 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011)

Sl. Effected districts N States Arsenic (>0.05 Salinity (EC > 3000 Fluoride (>1.5 mg/l) Iron (>1.0 mg/l) Nitrate (>45 mg/l) Chloride (> 1000 mg/l) o mg/l ) µS/cm at 25 ° C) Rewari, Rohtak, Sirsa, Sonepat, Yamuna Nagar 5 Himachal Una, Solan, Mandi Pradesh Hamirpur, Kangra, Mandi, Kullu 6 Uttarakhan Dehradun, Hardwar, Dehradun, d Udhamsinghnagar Hardwar, Udhamsinghnagar 7 West Bankura, Bardhaman, Bankura, Bardhaman, Bankura, Bardhaman, Howrah, Purba N-24 pargana, S-24 Parganas, Bengal Birbhum, Birbhum, Bardhaman Hooghly, Howrah, Medinipur,N-24 Howrah. Dakhindinajpur, Malda, Dakhindinajpur, E. Malda, pargana, S- 24 Purulia, Uttardinajpur Midnapur, Howrah, Murshidabad, Parganas Hugli, Jalpaiguri, Nadia, North 24 Kolkata, Praganas, South 24 Murshidabad, N- Pragannas 24praganna, Nadia, S- 24pragannas, Uttardinajpur, West Midnapur 8 Uttar Agra, Aligarh, Etah, Azamgarh, Balia, Agra, Aligarh, Bahraich,Balia, Agra, Aligarh, Aligarh,Hathras,Mathura, Agra Pradesh Kashiram Balrampur, Etawah, Allahbad, Balrampur, Bareilly, Firozabad, Hamirpur, Nagar, Firozabad, Jaunp Fatehpur, Gazipur, Ambedkar Nagar, Basti, Bijnor, Kashganj,Kanpur ur, Mahamaya Nagar, Gonda, Hardoi, Auraiyya, Chandauli, Nagar,Mathura, Rae Mainpuri, Mathura, Kanpur Dehat, Kanpur Azamgarh, Badaun, Ghazipur,Gonda, Bareli,Unnao. Meerut, Mau, Nagar, Lakhimpur, Baghpat, Gorakhpur, Sonbhadra, Varanasi, Lalitpur, Mau, Balrampur, Banda, Lakhimpur Kheri*, Unnao Siddartnagar, Unnao Barabanki, Bareilly, Mathura, Basti, Bijnour, Mirzapur, Muradab Bulandsahar, ad, Rai Bareilly, Chitrakoot, Etah, SantKabir Nagar, Etawa, Fatehpur, Shajahanpur, Firozabad, GB Siddarthnagar, Nagar, Ghaziabad, SantRavidasNagar, Ghazipur, Unnao

2 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011)

Sl. Effected districts N States Arsenic (>0.05 Salinity (EC > 3000 Fluoride (>1.5 mg/l) Iron (>1.0 mg/l) Nitrate (>45 mg/l) Chloride (> 1000 mg/l) o mg/l ) µS/cm at 25 ° C) Hamirpur, Hardoi, Jaunpur, Jhansi, Kannauj, Kanpur Dehat, Lakhimpur, Mahoba, Mathura, Meerut, Mau, Moradabad, Muzaffarnagar, Raibarelli, Rampur, Sant Ravidas Nagar, Shajahanpur, Sitapur, Sonbhadra, Sultanpur, Shravasti, Siddarth Nagar,Unnao

3 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011)

Sl. Effected districts N States Arsenic (>0.05 Salinity (EC > 3000 Fluoride (>1.5 mg/l) Iron (>1.0 mg/l) Nitrate (>45 mg/l) Chloride (> 1000 mg/l) o mg/l ) µS/cm at 25 ° C) 9 Rajasthan Ajmer, Alwar, Ajmer, Alwar, Ajmer, Alwar, Ajmer, Alwar, Baran, Barmer, Bharatpur, Bikaner, Banaswara, Baran, Banswara, Baran, Banaswara, Baran, Barmer, Bharatpur, Bundi,Churu, Chittaurgarh, Barmer, Bharatpur, Bharatpur, Bhilwara, Barmer, Bharatpur, Bhilwara, Bundi, dausa, Ganganagar, Bhilwara, Bikaner, Bikaner, Bhilwara, Bikaner, Bikaner, Churu, Hanumangarh, Jaipur, Jaisalmer, Churu, Dausa, Dhaulpur, Bundi,Chittaurgarh, Bundi,Chittaurgarh, Chittaurgarh, Jalor, Jhunjhunun, Jodhpur Dungarpur, Ganganagar, Churu, Dausa, Churu, Dausa, Dhaulpur, Dausa, ,Karauli, Nagaur,Pali, Sirohi, Hanumangarh, Jaipur, Dhaulpur, Dungarpur, Dhaulpur, Dungerpur, Ganganag Sawai Madhopur, Nagaur, Sikar, Jaisalmer, Jalor, Ganganagar, Dungarpur, ar, Hanumangarh, Tonk, Udaipur Jodhpur, Karauli, Kota, Hanumangarh, Jaipur, Ganganagar, Jaipur, Jaisalmer, Nagaur, Pali, Jaisalmer, Hanumangarh, Jalor,Jhunjhunun, Pratapgarh, Rajasamand Jalore, Jhalawar, Jaipur, Jaisalmer, Karoli, Kota, Nagaur, , Sirohi, Sikar, Sawai Jhunjhunu, Jodhpur, Jalor, Jhalawar, Pali, Raja Samand, Madhopur, Tonk, Karauli, Kota, Nagaur, Jhunjhunu, Sirohi, Sikar, Sawai Udaipur Pali, Rajasamand, Jodhpur, Karauli, Madhopur, Tonk, Sikar, Sawai Kota, Nagaur, Pali, Udaipur Madhopur, Partapgarh, Sirohi,Tonk, Udaipur Rajasamand, Sirohi, Sikar, Swai Madhopur, Tonk, Udaipur 10 Madhya Alirajpur, Balaghat, Balaghat, Barwani, Alirajpur, Anuppur, Balaghat, Bhind, Bhind, Ujjain Pradesh Barwani, Betul, Bhind, Betul, Bhind, Ashok Nagar, Chhatarpur, Gwalior, Chhatarpur, Bhopal, Chhatarpur, Balaghat, Barwani, Indore, Jhabua, Chhindwara, Datia, Chhindwara, Damoh, Betul, Bhind, Khargone, Dewas, Dhar, Datia, Dewas, Dhar, Bhopal, Burhanpur, Morena, Neemuch, Dindori, Guna, Gwalior, Dindori, Guna, Chhatarpur, Ratlam, Rewa, Satna, Harda, Jabalpur, Jhabua, Gwalior, Chhindwara, Sehore, Sheopur, Khargaon, Mandla, Hoshangabad, Indore, Damoh, Datia, Shivpuri, Ujjain Mandsaur, Morena, Jabalpur, Jhabua, Dewas, Narsinhpur, Rajgarh, Khandwa, Katni, Dhar, Dindori, Satna, Sehore, Seoni, Mandla, Guna, Gwalior, Shahdol, Shajapur, Mandsaur, Narsinghp Harda, Sheopur, Sidhi, ur, Neemuch, Panna, Hoshangabad, Singrauli, Ujjain, Raisen, Rajgarh, Indore, Jabalpur, Vidhisha Ratlam, Rewa, Sagar, Jhabua, Katni,

4 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011)

Sl. Effected districts N States Arsenic (>0.05 Salinity (EC > 3000 Fluoride (>1.5 mg/l) Iron (>1.0 mg/l) Nitrate (>45 mg/l) Chloride (> 1000 mg/l) o mg/l ) µS/cm at 25 ° C) Satna, Sehore, Seoni, Khandwa, Shahdol, Shajapur, Khargaon, Mandla, Sidhi, Mandsaur, Tikamgarh, Ujjain, Morena,Narsimhap Umaria, Vidisha, East ur, Neemuch, Nimar Panna, Raisen, Rajgarh, Ratlam, Rewa, Sagar, Satna, Sehore, Seoni, Shahdol, Shajapur, Sheopur,Shivpuri, Sidhi, Singrauli, Tikamgarh, Ujjain, Umaria, Vidisha 11 Chhattisgar Bastar, Bilaspur, Bastar, Dantewada, Bastar, Bilaspur, Rajnandgaon h Dantewada, Kanker, Koriya Dantewada, Dhamtari, Janjgir- Dhamtari, Jashpur, Champa, Jashpur, Kanker, Kawardha, Kanker, Korba, Koriya, Korba, Mahasamund, Raipur, Mahasamund, Rajnandgaon, Surguja Raigarh, Raipur, Rajnandgaon

5 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011)

ANNEX-APPENDIX 2: ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE AREAS IN GANGA BASIN

6 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011)

ANNEX-APPENDIX 3: COMPELTE LIST OF WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES IN GANGA BASIN State Wildlife Sanctuary District Area (Sq. Km.) Bihar Barela S.A.Z.S. Vaishali 1.96 Bihar Bhimbandh Munger 681.99 Bihar Kanwarjheel Begusarai 63.11 Bihar Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Bhagalpur 0.5 Bihar Gautam Buddha Wildlife Gaya 138.34 Sanctuary Bihar Kaimur Wildlife Sanctuary Rohtas 1342 Bihar Kushweshwar Asthan Bird Darbhanga 29.17 Wildlife Sanctuary Bihar Nagi Dam Wildlife Sanctuary Jamui 1.92 Bihar Nakti Dam Wildlife Sanctuary Jamui 3.33 Bihar Udaipur Wildlife Sanctuary Paschim Champaran 8.87 Bihar Valmiki Wildlife Sanctuary Paschim Champaran 545.15 Chhattisgarh Achanakmar Wildlife Bilaspur 551.55 Sanctuary Chhattisgarh Barnawapara Wildlife Raipur 244.66 Sanctuary Chhattisgarh Udanti Wild Buffalo Wildlife Raipur 237.27 Sanctuary Chhattisgarh Sarangarh-Gomardha Wildlife Raigarh 277.82 Sanctuary Chhattisgarh Semarsot Wildlife Sanctuary Surguja 430.35 Chhattisgarh Tamor Pingla Wildlife Surguja 608.51 Sanctuary Delhi Indira Priyadarshani (Asola) Delhi 13.2 Haryana Abubshehar Sirsa 115.3 Haryana Bhindawas Rohtak 4.12 Haryana Bir Bara Ban Jind 4.19 Haryana Chhilchila Kaithal 0.29 Haryana Kalesar Yamuna Nagar 100.28 Haryana Khaparwas Jhajjar 0.83 Haryana Nahar Rewari 2.11 Haryana Morni Hills (Khol-Hi-Ratan) Panchkula 48.83 Wildlife Sanctuary Haryana Saraswati Plantation Kurukshetra, Kaithal 44.53 Himachal Pradesh Chail Solan 108.54 Himachal Pradesh Churdhar Sirmaur 56.15 Himachal Pradesh Daranghati Shimla 167 Himachal Pradesh Darlaghat Solan 140 Himachal Pradesh Majathal Solan 40 Himachal Pradesh Renuka Sirmour 4.02 Himachal Pradesh Shilli Solan 2.13 Himachal Pradesh Shimla Water Catchment Shimla 10.25 Himachal Pradesh Simbalbara Sirmour 19.03 Himachal Pradesh Talra Shimla 26 Jharkhand Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary Purbi Singhbhum and 193.22 Saraikela Jharkhand Gautam Budha Koderma and Hazaribagh 121.14 Jharkhand Hazaribagh Wildlife Sanctuary Hazaribagh 186.25 Jharkhand Kodarma Wildlife Sanctuary Koderma 177.35 Jharkhand Parasnath Wildlife Sanctuary Giridh 49.33 Jharkhand Udhwa Lake Bird Wildlife Sahibganj 5.65 Sanctuary 7 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011) State Wildlife Sanctuary District Area (Sq. Km.) Jharkhand Topchanchi Dhanbad 12.82 Jharkhand Udhwa Lake Sahebganj 0.57 Madhya Pradesh Bagdara Sidhi 478 Madhya Pradesh Bori Hosahangabad 485.72 Madhya Pradesh Gandhi Sagar Mandsaur 368.62 Madhya Pradesh Ghatigaon Gwalior 511 Madhya Pradesh Karera Shivpuri 202.21 Madhya Pradesh Ken Gharial Panna, Chhatarpur 45.2 Madhya Pradesh Kheoni Wildlife Sanctuary Dewas and Sehore 122.7 Madhya Pradesh National Chambal Morena, Bhind 435 Madhya Pradesh Narsinhgarh Raigarh 59.19 Madhya Pradesh Nora Dehi Damoh, Sagar, Narsimhapur 1194.67 Madhya Pradesh Orcha Tikamgarh 44.91 Madhya Pradesh Panchmarhi Hoshangabad 417.78 Madhya Pradesh Palpur-Kund Morena 344.68 Madhya Pradesh Panna (Gangau) Panna 68.14 Madhya Pradesh Panpatha Shahdol 245.84 Madhya Pradesh Pench Seoni and Chhindwara 118.47 Madhya Pradesh Phen Mandla 110.74 Madhya Pradesh Ralamandal Indore 2.34 Madhya Pradesh Sailana Ratlam 12.96 Madhya Pradesh Sanjay Dubri Sidhi 364.59 Madhya Pradesh Sardarpur Dhar 348.12 Madhya Pradesh Son Gharial Sidhi, Shahdol, Satna 41.8 Madhya Pradesh Veerangna Durgawati Damoh 23.97 Rajasthan Bandh Baratha Bharatpur 192.76 Rajasthan Bassi Chittaurgarh 152.9 Rajasthan Bhensrodgarh Chittaurgarh 229.14 Rajasthan Darrah Kota 265.8 Rajasthan Jaisamand Rajsamand 52 Rajasthan Jamwa Ramgarh Kaipur 300 Rajasthan Jawahar Sagar Kota 100 Rajasthan Kailadevi Sawai Madhopur 676.38 Rajasthan Kesarbagh Dholpur 14.76 Rajasthan Kumbhalgarh Udaipur, Plai 578.25 Rajasthan Mount Abu Sirohi 326.1 Rajasthan Nahargarh Jaipur 50 Rajasthan National Gharial Kota 280 Rajasthan Phulwari Ki Nal Udaipur, Plai 511.41 Rajasthan Ramgarh Vishdhari Bundi 301 Rajasthan Ramsagar Dholpur 34.4 Rajasthan Sajjangarh Udaipur 5.19 Rajasthan Sariska Alwar 492 Rajasthan Sawai Man Singh Sawai Madhopur 103.25 Rajasthan Shergarh Kota 98.71 Rajasthan Sitamata Chittaurgarh, Udaipur 422.94 Rajasthan Tadgarh Raoli Ajmer, Rajsaman, Plai 495.27 Rajasthan Van Vihar Dhaulpur 59.93 Uttar Pradesh Chandprabha Chandauli 78 Uttar Pradesh Hastinapur Muzzafarnagar, Meerut, 2073 Ghaziabad, Bijnore, and Jyotibaphule Nagar Uttar Pradesh Kaimur Mirzapur, Sonbhadra 500.73 Uttar Pradesh Katerniaghat Bahraich 400.09

8 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011) State Wildlife Sanctuary District Area (Sq. Km.) Uttar Pradesh Kishanpur Lakhimpur-Kheri and 227 Shahjahanpur Uttar Pradesh Lakh Bahosi Farrukhabad 80.24 Uttar Pradesh National Chambal Agra and Etawah 635 Uttar Pradesh Okhla Bird Sanctuary Gautam Buddha Nagar 4 Uttar Pradesh Ranipur Banda and Chitrakoot 230.31 Uttar Pradesh Samaspur Rae Bareli 7.99 Uttar Pradesh Sur Sarovar Bird Agra 4.03 Uttar Pradesh Jai Prakash Narayan Ballia 34.32 (Surhatal) Bird Uttar Pradesh Turtle Varanasi 7 Uttarakhand Ascot Pithoragarh 600 Uttarakhand Govind Pashu Vihar Uttarkashi 481 Uttarakhand Kedarnath Chamoli and Rudraprayag 975.2 Uttarakhand Mussoorie Dehradun 10.82 West Bengal Ballavpur Birbhum 2.02 West Bengal Bethuadahari Nadia 0.67 West Bengal Bihutibhusan North 24-Paraganas 0.64 West Bengal Haliday Island South 24-Paraganas 5.95 West Bengal Lothian Island South 24-Paraganas 38 West Bengal Mahanada Darjeeling and Jalpaiguri 158.04 West Bengal Narendrapur South 24-Paraganas 0.1 West Bengal Ramnabagan Burdwan 0.14 West Bengal Sajnekhali South 24-Paraganas 362.4 West Bengal Senchal Darjeeling 38.88 West Bengal West Sunderban South 24-Paraganas 556.45 Ganga Basin Total 119 Wildlife Sanctuaries 26120.49 (Source: Ganga Basin Report 2014, Ministry of Water Resources; Wildlife Institute of India 2017, ENVIS Center on Wildlife and Protected Areas, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change.

9 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011)

ANNEX-APPENDIX 4: POPULATION OF CITIES/ TOWNS (2011) Table Population of cities/towns identified along Ganga Main Stream S.No. State City/ Town Population Rivers 1 Uttarakhand Gangotri 4564 Ganga 2 Badrinath 22307 Ganga 3 Uttarkashi (Budkot) 17475 Ganga 4 Joshimath 20111 Ganga 5 Chamoli-Gopeshwar 24447 Ganga 6 Nandprayag 1920 Ganga 7 Karnaprayag 8801 Ganga 8 Gaucher 10637 Ganga 9 Rudraprayag 10612 Ganga 10 Srinagar 24464 Ganga 11 Kirtinagar 1722 Ganga 12 Devprayag 4015 Ganga 13 Tapovan 20000 Ganga 14 Muni ki Reti 48287 Ganga 15 Rishikesh 119848 Ganga 16 Haridwar 811338 Ganga Total 1150548 17 Uttar Pradesh Prayagraj 1168385 Ganga 18 Anoopsahar 29087 Ganga 19 Babrala 18108 Ganga 20 Ballia 104424 Ganga 21 Bijnor 93297 Ganga 22 Bithoor 11300 Ganga 23 Chunar 37185 Ganga 24 Farrukhabad-cum-Fatehgarh 276581 Ganga 25 Gangaghat/Shuklaganj 84072 Ganga 26 Garhmukteshwar 46077 Ganga 27 Ghazipur 121020 Ganga 28 Hastinapur 26452 Ganga 29 Jhansi 505693 Ganga 30 Kanpur 2768057 Ganga 31 Kannauj 84862 Ganga 32 Mirzapur-cum-Vindhyachal 234871 Ganga 33 Mughalsarai 109650 Ganga 34 Narora 22775 Ganga 35 Ramnagar 49132 Ganga 36 Saidpur 24338 Ganga 37 Varanasi 1198491 Ganga Total 7013857 38 Bihar Barahiya 43032 Ganga 39 Barauni 71660 Ganga 40 Barh 61470 Ganga 41 Begusarai 252008 Ganga 42 Bhagalpur 400146 Ganga 43 Bhaktiyarpur 47897 Ganga 44 Buxar 102861 Ganga 45 Chapra 202352 Ganga 46 Danapur 182241 Ganga 47 Fatuah 50961 Ganga 48 Hajipur 147688 Ganga 49 Jamalpur 105434 Ganga

10 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011) S.No. State City/ Town Population Rivers 50 Kahelgaon 35497 Ganga 51 Mokameh 60678 Ganga 52 Munger 213303 Ganga 53 Patna 1684297 Ganga 54 Sonepur 37776 Ganga 55 Sultanganj 52892 Ganga Total 3752193 56 Jharkhand Rajmahal 27850 Ganga 57 Sahibganj 88214 Ganga Total 116064 58 West Bengal Baidyabati 133221 Ganga 59 Bally 293373 Ganga 60 Bansberia 114179 Ganga 61 Baranagar 245213 Ganga 62 Barrackpore 154475 Ganga 63 Behrampur 195224 Ganga 64 Bhadreshwar 111625 Ganga 65 Bhatpara 383762 Ganga 66 Budge-Budge 76858 Ganga 67 Chakdah 95203 Ganga 68 Champadani 122376 Ganga 69 Chandan Nagar 183554 Ganga 70 Dhuliyan 95706 Ganga 71 Diamond Harbour 50158 Ganga 72 Garulia 89603 Ganga 73 Gayespur 58998 Ganga 74 Haldia 200827 Ganga 75 Halishahar 126893 Ganga 76 Howrah 1077075 Ganga 77 Hugli- Chinsurah 177259 Ganga 78 Jangipur 88131 Ganga 79 Jiyagunj/ Azimgunj 51790 Ganga 80 Kalyani 100575 Ganga 81 Kamarhati 347721 Ganga 82 Kanchrapara 136054.8 Ganga 83 Katwa 81966 Ganga 84 Khardhah 113920 Ganga 85 Kolkata 4787965 Ganga 86 Konnagar 79960 Ganga 87 Maheshtala 448317 Ganga 88 Murshidabad 44024 Ganga 89 Nabadwip 125528 Ganga 90 Naihati 228795 Ganga 91 Panihati 377347 Ganga 92 Rishra 137035 Ganga 93 Serampore 201673 Ganga 94 Shantipur 151777 Ganga 95 Titagarh 122368.05 Ganga 96 Uluberia 274846 Ganga 97 Uttarpara 159147 Ganga Total 12044520 Grand Total 24077182

11 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011) Table Population of cities/towns identified along the Ganga Major Tributaries S.No. State City/ Town Population Rivers 1 Uttarakhand Kashipur 121623 Ramganga 2 Uttar Pradesh Bareilly 904797 Ramganga 3 Moradabad 887871 Ramganga 4 Seohara 53296 Ramganga 5 Meerut 1305429 Kali 6 Muzaffarnagar 392768 Kali 7 Hapur 262983 Kali 8 Bulandshahr 230024 Kali 9 Modinagar 130325 Kali 10 Kasganj 101277 Kali 11 Deoband 97037 Kali 12 Budhana 53722 Kali 13 Atrauli 50412 Kali 14 Loni 516082 Yamuna 15 Etawah 256838 Yamuna 16 Kairana 89000 Yamuna 17 Auriya 87736 Yamuna 18 Kalpi 51670 Yamuna 19 Tundla 64906 Yamuna 20 Bhagpat 50310 Yamuna 21 Saharanpur 705478 Hindon 22 Khora 190005 Hindon 23 Muradnagar 95208 Hindon 24 Lucknow 2817105 Gomti 25 Jaunpur 180362 Gomti 26 Sultanpur 107640 Gomti 27 Hardoi 197029 Gomti 28 Rae Bareli 191316 Gomti 29 Bela Pratapgarh 76133 Gomti 30 Firozabad 604214 Yamuna Total 10750973 Table Population of cities/towns identified along the Other Tributaries of Ganga (2011) S.No. State City/ Town Population Rivers 1 Madhya Pradesh Basoda 71353 Betwa 2 Bhopal 1798218 Betwa 3 Jhansi 505693 Betwa 4 Vidisha 155951 Betwa 5 Ashta 53184 Chambal/Parbati 6 Dewas 289550 Chambal/Kshipra 7 Nagda 100039 Chambal 8 Raghogarh-Vijaypur 62163 Chambal 9 Ujjain 515215 Chambal/Kshipra 10 Dabra 61277 Sind 11 Satna 282977 Tons 12 Sidhi 54331 Son Total 3949951 13 Rajasthan Kota 1001694 Chambal 14 Dhaulpur 125989 Chambal 15 Jhalawar 66919 Chambal 16 Bhiwadi 104921 Sahibi/Sabi Nadi Total 1299523 17 Jharkhand Bokaro 39305 Damodar 18 Bokaro Steel City 414820 Damodar

12 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011) S.No. State City/ Town Population Rivers 19 Dhanbad 1162472 Damodar 20 Phusro 89178 Damodar 21 Medininagar 78396 Son 22 Jamtara 29415 Ajay Total 1813586 23 Bihar Muzaffarpur 354462 Burhi Gandak 24 Motihari 126158 Burhi Gandak 25 Samastipur 62935 Burhi Gandak 26 Daudnagar 52364 Son 27 Arwal 51849 Son 28 Dehri 137231 Son 29 Bagaha 112634 Gandak 30 Gopalganj 67339 Gandak 31 Lakhisarai 99979 Kiul 32 Jamui 87357 Kiul 33 Saharsa 156540 Kosi 34 Supaul 65437 Kosi 35 Madhepura 54472 Kosi 36 Darbhanga 296039 Kosi 37 Kishanganj 105782 Mahananda Total 1830578 38 Uttar Pradesh Banda 160473 Ken 39 Faizabad 165228 Ghagra 40 Gorakhpur 673446 Ghagra 41 Tanda 95516 Ghagra 42 Balrampur 82488 Ghagra Total 1177151 43 West Bengal Durgapur 566517 Damodar 44 Asansol 563917 Damodar 45 Barddhaman 314265 Damodar 46 Tarkeshwar 30947 Ajay Total 1444699 Grand Total 10195118 Source: Census 2011

13 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011) ANNEX-APPENDIX 5: WATER SUPPLY IN CLASS II CITIES S.NO Population Water Supply (MLD) Per Capita water supply (lpcd) Bihar 1 Araria 72710 8.36 114.9773071 2 Aurangabad 95220 10.95 114.9968494 3 Buxar 99570 11.45 114.9944762 4 Gopalganj 65300 7.51 115.007657 5 Jamui 80100 9.21 114.9812734 6 Jehanabad 98070 11.28 115.0198838 7 Lakhisarai 93410 10.74 114.9769832 8 Madhubani 79540 9.15 115.0364596 9 Nawada 98750 11.36 115.0379747 10 Phulwari Sharif 63800 7.34 115.0470219 11 Mokameh 67680 12.01 177.4527187 12 Samastipur 66710 7.68 115.1251686 13 Sitamarhi 68120 9.79 143.7169701 14 Supaul 64820 7.45 114.9336624 Total 1113800 134.28

Haryana 1 Ambala Cantt. 80730 7.26 89.92939428 2 Tohana 67490 6.08 90.08742036 3 Fatehabad 78420 7.5 95.63886764 4 Hansi 99210 9.18 92.53099486 5 Narwana 66360 5.98 90.11452682 6 Narnaul 81340 7.33 90.1155643 7 Mandi Dabwali 70490 6.35 90.08369982 Total 544040 49.68

Jharkhand 1 Katras 61420 7.06 114.9462716 2 Tisra 64260 7.39 115.0015562 3 Sindri 92190 10.6 114.9799327 4 Jharia 98370 11.31 114.9740775 5 Ramgarh Cantonment 88150 10.8 122.5184345 6 Jhumri Tilaiya 83330 11.66 139.925597 7 Daltonganj 85570 9.84 114.9935725 8 Chaibasa 76340 8.78 115.0117894 9 Bagbera 80520 9.26 115.0024839 10 Sahibganj 96150 11.06 115.0286011 Total 826300 97.76 Madhya Pradesh 1 Balaghat 77310 10 129.3493727 2 Betul 85790 3.39 39.515095 3 Sarni 97870 8.81 90.01736998 4 Datia 85220 7.68 90.11969021 5 Pithampur 70090 6.31 90.027108 6 Dhar 77740 7 90.04373553 7 Ashok Nagar 59410 5.35 90.05217977 8 Dabra 58360 2.02 34.61274846 9 Harda 63560 4.14 65.13530522 10 Itarsi 96600 8.7 90.0621118 11 Mhow Cantt. 87570 17.74 202.5807925 12 Jabalpur Cantt. 68480 2.01 29.35163551 13 Jaora 65650 4.4 67.02208682 14 Bina Etawa 52720 9.23 175.0758725

14 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011) S.NO Population Water Supply (MLD) Per Capita water supply (lpcd) 15 Sehore 93660 7.2 76.87379885 16 Seoni 92490 12 129.7437561 17 Shahdol 80940 7.13 88.08994317 18 Shajapur 51590 4.5 87.22620663 19 Sheopur 56680 5.1 89.97882851 20 Tikamgarh 70630 6.36 90.04672236 21 Nagda 99420 4.65 46.77127339 22 Basoda 64230 5.78 89.98910167 23 Khargone 89040 14.14 158.8050314 Total 1745050 163.64

Rajasthan 1 Banswara 97630 8.05 82.45416368 2 Baran 89340 7 78.35236176 3 Balotra 70370 5.8 82.42148643 4 Barmer 95210 18 189.0557715 5 Nimbahera 60790 5.01 82.41487087 6 Ratangarh 72350 5.98 82.65376641 7 Sardarshahar 92770 7.65 82.4620028 8 Sujangarh 95540 7.89 82.58321122 9 Dausa 70210 12.5 178.0373166 10 Bari 57540 4.75 82.55126868 11 Suratgarh 66210 6.55 98.92765443 12 Chomu 57820 40 691.8021446 13 Jaisalmer 66450 5.49 82.61851016 14 Nawalgarh 64390 5.31 82.46622146 15 Karauli 75440 6.23 82.58218452 16 Hindaun 96650 7.98 82.56595965 17 Kuchaman City 57650 4.75 82.39375542 18 Ladnu 65030 5.36 82.42349685 19 Makrana 94950 7.84 82.56977357 20 Rajsamand 63460 5.24 82.57169871 21 Fatehpur 89460 7.38 82.49496982 Total 1599260 184.76

Uttar Pradesh 1 Agra 65410 7.85 120.0122305 2 Tanda 96700 11.6 119.958635 3 Auraiya 75190 15.03 199.8936029 4 Mubarakpur 59460 9.14 153.7167844 5 Baraut 99900 11.99 120.02002 6 Balrampur 84060 5.3 63.05020224 7 Nawabganj 87400 10.89 124.5995423 8 Baheri 68180 8.19 120.1232033 9 Faridpur 71030 8.53 120.0901028 10 Sherkot 61540 7.39 120.0844979 11 Kiratpur 64380 7.73 120.0683442 12 Chandpur 79570 1.66 20.86213397 13 Nagina 83000 9.96 120 14 Najibabad 92060 11.05 120.0304149 15 Bijnor 92380 11.09 120.0476294 16 Ujhani 59420 45 757.3207674 17 Sahaswan 67740 8.13 120.0177148 18 Jahangirabad 59790 7.18 120.0869711 19 Sikandrabad 81370 9.76 119.945926

15 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011) S.NO Population Water Supply (MLD) Per Capita water supply (lpcd) 20 Dadri 66880 8.03 120.0657895 21 Pilkhuwa 78210 9.39 120.0613732 22 Muradnagar 86230 1.26 14.61208396 23 Rath 65110 7.81 119.9508524 24 Shahabad 78760 9.45 119.9847638 25 Jalaun 58240 6.99 120.0206044 26 Konch 59050 7.09 120.0677392 27 Mauranipur 59230 7.11 120.04052 28 Hasanpur 62090 7.45 119.9871155 29 Chhibramau 58520 7.03 120.1298701 30 Kannauj 83260 9.99 119.9855873 31 Gola Gokarannath 62660 7.53 120.1723588 32 Mahoba 91730 11.01 120.0261637 33 Vrindavan 65900 7.91 120.030349 34 Mawana 80550 9.66 119.9255121 35 Khatauli 68090 8.18 120.1351153 36 Kairana 85030 10.2 119.957662 37 Bisalpur 70630 8.48 120.0622965 38 Bela Pratapgarh 83620 11.71 140.0382684 39 Gangoh 62790 7.54 120.0828157 40 Deoband 95110 11.41 119.9663547 41 Bhadohi 86650 10.4 120.0230814 42 Tilhar 61590 7.39 119.9870109 43 Laharpur 58290 7 120.0892091 44 Obra 60990 7.33 120.1836367 45 Renukoot 62300 7.48 120.0642055 46 Gangaghat 82430 9.89 119.9805896 Total 3382520 432.19

Uttarakhand 1 Rishikesh 69460 11.34 163.2594299 Total 69460 11.34

West Bengal 1 Bishnupur 70180 7.55 107.5805073 2 Kalna 59120 6.35 107.4086604 3 Katwa 81090 2.728 33.64163275 4 Rampurhat 57340 6.16 107.4293687 5 Suri 70040 8.4 119.9314677 6 Bolpur 74390 8 107.5413362 7 Gangarampur 60670 12.5 206.0326356 8 Arambag 63590 6.84 107.5640824 9 Konnagar 81820 11.8 144.2190174 10 Alipurduar 82760 8.9 107.5398743 11 Koch Bihar 87030 12 137.8834885 12 Old Maldah 71320 2.8 39.25967471 13 Ghatal 58450 6.29 107.6133447 14 Jhargram 60230 6.48 107.5875809 15 Contai 87800 9.44 107.5170843 16 Kandi 57040 0.454 7.959326788 17 Dhulian 82600 8.88 107.5060533 18 Jangipur 84370 4.5 53.33649401 19 Phulia 56940 6.13 107.657183 20 Gayespur 62350 7 112.2694467 21 Ranaghat 77900 10 128.3697047

16 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011) S.NO Population Water Supply (MLD) Per Capita water supply (lpcd) 22 Kalyani 92890 23 247.6046937 23 Chakdaha 98530 11.83 120.0649548 24 Garulia 86460 11.77 136.1323155 25 New Barrackpur 94250 10.14 107.5862069 26 Budge Budge 85500 9.19 107.4853801 27 Islampur 59780 6.43 107.5610572 Total 2004440 225.56 Source: Status of water supply, waste water generation and treatment in class-I cities and class-II towns of India, CPCB, 2010

17 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011) ANNEX-APPENDIX 6: SEWAGE GENERATION OF CLASS I CITIES IN GANGA BASIN (DISPOSAL IN TRIBUTARIES) S. Total Sewage Treated sewage City/Town State/UT Population No ( in MLD) Disposal 1 Muzaffarpur Bihar 342120 55.3 Budhi Gandak 2 Bihar Sharif Bihar 259810 42 Phalgun 3 Gaya Bihar 429180 69.4 Phalgun 4 Bettiah Bihar 130700 21.1 Budhi Gandak 5 Motihari Bihar 113690 18.4 Budhi Gandak 6 Hajipur Bihar 133590 21.6 Gandak 7 Darbhanga Bihar 298850 48.3 Ghughri 8 Chapra Bihar 200300 32.4 Ghaghara 9 Sasaram Bihar 146770 23.7 Chandrabhaga 10 Siwan Bihar 121150 19.6 Daha 11 Arrah Bihar 227800 36.8 Son 12 Dehri Bihar 133290 21.5 Son 13 Saharsa Bihar 138900 22.4 Simrahi Stream 14 Yamunanagar Haryana 250250 18.6 WJC 15 Bokaro Jharkhand 484830 71.3 Damodar 16 Dhanbad Jharkhand 1064357 36 Damodar 17 Hazaribagh Jharkhand 156510 23 Damodar 18 Morena Madhya Pradesh 197670 17.4 Kunwari 19 Indore Madhya Pradesh 1885510 212.5 Khan, Shipra 20 Sagar Madhya Pradesh 304340 26.7 Dhasan 21 Bhind Madhya Pradesh 201440 17.7 Chambal 22 Neemuch Madhya Pradesh 140820 12.4 Chambal 23 Mandsaur Madhya Pradesh 152590 15.8 Chambal 24 Dewas Madhya Pradesh 302160 26.5 Chhoti Kali Sindh 25 Vidisha Madhya Pradesh 164350 14.4 Betwa 26 Bhopal Madhya Pradesh 1878380 255.2 Betwa 27 Rewa Madhya Pradesh 240030 21.1 Baichaiya 28 Guna Madhya Pradesh 179640 15.8 Sindh 29 Damoh Madhya Pradesh 146930 14.1 Sonar, Bearma 30 Satna Madhya Pradesh 295360 26 Tons 31 Shivpuri Madhya Pradesh 192390 17 Sindh 32 Singrauli Madhya Pradesh 243110 21.3 Gopad,Sone 33 Gwalior Madhya Pradesh 1083260 114.1 Vaishali 34 Ujjain Madhya Pradesh 563210 49.4 Shipra 35 Tonk Rajasthan 166870 21.4 Banas 36 Kota Rajasthan 855960 145 Chambal 37 Udaipur Rajasthan 478860 61.5 Banas/Berach 38 Bhilwara Rajasthan 344630 44.3 Banas 39 Alwar Rajasthan 320100 41.1 Arvari 40 Moradabad Uttar Pradesh 788730 86 Ramganga 41 Deoria Uttar Pradesh 128190 14 Lttle Gandak 42 Rampur Uttar Pradesh 346310 37.7 Kosi 43 Banda Uttar Pradesh 165830 18.1 Ken 44 Aligarh Uttar Pradesh 821310 89.5 Karwan 45 Meerut Uttar Pradesh 1321300 144 Kali 46 Muzaffarnagar Uttar Pradesh 389040 58 Kali 47 Gonda Uttar Pradesh 150260 16.4 Ghaghara 48 Hapur Uttar Pradesh 260740 28.4 Kali 49 Bulandshahr Uttar Pradesh 216790 23.6 Kali 50 Modinagar Uttar Pradesh 148300 15.1 Kali 51 Ghaziabad Uttar Pradesh 1191280 129.8 Hindon River 52 Saharanpur Uttar Pradesh 557100 60.7 Hindon River 18 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011) S. Total Sewage Treated sewage City/Town State/UT Population No ( in MLD) Disposal 53 Gorakhpur Uttar Pradesh 768220 83.7 Haldi, Rapti 54 Sultanpur Uttar Pradesh 123100 13.4 Gomti River 55 Lucknow Uttar Pradesh 2715030 295.8 Gomti River 56 Jaunpur Uttar Pradesh 196800 21.4 Gomti 57 Bahraich Uttar Pradesh 207100 22.6 Ghaghara 58 Faizabad Uttar Pradesh 178260 19.4 Ghaghara 59 Basti Uttar Pradesh 131590 14.3 Ghaghara 60 Lakhimpur Uttar Pradesh 148300 16.2 Ghaghara 61 Shahjahanpur Uttar Pradesh 366460 40 Deoha 62 Pilibhit Uttar Pradesh 152620 16.6 Deoha Maunath 63 Bhanjan Uttar Pradesh 258390 28.2 Chhoti Saryu 64 Azamgarh Uttar Pradesh 129080 14.1 Chhoti Saryu 65 Jhansi Uttar Pradesh 471400 51.4 Betwa 66 Lalitpur Uttar Pradesh 137530 15 Betwa 67 Chandausi Uttar Pradesh 127620 14 Badaun Streatm 68 Sambhal Uttar Pradesh 225000 24.5 Badaun Stream 69 Amroha Uttar Pradesh 202810 22.1 Badaun Stream 70 Budaun Uttar Pradesh 182210 20 Badaun Stream 71 Sitapur Uttar Pradesh 186750 20.3 Sarangan 72 Bareily Uttar Pradesh 860800 93.8 Ramganga 73 Rae Bareli Uttar Pradesh 208220 22.7 Sai 74 Etah Uttar Pradesh 131730 15.8 Sirsa 75 Hardoi Uttar Pradesh 138340 15.1 Sai Kathgodam- 76 Haldwani Uttarakhand 158840 17.3 Ramganga 77 Kharagpur West Bengal 239180 28.1 Kosai 78 Medinipur West Bengal 176350 20.7 Kosai 79 Krishnanagar West Bengal 159930 18.8 Jalangi 80 Puruliya West Bengal 130830 15.4 Haldi 81 Asansol West Bengal 1090171 65.7 Damodar 82 Durgapur West Bengal 566950 66.6 Damodar 83 Raniganj West Bengal 190010 16.6 Damodar 84 Baharampur West Bengal 184190 21.6 Beel 85 Bankura West Bengal 148130 17.4 Roopnarayan 86 Barasat West Bengal 266240 31.3 Bidyadhari 87 Kulti West Bengal 333570 39.2 Damodar 88 Jamuria West Bengal 148870 17.5 Damodar 89 Bardhaman West Bengal 328750 38.6 Damodar 90 Panihati West Bengal 400640 47 Irrigation , Pissic,Canal 91 Bally West Bengal 300810 35.3 Irrigation, Pissic,Canal 92 Titagarh West Bengal 142830 16.8 Irrigation, Pissicult, Khal 93 Siliguri West Bengal 540820 63.5 Mahananda 94 Hugli-Chinsurah West Bengal 195730 23 Mahananda 95 Raiganj West Bengal 190010 22.3 Mahananda 96 Balurghat West Bengal 155840 18.3 Padma 97 Madhyamgram West Bengal 178830 21 Sunti 98 Delhi Delhi 14858800 2948 Yamuna 99 Palwal Haryana 132700 10 Yamuna 100 Faridabad Haryana 1392570 118.2 Yamuna 101 Panipat Haryana 345400 26.7 Yamuna 102 Sonipat Haryana 285400 21.2 Yamuna 103 Karnal Haryana 277830 28.6 Yamuna 104 Gurgaon Haryana 229080 17 Yamuna

19 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011) S. Total Sewage Treated sewage City/Town State/UT Population No ( in MLD) Disposal 105 Jagadhri Haryana 133720 10 Yamuna 106 Agra Uttar Pradesh 1549770 211.7 Yamuna 107 Mathura Uttar Pradesh 367560 40 Yamuna 108 Noida Uttar Pradesh 361510 39.4 Yamuna 109 Firozabad Uttar Pradesh 242930 37.4 Yamuna 110 Etawah Uttar Pradesh 260100 28.3 Yamuna 111 Fatehpur Uttar Pradesh 186660 20.3 Yamuna 112 Hathras Uttar Pradesh 151590 16.5 Yamuna 113 Orai Uttar Pradesh 171520 18.7 Yamuna Total 7841.5 Sewage Generation of Class I cities in Ganga Basin (Disposal In Land) 1 Purnia Bihar 191780 31.0 Land 2 Dinapur Nizamat Bihar 145980 23.6 Land 3 Rohtak Haryana 378540 28.1 Land 4 Hisar Haryana 338990 25.2 Land 5 Bhiwani Haryana 223640 17.6 Land 6 Hansi Haryana 99210 5.6 Land 7 Narnaul Haryana 81340 4.5 Land 8 Thanesar Haryana 158500 11.8 Land 9 Jind Haryana 179640 13.3 Land 10 Bahadurgarh Haryana 158190 11.7 Land 11 Rewari Haryana 133250 10.0 Land 12 Kaithal Haryana 154740 11.5 Land 13 Mango Jharkhand 204290 30.1 Land 14 Adityapur Jharkhand 146640 21.6 Land 15 Murwara (Katni) Madhya Pradesh 244630 21.5 Land 16 Jaipur Rajasthan 2858910 367.2 Land 17 Jhunjhunun Rajasthan 123590 16 Land 18 Loni Uttar Pradesh 148410 16.2 Land 19 Baranagar West Bengal 288210 33.8 Land Rajarhat 20 Gopalpur West Bengal 312550 36.7 Land 21 Bidhan Nagar West Bengal 193030 22.7 Land 22 English Bazar West Bengal 185670 21.8 Land Uttarpara 23 Kotrung West Bengal 172730 20.3 Land 24 Dumdum West Bengal 116520 13.7 Land 25 Barrackpur West Bengal 165980 19.5 Land 26 Khardaha West Bengal 133690 15.7 Land 27 Baidyabati West Bengal 124470 14.6 Land 28 Bhadreswar West Bengal 121840 14.3 Land 29 Bansberia West Bengal 120120 14.1 Land 30 Champdani West Bengal 118720 14 Land Total 907.4 Source: Status of water supply, waste water generation and treatment in class-I cities and class-II towns of India, CPCB, 2010 Sewage Generation of Class II cities in Ganga Basin (Disposal In tributaries) Total Sewage S.NO City/Town State/UT Population Treated sewage Disposal ( in MLD) 1 Jehanabad Bihar 98070 7.5 Punpun 2 Aurangabad Bihar 95220 7.3 Punpun 3 Dhar Madhya Pradesh 77740 5.4 Chambal 4 Nagda Madhya Pradesh 99420 7 Chambal 5 Sehore Madhya Pradesh 93660 7 Kali Sindh

20 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011) Total Sewage S.NO City/Town State/UT Population Treated sewage Disposal ( in MLD) 6 Chhatarpur Madhya Pradesh 102500 7.2 Ken 7 Mhow Cantt. Madhya Pradesh 87570 13.8 Khan River 8 Chittaurgarh Rajasthan 109470 6.4 Berach 9 Baran Rajasthan 89340 5.3 Chambal 10 Gangapur City Rajasthan 110350 6.4 Chambal 11 Bundi Rajasthan 100680 6.2 Chambal 12 Dhaulpur Rajasthan 105040 6.8 Chambal 13 Sawai Madhopur Rajasthan 111140 6.4 Chambal 14 Khurja Uttar Pradesh 114550 9.4 Kali 15 Kasganj Uttar Pradesh 107650 9.2 Kali 16 Kashipur Uttarakhand 108230 9.4 Kosi 17 Rudrapur Uttarakhand 103270 8.5 Yamuna 18 Bishnupur West Bengal 70180 5.3 Damodar Total 1592206 134.6 Sewage Generation of Class II cities in Ganga Basin (Disposal In Land) 1 Lakhisarai Bihar 93410 7.2 Land 2 Madhubani Bihar 79540 6.1 Land 3 Jamalpur Bihar 115990 9 Land 4 Nawada Bihar 98750 7.6 Land 5 Bagaha Bihar 109660 8.4 Land 6 Samastipur Bihar 66710 5.1 Land 7 Araria Bihar 72710 5.6 Land 8 Gopalganj Bihar 65300 5 Land 9 Jamui Bihar 80100 6.1 Land 10 Kishanganj Bihar 102590 9.6 Land 11 Phulwari Sharif Bihar 63800 5 Land 12 Supaul Bihar 64820 5 Land 13 Ambikapur Bihar 74580 4.8 Land 14 Hansi Haryana 99210 5.6 Land 15 Narnaul Haryana 81340 4.5 Land 16 Phusro Jharkhand 100160 7.7 Land 17 Daltonganj Jharkhand 85570 6.6 Land 18 Ramgarh Cantt. Jharkhand 88150 7.2 Land 19 Juumri Tilaiya Jharkhand 83330 7.3 Land 20 Giridih Jharkhand 118280 9.1 Land 21 Deoghar Jharkhand 118050 9.1 Land 22 Sindri Jharkhand 92190 7.1 Land 23 Jharia Jharkhand 98370 7.5 Land 24 Bina Etawa Madhya Pradesh 52720 7.2 Land 25 Datia Madhya Pradesh 85220 6 Land 26 Shahdol Madhya Pradesh 80940 5.7 Land 27 Tikamgarh Madhya Pradesh 70630 4.9 Land 28 Murwara (Katni) Madhya Pradesh 244630 21.5 Land 29 Pithampur Madhya Pradesh 70090 5 Land 30 Ashok Nagar Madhya Pradesh 59410 4.2 Land 31 Dabra Madhya Pradesh 58360 4.1 Land 32 Jaora Madhya Pradesh 65650 4.6 Land 33 Seoni Madhya Pradesh 92490 8.4 Land 34 Shajapur Madhya Pradesh 51590 3.6 Land 35 Sheopur Madhya Pradesh 56680 4 Land 36 Basoda Madhya Pradesh 64230 4.5 Land 37 Jhunjhunun Rajasthan 123590 16 Land 38 Kishangarh Rajasthan 142870 18.4 Land 39 Bharatpur Rajasthan 251480 32.3 Land

21 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011) Total Sewage S.NO City/Town State/UT Population Treated sewage Disposal ( in MLD) 40 Makrana Rajasthan 94950 5.5 Land 41 Nawalgarh Rajasthan 64390 3.7 Land 42 Hindaun Rajasthan 96650 5.6 Land 43 Nimbahera Rajasthan 60790 3.5 Land 44 Tanda Uttar Pradesh 96700 8 Land 45 Baraut Uttar Pradesh 99900 8.2 Land 46 Balrampur Uttar Pradesh 84060 7 Land 47 Shahabad Uttar Pradesh 78760 6.5 Land 48 Chandpur Uttar Pradesh 79570 6.6 Land 49 Nagina Uttar Pradesh 83000 6.8 Land 50 Sahaswan Uttar Pradesh 67740 5.6 Land 51 Sikandrabad Uttar Pradesh 81370 6.7 Land 52 Shikohabad Uttar Pradesh 102520 8.5 Land 53 Mubarkpur Uttar Pradesh 59460 6.3 Land 54 Pilkhua Uttar Pradesh 78210 6.5 Land 55 Mahoba Uttar Pradesh 91730 7.6 Land 56 Mainpuri Uttar Pradesh 104220 10 Land 57 Mawana Uttar Pradesh 80550 6.6 Land 58 Kairana Uttar Pradesh 85030 7 Land 59 Shamli Uttar Pradesh 104600 8.6 Land 60 Tanda Uttar Pradesh 96700 8 Land 61 Bela Pratapgarh Uttar Pradesh 83620 8 Land 62 Bhadohi Uttar Pradesh 86650 7.1 Land 63 Agga Cantt. Uttar Pradesh 65410 5.4 Land 64 Auraiya Uttar Pradesh 75190 6.2 Land 65 Nawabganj Uttar Pradesh 87400 7.2 Land 66 Baheri Uttar Pradesh 68180 5.6 Land 67 Faridpur Uttar Pradesh 71030 6 Land 68 Sherkot Uttar Pradesh 61540 5.1 Land 69 Kiratpur Uttar Pradesh 64380 5.3 Land 70 Ujhani Uttar Pradesh 59420 5 Land 71 Jahangirabad Uttar Pradesh 59790 5 Land 72 Dadri Uttar Pradesh 66880 5.5 Land 73 Muradnagar Uttar Pradesh 86230 7.1 Land 74 Behta Hajipur Uttar Pradesh 119900 9.1 Land 75 Rath Uttar Pradesh 65110 5.4 Land 76 Jalaun Uttar Pradesh 58240 4.8 Land 77 Konch Uttar Pradesh 59050 5 Land 78 Mauranipur Uttar Pradesh 59230 5 Land 79 Hasanpur Uttar Pradesh 62090 5.1 Land 80 Chhibramau Uttar Pradesh 58520 4.8 Land 81 Gola Gokarannath Uttar Pradesh 62660 5.2 Land 82 Khatauli Uttar Pradesh 68090 5.6 Land 83 Bisalpur Uttar Pradesh 70630 5.8 Land 84 Gangoh Uttar Pradesh 62790 5.2 Land 85 Tilhar Uttar Pradesh 61590 5.1 Land 86 Laharpur Uttar Pradesh 58290 4.8 Land 87 Obra Uttar Pradesh 60990 5 Land 88 Renukoot Uttar Pradesh 62300 5.1 Land 89 Vrindavan Uttar Pradesh 65900 5.4 Land 90 Katwa West Bengal 81090 6.2 Land 91 Suri West Bengal 70040 6 Land 92 Contai West Bengal 87800 6.7 Land 93 Bolpur West Bengal 74390 5.6 Land

22 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011) Total Sewage S.NO City/Town State/UT Population Treated sewage Disposal ( in MLD) 94 Arambag West Bengal 63590 4.8 Land 95 Jangipur West Bengal 84370 6.4 Land 96 Chakdaha West Bengal 98530 8.3 Land 97 Kalna West Bengal 59120 4.5 Land 98 Rampurhat West Bengal 57340 4.4 Land 99 Gangarampur West Bengal 60670 4.6 Land 100 Alipurduar West Bengal 82760 6.3 Land 101 Koch Bihar West Bengal 87030 9.5 Land 102 Old Maldah West Bengal 71320 5.4 Land 103 Ghatal West Bengal 58450 4.4 Land 104 Jhargram West Bengal 60230 4.6 Land 105 Kharagpur Rly. Settlement West Bengal 100090 7.6 Land 106 Kandi West Bengal 57040 4.3 Land 107 Dhulian West Bengal 82600 6.3 Land 108 Phulia West Bengal 56940 4.3 Land 109 New Barrackpur West Bengal 94250 7.2 Land 110 Islampur West Bengal 59780 4.5 Land 111 Konnagar West Bengal 81820 6.2 Land 112 Gayespur West Bengal 62350 4.7 Land 113 Kalyani West Bengal 92890 7.1 Land 114 Garulia West Bengal 86460 6.6 Land 115 Budge Budge West Bengal 85500 6.5 Land Total 767.3 Source: Status of water supply, waste water generation and treatment in class-I cities and class-II towns of India, CPCB, 2010

23 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011)

ANNEX-APPENDIX 7: WATER QUALITY DATA OF RIVER YAMUNA (2012-2016)

pH BOD (mg/l) DO (mg/l) FECAL COLIFORM (MPN/100ml) TOTAL COLIFORM (MPN/100ml)

Location

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

WATER QUALITY 6.5 – 8.5 < 3 mg/l > 4 mg/l < 2500 MPN/100ml < 5000 MPN/100ml CTITERIA Yamuna at Yamunotri 7.2 8.4 - - 7.5 - - - 0.0 8.6 7.9 - 8.8 - 220 - - - - 220 - - 0 Yamuna at U/S of 8.8 8.5 8.3 - 8.2 2.2 2.4 1.4 - - 7.6 5.2 4.2 - 8.6 92000 7000 7900 - - 200000 9400 35000 - 0 Lakhwar Dam. UT Yamuna at U/S of Dak 8.4 8.3 8.3 - 7.9 2.6 2.6 1.4 - 1 8 6 6.6 - 8.0 11000 35000 1100 - - 54000 35000 13000 - 60 Patthar UT River Yamuna, U/S 8.1 8.2 8.4 - 8.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 - 1 6.1 6.8 6.4 - 6.2 7800 16 11 - 11 23000 29 21 - 26 Paonta Sahib, HP River Yamuna, D/S, 8 8.2 8.8 - 8.6 1.6 4.2 1.8 - 2 6.2 6 5.8 - 6.2 16 15 16 - 14 28 28 24 - 39 Paonta Sahib, HP Yamuna at - - - - 7.8 2 - - - 2 6.8 - - - 8.2 18000 - - - 13000 68000 - - - 24000 Hathinikund Haryana Yamuna at Kalanaur, - - - - 7.8 3 - - - 2 6.6 - - - 7.6 18000 - - - 17000 55000 - - - 54000 Yamunanagar Yamuna at Sonipat - 7.4 - - 7.9 2 1.6 - - 12 6.4 8.1 - - 6.4 18000 - - - 24000 49000 - - - 35000 Yamuna at 8.5 8.5 8.3 - 8.0 3 4 5.0 - 9.0 6.1 9.5 6.4 - 5.1 1000000 - - - 24000 4000000 3300 43000 - 54000 Wazirabad, Delhi Yamuna at 8.5 8.2 7.6 - 7.9 39 17 36.0 45 0 0.6 0.3 - 0.4 2000000 - - - 5400000 20000000000 9200000 54000000 - 9200000 Nizamuddin, Delhi Yamuna at Okhla 8.5 8.1 8.1 - 7.8 40 19 37.0 - 49.0 0 0.7 0.4 - 0.4 2000000 - - - 5400000 20000000000 3500000 160000000 - 9200000 Bridge (inlet of Agra canal), Delhi Yamuna at Okhla 8.6 8 7.9 - 7.9 113 43 79.0 - 67.0 0 0.6 0.8 - 0.1 2000000 - - - 92000000 20000000000 9200000 160000000 - 160000000 after meeting of Shahdara Drain Yamuna at Mazawali - - - - 8.2 24 - - 27.0 0 - - - 0.0 2000000 - - - 1600000 800000000 - - 35000000 Yamuna at Mathura - - - - 7.9 14 - - - 27.0 0.8 - - - 0.9 700000 - 23000 - 540000 3000000 - 33000 - 920000 U/S UP Yamuna at Mathura - - - - 8.0 13 - - - 18.0 1.5 - - - 2.8 1000000 - 150000 - 350000 8000000 - 240000 - 920000 D/S UP Yamuna at Agra U/S - - - - 8.2 10 - - - 27.0 2.6 - - - 4.1 300000 - 4900 - 110000 5000000 - 13000 - 350000 Yamuna at D/S of - - - - 8.1 15 - - - 26.0 1.6 - - - 2.8 900000 - 540000 - 20000 2000000 - 920000 - 160000 Agra, UP Yamuna at Bateswar - - - - 7.9 15 - - - 24.0 2.1 - - - 6.2 1000000 - 2200 - 16000 9000000 - 3200 - 43000 Yamuna at Etawah, - - - - 7.9 14 - - - 18.0 4.3 - - - 6.4 - - 4900 - 79000 100000 - 11000 - 79000 UP Yamuna at Juhika D/C - - - - 7.8 7 - - - 11 4.1 - - - 5.4 100000 - 2300 - 24000 2000000 - 7000 - 24000 with Chambal, Etawah, UP Yamuna at Prayagraj 8.3 8.3 8.4 - 8.3 2.8 2.8 2.5 - 2.8 6.3 - 7.8 - 7.4 1700 - 11000 - 7800 4000 - 21000 - 14000 D/S (Balua Ghat), UP

24 Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011)

ANNEX-APPENDIX 8: SEWAGE GENERATION AND TREATMENT OF CLASS I CITIES IN THE GANGA BASIN Sewage generation and treatment of Class I cities in the Ganga basin Treatment Percentage S.NO City/Town State/UT Population Total Sewage ( in MLD) Capacity ( in covered MLD) 1 Yamunanagar Haryana 250250 18.6 35 100% 2 Morena Madhya Pradesh 197670 17.4 - 0% 3 Indore Madhya Pradesh 1885510 212.5 90 42% 4 Sagar Madhya Pradesh 304340 26.7 - 0% 5 Bhind Madhya Pradesh 201440 17.7 - 0% 6 Neemuch Madhya Pradesh 140820 12.4 - 0% 7 Mandsaur Madhya Pradesh 152590 15.8 - 0% 8 Dewas Madhya Pradesh 302160 26.5 - 0% 9 Vidisha Madhya Pradesh 164350 14.4 9 63% 10 Bhopal Madhya Pradesh 1878380 255.2 17.64 7% 11 Rewa Madhya Pradesh 240030 21.1 - 0% 12 Guna Madhya Pradesh 179640 15.8 - 0% 13 Damoh Madhya Pradesh 146930 14.1 - 0% 14 Satna Madhya Pradesh 295360 26 - 0% 15 Shivpuri Madhya Pradesh 192390 17 - 0% 16 Singrauli Madhya Pradesh 243110 21.3 - 0% 17 Gwalior Madhya Pradesh 1083260 114.1 - 0% 18 Ujjain Madhya Pradesh 563210 49.4 - 0% 19 Tonk Rajasthan 166870 21.4 - 0% 20 Kota Rajasthan 855960 145 - 0% 21 Udaipur Rajasthan 478860 61.5 - 0% 22 Bhilwara Rajasthan 344630 44.3 - 0% 23 Alwar Rajasthan 320100 41.1 - 0% 24 Delhi Delhi 14858800 2948 2330 79% 25 Palwal Haryana 132700 10 9 90% 26 Faridabad Haryana 1392570 118.2 115 97% 27 Panipat Haryana 345400 26.7 45 100% 28 Sonipat Haryana 285400 21.2 30 100% 29 Karnal Haryana 277830 28.6 48 100% 30 Gurgaon Haryana 229080 17 30 100% 31 Jagadhri Haryana 133720 10 - 0% 32 Hisar Haryana 378540 28.1 - 0% 33 Bhiwani Haryana 338990 25.2 - 0% 34 Hansi Haryana 223640 17.6 - 0% 35 Narnaul Haryana 99210 5.6 - 0% 36 Thanesar Haryana 81340 4.5 - 0% 37 Jind Haryana 158500 11.8 - 0% 38 Bahadurgarh Haryana 179640 13.3 - 0% 39 Rewari Haryana 158190 11.7 - 0% 40 Kaithal Haryana 133250 10 - 0% 41 Mango Haryana 154740 11.5 - 0% 42 Katni) Madhya Pradesh 244630 21.5 - 0% 43 Jaipur Rajasthan 2858910 367.2 54 15% 44 Jhunjhunun Rajasthan 123590 16 - 0% Source: Status of water supply, waste water generation and treatment in class-I cities and class-II towns of India, CPCB, 2010

Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011) Sewage generation and treatment of Class II cities in the Ganga basin Treatment Total Sewage Percentage S.NO City/Town State/UT Population Capacity ( in MLD) covered ( in MLD) 1 Dhar Madhya Pradesh 77740 5.4 - 0% 2 Nagda Madhya Pradesh 99420 7 9 100% 3 Sehore Madhya Pradesh 93660 7 - 0% 4 Chhatarpur Madhya Pradesh 102500 7.2 - 0% 5 Mhow Cantt. Madhya Pradesh 87570 13.8 - 0% 6 Chittaurgarh Rajasthan 109470 6.4 - 0% 7 Baran Rajasthan 89340 5.3 - 0% 8 Gangapur City Rajasthan 110350 6.4 - 0% 9 Bundi Rajasthan 100680 6.2 - 0% 10 Dhaulpur Rajasthan 105040 6.8 - 0% 11 Sawai Madhopur Rajasthan 111140 6.4 - 0% 12 Hansi Haryana 99210 5.6 - 0% 13 Narnaul Haryana 81340 4.5 - 0% 14 Bina Etawa Madhya Pradesh 52720 7.2 - 0% 15 Datia Madhya Pradesh 85220 6 - 0% 16 Shahdol Madhya Pradesh 80940 5.7 - 0% 17 Tikamgarh Madhya Pradesh 70630 4.9 - 0% 18 Murwara (Katni) Madhya Pradesh 244630 21.5 - 0% 19 Pithampur Madhya Pradesh 70090 5 - 0% 20 Ashok Nagar Madhya Pradesh 59410 4.2 - 0% 21 Dabra Madhya Pradesh 58360 4.1 - 0% 22 Jaora Madhya Pradesh 65650 4.6 - 0% 23 Seoni Madhya Pradesh 92490 8.4 - 0% 24 Shajapur Madhya Pradesh 51590 3.6 - 0% 25 Sheopur Madhya Pradesh 56680 4 - 0% 26 Basoda Madhya Pradesh 64230 4.5 - 0% 27 Jhunjhunun Rajasthan 123590 16 - 0% 28 Kishangarh Rajasthan 142870 18.4 - 0% 29 Bharatpur Rajasthan 251480 32.3 - 0% 30 Makrana Rajasthan 94950 5.5 - 0% 31 Nawalgarh Rajasthan 64390 3.7 - 0% 32 Hindaun Rajasthan 96650 5.6 - 0% 33 Nimbahera Rajasthan 60790 3.5 - 0% Source: Status of water supply, waste water generation and treatment in class-I cities and class-II towns of India, CPCB, 2010

Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011)

ANNEX-APPENDIX 9: GANGA BASIN MAP

Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011)

ANNEX-APPENDIX 10: DIAGRAMMATIC REPRESENTATION OF THE RIVER GANGA AND ITS TRIBUTARIES