National Mission for Clean Ganga Ministry of Jal Shakti Department of Water Resources, River Development & Ganga Rejuvenation, Government of India Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) Annex-I - Environmental and Social Baseline Prepared by The Energy and Resources Institute (January 2011) Updated by Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd (16 March 2020) CONTENTS 1. NATIONAL GANGA RIVER BASIN PROJECT ..................................................................... 1 1.1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Ganga River Basin Management: Initiatives ....................................................................................... 1 1.3. NMCG: An Evolutionary Journey ......................................................................................................... 2 1.3.1. National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA) ................................................................... 2 1.3.2. National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) .......................................................................... 2 1.4. NMCG Projects .................................................................................................................................... 3 1.4.1. Short-term Action Plan ......................................................................................................... 3 1.4.2. Medium-term Action Plan ..................................................................................................... 3 1.4.3. Long-term Action Plan .......................................................................................................... 4 1.5. Identified Thurst Areas and Action Points .......................................................................................... 4 1.6. Key Achievements under Namami Gange Programme ....................................................................... 5 1.7. External Funding and Funding Mechanism of NMCG ......................................................................... 8 1.8. Portfolio of Projects: NGRBA ............................................................................................................... 8 1.9. Potential Environmental Impacts of the Projects ............................................................................... 9 1.10. Environmental and Social Analysis (ESA) and Management Framework (ESMF) ............................. 10 1.10.1. Project description .............................................................................................................. 10 1.10.2. Objectives of ESMF project ................................................................................................. 11 1.10.3. Composition of ESMF report ............................................................................................... 11 2. ENVIRONMENTAL PROFILE OF GANGA BASIN ............................................................. 13 2.1. The Ganga River ................................................................................................................................ 13 2.2. Course of the Ganga.......................................................................................................................... 15 2.3. Stream and Flow Characteristics of Ganga ....................................................................................... 18 2.4. Physiography of Ganga Basin ............................................................................................................ 21 2.5. Soil Characteristics ............................................................................................................................ 22 2.6. Climatic Factors ................................................................................................................................. 24 2.7. Groundwater Resources ................................................................................................................... 26 2.8. Land Use ............................................................................................................................................ 29 2.8.1. NATURAL VEGETATION – GANGA BASIN ............................................................................ 31 2.8.2. Environmentally Sensitive Areas ......................................................................................... 33 3. GANGA BASIN – POLLUTION ASPECTS ......................................................................... 47 3.1. General .............................................................................................................................................. 47 3.2. Urban Water Supply .......................................................................................................................... 47 3.3. Municipal Wastewater generation and disposal .............................................................................. 51 3.4. Industrial wastewater ....................................................................................................................... 54 3.5. Agricultural sources of pollution ....................................................................................................... 55 3.6. Water Quality .................................................................................................................................... 56 3.7. Polluted river stretches ..................................................................................................................... 64 3.8. Water quality Monitoring ................................................................................................................. 67 3.9. Ganga Action Plan (Phase I & II) ........................................................................................................ 69 3.10. Existing sewage treatment capacity ................................................................................................. 71 3.11. Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................... 74 4. SOCIAL ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................ 75 4.1. Socio-economic profile of Ganga basin ............................................................................................. 75 4.1.1. Health ................................................................................................................................. 89 4.1.2. Economic Profile ................................................................................................................. 92 4.1.3. Housing profile .................................................................................................................... 92 4.2. Cultural Practices of Communities .................................................................................................. 100 4.2.1. Fest and Festivals .............................................................................................................. 104 4.2.2. Sanitation .......................................................................................................................... 104 4.3. Vulnerable communities and gender .............................................................................................. 105 4.3.1. Health indicators in eleven states ..................................................................................... 106 i Final Draft – Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd- updated based on ESMF report of The Energy and Resources Institute (17th January, 2011) 4.4. Key Stakeholders ............................................................................................................................. 107 4.5. Key social and cultural issues .......................................................................................................... 108 LIST OF TABLES TABLE 1-1 : NAMAMI GANGE AT A GLANCE (30TH SEPTEMBER, 2019) .............................................................................................. 5 TABLE 1-2: PORTFOLIO OF RIVER POLLUTION MITIGATION PROJECTS UNDER NGRBP ...................................................................... 9 TABLE 2-1: MAJOR RIVER BASINS OF INDIA ...................................................................................................................................... 13 TABLE 2-2 STATE WISE DISTRIBUTION OF THE DRAINAGE AREA OF GANGA RIVER IN INDIA ........................................................... 15 TABLE 2-3: SUB BASIN AREA OF THE RIVER GANGA AND THEIR DRAINAGE AREA ........................................................................... 18 TABLE 2-4: ANNUAL WATER INFLOW AND OUTFLOW IN GANGA BASIN AT SELECTED MONITORING STATIONS OF YEAR 2018..... 18 TABLE 2-5: STREAM CHARACTERISTICS OF VARIOUS TRIBUTARIES OF THE GANGA ........................................................................ 20 TABLE 2-6: SOILS TYPES IN GANGA BASIN AND THEIR SUSCEPTIBILITY TO EROSION (AREA IN SQUARE KILOMETRES) .................. 23 TABLE 2-7: RAINFALL AND TEMPERATURE DETAILS AT SELECTED STATIONS IN THE GANGA BASIN ............................................... 25 TABLE 2-8: STATE WISE GROUNDWATER USAGE PATTERN IN THE GANGA BASIN STATES .............................................................. 28 TABLE 2-9: STATE-WISE GROUND WATER RESOURCES AVAILABILITY, UTILISATION AND STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT