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Xerox University Microfilms 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 ! 75-26,636 | OUCKAMA, Michael Patrick, 1942- AN EXPLORATORY INVESTIGATION OF ATTITUDES I TOWARD SEPARATISM AMONG BLACK HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS AS RELATED TO SELECTED VARIABLES. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1975 Educati on , minori ti es i t t Xerox University Microfilms,Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 0 Copyright by Michael Patrick Ouckama 1975 THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED. AN EXPLORATORY INVESTIGATION OF ATTITUDES TOWARD SEPARATISM AMONG BLACK HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS AS RELATED TO SELECTED VARIABLES DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Michael Patrick Ouckama, B.S., M.Ed. ***** The Ohio State University 1975 Reading Committee: Approved By Dr. Raphael 0. Nystrand, Chairman Dr. William E. Nelson, Jr. Dr. William Wayson Dr. Rodney Muth Department of Educational Administration ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A project of this magnitude could never be accomplished with­ out the psychological and intellectual support of many individuals. I sincerely thank the members of my dissertation committee— Dr.'s Ray Nystrand, William Nelson, William Wayson and Rodney Muth— who gave freely of their time and expertise; my wife, Diane, for her ideas, patience, moral support and typing; the Superintendent, administrators, teachers and students in the school system where the study was conducted for their cooperation; and the many pro­ fessors, friends and members of my family who continually supported my educational development. ii VITA October 29, 1942 ................. .. Born - Guyana, South America 1968 ................................ B.S., State University College of New York, Oswego, New York 1968-70 .............................. Teacher, Dr. Martin Luther King Elementary School Syracuse, New York 1970-71 .............................. M.Ed., The University of Miami Coral Gables, Florida 1971-73 .............................. Graduate Research Associate, National Program for Educational Leadership, The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio 1973-74 ............................. Washington Intern in Education, Teacher Corps, Office of Education, Washington, D. C. 1974- .............................. Principal, Northeast Elementary School Ithaca, New York FIELDS OF STUDY Major Fields: Elementary Education Educational Administration Minor Fields: Speech and Theatre Political Science iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS............................................. ii VITA .......................................................... iii LIST OF TABLES ............................................... vi LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS .............. ix Chapter I. THE PROBLEM ........................................ 1 Introduction Statement of the Problem Rationale for and Significance of the Study Objectives of the Study Hypotheses Definition of Terms Organization of the Dissertation II. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE........................... 16 Introduction Black Separatism - The Concept Black Separatism - A Definition Hypotheses Summary III. METHODOLOGY ........................................ 44 Introduction Identification/Selection of Locale and School System Description of Locale and School System Identification/Selection of Schools Description of Schools Selection of a Sample Treatment of the Data Instrumentation Summary iv Page IV. ANALYSIS OF DATA 67 Introduction Subject Profile Attitudes Toward Separatism Analysis of Hypotheses Summary V. LIMITATIONS, CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS.......... 155 Limitations of the Study Conclusions Implications APPENDIX A. HISTORY OF BLACK SEPARATISM........................ 170 B. DISSERTATION PROSPECTUS............................. 174 C. SELF-ESTEEM SCALE................................... 179 D. INSTRUCTIONS TO JUDGES - ANALYSIS OF JUDGES' RESPONSES .............................. 183 E. QUESTIONNAIRE........................................ 191 BIBLIOGRAPHY................................................. 206 v LIST OF TABLES Summary of Subjects According to School's Student Body Racial Composition .......................... 55 Variables and Methods of Measurement ......... 58 Reliability Coefficients of the Likert and Semantic Differential Scales for Each Variable Based on the Kuder-Richardson Reliability (Formula 8). 60 Correlation Coefficients Between the Likert and Semantic Differential Scales for Each Variable Based on the Pearson Correlation Formula......... 61 Scale Scores and Attitude Intensity/Direction for Semantic Differential Scales................. 62 Profile of Black High School Students - Racial Composition of School/Sex/Number of Subjects. 68 Profile of Black High School Students - Age/Years in Present School/Years in City X Area. 69 Profile of Black High School Students - Mode of Transportation/Racial Composition of School . 70 Profile of Black High School Students - Intellectual Self Ranking....................................... 71 Profile of Black High School Students - Intellectual Self Ranking/Racial Composition/Sex . ........... 72 Profile of Black High School Students - Post High School Aspirations................................. 73 Profile of Black High School Students - Post High School Aspirations/Racial Composition/Sex . 75 Profile of Black High School Students - Post High School Aspirations/Intellectual Self Ranking. 76 Profile of Black High School Students - Membership in All or Mostly Black School and Community Organizations ..................................... 77 vi Table Page 15. Profile of Black High School Students - Membership in All or Mostly Black School and Community Organizations/Sex ................................... 77 16. Profile of Black High School Students - Membership in All or Mostly Black School and Community Organizations/Racial Composition/Sex............... 79 17. Profile of Black High School Students - Neighborhood Grew Up In/Neighborhood Presently Living In . 80 18. Profile of Black High School Students - Comparison of Neighborhood Grew Up In and Neighborhood Presently Living In . ........................ 81 19. Profile of Black High School Students - Students and Teachers in Elementary and Junior High School . 83 20. Attitudes Toward Separatism - Semantic Differential S c a l e .................................... 85 21. Semantic Differential Scale - Black Separatism .... 87 22. Attitudes Toward Separatism - Likert Scale ........... 88 23. Attitudes Toward Separatism - Likert Scale - Total School Populations..................... 89 24. Perceptions of School Integration - Semantic Differential Scale................................... 99 25. Semantic Differential Scale - School Integration . 100 26. Attitudes Toward Separatism/Perceptions of School Integration - Semantic Differential Scales......... 101 27. Attitudes Toward Separatism In Predominantly White School - Semantic Differential Scale............... 103 28. Black Separatism - Predominantly White School - Semantic Differential Scales........................ 105 29. Attitudes Toward Separatism In Predominantly White School - Likert Scale ................. 106 30. Attitudes Toward Separatism - Likert Scale - Pre­ dominantly White School ............................ 107 31. Attitudes Toward Separatism In Racially Balanced School - Semantic Differential Scale............... 112 vii Table Page 32. Black .Separatism - Racially Balanced School - Semantic Differential Scale.......................... 114 33. Attitudes Toward Separatism In Racially Balanced School - Likert Scale................... 115 34. Attitudes Toward
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