DOCSLIB.ORG

Orbital Debris: Technical and Legal Issues and Solutions

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Orbital Debris: Technical and Legal Issues and Solutions by Michael W. Taylor Institute of Air and Space Law Faculty of Law, McGill University, Montreal August 2006 A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Laws (LL.M.) Form Approved Report Documentation Page OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to a penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. 1. REPORT DATE 2. REPORT TYPE 3. DATES COVERED 01 AUG 2006 N/A - 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER Orbital Debris: Technical and Legal Issues and Solutions 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S) 5d. PROJECT NUMBER 5e. TASK NUMBER 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION Institute of Air and Space Law Faculty of Law, McGill University, REPORT NUMBER Montreal 9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S ACRONYM(S) AFIT/CIA WPAFB, OH 45433 11. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S REPORT NUMBER(S) 12. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT Approved for public release, distribution unlimited 13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 14. ABSTRACT 15. SUBJECT TERMS 16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: 17. LIMITATION OF 18. NUMBER 19a. NAME OF ABSTRACT OF PAGES RESPONSIBLE PERSON a. REPORT b. ABSTRACT c. THIS PAGE UU 120 unclassified unclassified unclassified Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8-98) Prescribed by ANSI Std Z39-18 A CKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my wife for her encouragement and for her edits to my thesis. I would also like to thank my wife and daughter for their patience and understanding throughout this project. I must also acknowledge the excellent editorial and substantive changes proposed by my classmate, co-worker, and friend, Andrew Williams. The comments, encouragement, and direction from my thesis advisor, Dr. Ram Jakhu, have helped make this thesis what it is. Finally, I would like to thank Renée-Noëlle Huppler for translating the abstract into French. The views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the United States Air Force, Department of Defense, or the US Government. i A BSTRACT This thesis examines the current technological and legal issues concerning orbital debris (space debris). The unique physical characteristics of the space environment are identified and explained. The thesis then explores the causes of orbital debris and examines the risk posed by debris to the most frequently used orbital areas. Significant environmental, legal, political, and economic consequences of orbital debris are described. The current technical and legal controls on the creation of debris are discussed and evaluated. Finally, proposed solutions are considered and critiqued. The thesis concludes with a non-binding treaty-based proposal for a new legal debris control regime that can encourage compliance and enhance accountability. ii R ÉSUMÉ Cette thèse examine les questions technologiques et légales concernant le débris spatial. Les caractéristiques uniques et physiques de l’environnement spatial sont identifiées et expliquées. La thèse explore ensuite les causes du débris spatial et examine les risques posés par le débris dans les régions spatiales les plus fréquemment utilisées. Les conséquences du débris spatial sur les questions environnementales, légales, politiques et économiques sont décrites. Les contrôles techniques et légaux sur la création du débris spatial sont discutés et évalués. Finalement les solutions proposées sont considérées et critiquées. Cette thèse conclue avec une proposition basée sur un traité non-contraignant pour un nouveau régime de contrôle légal de débris qui encouragera l’obéissance et augmentera la responsabilité. iii A CRONYMS AND A BBREVIATIONS COPUOS Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space DoD United States Department of Defense DOT United States Department of Transportation ESA European Space Agency FCC United States Federal Communication Commission GEO Geosynchronous Orbit GPS Global Positioning System GTO Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit HEO Highly Elliptical Orbit IADC Interagency Space Debris Coordination Committee ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization ICJ International Court of Justice ISO International Organization for Standardization ITU International Telecommunications Union LEO Leo Earth Orbit MEO Medium Earth Orbit NASA United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration NDAA United States National Defense Authorization Act NEPA United States National Environmental Policy Act NOAA United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NPS Nuclear Power Sources ODCWG Orbital Debris Coordination Working Group SSN United States Space Surveillance Network iv T ABLE OF C ONTENTS Acknowledgements.................................................................................................. i Abstract................................................................................................................... ii Résumé...................................................................................................................iii Acronyms and Abbreviations ................................................................................ iv Table of Contents.................................................................................................... v I. Introduction................................................................................................. 1 II. Technical Background ................................................................................ 2 A. The Space Environment.......................................................................... 2 1. Gravity ................................................................................................ 3 2. Earth’s Atmosphere and Magnetic Field ............................................ 4 3. Radiation............................................................................................. 5 4. Natural Debris..................................................................................... 6 B. Useful Orbits........................................................................................... 7 1. Low Earth Orbit (LEO)....................................................................... 7 2. Geosynchronous Earth Orbit (GEO)................................................... 8 3. Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) ............................................................. 10 4. Other Earth Orbits............................................................................. 10 5. Lagrange Points ................................................................................ 12 C. Sources of Artificial Orbital Debris...................................................... 12 1. Inactive Payloads .............................................................................. 14 2. Operational Debris............................................................................ 14 3. Fragmentation Debris........................................................................ 15 v 4. Microparticulate Matter .................................................................... 17 D. Calculating the Risks of Orbital Debris................................................ 17 1. Tracking Orbital Debris .................................................................... 18 2. Debris Models................................................................................... 23 3. Risk Variables................................................................................... 24 4. Historical Examples.......................................................................... 26 5. Future Estimates................................................................................ 28 E. Remediation of Orbital Debris.............................................................. 29 III. Consequences of Orbital Debris ........................................................... 30 A. Debris Avoidance.................................................................................. 30 B. Mass Penalty ......................................................................................... 31 C. Environmental Consequences............................................................... 32 D. Tracking ................................................................................................ 33 E. Insurance............................................................................................... 33 F. International Conflict and the Law of War........................................... 35 G. Debris Re-entering Earth’s Atmosphere............................................... 37 IV. Existing Legal and Technical Orbital Debris Control Regimes ........... 39 A. International Space Law ......................................................................
Recommended publications
  • Analysis of Perturbations and Station-Keeping Requirements in Highly-Inclined Geosynchronous Orbits

    Analysis of Perturbations and Station-Keeping Requirements in Highly-Inclined Geosynchronous Orbits

    ANALYSIS OF PERTURBATIONS AND STATION-KEEPING REQUIREMENTS IN HIGHLY-INCLINED GEOSYNCHRONOUS ORBITS Elena Fantino(1), Roberto Flores(2), Alessio Di Salvo(3), and Marilena Di Carlo(4) (1)Space Studies Institute of Catalonia (IEEC), Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), E.T.S.E.I.A.T., Colom 11, 08222 Terrassa (Spain), [email protected] (2)International Center for Numerical Methods in Engineering (CIMNE), Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), Building C1, Campus Norte, UPC, Gran Capitan,´ s/n, 08034 Barcelona (Spain) (3)NEXT Ingegneria dei Sistemi S.p.A., Space Innovation System Unit, Via A. Noale 345/b, 00155 Roma (Italy), [email protected] (4)Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Strathclyde, 75 Montrose Street, Glasgow G1 1XJ (United Kingdom), [email protected] Abstract: There is a demand for communications services at high latitudes that is not well served by conventional geostationary satellites. Alternatives using low-altitude orbits require too large constellations. Other options are the Molniya and Tundra families (critically-inclined, eccentric orbits with the apogee at high latitudes). In this work we have considered derivatives of the Tundra type with different inclinations and eccentricities. By means of a high-precision model of the terrestrial gravity field and the most relevant environmental perturbations, we have studied the evolution of these orbits during a period of two years. The effects of the different perturbations on the constellation ground track (which is more important for coverage than the orbital elements themselves) have been identified. We show that, in order to maintain the ground track unchanged, the most important parameters are the orbital period and the argument of the perigee.
  • Mission to Jupiter

    Mission to Jupiter

    This book attempts to convey the creativity, Project A History of the Galileo Jupiter: To Mission The Galileo mission to Jupiter explored leadership, and vision that were necessary for the an exciting new frontier, had a major impact mission’s success. It is a book about dedicated people on planetary science, and provided invaluable and their scientific and engineering achievements. lessons for the design of spacecraft. This The Galileo mission faced many significant problems. mission amassed so many scientific firsts and Some of the most brilliant accomplishments and key discoveries that it can truly be called one of “work-arounds” of the Galileo staff occurred the most impressive feats of exploration of the precisely when these challenges arose. Throughout 20th century. In the words of John Casani, the the mission, engineers and scientists found ways to original project manager of the mission, “Galileo keep the spacecraft operational from a distance of was a way of demonstrating . just what U.S. nearly half a billion miles, enabling one of the most technology was capable of doing.” An engineer impressive voyages of scientific discovery. on the Galileo team expressed more personal * * * * * sentiments when she said, “I had never been a Michael Meltzer is an environmental part of something with such great scope . To scientist who has been writing about science know that the whole world was watching and and technology for nearly 30 years. His books hoping with us that this would work. We were and articles have investigated topics that include doing something for all mankind.” designing solar houses, preventing pollution in When Galileo lifted off from Kennedy electroplating shops, catching salmon with sonar and Space Center on 18 October 1989, it began an radar, and developing a sensor for examining Space interplanetary voyage that took it to Venus, to Michael Meltzer Michael Shuttle engines.
  • SPACE RESEARCH in POLAND Report to COMMITTEE

    SPACE RESEARCH in POLAND Report to COMMITTEE

    SPACE RESEARCH IN POLAND Report to COMMITTEE ON SPACE RESEARCH (COSPAR) 2020 Space Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences and The Committee on Space and Satellite Research PAS Report to COMMITTEE ON SPACE RESEARCH (COSPAR) ISBN 978-83-89439-04-8 First edition © Copyright by Space Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences and The Committee on Space and Satellite Research PAS Warsaw, 2020 Editor: Iwona Stanisławska, Aneta Popowska Report to COSPAR 2020 1 SATELLITE GEODESY Space Research in Poland 3 1. SATELLITE GEODESY Compiled by Mariusz Figurski, Grzegorz Nykiel, Paweł Wielgosz, and Anna Krypiak-Gregorczyk Introduction This part of the Polish National Report concerns research on Satellite Geodesy performed in Poland from 2018 to 2020. The activity of the Polish institutions in the field of satellite geodesy and navigation are focused on the several main fields: • global and regional GPS and SLR measurements in the frame of International GNSS Service (IGS), International Laser Ranging Service (ILRS), International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS), European Reference Frame Permanent Network (EPN), • Polish geodetic permanent network – ASG-EUPOS, • modeling of ionosphere and troposphere, • practical utilization of satellite methods in local geodetic applications, • geodynamic study, • metrological control of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) equipment, • use of gravimetric satellite missions, • application of GNSS in overland, maritime and air navigation, • multi-GNSS application in geodetic studies. Report
  • FCC-20-54A1.Pdf

    FCC-20-54A1.Pdf

    Federal Communications Commission FCC 20-54 Before the Federal Communications Commission Washington, D.C. 20554 In the Matter of ) ) Mitigation of Orbital Debris in the New Space Age ) IB Docket No. 18-313 ) REPORT AND ORDER AND FURTHER NOTICE OF PROPOSED RULEMAKING Adopted: April 23, 2020 Released: April 24, 2020 By the Commission: Chairman Pai and Commissioners O’Rielly, Carr, and Starks issuing separate statements; Commissioner Rosenworcel concurring and issuing a statement. Comment Date: (45 days after date of publication in the Federal Register). Reply Comment Date: (75 days after date of publication in the Federal Register). TABLE OF CONTENTS Heading Paragraph # I. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................. 1 II. BACKGROUND .................................................................................................................................... 3 III. DISCUSSION ...................................................................................................................................... 14 A. Regulatory Approach to Mitigation of Orbital Debris ................................................................... 15 1. FCC Statutory Authority Regarding Orbital Debris ................................................................ 15 2. Relationship with Other U.S. Government Activities ............................................................. 20 3. Economic Considerations .......................................................................................................
  • Compendium of Space Debris Mitigation Standards Adopted by States and International Organizations”

    Compendium of Space Debris Mitigation Standards Adopted by States and International Organizations”

    COMPENDIUM SPACE DEBRIS MITIGATION STANDARDS ADOPTED BY STATES AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 17 JUNE 2021 SPACE DEBRIS MITIGATION STANDARDS TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................... 4 Part 1. National Mechanisms Algeria ........................................................................................................................................................................ 5 Argentina .................................................................................................................................................................... 7 Australia (Updated on 17 January 2020) .................................................................................................................... 8 Austria (Updated on 21 March 2016) ...................................................................................................................... 10 Azerbaijan (Added on 6 February 2019) .................................................................................................................. 13 Belgium .................................................................................................................................................................... 14 Canada...................................................................................................................................................................... 16 Chile.........................................................................................................................................................................
  • NETS 2020 Template

    NETS 2020 Template

    بÀƵƧǘȁǞƧƊǶ §ȲȌǐȲƊǿ ƊƧDzɈȌɈǘƵwȌȌȁƊȁƮȌȁ ɈȌwƊȲȺɈǘȲȌɐǐǘƊƮɨƊȁƧǞȁǐ خȁɐƧǶƵƊȲɈƵƧǘȁȌǶȌǐǞƵȺƊȁƮ ǞȁȁȌɨƊɈǞȌȁ ǞȺ ȺȯȌȁȺȌȲƵƮ Ʀɯ ɈǘƵ ƊDz ªǞƮǐƵ yƊɈǞȌȁƊǶ ׁׂ׀ׂ y0À² ÀǘǞȺ ƧȌȁǏƵȲƵȁƧƵ خׁׂ׀ׂ ةɈǘ׀׃ƊȁƮ ɩǞǶǶƦƵ ǘƵǶƮ ǏȲȌǿȯȲǞǶ ׂ׆ɈǘٌةmƊƦȌȲƊɈȌȲɯ ɩǞǶǶ ƦƵ ǘƵǶƮ ɨǞȲɈɐƊǶǶɯ ȺȌ ɈǘƊɈ ɈǘƵ ƵȁɈǞȲƵ y0À² خƧȌǿǿɐȁǞɈɯǿƊɯȯƊȲɈǞƧǞȯƊɈƵǞȁɈǘǞȺƵɮƧǞɈǞȁǐǿƵƵɈǞȁǐ ǐȌɨخȌȲȁǶخخׁׂ׀ȁƵɈȺׂششبǘɈɈȯȺ Nuclear and Emerging Technologies for Space Sponsored by Oak Ridge National Laboratory, April 26th-30th, 2021. Available online at https://nets2021.ornl.gov Table of Contents Table of Contents .................................................................................................................................................... 1 Thanks to the NETS2021 Sponsors! ...................................................................................................................... 2 Nuclear and Emerging Technologies for Space 2021 – Schedule at a Glance ................................................. 3 Nuclear and Emerging Technologies for Space 2021 – Technical Sessions and Panels By Track ............... 6 Nuclear and Emerging Technologies for Space 2021 – Lightning Talk Final Program ................................... 8 Nuclear and Emerging Technologies for Space 2021 – Track 1 Final Program ............................................. 11 Nuclear and Emerging Technologies for Space 2021 – Track 2 Final Program ............................................. 14 Nuclear and Emerging Technologies for Space 2021 – Track 3 Final Program ............................................. 18
  • Space Industry Bulletin July 2019

    Space Industry Bulletin July 2019

    VOLUME 2 • ISSUE 7 www.spaceindustrybulletin.com Space Industry Bulletin Market analysis and business intelligence for the space community Commercialising LEO will need destinations beyond the ISS ommercialisation of low investors. And it will depend on and a few private companies Earth orbit will require having destinations beyond just does not make a sustainable in - Cnew models for public- the International Space Station. frastructure. So how do we build private partnership, and it will be For almost two decades, the this community? built on a technology infras- ISS has been the sole hub for Kerry Timmons, LEO com - tructure that will include the commercialisation activities, pro - mercial programme manage - CONTENTS likes of robotics and machine viding unique access to research ment lead at Lockheed Martin learning. and development in a micro- Space, said: “It requires collab - Industry news 2 But commercial success will gravity environment. oration. It needs ‘old space’ and l Virgin Galactic to go public hinge on an infrastructure that Doug Comstock, deputy chief ‘new space’ working in partner - following merger “buys down the risk” for financial officer for integration ship. It needs the commercial l Launch of balloon marks the commercial partners and at NASA, said: “The ISS has 14 market to be energised to bring beginning of a new space era different facilities built by 11 dif - their money and ideas to space.” l Innovation loans offer a share of ferent companies. We don’t want When we talk about commer - £10m funding a gap in capability for human cialising LEO, it’s important to l Galileo outage helps build the access to LEO.” recognise that space is not the case for sovereign UK GNSS Along with destinations, suc - first frontier, and also that Earth l OneWeb takes sustainability into cessful commercialisation of LEO imagery is an industry success orbit and calls on the wider industry will depend on a community, story.
  • Mr. Warren Soh Magellan Aerospace, Canada, Warren.Soh@Magellan.Aero

    Mr. Warren Soh Magellan Aerospace, Canada, [email protected]

    Paper ID: 24743 65th International Astronautical Congress 2014 ASTRODYNAMICS SYMPOSIUM (C1) Guidance, Navigation and Control (1) (5) Author: Mr. Warren Soh Magellan Aerospace, Canada, [email protected] Ms. Jennifer Michels Magellan Aerospace, Canada, [email protected] Mr. Don Asquin Magellan Aerospace, Canada, [email protected] Mr. Adam Vigneron International Space University, Carleton University, Canada, [email protected] Dr. Anton de Ruiter Canada, [email protected] Mr. Ron Buckingham Northeast Space Company, Canada, [email protected] ONBOARD NAVIGATION FOR THE CANADIAN POLAR COMMUNICATION AND WEATHER SATELLITE IN TUNDRA ORBIT Abstract Geosynchronous communications and meteorological satellites have limited northern latitude coverage, specifically above 65 N latitude. This lack of secure, highly reliable, high capacity communication ser- vices and insufficient meteorological data over the Arctic region has prompted Canada to investigate new satellite solutions. Since 2008, the Canadian Space Agency (CSA) has spearheaded the Polar Communi- cation and Weather (PCW) mission, slated to operate in a Highly Elliptical Orbit (HEO). A 24-hour, 90 inclination, Tundra orbit is a strong candidate; able to fill the communication and weather coverage gaps and allow continuous space weather monitoring in the Northern and Southern hemispheres. This orbit however, poses an operational challenge for GPS-based satellite orbit determination since the satellite is continuously above the GPS constellation and will experience frequent signal outages, especially when passing over the poles, aggravated by the constellation's inclination of 55. Magellan Aerospace, Winnipeg in collaboration with Carleton University, has successfully developed an onboard navigation technology for PCW within a CSA-funded Space Technology Development Program.
  • Lightweight, High-Temperature Radiator for In-Space Nuclear- Electric Power and Propulsion

    Lightweight, High-Temperature Radiator for In-Space Nuclear- Electric Power and Propulsion

    University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Doctoral Dissertations Dissertations and Theses Summer November 2014 Lightweight, High-Temperature Radiator for In-Space Nuclear- Electric Power and Propulsion Briana N. Tomboulian University of Massachusetts Amherst Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_2 Part of the Heat Transfer, Combustion Commons, Propulsion and Power Commons, and the Systems Engineering and Multidisciplinary Design Optimization Commons Recommended Citation Tomboulian, Briana N., "Lightweight, High-Temperature Radiator for In-Space Nuclear-Electric Power and Propulsion" (2014). Doctoral Dissertations. 247. https://doi.org/10.7275/5972048.0 https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_2/247 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Dissertations and Theses at ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Lightweight, High-Temperature Radiator for In-Space Nuclear-Electric Power and Propulsion A Dissertation Presented by BRIANA N. TOMBOULIAN Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Massachusetts Amherst in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY September 2014 Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department © Copyright by Briana N. Tomboulian 2014 All Rights Reserved Lightweight, High-Temperature Radiator
  • Orbital Debris: a Chronology

    Orbital Debris: a Chronology

    NASA/TP-1999-208856 January 1999 Orbital Debris: A Chronology David S. F. Portree Houston, Texas Joseph P. Loftus, Jr Lwldon B. Johnson Space Center Houston, Texas David S. F. Portree is a freelance writer working in Houston_ Texas Contents List of Figures ................................................................................................................ iv Preface ........................................................................................................................... v Acknowledgments ......................................................................................................... vii Acronyms and Abbreviations ........................................................................................ ix The Chronology ............................................................................................................. 1 1961 ......................................................................................................................... 4 1962 ......................................................................................................................... 5 963 ......................................................................................................................... 5 964 ......................................................................................................................... 6 965 ......................................................................................................................... 6 966 ........................................................................................................................
  • Orbiting Debris: a Space Environmental Problem (Part 4 Of

    Orbiting Debris: a Space Environmental Problem (Part 4 Of

    Orbiting Debris: A Since Environmential Problem ● 3 Table 2--of Hazardous Interference by environment. Yet, orbital debris is part of a Orbital Debris larger problem of pollution in space that in- cludes radio-frequency interference and inter- 1. Loss or damage to space assets through collision; ference to scientific observations in all parts of 2. Accidental re-entry of space hardware; the spectrum. For example, emissions at ra- 3. Contamination by nuclear material of manned or unmanned spacecraft, both in space and on Earth; dio frequencies often interfere with radio as- 4. Interference with astronomical observations, both from the tronomy observations. For several years, ground and in space; gamma-ray astronomy data have been cor- 5. Interference with scientific and military experiments in space; rupted by Soviet intelligence satellites that 14 6. Potential military use. are powered by unshielded nuclear reactors. The indirect emissions from these satellites SOURCE: Space Debris, European Space Agency, and Office of Technology As- sessment. spread along the Earth’s magnetic field and are virtually impossible for other satellites to Earth. The largest have attracted worldwide escape. The Japanese Ginga satellite, attention. 10 Although the risk to individuals is launched in 1987 to study gamma-ray extremely small, the probability of striking bursters, has been triggered so often by the populated areas still finite.11 For example: 1) Soviet reactors that over 40 percent of its available observing time has been spent trans- the U.S.S.R. Kosmos 954, which contained a 15 nuclear power source,12 reentered the atmos- mitting unintelligible “data.” All of these phere over northwest Canada in 1978, scatter- problem areas will require attention and posi- ing debris over an area the size of Austria; 2) a tive steps to guarantee access to space by all Japanese ship was hit in 1969 by pieces of countries in the future.
  • Sg423finalreport.Pdf

    Sg423finalreport.Pdf

    Notice: The cosmic study or position paper that is the subject of this report was approved by the Board of Trustees of the International Academy of Astronautics (IAA). Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the sponsoring or funding organizations. For more information about the International Academy of Astronautics, visit the IAA home page at www.iaaweb.org. Copyright 2019 by the International Academy of Astronautics. All rights reserved. The International Academy of Astronautics (IAA), an independent nongovernmental organization recognized by the United Nations, was founded in 1960. The purposes of the IAA are to foster the development of astronautics for peaceful purposes, to recognize individuals who have distinguished themselves in areas related to astronautics, and to provide a program through which the membership can contribute to international endeavours and cooperation in the advancement of aerospace activities. © International Academy of Astronautics (IAA) May 2019. This publication is protected by copyright. The information it contains cannot be reproduced without written authorization. Title: A Handbook for Post-Mission Disposal of Satellites Less Than 100 kg Editors: Darren McKnight and Rei Kawashima International Academy of Astronautics 6 rue Galilée, Po Box 1268-16, 75766 Paris Cedex 16, France www.iaaweb.org ISBN/EAN IAA : 978-2-917761-68-7 Cover Illustration: credit A Handbook for Post-Mission Disposal of Satellites