Status and Prestige As a Factor in Brazilian Foreign Policy, 1905-1908. William Neal Nelson Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College
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Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1981 Status and Prestige as a Factor in Brazilian Foreign Policy, 1905-1908. William Neal Nelson Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Nelson, William Neal, "Status and Prestige as a Factor in Brazilian Foreign Policy, 1905-1908." (1981). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 3612. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/3612 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This was produced from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. 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Ml 48106 18 BEDFORD ROW. LONDON WC1R 4EJ. ENGLAND 8117642 N e l s o n, W illiam N e a l STATUS AND PRESTIGE AS A FACTOR IN BRAZILIAN FOREIGN POLICY, 1905-1908 The Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical PH.D. 1981Col University Microfilms International300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106 Copyright 1981 by Nelson, William Neal All Rights Reserved S t a t u s and prestige as a factor in Brazilian FOREIGN POLICY, 1905-1908 \ A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Latin American Studies Institute by William Neal Nelson B.A., Centenary College of Louisiana, 1963, 1964 M.A., Louisiana State University, 1973 M.L.S., Louisiana State University, 1974 May 1981 PREFACE A graduate thesis on Rui Barbosa sparked the au thor's interest in Brazil's attendance at the Second Hague Peace Conference and the fascinating relationships between and among individuals and countries that developed on the occasion of the conference. The search for materials for this study led the author to the examination of holdings at the United States National Archives in Washington, D.C., and ». those at the Fundagao Casa de Rui Barbosa, the Arquivo Na- cional, the Arquivo Historico de Itamarati, the Arquivo Joaquim Nabuco, and the Arquivo Barao do Rio-Branco, all in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. This study examines the Brazilian concern for status and prestige at the personal, national, and international levels as reflected in private and official correspondence during 1905-1908, the period bracketing the Second Hague Conference. The study seeks to emphasize the human dimen sion that is often obscured in the chronology of events. For.this purpose, extensive use has been made of written communications. The author is grateful to the staff of the diploma tic section of the National Archives for assistance in iden tification of pertinent United States embassy and consular ii material and State Department communications with the United States delegation to the Second Hague Conference. He grate fully acknowledges a debt of gratitude to Dr. Francisco de Assis Barbosa, director of the Fundagao Casa de Rui Barbosa, and the archival staff, especially Maria Elena. Dr. Raul Lima and the staff of the reading room provided invaluable assistance in the use of the Arquivo Nacional, Arquivo Joa- quim Nabuco, and Arquivo Afonso Pena. Dra. Martha Gongalves and her staff at the Arquivo HistSrico do Itamarati were most helpful with Foreign Ministry records and archival rec ords of the Arquivo Barao do Rio-Branco. A special debt of gratitude is owed to my disserta tion committee, especially Dr. Jane DeGrummond who offered aid, advice and encouragement through many long years. Dr. Paul Hoffman is highly commended for his incisive critiques and helpful suggestions for the manuscript. As directors of the Latin American Studies Institute (LASI) during prepara tion and completion of this dissertation, Dr. Roland Chardon and Dr. Leonard Cardenas gave indispensable guidance and support. Dr. Peter Lunardini and Dr. Charles Patterson, representatives of my minor fields, provided much helpful support and advice. These individuals are responsible for the success of this study, but the author assumes full re sponsibility for any errors and omissions. I thank LASI for fellowship support, and the Education Commission of the Southern Baptist Convention for a scholarship/loan, without both of which the study could never have been completed. iii A special vote of thanks is due Mrs. Miriam DeHart, secretary of LASI, who was always a friend eager to give aid with so many details of scheduling, deadlines, etc. The support and assistance of my collegues at Mobile College was indispensable to the success of this venture. Finally, I wish to thank my family, especially my wife, for patience and forbearance during the long years of study, preparation, research, and writing culminating in the completion of this study. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS page PREFACE.............................................. ii ABSTRACT ...................... " .................... vi INTRODUCTION ........................................ 1 CHAPTER I. THE PRINCIPAL ACTORS ........................ 6 II. FRIENDSHIPS, PERSONAL STATUS, AND POLICY TOWARD THE UNITED STATES ................. 19 » III. THE SEARCH FOR NATIONAL STATUS AT THE CONFERENCE............................... 68 IV. THE CONFERENCE.............................. 84 V. BRAZILIAN RELATIONSHIPS AT THE CONFERENCE: UNITED STATES, LATIN AMERICA, AND RUSSIA . 100 VI. PROJECTING A PUBLIC IMAGE.................... 124 VII. PERSONAL IDIOSYNCRACIES REVEALED ....... 148 VIII. NURTURING A NATIONAL IMAGE ............... 176 IX. SUMMARY...................................... 209 BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................ 221 VITA ................................................ 231 V ABSTRACT This study traces the two traditional Brazilian for eign policy objectives of securing recognition as an impor tant member of the international community, and friendship with the United States, during the period 1905-1908. These two objectives are examined in the light of Brazilian con cern for status and prestige at the personal, national, and international levels. The themes of gaining international recognition, and Brazilian-American friendship are inter woven with the interpersonal relations that developed on the occasion of the Second Hague Peace Conference. The Second Hague Conference (1907) was the first global meeting in which Brazil was represented. It was an opportunity for Brazil to distinguish herself from lesser powers and to enhance her image as a leader in Latin Amer ica. An aspiration for great power status led to the culti vation and projection of an image of Brazil as a nation that was European in culture and orientation in spite of its geo graphic isolation. To support her claims, Brazil mounted an impressive public relations campaign. Furthermore, economic and political considerations fostered a special relationship with the United States. The world conference was the stage upon which the emerging nation made its debut. vi Baron Rio-Branco, Joaquim Nabuco, and Rui Barbosa were the principal Brazilian actors on stage and behind the scenes at the conference. The search for status was the principal motivation for Brazil's attendance at the Hague Conference and played a role in the selection of her dele gate, her stance on the conference issues, and her relation ship with the United States. Brazil's unrealistic goal of becoming the ninth world power and her conference stance, jeopardized her special relationship