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ASSAB 2018 Abstract Booklet ABSTRACTS Sponsored by ASSAB 2018 Abstract Booklet Public Lecture A DIAMOND IS NOT FOREVER: THE ETERNAL CONFLICT OVER THE PRICE OF SEX Robert Brooks1 1 Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, The University of New South Wales, Sydney. [email protected] Key Words: sex, competition, economics, culture, conflict Sex, reproduction and family living often radiate sublime beauty, infusing the arts and all of human creativity, quickening our pulses and elevating our hearts. Why, then, so much heartbreak and misery? How can sex sometimes be so intoxicating and at other times so toxic? Having spent much of my working life studying the dark side of sex in small animals, I have recently descended into the study of human relations and how Darwinian processes combine with economic and cultural forces to make sex and reproduction so complicated for individuals and for societies. I will discuss ideas about sex as a social transaction, how a rising price of sex has made humans the complex cultural and economic beings we are today, and how the origins of much human conflict can be found in the battle over the price of sex. 2 ASSAB 2018 Abstract Booklet Plenary Speakers COLOURFUL PLUMAGE AND BEHAVIOUR: PARROTS MOVE TO CENTRE STAGE IN EVOLUTION AND CONSERVATION Rob Heinsohn1 Fenner School of Environment and Society Australian National University [email protected] Key Words: parrot, colour, tool-use, rhythm, conservation People everywhere love parrots (Psittaciformes) for their extraordinary colours, intelligence, and personable natures as pets. Yet researchers in behaviour, ecology and evolution have been slow to accord the approximately 400 species of extant parrots their rightful place as fascinating subjects for research alongside their sister taxon the passerines. Parrots are now viewed as one of the most threatened bird orders which adds further urgency to the need for greater understanding of their behaviour in the wild. This talk will highlight three long term studies conducted by my group at the ANU: the evolution of reverse dichromatism in Eclectus parrots, behavioural and conservation implications of extreme predation on female swift parrots, and tool use and rhythmic drumming in palm cockatoos. Beyond the brain: decision making and information processing in ant colonies and slime mould amoebas Tanya Latty 1 School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. [email protected] Key Words: slime moulds, social insects, collective behavior, decision making, problem solving words All living organisms need to process information; this basic ability allows them to find and exploit the resources necessary for life. But what happens when information processing needs 3 ASSAB 2018 Abstract Booklet to be coordinated between many thousands – or even millions- of individuals? Or when organisms lack brains entirely? In this talk, I will discuss decision-making and information processing in ant colonies and slime mould amoebas. Despite being unicellular (and therefore brainless), the slime mould Physarum polycephalum can make trade-offs between risk and food quality, adjust its search strategy depending on environmental quality, balance its macronutrient intake, solve mazes, and even displays forms of memory. At the other end of the spectrum, ant colonies containing millions of ants can collectively solve shortest path problems, build efficient trail networks and reorganise their trail systems to minimise traffic delays. The remarkable behaviours of ant colonies and slime mould amoebas raises questions about the nature and origin of decision making and about the mechanisms underlying information processing in radically different organisms. Thermal parental effects: how parents shape the thermal world and phenotype of their offspring Dr. Lisa Schwanz, UNSW Sydney Temperature is one of the most important environmental factors shaping the life of an ectotherm. This effect is particularly strong during the embryonic stage, when the developmental machinery of an individual can produce huge variation in phenotype depending on temperature. However, parents and the environment they experience can influence the developmental temperature of their offspring, largely through alterations to parental behaviour during reproduction. Moreover, parents influence how offspring respond to a given developmental temperature. These nongenetic parental effects due to temperature are intriguing aspects of evolutionary ecology that will shape response to environmental change. 4 ASSAB 2018 Abstract Booklet Camouflaged crabs and multi-coloured prawns - how colour change and behaviour allow animals to cope with environmental change Martin Stevens1 1Centre for Ecology & Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, TR10 9FE. UK. Key Words: camouflage, colour change, polymorphism, predation, behavioural choice Numerous animals change colour for camouflage over varied timescales, and this affords an ideal opportunity to investigate issues related to intraspecific diversity, phenotype-environment matching, and optimal strategies. I will discuss work on two key systems – shore crabs and chameleon prawns – and how these help us to understand how colour change works, its survival value, and how it drives diversity and matching visual environments. Shore crabs are hugely diverse in appearance and live in many habitats from rock pools to mud flats. I will outline work testing how they change colour to match the background, how individual diversity is linked to habitat type, and how the camouflage strategy they use (background matching or disruptive coloration) depends on their visual environment. I will also discuss lab and citizen science experiments demonstrating how ontogenetic changes, rather than plasticity, afford generalist camouflage over multiple backgrounds. Chameleon prawns are extremely colourful, spanning deep red to lime green, and associate at a microhabitat scale with different seaweed. I will discuss how colour change enables them to match seasonal changes in substrate, and how behavioural choice allows them to maintain camouflage when colour change is too slow. I will show how we have tested the survival value of colour change in prawns, and parallels with similar 'carnival prawns' in Brazil. Finally, I will discuss unresolved key questions, such as the function of distinct transparent, fixed morphs that do not change colour, colour change at night, and the influence of anthropogenic change on both crabs and prawns. 5 ASSAB 2018 Abstract Booklet Other contributions (alphabetical order) Investigation of the defense-based mating system in two-tailed spiders Alfonso E. Aceves-Aparicio1, Estephanie Perez Villava2 1 Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University. Sydney Australia [email protected] 2 Instituto de Ecología A.C. (INECOL). Xalapa, México Key Words: reproductive ecology, tree trunks, competition, mate guarding Mating systems of terrestrial invertebrates include a large number of known strategies for members of one sex to reach or access the other. Patterns of mate finding, bond duration and competition within sexes are all important drivers of reproductive success. In our study of mating pairs formation dynamics of the Hersiliidae spider Neotama mexicana, we observed relatively long-lasting duration of male-female pairs on tree trunks. After surveying the population dynamics of this spider, we found a male-biased sex ratio (2:1) and observed that the majority of pairs were found without satellite mates (i.e., only one male paired with one female). We found a distinctive pattern of male positioning in the vicinity of a female (reduce distance and angles ranges) where body size influenced pair formation. These spiders have multiple mates during the reproductive season, and female mobility was found to increase with the number of male mates. These unique traits provide the opportunity to study a defence mating system. From the male's perspective, female defence seems to be the common strategy, while costs might arise from reduced access to other resources. Solitary males could be defending a site, although this remains unclear. Females might display a harassment avoidance pattern through increased mobility. As Hersiliidae are taxonomically diverse in Australia, this adds the possibility for a comparative approach among species. I will explore the numerous opportunities to extend the study of the mating systems in of Hersiliidae spiders and the apparent defence-based dynamics from both sexes perspective. 6 ASSAB 2018 Abstract Booklet Making a quick escape: trade-offs between time and risk in solving mazes Samuel Aguilar Argüello1, Ximena Nelson1 1 School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand E-mail: [email protected] Key Words: Cognition, salticid, decision-making, spatial task, environmental complexity. Spatial abilities in jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) have been studied in homing and detour tasks, with Portia being considered one of the most skilful genera in terms of spatial ability in the family. Here, we compare the spatial abilities of Portia from a highly complex habitat with a New Zealand species (Trite planiceps) from a less complex habitat in two stressful scenarios presented within a water maze with four possible escape routes: a) choosing between a safe escape route from three risky escape routes; and b) choosing among escape routes with differing levels of difficulty. Results suggest
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