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Diabulimia - Cultural Determinants of Eating Disorders

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Diabulimia - Cultural Determinants of Eating Disorders Trakia Journal of Sciences, No 2, pp 187-195, 2019 Copyright © 2019 Trakia University Available online at: http://www.uni-sz.bg ISSN 1313-7069 (print) ISSN 1313-3551 (online) doi:10.15547/tjs.2019.02.013 Review DIABULIMIA - CULTURAL DETERMINANTS OF EATING DISORDERS B. Hoffmann* Institute of Applied Social Sciences, University of Warsaw, Poland ABSTRACT Eating disorders are becoming an increasingly common problem. This problem becomes particularly dangerous when it concerns specific groups in which the occurrence of any nutritional irregularities constitutes a serious threat to health and even life. This is the case for diabulimia, which I will present in more detail in this article. Personality predispositions and socio-cultural factors are determined as the main risk factors of development of eating disorders, inclusive diabulimia. Key words: diabulimia, eating disorders, insulin-dependent diabetes, risk factor, appearance, addiction, consumer culture. Eating disorders are becoming an increasingly And so, already from the records of common problem that involves more and more Hippocrates, you could learn about the morbid social groups. The most frequently described abstention from eating, in relation to which the disorders include anorexia and bulimia; terms: asitia and inedia were used. In turn, however the problem goes beyond these Galen drew attention to this disorder, referring entities of disease. Although atypical forms of it to his concept of humoral fluids conditioning eating disorders do not meet all diagnostic the state of the organism. According to Galen, criteria, they constitute a significant individual gastrointestinal dysfunction was supposed to and social problem. This problem becomes be the cause of anorexia nervosa. In the particularly dangerous when it concerns following centuries, the perception of specific groups in which the occurrence of any abstaining from eating has changed. In the nutritional irregularities constitutes a serious Middle Ages, people refusing food were threat to health and even life. This is the case treated as exceptional, often holy, living thanks for diabulimia, which I will present in more to religious zeal and strong faith (2). As a detail in this article. result of the ongoing cultural changes of the Renaissance, there has been a departure from EATING DISORDERS – SHORT the interpretation of hunger strikes through the CHARACTERISTICS prism of religion. This was to some extent Although many times you may find the resumed during the Baroque period. Then the opinion that eating disorders are closely related refusal to accept food was part of the rituals to contemporary cultural processes, models associated with mourning, and was seen as the and aesthetic ideals (1), traces of existing way to achieve a union with Christ (3). Thanks nutrition problems have also been found in the to the development of medicine and natural past, even though in former times they were sciences in the Enlightenment, there has been not perceived as disorders. significant progress in the "diagnosis" of __________________________ anorexia nervosa. In 1840 the study of the *Correspondence to: Dr hab. Beata Hoffmann, French physician Fleury Imbert and his work Institute of Applied Social Sciences, University of entitled Traité théorique et pratique des Warsaw, Poland, [email protected] maladies des femmes, not only distinguished Trakia Journal of Sciences, Vol. 17, № 2, 2019 187 HOFFMANN B. gastric anorexia (anorexia gastrique) and nerve "appetite" (9). Interestingly, this entity of anorexia (anorexia nerveuse), but also drew eating disorder was not only the subject of his attention to the fact that this problem professional practice, but his own experience. concerned women. A decade later, in 1860, Even as a child, Bratman was forced to Louis - Victor Marce published an article, eliminate wheat and dairy products from his which showed that it is certainly not the menu. Gradually, the fear of eating products digestive tract that is responsible for anorexia that could harm him caused a strong control of but a certain type of delirium (4). everything he consumed. In the following years, the concern about the only diet that is Subsequently, the "new disorder" became the right in his opinion, as well as a way of subject of independent research by the doctors: preparing and consuming dishes, took a form the Englishman, Sir William Wishey Gull and of obsession. The so-called healthy diet has the Frenchman Ernest Charles Laseque. First, become the sole purpose of his life. Many in 1868, the term Apepsia histeria was used to hours of daily involvement in preparing meals describe anorexia, then it was soon replaced getting familiar with the literature on healthy with the term "Anorexia". The characteristic of eating, health-food stores, and collecting new, a new disease entity has been translated into more and more restrictive diets, led to several languages and appeared in professional restrictive dietary limitations. Concentration on American, German, Italian and Dutch literature the diet became the only activity of Bratman (5). Since then, anorexia began to be treated as and the only goal he aspired to. a mental illness, the effects of which are also felt by the physical side of a human body. Initially, he avoided friends and acquaintances to finally isolate himself completely, At the beginning of the twentieth century, a committing himself to the only correct, in his French neurologist and one of the founders of opinion, occupation - preparing the right the psychiatry - Jean-Martin Charcot and his meals. Graduation of medical studies and student - Pierre Janet and Siegmund Freud taking up a job, contributed to Bratman’s drew attention to the importance of both change of perception of his own person. psychological factors, and the family Meeting in his office patients who rigorously environment in the development of anorexia. adhered to diets, he noticed an analogy There were also views that emphasized the between their behavior and his own one. This organic basis of this disease. The German prompted him to classify this problem as a doctor, a pathologist - Morris Simmonds health disorder. became an advocate of such view (6). This view will divert attention from the Diabulimia is definitely a less known eating psychological conditions of anorexia (7) for disorder than anorexia, bulimia or orthorexia. many years to come. The term "diabulimia" arose from the combination of two words: diabetes and In the 1960s of twentieth century, due to the bulimia (one of the eating disorders). Although development of psychology and humanistic in the popular press, the term "diabulimia" psychiatry, the search for psychological appeared in 2007 (10), the problem of this type foundations for the development of anorexia of disorder was already described in the 1970s returned. In the following decades, there was and 1980s (11), in current medical an increased interest in this disorder, and most classifications, including such as DSM- IV and importantly, the attitude of doctors and ICD-10, diabulimia does not occur. It does not therapists to anorexia nervosa has changed. change the fact that it is a dangerous phenomenon, leading to very serious health Among the theories attempting to explain the consequences, and even to death (12). In causes of eating disorders, psychological, addition, it is worth emphasizing that biological and social concepts gained diabulimia affects young people who are often popularity. As the research progressed, in the phase of their adolescence. Because this subcategories of anorexia were distinguished. form of eating disorder refers to a specific A special place was taken by bulimia, group in which the occurrence of any distinguished and described in 1979 by the nutritional irregularities becomes particularly English doctor - Gerald Russell (8). dangerous, it requires both publicity as well as In 1997, the doctor Steven Bratman used the appropriate preventive actions. term "Orthorexia nervosa" for the first time, where ortho means "correct", and orexis - 188 Trakia Journal of Sciences, Vol. 17, № 2, 2019 HOFFMANN B. DEFINITION CRITERIA (insulin slowly absorbed in the suspension, According to the definition of the National which is administered once a day). The Eating Disorders Association, diabulimia is an treatment requires from a patient several eating disorder that involves deliberately subcutaneous injections of the drug in solution omitting insulin doses to reduce body weight and systematic, repeated examination of or prevent gain of weight in people with type 1 glucose level in blood. The basic method of the diabetes (13). These patients give themselves treatment of type 1 diabetes is insulin therapy less insulin than their body needs, which performed by repeated injections of insulin or becomes dangerous for health and even life. by means of continuous subcutaneous infusion with a personal insulin pump (16). This type of At this point the question arises, what is the diabetes most frequently occur among children "mechanism" of weight loss in this case? If the and adolescents. It is one of the most common body lacks insulin, it is not able to draw energy chronic diseases of the age of adolescence. from the carbohydrates it was provided. There is a dynamic increase in the incidence of Carbohydrates, that are sugars, are a kind of diabetes in the world and in Poland (17). fuel for muscles and brain. According to the recommendations of dieticians, they should be The typical symptoms of type 1 diabetes are: the basis for the menu. The problem is that the polydipsia, polyuria, weight loss, drowsiness, mere supply of carbohydrates to the body and fatigue and progressive dehydration. The digesting them does not feed us yet. That is the treatment aims at the best alignment of insulin which is needed so that the energy diabetes, because it is a key element that obtained from carbohydrates, strengthen the reduces the risk of developing serious cells of our body. If we do not have it, the complications (18). energy is excreted together with the urine, which results in large amounts of sugar in the People with type 1 diabetes must regularly urine of type 1 diabetes.
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