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The Armenian Herald / Armenian National Union of America THE ARMENIAN HERALD CONTRIBUTORS' COLUI N FOR JULY NUMBER Mr. J. De Morgan, in the nineties was est impressionistic poets, appears in our appointed by the French Government as pages, is a regular and much-liked con the head of an important scientific expe tributor to our Review. Born in the dition to the Near-East. He is a thor picturesque city of Van, Armenia, he ough student of the countries and people came to the United States in his early of Caucasus, Armenia, Mesopotamia, and boyhood, and finished his elementary Persia. He is considered an authority in education in Norwich, Connecticut. He France on the Near-Eastern question then entered Massachusetts Institute of and has always expressed himself in most Technology and graduated as an Archi sympathetic terms concerning Armenia tect in 1908. A great deal of his spare and her aspirations toward national self- time since then he has devoted to the government. study and reading of allied Fine Arts, He has lately specialized in the study of English literature at Harvard. Keeping Mr. D. Chambashidze, was tiie secre in touch with both Armenian and English tary of the Russian Chamber of Com literatures he has translated many liter merce in London. He is well acquainted ary gems of Armenian literature into with social sciences and political econ English and of English literature into omy. Lately he has ardently worked for Armenian. the benefit of the national rights of the Georgians and is a warm supporter of Armenian and Georgian alliance. Atom Yarjanian-Siamanto, unques tionably one greatest poets, Rolin-Jacquemyns', fifth part of his of Armenia's whose vivid poem— Starving —portrays minute investigation into Turkish me the tragic situation of the Armenians at thods of administration and government the present time as well as the similar in the Armenian provinces is given in the period of twenty years ago under the im pages which we publish in this number. pression of which it was 'written, is in They conclusively establish that the troduced to our readers in the article pre Turks are unfit to govern any nation or ceding his poem in this number. Our race and that Gladstone's 'Bag and Bag claim and right to an independent and gage' policy should be the political shibio- free development of our national aspir leth of the diplomatists and statesmen ations will gain weight, we hope, when who are to settle all pending matters and our readers are acquainted with purely problems arising out of this great world war. Armenian creative minds, who have en riched the intellectual and artistic wealth of the world. In this class of men Sis- Mr. Aram Torossian, whose study on manto's figure clearly towers above many Atom Yarjanian, one of Armenia's great- of his contemporaries. THE ARMENIAN HERALD VOLUME 1 JULY, 1918 NUMBER 8 ARMENIA—KEY TO INDIA BY J. DE MORGAN Although France is, with Belgium, the greatest victim of the formi dable conflict which is desolating the world, and although she is bearing all the weight of the cataclysm and her fields and cities are exposed to the horrors of the great strugggle, it is not however against France that is directed the hatred of Germany. In the eyes of the governing classes of Berlin, France plays a secondary part, Germany is at war with her principally because she is England's ally and her territory is a stepping stone requisite as a base of attack against Albion. Prussian militarism cherished the hope of an easy capture of Antwerp, Ostend, Dunkirk, Calais and Boulogne, and had planned to make these ports points of vantage whence to conduct operations against London, for it is England that Germany considered and still considers, as her great worldly enemy. Mistress of the seas, possessing immense and rich Colonies, supported in her commerce and in the action of her fleets by splendid strategical positions all over the universe, Albion holds in her hands the commercial and maritime hegemony of the world. Of this power Germany is jeal ous and is struggling to wrest it from her. This antagonism is not new. It has developed, in Germany, since this empire has become powerful and rich by the wars of 1864, 1866, and 1870 and the immense strides in her industrial productions which neces sitated the discovery of Commercial outlets for her trade. She met, in all markets, the competition of England and this exasperated her to such an extent that she provoked the present war. For years, Germany had been seeking, in every part of the two hemi spheres, to discover the vulnerable side of the British Empire and she would find fault with all the countries that were opposed to her economic expansion. By all means, she endeavored to create for herself Commer cial and Military bases, in order to be in a position, some day, to impose her will by the force of her armies, her fleets, and her financial strength. 412 THE ARMENIAN HERALD But she came in too late in the season for the partition of the world what she secured was of a secondary order and her Colonial expansion was stunted in its growth by the very fact that no territories of advan tage were left for colonization. To attain her object, it was therefore imperative to strike hard, to triumph by the force of arms, and compel her rival, to give up to her some of her immense colonies, and in the meantime to snatch from Albion the mastery of the seas. Now there were two ways of crushing England; by attacking her metropolis and her Indian possessions which constitute such a vast source of opulence and prestige for our British Allies. The first part of this program could be realized only by brutal force, by a rapid and ter rific stroke. This implied the conquest of the north of France, a mili tary operation studiously and cleverly prepared on the other side of the Rhine, but the success of which has been frustrated by the battle of the Marne. The second part of the German program was not destined to render such immediate results as the first, because it was aiming at a secondary object and the preparation of which would meet with great obstacles. Prior to the downfall of the Czar, Turkey alone was in a posi tion to offer to Berlin ways and means to enable Germany to reach the Indian Empire of Great Britain. Germany's victories in Austria in 1866 and in France in 1870 had en hanced her prestige and her influence in Turkey. Under guise of Com mercial expansion, she planned to create, vast strategical lines into the interior of Asia, and she secured Turkey's support to this scheme. Eighteen years ago, in 1900, 1 was at Bagdad, and on the instructions conveyed to me by Monsieur Constans, our Ambassador in Constanti nople, I placed myself in communication with the German Engineers to whom was intrusted the task of laying out the famous Bagdad railway line. Starting from the southern shores of the Bosphorus, the line was to cross Asia-Minor and Cilicia, reach Aleppo, then Mossul and thence to Bagdad by keeping to the right bank of the River Tigris. On the south of Bagdad it was to cross over the Euphrates in order to reach Kerbe- lah ; then it was to follow the undulations of the river with Koweit on the Persian Gulf as its terminus. Basserah was not taken into considera tion, because to approach that city—according to the opinion of the enfi- neers—it was necessary to run across the marshy lands of Khor-el- Djezair. In my opinion, however, it was because Basserah, situated on the Chattel- Arab, could only accommodate steamers of a small tonnage; no men of war of importance could find there a safe anchorage and tor pedoes placed in the passes of Fao were able to block access to the Bag dad, Bahn estuary. Koweit, on the contrary, had a good harbor, with a deep anchorage, was a sea-port town, which could easily become in the Persian Gulf, a sort of fortified Bizerta. ARMENIA— KEY TO INDIA 413 The plan moreover, was to build a branch railway from Bagdad to Cars-el-Chirin, Kermanshah, Nehavend, Ispahan and Shiraz and to con nect via Hamadan, Teheran, then Chah-roud, Mero, and Khorasan. These two Persian lines with that of Turkey, were doubtless well con ceived from a commercial point of view, but they could also be utilized for military purposes against India. Through the Koweit arsenal the Turco-Germans were in a position to maintain a naval force capable of attacking the British Indian fleet, and by the use of the two railway lines in Persia they could concentrate troops in the Khorassan and Kerman regions. To reach the Indus a hostile army would only have to go through Afghanistan and Beluchistan. But England found out what the Turco-Germans were aiming at and by occupying Koweit put a stop to these threats to some extent. Both Berlin and Constantinople were incensed on hearing of the Brit ish occupation of Koweit and a break of relations between England and Turkey was feared. Germany preferred however to wait for fourteen years (1900-1914) probably because she was preparing for her great war and desired to single out a more plausible pretext to present to her public before unsheathing the sword. That out of the way borough on the coast of Arabia unknown and ignored, might not have rendered justifiable, vis-a-vis, German opinion, a universal conflagration.
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