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The Orontids of Armenia by Cyril Toumanoff
The Orontids of Armenia by Cyril Toumanoff This study appears as part III of Toumanoff's Studies in Christian Caucasian History (Georgetown, 1963), pp. 277-354. An earlier version appeared in the journal Le Muséon 72(1959), pp. 1-36 and 73(1960), pp. 73-106. The Orontids of Armenia Bibliography, pp. 501-523 Maps appear as an attachment to the present document. This material is presented solely for non-commercial educational/research purposes. I 1. The genesis of the Armenian nation has been examined in an earlier Study.1 Its nucleus, succeeding to the role of the Yannic nucleus ot Urartu, was the 'proto-Armenian,T Hayasa-Phrygian, people-state,2 which at first oc- cupied only a small section of the former Urartian, or subsequent Armenian, territory. And it was, precisely, of the expansion of this people-state over that territory, and of its blending with the remaining Urartians and other proto- Caucasians that the Armenian nation was born. That expansion proceeded from the earliest proto-Armenian settlement in the basin of the Arsanias (East- ern Euphrates) up the Euphrates, to the valley of the upper Tigris, and espe- cially to that of the Araxes, which is the central Armenian plain.3 This expand- ing proto-Armenian nucleus formed a separate satrapy in the Iranian empire, while the rest of the inhabitants of the Armenian Plateau, both the remaining Urartians and other proto-Caucasians, were included in several other satrapies.* Between Herodotus's day and the year 401, when the Ten Thousand passed through it, the land of the proto-Armenians had become so enlarged as to form, in addition to the Satrapy of Armenia, also the trans-Euphratensian vice-Sa- trapy of West Armenia.5 This division subsisted in the Hellenistic phase, as that between Greater Armenia and Lesser Armenia. -
'You Do Not Know What Tomorrow
OCTOBER 31, 2020 MMirror-SpeirTHEror-SpeARMENIAN ctator Volume LXXXXI, NO. 16, Issue 4658 $ 2.00 NEWS The First English Language Armenian Weekly in the United States Since 1932 IN BRIEF Third Ceasefire Armenia Has 2 Azeri Broken by POWs; Azerbaijan 17 YEREVAN (PanARMENIAN.Net) — The Armenian side has two Azerbaijani prisoners of war who have Azerbaijan as been interrogated, according to Rafayel Vardanyan, Head of the Department of Criminalistics at Armenia’s Investigative Committee. Death Toll “They are kept in conditions that comply with international humanitarian law, receive appropriate Mounts medical care and food,” Vardanyan told reporters on Tuesday, October 27. STEPANAKERT (Combined Sources) — Vardanyan said 17 servicemen from the Fighting in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict Armenian side are currently kept in Azerbaijan. zone reportedly spread on Tuesday, October It was reported earlier that an Armenian civilian 27, to an area adjacent to Armenia’s border named Azniv Baghdasaryan was captured by the with Iran. Azerbaijani military on October 7. The Armenian Defense Ministry accused the Azerbaijani army of shelling its border Georgia Bars posts and wounding several Armenian ser- vicemen in the morning. The Azerbaijani Ambulances Headed to side used artillery and combat drones, it said, adding that one of those unmanned Armenia aerial vehicles was shot down over TBILISI (News.am) — Georgia on October 26 Armenian territory. blocked a batch of ambulances from entering A ministry spokeswoman, Shushan Armenia through the Upper Lars border checkpoint Stepanyan, said Armenian army units and between Russia and Georgia, reported the Telegram border guards had to strike back in response. channel of Infoteka 24. -
For More Information About the Venues and Times of the Worldwide
Commemorating the Centenary of the Armenian Genocide Worldwide Reading on 21st April, 2015 Events in: Appeal for a worldwide reading on April 21st 2015 ARGENTINA Asociación Cultural Armenia, Buenos Aires | ARMENIA 1st Armenian Literary Agency, ArtBridge Bookstore Café / The international literature festival berlin (ilb) and the Lepsiushaus Civilnet Online Television, Yerevan; The Armenian Literature Foundation, Yerevan; Marine Karoyan, Tekeian Art Center, Yerevan; Potsdam are calling for a worldwide reading on 21 April 2015 - the day that marks 100 years since the beginning of the Armenian Goethe-Institut Georgien, Yerevan; Armenian Genocide Museum-Institute, Tsitsernakaberd, Yerevan; Centre of Juridical-political Genocide. and cultural diplomacy NGO, Yerevan; DAAD Armenien, Cafesijan Center for the Arts, Yerevan; The Armenian Educational Several hundred Armenian intellectuals – poets, musicians, Foundation, Yerevan | AUSTRALIA Armenian Book Club Australia, Theme and Variations Studios, Sydney; Pen Melbourne, parliamentary representatives and members of the clergy – were Melbourne | Anna Pfeiffer, FREIRAD 105.9 (Radio), Innsbruck | Thorsten Baensch, Aïda Kazarian, Boulevard arrested in Constantinople (today Istanbul) on 24 April 1915, AUSTRIA BELGIUM and deported to the Turkish interior where most of them were Jamar 19, Brussels; Anita Bernacchia, Ioana Belu, Bookshop EuropaNova, Brussels | BOLIVIA Bolivian PEN Centre, Plaza Callejas, murdered. It was the start of a crime against humanity. The Santa Cruz | BRAZIL Sibila journal, Sao Paulo; Lenira Buscato, Bandeirantes School, Sao Paulo | BULGARIA Armenian General extermination of the Armenians during World War One was the first Benevolent Union (AGBU) Plovdiv Chapter, Bourgas; AGBU Plovdiv Chapter, Haskovo; AGBU Plovdiv Chapter, Rouse; AGBU systematically planned and executed genocide of modern times. More than a million Armenians in the Ottoman Empire died during Plovdiv Chapter, Sliven; AGBU Plovdiv Chapter, Veliko Tarnovo; AGBU Plovdiv Chapter, Varna; Eojeni Sakaz, St.Kliment Ohridski this genocidal campaign. -
Shirak Guidebook
Wuthering Heights of Shirak -the Land of Steppe and Sky YYerevanerevan 22013013 1 Facts About Shirak FOREWORD Mix up the vast open spaces of the Shirak steppe, the wuthering wind that sweeps through its heights, the snowcapped tops of Mt. Aragats and the dramatic gorges and sparkling lakes of Akhurian River. Sprinkle in the white sheep fl ocks and the cry of an eagle. Add churches, mysterious Urartian ruins, abundant wildlife and unique architecture. Th en top it all off with a turbulent history, Gyumri’s joi de vivre and Gurdjieff ’s mystical teaching, revealing a truly magnifi cent region fi lled with experi- ences to last you a lifetime. However, don’t be deceived that merely seeing all these highlights will give you a complete picture of what Shirak really is. Dig deeper and you’ll be surprised to fi nd that your fondest memories will most likely lie with the locals themselves. You’ll eas- ily be touched by these proud, witt y, and legendarily hospitable people, even if you cannot speak their language. Only when you meet its remarkable people will you understand this land and its powerful energy which emanates from their sculptures, paintings, music and poetry. Visiting the province takes creativity and imagination, as the tourist industry is at best ‘nascent’. A great deal of the current tourist fl ow consists of Diasporan Armenians seeking the opportunity to make personal contributions to their historic homeland, along with a few scatt ered independent travelers. Although there are some rural “rest- places” and picnic areas, they cater mainly to locals who want to unwind with hearty feasts and family chats, thus rarely providing any activities. -
Armenian Genocide Ch3.Pdf
“ Religion has a place for a conscience, which racist ideologies do not.” —Christopher Walker Chapter 3 the young turks in power THIS CHAPTER LOOKS AT THE CHOICES MADE IN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE BETWEEN 1908 AND 1914 THAT would eventually result in genocide. No historical event is inevitable. Individuals and groups operate within a particular historical moment, and the choices they make ultimately define the age. In 1908, the Young Turk revolution brought great hope for many people living in the Ottoman Empire. The reintroduction of the constitution, with its promises of equal rights, seemed to offer opportunities to people who had been left behind in the old system. The Young Turk vision of a strong central gov- ernment promised an alternative to the corruption and disorder of the sultan’s regime. Many hoped the violence that had come to characterize the sultan’s reign would now end. For the Armenians, the constitution and its guaranteed equality seemed to offer many of the reforms they had long desired. But there were still unresolved tensions. What role would Muslims have in this new order? Were they going to quietly accept the loss of their special status in this new regime? What would happen to supporters of the sultan? What about the members of groups that suffered under the old regime? Could they trust the Young Turks? Who would enforce the changes they promised? 56 • Facing history and ourselves There were tensions within the Young Turk movement as well. Between 1908 and 1913, the diversity of opinion within the Young Turk movement became clear. -
Armenia, Republic of | Grove
Grove Art Online Armenia, Republic of [Hayasdan; Hayq; anc. Pers. Armina] Lucy Der Manuelian, Armen Zarian, Vrej Nersessian, Nonna S. Stepanyan, Murray L. Eiland and Dickran Kouymjian https://doi.org/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T004089 Published online: 2003 updated bibliography, 26 May 2010 Country in the southern part of the Transcaucasian region; its capital is Erevan. Present-day Armenia is bounded by Georgia to the north, Iran to the south-east, Azerbaijan to the east and Turkey to the west. From 1920 to 1991 Armenia was a Soviet Socialist Republic within the USSR, but historically its land encompassed a much greater area including parts of all present-day bordering countries (see fig.). At its greatest extent it occupied the plateau covering most of what is now central and eastern Turkey (c. 300,000 sq. km) bounded on the north by the Pontic Range and on the south by the Taurus and Kurdistan mountains. During the 11th century another Armenian state was formed to the west of Historic Armenia on the Cilician plain in south-east Asia Minor, bounded by the Taurus Mountains on the west and the Amanus (Nur) Mountains on the east. Its strategic location between East and West made Historic or Greater Armenia an important country to control, and for centuries it was a battlefield in the struggle for power between surrounding empires. Periods of domination and division have alternated with centuries of independence, during which the country was divided into one or more kingdoms. Page 1 of 47 PRINTED FROM Oxford Art Online. © Oxford University Press, 2019. -
VOA Languages
VOA Languages Today, VOA broadcasts in more than 40 languages around the world. Languages that pre-date February 1942 began under the Coordinator for Inter-American Affairs and the Foreign Information Service. *Indicates a language currently on VOA’s broadcast schedule. Afan Oromo* 1996 to present English to Africa * 1963 to present Afrikaans 1942 to 1949 English* 1942 to present Albanian* 1943 to 1945; 1951 to present Estonian 1951 to 2004 Amharic* 1982 to present Finnish 1942 to 1945; 1951 to 1953 Amoy 1941 to 1945; 1951 to 1963 Flemish 1942 to 1945 Arabic 1942 to 1945; 1950 to 2002 French (to Africa)* 1960 to present Armenian* 1951 to present French (to France) 1942 to 1961 Azerbaijani* 1951 to 1953; 1982 to present Georgian* 1951 to present Bambara* 2013 to present German 1942 to 1960; 1991 to 1993 Bangla* 1958 to present Greek 1942 to 2014 Bosnian* 1996 to present Gujarati 1956 to 1958 Bulgarian 1942 to 2004 Hakka 1951 to 1954 Burmese* 1943 to 1945; 1951 to present Hausa* 1979 to present Byelorussian 1956 to 1957 Hebrew 1951 to 1953 1941 to 1945; 1949 to 1963; Hindi 1951 to 1953; 1954 to 2008 Cantonese* 1987 to present Hungarian 1942 to 2004 Creole* 1987 to present Icelandic 1944 to 1944 Croatian 1943 to 2011 Indonesian* 1942 to present Czech 1942 to 2004 Italian 1942 to 1945; 1951 to 1957 Danish 1942 to 1945 Japanese 1942 to 1945; 1951 to 1962 Dari* 1980 to present Khmer* 1955 to 1957; 1962 to present Dutch 1944 to 1945 Kinyarwanda* 1996 to present VOAnews.com | InsideVOA.com Kirundi* 1996 to present Serbian* 1943 to present Korean* -
Varujan Vosganian, the Book of Whispers
Varujan Vosganian, The Book of Whispers Chapters seven and eight Translation: Alistair Ian Blyth Seven ‘Do not harm their women,’ said Armen Garo. ‘And nor the children.’ One by one, all the members of the Special Mission gathered at the offices of the Djagadamard newspaper in Constantinople. They had been selected with care. The group had been whittled down to those who had taken part in such operations before, working either alone or in ambush parties. ‘I trust only a man who has killed before,’ Armen Garo had declared. They were given photographs of those they were to seek out, wherever they were hiding. Their hiding places might be anywhere, from Berlin or Rome to the steppes of Central Asia. Broad-shouldered, bull-necked Talaat Pasha, the Minister of the Interior, was a brawny man, whose head, with its square chin and jaws that could rip asunder, was more like an extension of his powerful chest. In the lower part of the photograph, his fists, twice the size of a normal man’s, betokened pugnacity. Beside him, fragile, her features delicate, his wife wore a white dress and a lace cap in the European style, so very different from the pasha’s fez. Then there was Enver, a short man made taller by his boot heels. He had haughty eyes and slender fingers that preened the points of his moustache. He was proud of his army commander’s braids, which, cascading luxuriantly from his shoulders and covering his narrow chest, sought to disguise the humble beginnings of a son whose mother, in order to raise him, had plied one of the most despised trades in all the Empire: she had washed the bodies of the dead. -
Downloaded from Brill.Com10/04/2021 08:59:36AM Via Free Access
Chapter 12 Aristocrats, Mercenaries, Clergymen and Refugees: Deliberate and Forced Mobility of Armenians in the Early Medieval Mediterranean (6th to 11th Century a.d.) Johannes Preiser-Kapeller 1 Introduction Armenian mobility in the early Middle Ages has found some attention in the scholarly community. This is especially true for the migration of individuals and groups towards the Byzantine Empire. A considerable amount of this re- search has focused on the carriers and histories of individual aristocrats or noble families of Armenian origin. The obviously significant share of these in the Byzantine elite has even led to formulations such as Byzantium being a “Greco-Armenian Empire”.1 While, as expected, evidence for the elite stratum is relatively dense, larger scale migration of members of the lower aristocracy (“azat”, within the ranking system of Armenian nobility, see below) or non- aristocrats (“anazat”) can also be traced with regard to the overall movement of groups within the entire Byzantine sphere. In contrast to the nobility, however, the life stories and strategies of individuals of these backgrounds very rarely can be reconstructed based on our evidence. In all cases, the actual signifi- cance of an “Armenian” identity for individuals and groups identified as “Ar- menian” by contemporary sources or modern day scholarship (on the basis of 1 Charanis, “Armenians in the Byzantine Empire”, passim; Charanis, “Transfer of population”; Toumanoff, “Caucasia and Byzantium”, pp. 131–133; Ditten, Ethnische Verschiebungen, pp. 124–127, 134–135; Haldon, “Late Roman Senatorial Elite”, pp. 213–215; Whitby, “Recruitment”, pp. 87–90, 99–101, 106–110; Isaac, “Army in the Late Roman East”, pp. -
Sabiha Gökçen's 80-Year-Old Secret‖: Kemalist Nation
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO ―Sabiha Gökçen‘s 80-Year-Old Secret‖: Kemalist Nation Formation and the Ottoman Armenians A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Communication by Fatma Ulgen Committee in charge: Professor Robert Horwitz, Chair Professor Ivan Evans Professor Gary Fields Professor Daniel Hallin Professor Hasan Kayalı Copyright Fatma Ulgen, 2010 All rights reserved. The dissertation of Fatma Ulgen is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ Chair University of California, San Diego 2010 iii DEDICATION For my mother and father, without whom there would be no life, no love, no light, and for Hrant Dink (15 September 1954 - 19 January 2007 iv EPIGRAPH ―In the summertime, we would go on the roof…Sit there and look at the stars…You could reach the stars there…Over here, you can‘t.‖ Haydanus Peterson, a survivor of the Armenian Genocide, reminiscing about the old country [Moush, Turkey] in Fresno, California 72 years later. Courtesy of the Zoryan Institute Oral History Archive v TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page…………………………………………………………….... -
New-Articles by Title-1-23
Articles by Title Abusing the Term ‘Genocide’ in Distant Domains: The Statue of Aliyev and the Khojaly Massacre in Two Squares in Mexico City, Carlos Antaramian. Vol. 22 (2013): 263-277 (Communication). Academic Publications to Mark the 1700th Anniversary of Christian Armenia, Robert W. Thomson. Vol. 7 (1994): 115-122. (Research Note). Acculturation, Ethnic Identity, and Psychological Functioning Among Armenian- American Young Adults, Tara Yaralian, Aghop Der-Karabetian, and Tomas Martinez. Vol. 18:1 (2009): 157-179. Additions and Corrections to Coinage of the Artaxiads of Armenia, Jack Nurpetlian. Vol. 22 (2013): 227-231 (Communication). The Amatuni Hunting Scenes at the Seventh-Century Church of Ptłni: Patron and ‘Propaganda’, Anne Elizabeth Redgate. Vol. 21 (2012) 11-26. Amirdovlat‘ Amasiatsi’: His Life and Contributions, John L. Gueriguian. Vol. 3 (1987): 63-92. An Allegorical Poem by Mkrtich‘ Naghash and Its Models, S. Peter Cowe. Vol. 4 (1988-1989): 143-156. An Unpublished Homily on Easter Attributed to John Chrysostom, Dom B. Outtier. Vol. 1 (1984): 115-122. Anna Akhmatova’s Translations from the Armenian: Two Poems by Avetik‘ Isahakian, Sonia Ketchian. Vol. 2 (1985-1986): 155-168 Archaeological Excavations in Soviet Armenia, Babken N. Arak‘elyan. Vol. 1 (1984): 3-22. Armenia on Lake Urmia: Parskahayk‘ or “Persian Armenia”, Robert Hewsen. Vol. 22 (2013): 11-22. The Armenian Book of Ezras, Michael E. Stone. Vol. 4 (1988-1989): 209-212. The Armenian Counterculture That Never Was: Reflections on Eghishe Ch‘arents‘, James R. Russell. Vol. 9 (1996, 1997 [1999]): 17-35. The Armenian Church and the School Network in Buenos Aires: Channels for the Preservation of Identity (1930-1960), Nélida Boulgourdjian-Toufeksian. -
Commemorating the Centenary of the Armenian Genocide Worldwide Reading on 21St April, 2015
Commemorating the Centenary of the Armenian Genocide Worldwide Reading on 21st April, 2015 Events in: Appeal for a worldwide reading on April 21st 2015 ARGENTINA Asociación Cultural Armenia, Buenos Aires | ARMENIA 1st Armenian Literary Agency, ArtBridge Bookstore Café, Yerevan; Armenian The international literature festival berlin (ilb) and the Lepsiushaus Literature Foundation and Mass Media Educational Center of Yerevan State University, Yerevan; Marine Karoyan, Tekeian Art Center, Yerevan; Russisch- Potsdam are calling for a worldwide reading on 21 April 2015 - the Armenische (Slawische) Universität, Yerevan; ''Centre of Juridical-political and cultural diplomacy'' NGO, Yerevan; DAAD Armenien, Cafesijan Center day that marks 100 years since the beginning of the Armenian for the Arts, Yerevan; The Armenian Educational Foundation, Yerevan; literary festival "Literary Ark", The State Musical Chamber Theatre, Yerevan | Genocide. Several hundred Armenian intellectuals – poets, musicians, AUSTRALIA Jackie Mansourian, PEN Melbourne, Athenaeum Library, Melbourne; Armenian Book Club Australia, Theme and Variations Studios, Sydney parliamentary representatives and members of the clergy – were |AUSTRIA Kulturzentrum bei den Minoriten, Internationales Haus der Autor und Autorinnen Graz, ISOP, Graz; Anna Pfeiffer, FREIRAD 105.9 (Radio), arrested in Constantinople (today Istanbul) on 24 April 1915, Innsbruck; Österreichisch-armenische Kulturgesellschaft, Arco-Verlag (Wuppertal), Vienna | BELGIUM Thorsten Baensch, Aïda Kazarian, Boulevard and deported