Genocidio Armeno”, E Non Solo

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Genocidio Armeno”, E Non Solo A proposito del “genocidio armeno”, e non solo Armeni scortati verso la prigione di Mezireh dai soldati ottomani, aprile 1915 Una risoluzione del Bundestag, intitolata “Memoria e commemorazione del genocidio degli armeni e di altre minoranze cristiane 101 anni fa”, definisce “genocidio”la strage di 1.5 milioni di armeni compiuta dai turchi ottomani tra il 1915 e il 1916. La mozione, presentata da Cdu, Spd e dai Verdi è stata approvata il 2 giugno con solo un voto contrario e un astenuto. Immediata la reazione del presidente Recep Tayyip Erdoğan: “Questa decisione avrà un impatto molto serio sulle relazioni tra la Turchia e la Germania”. Il richiamo dell’ambasciatore è solo “il primo passo”. Venti Paesi, tra i quali Italia, Francia e Russia hanno già riconosciuto ufficialmente lo status di genocidio al massacro degli armeni. L’anno scorso Papa Francesco definì gli eventi dell’epoca “il primo genocidio del Ventesimo secolo”. In quell’occasione, Franco Cardini scrisse per ytali. (26 aprile 2016) un lungo articolo sulla vicenda armena, che riproponiamo. Il termine “genocidio”, usato da papa Francesco durante l’Angelus della domenica in Albis (12 aprile 2015) per indicare la tragedia del popolo armeno nella penisola anatolica dell’inizio della quale quest’anno ricorre il formale centenario, ha scatenato involontariamente un vero e proprio uragano diplomatico. //https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gR-ds-QU8jk La repubblica turca ha sempre rifiutato che una tale responsabilità vada ascritta al paese, anche se – giova ricordarlo – fu proprio il governo turco uscito dalla bufera della prima guerra mondiale che, nel 1919, dispose la celebrazione di un processo per crimini di guerra contro i responsabili principali di quella catena di eccidi che aveva avuto il suo acme tra ’15 e ’17 e la loro condanna a morte (peraltro mai eseguita in quanto gli imputati erano contumaci). Ma il crimine di genocidio è stato definito dalle Nazioni Unite nel 1948 con una formula complessa, nella quale molti stati hanno riconosciuto inscritto anche il “caso” armeno, laddove il governo della repubblica turca, pur ammettendo deportazioni e stragi di cui si sarebbero resi responsabili i capi politici e militari della giunta che allora era alla guida dell’impero ottomano, ha sempre negato che essi possano configurarsi come genocidio: e tale parola è ufficialmente, formalmente proibita in Turchia con riferimento a quanto accaduto durante la prima guerra mondiale e dintorni. | 1 A proposito del “genocidio armeno”, e non solo Il quartiere armeno di Adana dopo i massacri del 1909 Dal momento che la repubblica turca ha ancora una costituzione che noi potremmo definire fieramente laicista (se il termine “laico” fosse appropriato a definire le istituzioni di un paese a stragrande maggioranza musulmana), e dove i cittadini si qualificano anzitutto e fondamentalmente per la loro qualifica nazionale, senza riguardo alcuno (almeno formalmente) per la fede religiosa, le stesse minoranze cristiane di nazionalità turca si sono sentite colpite e offese dalle parole del papa e hanno tenuto – autorità patriarcali in testa – di dover confermare il loro lealismo nazionale. Il kemalismo, nonostante l’attività ormai quasi apertamente revisionistica di Erdoğan. In un clima di ormai purtroppo diffusa tensione tra comunità cristiane e comunità musulmane, le parole di papa Bergoglio hanno involontariamente messo in difficoltà i cristiani turchi: non era questa l’intenzione del papa, tuttavia la cosa va sottolineata altrimenti la delicatezza della questione che ne è scaturita potrebbe venire sottovalutata da noialtri “occidentali”. IL CONTESTO STORICO Ma in che cosa consistette realmente quell’episodio che a un secolo di distanza suscita ancor oggi tanti problemi, quel lontano “passato che non passa”? Cerchiamo di rispondere contestualizzando l’accaduto di allora nel quadro storico di quegli anni. Nella primavera del 1915 la Chiesa apostolica armena diffuse, attraverso l’ambasciatore statunitense nell’impero ottomano Henry Morgenthau, una serie di drammatiche fotografie: file di prigionieri malvestiti e denutriti, scene di massacri di massa, cumuli di teste tagliate. A riguardarle oggi, nonostante ormai il XX secolo e l’inizio del XXI ci abbiano abituati a vedere ben di peggio, quelle foto ispirano ancora pietà e orrore. La diffusione di quei documenti è stata assunta a inizio formale del genocidio degli armeni da parte di reparti dell’esercito ottomano: gli esecutori materiali del crimine furono, salvo rare eccezioni, dei turchi. L’impero sultaniale era multietnico, e anche il suo esercito lo era: ma ormai da sei anni c’era stata la rivoluzione nazionalista, occidentalizzante e progressista dei “Giovani Turchi”. E uno dei prodotti di quell’ondata rivoluzionaria nazionalista – il nazionalismo, largamente diffuso in Occidente, era ancora praticamente ignoto nel mondo musulmano: per quanto inglesi e francesi stessero già tentando, con successo, d’introdurlo fra gli arabi ma (ironia della storia!) in funzione antiturca – fu il progetto di “pulizia etnica” che avrebbe dovuto | 2 A proposito del “genocidio armeno”, e non solo completamente turchizzare la penisola anatolica. Esso riguardava, certo, anche i curdi, etnia di stirpe e lingua iranica: ma essi erano musulmani sunniti, buoni soldati fedelissimi al sultano, e allora furono lasciati per il momento da parte. LA PERSECUZIONE NON ERA COMINICIATA NEL 1915 Come al solito, la storia è complessa. Non è del tutto vero né che la persecuzione contro gli armeni era cominciata nel 1915, né che era stata tutta un’invenzione del movimento dei “Giovani Turchi” (che semmai avevano innestato il loro razzismo sul ceppo dello scientismo evoluzionista oggetto, come tutte le cose occidentali, della loro ammirazione). Ma la tragedia era stata avviata da prima. Per comprenderne la portata, bisogna compiere il fatidico passo indietro (di parecchi decenni) e comprendere che cosa intanto era accaduto nell’impero ottomano. Già dalla prima metà dell’Ottocento il governo e la classe dirigente sultaniali avevano avviato una complessa ma decisa azione modernizzatrice ed europeizzatrice della loro compagine. Sino dagli anni Ottanta, il sultano Abdül-Hamit – protagonista di una pesante politica repressiva che gli aveva procurato molti avversari – aveva abbracciato con decisione anche un programma di tipo nazionalista ispirato soprattutto ai modelli diffusi nei mondi francese e tedesco del tempo. Ciò aveva comportato la volontà di turchizzazione progressiva della penisola anatolica, con il tragico risultato dei primi massacri dei cristiani armeni, tra 1890 e 1897 (le stime vanno dalle 100.000 alle 250.000 vittime). Nel giugno del 1896 Giosuè Carducci, sulla base di uno scarno dispaccio telegrafico proveniente da Atene dove si diceva che i turchi, in quel momento in guerra contro la Grecia per il possesso dell’isola di Creta, cominciavano a mietere in Tessaglia e continuavano intanto a saccheggiare, componeva – indignato per la ferocia ottomana, ma anche per quella che gli appariva come “l’ignavia dell’Occidente” (il ministro Gentiloni non s’è inventato niente) – una poesia, La mietitura del Turco, ch’è un’autentica denunzia-invettiva: Il Turco miete. Eran le teste armene che ier cadean sotto il ricurvo acciar… Il Turco miete. E al morbido tiranno Manda il fior de l’elleniche beltà. I monarchi di Cristo assisteranno bianchi eunuchi a l’arèm del Padiscià. Alcuni degli intellettuali armeni arrestati il 24 aprile 1915, poi deportati e uccisi. In alto: Krikor Zohrab, Daniel Varoujan, Rupen Zartarian, Ardashes Harutunian e Siamanto; in basso: Ruben Sevak, | 3 A proposito del “genocidio armeno”, e non solo Dikran Chökürian, Diran Kelekian, Tlgadintsi e Erukhan. LA TURCHIZZAZIONE DELL’ANATOLIA L’inizio della strage degli armeni data pertanto da circa un quarto di secolo prima di quello che oggi viene ricordato formalmente come l’anno del suo avvio: qual era la situazione del periodo? Dopo il congresso di Berlino del 1878, che aveva strappato al sultano molte aree balcaniche, era ormai chiaro che l’impero stava avviandosi a coincidere sempre di più, sotto il profilo territoriale, quasi esclusivamente con la penisola anatolica (a parte il Meridione arabo). Erano quindi nate all’interno della classe dirigente ottomana – e soprattutto negli ambienti più colti e vicini all’Occidente – le istanze di totale turchizzazione dell’Anatolia: un’idea fino ad allora inaudita. Ma tra gli avversari del sultano c’era chi voleva addirittura andare ben oltre. Nel 1907 i vari gruppi che costituivano l’opposizione al governo sultaniale, capeggiati dal Comitato “Unione e Progresso” e dalla società “Patria e Libertà” guidata da Mustafa Kemal (il futuro Atatürk) si fusero nel Partito che ordinariamente venne denominato “dei Giovani Turchi”, con un programma fortemente nazionalista e modernizzatore ispirato principalmente al nazionalismo tedesco e alle tesi teistico-scientiste care agli ambienti massonici (le logge massoniche erano penetrate nel mondo musulmano già dalla fine del Settecento, sull’onda dell’entusiasmo suscitato in Egitto dal proclama che il giovane generale Bonaparte aveva pubblicato in Alessandria il 2 luglio del 1798). Le genti anatoliche, pretendevano i “Giovani Turchi”, andavano rigorosamente turchizzate espellendo dalla penisola le minoranze etniche (arabi nel Meridione, turchi e armeni nell’interno, greci sulle coste occidentali); da questo punto di vista – mentre i curdi, iranici e musulmani, venivano soggetti a una specie di turchizzazione unilaterale -, il problema più grave
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