DOCSLIB.ORG

Immobilization of Polar and Brown Bears Using Etorphine and Xylazine

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Immobilization of Polar and Brown Bears Using Etorphine and Xylazine J. Zoo An. Med. 13: 11·18, 1982 down" agent for capturing bears, but it has no narcotic nor analgesie properties. It has IMMOBILIZATION OF POLAR been shown that phencyclldine and (Thalaretos marItIm.,.) AND BROWN etorphine are safer to use in the bear. 8,14 As (Ursus aretos) BEARS USING phencyclidine has been taken off the market ETORPHINE AND XYLAZINE as a result of its abuse by drug addicts ("angel dust"), etorphine is now the primary T. Gatesman " drug that can be administered by a single H. Wiesner" dart to effect immobilization. Other drugs, such as xylazine (8-10 mg/kg), 3,15,17,19 ketamine (10-12 mg/kg),9,13 and droperldol Introduetlon plus fentanyl (as Innovar-Vet® + 1 ml/18 The polar bear and the brown bear are kg)9 are also effective in bears. However, exceedingly strong and ferocious animals so that capture and handling of them is ' the effective dose constitutes such a large fraught with many dangers, both for the volume oE fluid that It Is prohibitive for use in a dart, although 2.0 mg of ketamine has human attendant and for the bears been administered in two darts to a bear for themselves. When these bears are kept in immobilization before maintenance on captlvity, many occasions arise when halothane oxygen anesthesia. 16 veterinary attention is called for and Etorphine induces analgesia and therefore, an adequate means ~f reSb-aint is catatonia. The dose-related side effects are required. When anesthesia was first excitement, tachycardia, raised blood considered for use in bears, either volatile pressure, opisthotonus, mydriasis, anesthetics, e.g., ether (administered in an hyperpyrexia, respiratory depression, cough ether chamber) or intravenous anesthetics center depression, inhibition of e.g., chloral hydrate, morphine, and ' gastrointestinal motility, and antidluresis.1,1l halothane (administered with the bear in a Etorphlne is unique in that it is safer to glve squeeze cage) were used. S 80th of these the maximum dosage rather than the methods requlred the use of physical minimum effective dosage, as underdoslng restraint, which caused the animal results in marked hyperexcitability and considerable stress and also increased the hyperventilation leading to a possible fatal risk of injury to the bear. alkalosis. Bears have been found to be one The administration of narcotics and other drugs from afar, by a projectile syringe or of the more sensitive species to the effects dart, lessens the necessity of physical of etorphine, with the dosage per kilogram being relatively low. It has been used in capture. 12 Only those narcotics effective in small doses are satisfactory because of the polar bears at dosages of 2-3 mg/animaJ,7 0.5 mg/45 kg body weight20,22 or 6-8 limited capacity of the darts. p./kg.2 For brown bears, 8-10 p./kg has Phencyclidine, a disassociative anesthetic been suggested. 2 was the first drug that could be used in a ' Various tranquilizers have been dart for the immobilization of bears. Used administered simultaneously with etorphine alone, its side effects of excitement and to reduce the excitement effects. 22 Etorphlne tonic/clonic muscle spasms were marked, is now sold in some parts of the world but these were reduced by the simultaneous use of a variety of tranquilizers. 6,18,24 already mixed with a phenothiazine tranquilizer under the trade names of "Large Succinylcholine chloride, a depolarizing Animal Immobilon® " and "Small Animal muscle relaxant, was used as a "knock- Immobilon® ." Some workers have found that the addition of acepromazine to Hellabrunn, Siebenbrunner Sir. 8, 0-8000 Munchen 90 ~~~park etorphine results in too much residual 11 sedation.2 could precipitate unwanted excitement and This report discusses the results of five aggression. Such reactions either effectively years experience in the use of Large Animal increased the dose of Immobilin required, or Immobilon® in Tierpark Hellabrunn, induced tachycardia and rapid respiration primarily in the polar bear but also in the predisposing to the development of brown bear. hyperventilation, thus leading to severe Materials and Methods alkalosis and possibly death. 1 The depth of anesthesia was initially The agents used in the immobilization of ascertained by gently stimulating the pinna the bears were: of the ear, with a stick (such as a broom 1) Immobilon® - (Large Anima!) - Reckitt handle), to elicit the ear twitch reflex. This and Colman. One ml contains 2.45 mg reflex is used as the head is the last part of etrophine (as hydrochloride) and 10 mg the body affected by the immobilization. acepromazine maleate, a neurolept­ Once the ear twitch reflex was suppressed it analgesie, 2) Revivon® - Reckitt and was deemed safe to enter the endosure and Colman. One ml contains 3 mg attend to the anima\. diprenorphine (as hydrochloride) (with The depth of anesthesia was considered methylene blue 0.001 % and chlorocresch to be %), 0.1 areversal agent, direct antagonist to a) Unsatis/actory - if the animal could etorphine), 3) Rompun® - Bayer. One ml actively move its limbs and even stand up, contains 100 mg xylazine, a tranquilizer and when its ear pinna was stimulated or if the analgesie agent, and 4) Kinetin® animal was approached. - Schering. One ampule contains 150 IU b) Satis/actory - if the ear twitch reflex had hyaluronidase as a dry substance. Used to gone, but stimulaton elicited physical increase the uptake into the blood of the reactions, such as limb flexion. This level of active agents from the musde. anesthesia was considered to be adequate One ampule of kinetin was added to the for transferring the bear from one place to immobilizing agent, either Immobilon or another or for procedures which are not Immobilon plus Rompun, which was then very painful (such as the taking of blood administered to the animal intramuscularly sampIes). using the Telinject blowpipe and dart system c) Light - if the ear twitch reflex was (Telinject G.m.b.H.).23 present and feeble movements could be The bears were either put singly into their elicited on stimulation. small sleeping cages and darted from the d) Operation Deep (op. deep) - if reaction outside through the bars, using the 1.0 m to painful stimuli was also suppressed. blowpipe , or were darted in the main endosure, using the 2.0 m blowpipe e) Too Deep - if there were signs of (maximum range 15 m). Darts of 2 ml respiratory embarrassment. volume were used in all cases. The bear, in If during the handling of the animal the particularly the polar be ar , is endowed with level of narcosis was not considered to be a thick layer of subcutaneous fat, wh ich deep enough, a further dose of Immobilon may be up to 7.5 cm thick in some areas of was injected intramuscularly, with up to a the body. Therefore, the darts were aimed quarter of the initial dose being given. at the neck and shoulder musculature, When the handling of the animal was where the fat is thinnest, to assure that the finished, all equipment and auxiliary injection was intramuscular and not intrafat. personnel were removed from the bear's After darting, the anima I was left cage or endosure and a computed dose of undisturbed until fully immobilized, since Revivon was given (double the dose of continual dose assessment of the animal Immobilon) intramuscularly, plus 1 ml 12 subcutaneously to prevent the danger of narcosis recurring later due to the E'" E'" Q)- gj enterohepatic recirculation of the etorphine. 'Co'" ~ c. (/):::.- Q) .... The vein of choice was the tongue vein, as w '"0; '" :; :;'" this was always readily available, whereas o o the femoral vein, wh ich is also suggested. '" '" ~" ~" was far more difficult to use. As the tongue vein is very thin walled, it is better not to c: c: .2 draw back on the syringe, as this will cause .2 ~ the vein to collapse. Any bleeding after the .~o= _-.0 Q . needle was removed, was stemmed by the 'C 0 ",1!1 E: E .-c:"'" application of firm press ure . If the vein .§ C:o -c:"'­Q)O could not be used, the Revivon was given ÜQ) intramuscularly into the tongue muscles. - "Ci)'" Once the Rivivon was administered, prompt ~_ 0 Q)o~ exit from cage was required as the speed of ...J '" recovery is very fast. Z Animals showing any signs of hangover, ... aI e.g., drowsiness, during the following 24 i5 hours post-immobilization, were given more a. Q) Revivon intramuscularly by dart (0.5-1.0 ml). =ö c: Results ..: 0 Fifty be ars were immobilized in the five year period from 1975 to 1980 (Tables I ~~ ~:ä ~ c. and 11), thirty-three with Immobilon alone ~ 0 o $ E _",'" 'C and seventeen with ImmobiIon plus E ci Rompun. No fatalities due to the Q) ~ 0 .r:. immobilization occurred. - c: ö ~G)c The side effects seen were: o E·­ ~ ".- E a) Muscular spasms caused by etorphine, :l 'CI-- Ul E: when Immobilon was used alone. a:Q) b) Three of the bears suffered drowsiness following reversal of the immobilization [Table No. 1(10), 1(14), and 11(1)] extending to the next day in one of the bears [No. 1(10)]. LO C'J c) One polar be ar [Table No. 1(25)] N experienced epileptiform convulsions while under the effects of the ImmobiIon but it recovered uneventfully on administration of + + 8 g Revivon. Perhaps convulsions were related ~ to a head injury sustained 14 days x Q) previously. (/) The average induction time was about thirteen minutes for ImmobiIon alone, and fifteen minutes for Immobilon plus Rompun. o It is possible that the induction times of over z ,...: N 13 Dose Second Dose "ImmobIlon" "Rompun" Inductlon Level TIme After Level Indlcatlon No.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • INVESTIGATION of NATURAL PRODUCT SCAFFOLDS for the DEVELOPMENT of OPIOID RECEPTOR LIGANDS by Katherine M
    INVESTIGATION OF NATURAL PRODUCT SCAFFOLDS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF OPIOID RECEPTOR LIGANDS By Katherine M. Prevatt-Smith Submitted to the graduate degree program in Medicinal Chemistry and the Graduate Faculty of the University of Kansas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. _________________________________ Chairperson: Dr. Thomas E. Prisinzano _________________________________ Dr. Brian S. J. Blagg _________________________________ Dr. Michael F. Rafferty _________________________________ Dr. Paul R. Hanson _________________________________ Dr. Susan M. Lunte Date Defended: July 18, 2012 The Dissertation Committee for Katherine M. Prevatt-Smith certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: INVESTIGATION OF NATURAL PRODUCT SCAFFOLDS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF OPIOID RECEPTOR LIGANDS _________________________________ Chairperson: Dr. Thomas E. Prisinzano Date approved: July 18, 2012 ii ABSTRACT Kappa opioid (KOP) receptors have been suggested as an alternative target to the mu opioid (MOP) receptor for the treatment of pain because KOP activation is associated with fewer negative side-effects (respiratory depression, constipation, tolerance, and dependence). The KOP receptor has also been implicated in several abuse-related effects in the central nervous system (CNS). KOP ligands have been investigated as pharmacotherapies for drug abuse; KOP agonists have been shown to modulate dopamine concentrations in the CNS as well as attenuate the self-administration of cocaine in a variety of species, and KOP antagonists have potential in the treatment of relapse. One drawback of current opioid ligand investigation is that many compounds are based on the morphine scaffold and thus have similar properties, both positive and negative, to the parent molecule. Thus there is increasing need to discover new chemical scaffolds with opioid receptor activity.
    [Show full text]
  • Phencyclidine: an Update
    Phencyclidine: An Update U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES • Public Health Service • Alcohol, Drug Abuse and Mental Health Administration Phencyclidine: An Update Editor: Doris H. Clouet, Ph.D. Division of Preclinical Research National Institute on Drug Abuse and New York State Division of Substance Abuse Services NIDA Research Monograph 64 1986 DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Public Health Service Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administratlon National Institute on Drug Abuse 5600 Fishers Lane Rockville, Maryland 20657 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, DC 20402 NIDA Research Monographs are prepared by the research divisions of the National lnstitute on Drug Abuse and published by its Office of Science The primary objective of the series is to provide critical reviews of research problem areas and techniques, the content of state-of-the-art conferences, and integrative research reviews. its dual publication emphasis is rapid and targeted dissemination to the scientific and professional community. Editorial Advisors MARTIN W. ADLER, Ph.D. SIDNEY COHEN, M.D. Temple University School of Medicine Los Angeles, California Philadelphia, Pennsylvania SYDNEY ARCHER, Ph.D. MARY L. JACOBSON Rensselaer Polytechnic lnstitute National Federation of Parents for Troy, New York Drug Free Youth RICHARD E. BELLEVILLE, Ph.D. Omaha, Nebraska NB Associates, Health Sciences Rockville, Maryland REESE T. JONES, M.D. KARST J. BESTEMAN Langley Porter Neuropsychiatric lnstitute Alcohol and Drug Problems Association San Francisco, California of North America Washington, D.C. DENISE KANDEL, Ph.D GILBERT J. BOTV N, Ph.D. College of Physicians and Surgeons of Cornell University Medical College Columbia University New York, New York New York, New York JOSEPH V.
    [Show full text]
  • Etorphine to Rat-Brain Homogenate (Opiate Receptor/Morphine/Antagonist) ERIC J
    Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 70, No. 7, pp. 1947-1949, July 1973 Stereospecific Binding of the Potent Narcotic Analgesic [31H]Etorphine to Rat-Brain Homogenate (opiate receptor/morphine/antagonist) ERIC J. SIMON, JACOB M. HILLER, AND IRIT EDELMAN Department of Medicine, New York University Medical Center, New York, N.Y. 10016 Communicated by Michael Heidelberger, April 19, 1973 ABSTRACT Etorphine, the most potent narcotic anal- The present report provides further support for the exis- gesic known, was labeled with tritium by catalytic ex- tence of and furnishes change. This drug exhibits stereospecific, saturable bind- opiate receptors evidence that stable ing to rat-brain homogenate. At saturation, the stereo- binding to receptors is not an exclusive property of antago- specific binding is 0.1-0.15 pmol/mg of protein. Specific nists. We report several new properties of the receptors and binding is inhibited by high salt concentrations, sulfhydryl some differences from the results reported for naloxone bind- reagents, and proteolytic enzymes, but is unaffected by ing. phospholipases A and C, sodium azide, sodium fluoride, and prostaglandins El and E2. Competition for binding of MATERIALS AND METHODS [3Hletorphine correlates with agonist and antagonist po- tencies. The stable, stereospecific binding of an active Materials. Etorphine was purchased from American Cyan- narcotic analgesic supports the existence of opiate recep- amide. Levorphanol and dextrorphan were generously tors. donated by Hoffman-LaRoche, Inc., morphine and nalorphine Specific receptors for opiates in the central nervous system by Merck & Co., naloxone by Endo Laboratories, and metha- have been postulated for many years, based primarily on the done by Eli Lily.
    [Show full text]
  • Narcotic Drugs Stupefiants Estupefacientes
    E/INCB/1993/21Supp.6 INTERNATIONAL NARCOTICS CONTROL BOARD - VIENNA SUPPLEMENT No. 6 TO NARCOTIC DRUGS ESTIMATED WORLD REQUIREMENTS FOR 1994 STATISTICS FOR 1992 ESTIMATES UPDATED AS OF 30 JUNE 1994 ORGANE INTERNATIONAL DE CONTROLE DES STUPEFIANTS - VIENNE SUPPLEMENT N° 6 A r STUPEFIANTS EVALUATIONS DES BESOINS DU MONDE POUR 1994 STATISTIQUES POUR 1992 EVALUATIONS A JOUR AU 30 JUlN 1994 JUNTA INTERNACIONAL DE FISCALlZACION DE ESTUPEFACIENTES - VIENA SUPLEMENTO N.o 6 A ESTUPEFACIENTES PREVISIONES DE LAS NECESIDADES MUNDIALES PARA 1994 ESTADfsTICAS PARA 1992 PREVISIONES ACTUALlZADAS AL 30 DE JUNIO DE 1994 ~If..~~ ~ ~-tR UNITED NATIONS - NATIONS UNIES - NACIONES UNIDAS 1994 The updating of Table A is carried out by means of 12 monthly supplements. In order to facilitate the task of the exporting countries, the 12 supplements now report all the totals of the estimates and not only the amended data. In this way, each supplement cancels and replaces the published table in its entirety. In order to accelerate the transmission of the supplements to the competent national authorities, the 12 supplements will appear in English. Reading of these 12 supplements in French and Spanish may be facilitated by consulting the indexes of countries and territories and of narcotic drugs appearing in the annual publication. La mise El jour du tableau A s'effectue au moyen de douze supplements mensuels. Afin de faciliter la tache des pays exportateurs, les douze supplements contiennent tous les totaux des evaluations et non pas seulement les chiffres qui ont ete modifies. De celte maniere, chaque supplement annule et remplace entierement le tableau publie.
    [Show full text]
  • Buprenorphine Is a Weak Partial Agonist That Inhibits Opioid Receptor Desensitization
    The Journal of Neuroscience, June 3, 2009 • 29(22):7341–7348 • 7341 Cellular/Molecular Buprenorphine Is a Weak Partial Agonist That Inhibits Opioid Receptor Desensitization Michael S. Virk, Seksiri Arttamangkul, William T. Birdsong, and John T. Williams Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239 Buprenorphine is a weak partial agonist at ␮-opioid receptors that is used for treatment of pain and addiction. Intracellular and whole-cell recordings were made from locus ceruleus neurons in rat brain slices to characterize the actions of buprenorphine. Acute application of buprenorphine caused a hyperpolarization that was prevented by previous treatment of slices with the irreversible opioid antagonist ␤-chlornaltrexamine (␤-CNA) but was not reversed by a saturating concentration of naloxone. As expected for a partial agonist, subsaturating concentrations of buprenorphine decreased the [Met]5enkephalin (ME)-induced hyperpolarization or outward current. When the ME-induced current was decreased below a critical value, desensitization and internalization of ␮-opioid receptors was eliminated. The inhibition of desensitization by buprenorphine was not the result of previous desensitization, slow dissociation from the receptor, or elimination of receptor reserve. Treatment of slices with subsaturating concentrations of etorphine, methadone, oxy- morphone, or ␤-CNA also reduced the current induced by ME but did not block ME-induced desensitization. Treatment of animals with buprenorphine for 1 week resulted in the inhibition of the current induced by ME and a block of desensitization that was not different from the acute application of buprenorphine to brain slices. These observations show the unique characteristics of buprenorphine and further demonstrate the range of agonist-selective actions that are possible through G-protein-coupled receptors.
    [Show full text]
  • Levorphanol Use: Past, Present and Future
    Postgraduate Medicine ISSN: 0032-5481 (Print) 1941-9260 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ipgm20 Levorphanol Use: Past, Present and Future Jeffrey Gudin, Jeffrey Fudin & Srinivas Nalamachu To cite this article: Jeffrey Gudin, Jeffrey Fudin & Srinivas Nalamachu (2015): Levorphanol Use: Past, Present and Future, Postgraduate Medicine, DOI: 10.1080/00325481.2016.1128308 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00325481.2016.1128308 Accepted author version posted online: 03 Dec 2015. Submit your article to this journal View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=ipgm20 Download by: [Jeffrey Fudin] Date: 03 December 2015, At: 20:32 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Journal: Postgraduate Medicine DOI: 10.1080/00325481.2016.1128308 Levorphanol Use: Past, Present and Future Authors: Jeffrey Gudin1, Jeffrey Fudin2, and Srinivas Nalamachu3 Affiliations: 1Director, Pain Management and Palliative Care, Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood, NJ, and Clinical Instructor, Anesthesiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY. 2Adjunct Associate Professor, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences and also Western New England University College of Pharmacy Director, PGY2 Pain Residency and Clinical Pharmacy, Specialist, Pain Management Stratton VA Medical Center, Albany, NY 3President and Medical Director, International Clinical Research Institute, Overland Park, KS, and Adjunct Associate Professor, Temple University School of Medicine, Downloaded by [Jeffrey Fudin] at 20:32 03 December 2015 Philadelphia, PA. Running Title: Levorphanol Use: Past, Present and Future Corresponding Author Srinivas Nalamachu Srinivas R. Nalamachu MD International Clinical Research Institute, Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • Symposium Iv. Discriminative Stimulus Effects
    Life Sciences, Vol. 28, pp. 1571-1584 Pergamon Press Printed in the U.S.A. MINI - SYMPOSIUM IV. DISCRIMINATIVE STIMULUS EFFECTS OF NARCOTICS: EVIDENCE FOR MULTIPLE RECEPTOR-MEDIATED ACTIONS Seymore Herling and James H. Woods Departments of Pharmacology and Psychology University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan q8109 The different pharmacological syndromes produced by morphine and related drugs in the chronic spinal dog led Martin and his colleagues (1,2) to suggest that these drugs exert their agonist actions 0y interacting with three distinct receptors (~,K, and e). Morphine was hypothesized to be an agonist for the p receptor, ketazocine (ketocyclazocine) was an agonist for the K receptor, and SKF-10,0q7 was an agonist for the ~ receptor. The effects of these three drugs in the chronic spinal dog were reversed by the narcotic antagonist, naltrexone, indicating that the effects of these drugs are narcotic agonist effects (I). In additlon to the different effects of these narcotics in the non- dependent chronic spinal dog, the effects of morphine, ketazocine, and SKF-IO,047 in several other behavioral and physiological preparations are consistent with the concept of multiple receptors. For example, while ketazocine and ethylketazocine, like morphine, produce analgesia, these compounds, unlike morphine, do not suppress signs of narcotic abstinence in the morphine-dependent rhesus monkey or morphine-dependent chronic spinal dog (1-5). Further, the characteristics of ketazocine withdrawal and antagonist- precipitated abstinence syndromes, although similar to those of cyclazocine, are quailtativeiy different from those of morphine (1,2). In rhesus monkeys, ketazocine, ethylketazocine, and SKF-10,047 maintain lever pressing at rates comparable to or below those maintained by saline, and well below response rates maintained by codeine or morphine (5,6), suggesting that the former set of drugs have limited reinforcing effect.
    [Show full text]
  • Ensuring Adequate Access for Medical and Scientific Purposes
    INTERNATIONAL NARCOTICS CONTROL BOARD Availability of Internationally Controlled Drugs Controlled Internationally of Availability Availability of Internationally Controlled Drugs: Ensuring Adequate Access for Medical and Scientific Purposes Indispensable, adequately available and not unduly restricted UNITED NATIONS Reports published by the International Narcotics Control Board in 2015 TheReport of the International Narcotics Control Board for 2015 (E/INCB/2015/1) is supple- mented by the following reports: Availability of Internationally Controlled Drugs: Ensuring Adequate Access for Medical and Scientific Purposes. Indispensable, adequately available and not unduly restricted (E/INCB/2015/1/Supp.1) Narcotic Drugs: Estimated World Requirements for 2016—Statistics for 2014 (E/INCB/2015/2) Psychotropic Substances: Statistics for 2014—Assessments of Annual Medical and Scientific Requirements for Substances in Schedules II, III and IV of the Convention on Psychotropic Substances of 1971 (E/INCB/2015/3) Precursors and Chemicals Frequently Used in the Illicit Manufacture of Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances: Report of the International Narcotics Control Board for 2014 on the Implementation of Article 12 of the United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances of 1988 (E/INCB/2015/4) The updated lists of substances under international control, comprising narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and substances frequently used in the illicit manufacture of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances, are contained in the latest editions of the annexes to the statistical forms (“Yellow List”, “Green List” and “Red List”), which are also issued by the Board. Contacting the International Narcotics Control Board The secretariat of the Board may be reached at the following address: Vienna International Centre Room E-1339 P.O.
    [Show full text]
  • ESTIMATED WORLD REQUIREMENTS of NARCOTIC DRUGS in GRAMS for 2019 (March Update)
    ESTIMATED WORLD REQUIREMENTS OF NARCOTIC DRUGS IN GRAMS FOR 2019 (March update) Afghanistan Bezitramide 1 Codeine 50 000 Cannabis 50 Dextropropoxyphene 10 000 Cannabis resin 1 Diphenoxylate 5 000 Coca leaf 1 Fentanyl 1 Cocaine 15 Methadone 20 000 Codeine 650 000 Morphine 8 000 Codeine-N-oxide 1 Pethidine 90 000 Dextromoramide 1 Pholcodine 40 000 Dextropropoxyphene 200 000 Albania Difenoxin 1 Cocaine 1 Dihydrocodeine 1 Codeine 1 189 000 Diphenoxylate 1 Fentanyl 300 Dipipanone 1 Heroin 1 Ecgonine 2 Methadone 7 000 Ethylmorphine 1 Morphine 7 800 Etorphine 1 Oxycodone 2 000 Fentanyl 17 000 Pethidine 2 700 Heroin 1 Pholcodine 1 500 Hydrocodone 10 000 Remifentanil 9 Hydromorphone 4 000 Sufentanil 2 Ketobemidone 1 Algeria Levorphanol 1 Alfentanil 350 Methadone 100 000 Codeine 2 500 000 Morphine 1 550 000 Etorphine 1 Morphine-N-oxide 1 Fentanyl 500 Nicomorphine 1 Hydrocodone 50 Norcodeine 1 Methadone 4 000 Normethadone 1 Morphine 9 000 Normorphine 1 Oxycodone 4 000 Opium 10 Pethidine 3 000 Oripavine 1 Pholcodine 1 500 000 Oxycodone 60 000 Remifentanil 1 Oxymorphone 1 Sufentanil 30 Pethidine 50 000 Andorra Phenoperidine 1 Cannabis 2 000 Pholcodine 1 Fentanyl 100 Piritramide 1 Methadone 1 000 Remifentanil 20 000 Morphine 500 Sufentanil 10 Oxycodone 2 000 Thebacon 1 Pethidine 500 Thebaine 70 000 Remifentanil 4 Tilidine 1 Angola Armenia Alfentanil 20 Codeine 3 000 Codeine 21 600 Fentanyl 40 Dextromoramide 188 Methadone 13 500 Dextropropoxyphene 200 Morphine 7 500 Dihydrocodeine 500 Thebaine 15 Diphenoxylate 300 Trimeperidine 1 500 Fentanyl 63 Aruba*
    [Show full text]
  • ESTIMATED WORLD REQUIREMENTS of NARCOTIC DRUGS in GRAMS for 2013 (January Update)
    ESTIMATED WORLD REQUIREMENTS OF NARCOTIC DRUGS IN GRAMS FOR 2013 (January update) Afghanistan Oxycodone 43 000 Codeine 50 000 Oxymorphone 300 Dextropropoxyphene 2 000 000 Pethidine 65 000 Diphenoxylate 20 000 Remifentanil 9 100 Fentanyl 6 Sufentanil 1 Methadone 6 000 Thebaine 45 000 Morphine 4 000 Armenia Pethidine 80 000 Codeine 3 000 Pholcodine 100 000 Fentanyl 21 Albania Methadone 10 000 Codeine 35 000 Morphine 4 500 Fentanyl 40 Thebaine 10 Methadone 9 000 Trimeperidine 650 Morphine 3 000 Aruba* Pethidine 2 500 Alfentanil 3 Pholcodine 1 000 Bezitramide 1 Remifentanil 8 Cocaine 70 Sufentanil 1 Codeine 85 Algeria Dextromoramide 1 Alfentanil 500 Dextropropoxyphene 85 Codeine 1 000 000 Fentanyl 130 Etorphine 1 Hydrocodone 2 Fentanyl 1 000 Methadone 150 Morphine 11 000 Morphine 340 Pethidine 3 000 Opium 450 Pholcodine 2 500 000 Oxycodone 26 Sufentanil 30 Pethidine 404 Andorra Piritramide 20 Fentanyl 80 Remifentanil 19 Methadone 1 000 Ascension Island Morphine 500 Alfentanil 1 Oxycodone 1 500 Fentanyl 1 Pethidine 500 Morphine 2 Remifentanil 4 Pethidine 9 Angola* Australia Alfentanil 2 Alfentanil 400 Codeine 30 000 Cannabis 21 500 Dextromoramide 375 Cocaine 20 000 Dihydrocodeine 375 Codeine 9 800 000 Fentanyl 45 Conc. of poppy straw Morphine 11 000 AOA 4 000 000 Pethidine 13 000 ATA 85 000 000 Sufentanil 2 Dextromoramide 10 Anguilla Dextropropoxyphene 1 925 000 Fentanyl 1 Difenoxin 7 Morphine 20 Dihydrocodeine 285 000 Pethidine 300 Diphenoxylate 80 000 Antigua and Barbuda* Ethylmorphine 10 Cocaine 9 Etorphine 2 Codeine 169 Fentanyl 40 000
    [Show full text]
  • Annex 2A Peru Tariff Schedule See General Notes for Staging Explanation
    Annex 2A Peru Tariff Schedule See General Notes for staging explanation. Tariff Code Description Base Rate Staging (HS2002) Category 0101101000 Horses 4 A 0101109000 Other 4 A 0101901100 For riding 12 A 0101901900 Other 12 A 0101909000 Other 4 A 0102100000 Pure bred breeding animals 0 A 0102901000 For fighting 12 A 0102909000 Other 12 A 0103100000 Pure bred breeding animals 0 A 0103910000 Weighing less than 50 kg 12 A 0103920000 Weighing 50 kg or more 12 A 0104101000 Pure bred breeding animals 0 A 0104109000 Other 12 A 0104201000 Pure bred breeding animals 0 A 0104209000 Other 12 A 0105110000 Fowls of the species Gallus domesticus 12 A 0105120000 Turkeys 12 A 0105190000 Other 12 A 0105920000 Fowls of the species Gallus domesticus , weighing not more than 2,000 g 4 A 0105930000 Fowls of the species Gallus domesticus , weighing more than 2,000 g 4 A 0105990000 Other 12 A 0106110000 Primates 12 A 0106120000 Whales, dolphins and porpoises (mammals of the order Cetacea); 12 A manatees and dugongs (mammals of the order Sirenia) 0106190000 Other 12 A 0106200000 Reptiles (including snakes and turtles) 12 A 0106310000 Birds of prey 12 A 0106320000 Psittaciformes (including parrots, parakeets, macaws and cockatoos) 12 A 0106390000 Other 12 A 0106901010 Llamas (Lama glama ), including guanacos 12 A 0106901020 Alpacas (Lama pacus ) 12 A 0106901090 Other 12 A 0106909000 Other 12 A 0201100000 Carcasses and half carcasses 25 E 0201200000 Other cuts with bone in 25 E 0201300000 Boneless 25 E 0202100000 Carcasses and half carcasses 25 E 0202200000 Other
    [Show full text]
  • Quasar, Quantitative Structure Activity Relationships of Analgesics
    QuaSAR Quantitative Structure Activity Relationships of Analgesics, Narcotic Antagonists, and Hallucinogens Editors: Gene Barnett, Ph.D. Milan Trsic, Ph.D. Robert E. Willette, Ph.D. NIDA Research Monograph 22 DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE Public Health Service Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration National Institute on Drug Abuse Division of Research 5600 Fishers Lane Rockville, Maryland 20857 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 Stock Number 017-024-00786-2 The NIDA Research Monograph series is prepared by the Division of Research of the National Institute on Drug Abuse. Its primary objective is to provide critical re- views of research problem areas and techniques, the content of state-of-theart conferences, integrative research reviews and significant original research. Its dual publication emphasis is rapid and targeted dissemination to the scientific and professional community. Editorial Advisory Board Avram Goldstein, M.D. Addiction Research Foundation Palo Alto, California Jerome Jaffe, M.D. College of Physicians and Surgeons Columbia University, New York Reese T. Jones, M.D. Langley Porter Neuropsychiatric Institute University of California San Francisco, California William McGlothlin, Ph.D. Department of Psychology, UCLA Los Angeles, California Jack Mendelson, M.D. Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Center Harvard Medical School McLean Hospital Belmont, Massachusetts Helen Nowlis, Ph.D. Office of Drug Education, DHEW Washington, D.C. Lee Robins, Ph.D. Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis, Missouri NIDA Research Monograph series Robert DuPont, M.D. DIRECTOR, NIDA William Pollin, M.D. DIRECTOR, DIVISION OF RESEARCH, NIDA Robert C. Petersen, Ph.D.
    [Show full text]