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Chemical Immobilization of Wild Ruminants D Volume 49 | Issue 1 Article 6 1987 Chemical Immobilization of Wild Ruminants D. E. Williams Iowa State University D. H. Riedesel Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/iowastate_veterinarian Part of the Large or Food Animal and Equine Medicine Commons, and the Veterinary Toxicology and Pharmacology Commons Recommended Citation Williams, D. E. and Riedesel, D. H. (1987) "Chemical Immobilization of Wild Ruminants," Iowa State University Veterinarian: Vol. 49 : Iss. 1 , Article 6. Available at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/iowastate_veterinarian/vol49/iss1/6 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Iowa State University Veterinarian by an authorized editor of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Chemical Immobilization of Wild Ruminants D.E. Williams BS, DVM* D.H. Riedesel DVM* * Historically, pharmacological immobilization can tact with mucous membranes can be lethal. be traced back to cenain tribes from South Amer­ Etorphine was first introduced in 1963 as a via­ ica who used curare-coated arrows in their quest for ble alternative to diethylthiambutene for the im­ food. Though this method was effective and curare mobilization oflarge ungulates. It quickly became derivatives were used for many years, an effon be­ one ofthe main immobilizing agents used in South gan in 1958 by rangers in South Africa to develop Africa, and since then many other countries have new and hopefully more efficacious methods to im­ done research on the safety and efficacy of etor­ mobilize animals for research.! Since that time, phine. At moderate doses, etorphine induces se­ great strides have been made in developing new dation but the animal usually remains standing, drugs and techniques for delivery of these drugs. and higher doses will cause the animal to become It is the purpose of this paper to consolidate and sternally recumbant. However, to obtain surgical review the latest developments in animal immobili­ anesthesia, a neuroleptic such as xylazine must be zation. used in combination with etorphine. 7 This combi­ nation will also decrease the respiratory and renal Compounds depression attributed to etorphine alone. Many different classes of compounds including When etorphine was first introduced the dose was anesthetics, analgesics, sedatives and tranquilizers calculated by trial and error, but now recommend­ have been used to immobilize animals. Today, ed doses are available for many species (Appendix however, only a few of these compounds can be I). Most are in the range of 1.0-1.75 mg/45 kg used on a regular basis due to federal regulations. (100#), however, the exact dosage of etorphine One of these regulations, the FDA's Controlled varies depending on the species and the health and Substances Act of 1970, restricts the use and dis­ excitement ofthe anima1. 4 It is commercially avail­ tribution of some of the more potent drugs such able in the United Kingdom as a 2.45 °/0 solution 2 as opioids. Fortunately, there are other drugs which combined with acetylpromazine, and it is approved are just as effective and more accessible. for use as a 1°/0 solution by zoos in the United States. Opioids Carfentanil is a highly potent synthetic opioid, This class ofdrugs has three advantages: (1) they reponed to be 50-100°A> more potent than etor· are easy to administer (due to the high potency of phine.6 It is supplied as a 1 Ok solution which must the members used, less than 1 ml can immobilize be diluted with sterile saline (1 :4) for use in most most'animals), (2) their high therapeutic index, and species. Doses of .9-1.5 mg/45 kg have been used (3) the availability ofantagonists to reverse their ef­ to immobilize mule deer6 and moose.' In these fects. The most two popular opioids are the highly studies, it was used either alone or in combination potent thebain derivatives: etorphine,3,4 and with acetylpromazine or xylazine, the latter two carfentanil. ',6 Because of their extreme potency, drugs being used to increase muscle relaxation. opioids must be handled with care by the people More research must be done to evaluate carfentanil administering them; accidental self-injection or con- before it is released for more extensive use. Only one company is licensed to distribute the drug in *Dr. Williams is a 1986 graduate of the College of Veterinary the United States. Medicine at Iowa State University. **Dr. Riedesel is a professor in the Department of Veterinary A distinct advantage ofopioids as immobiliz­ Clinical Sciences. ing agents is that their action can be reversed by 26 Iowa State University Veterinarian the use ofopioid antagonists. These antagonists in­ ers. Studies done on dogsl5 and cattle 16 have fo~nd clude diprenorphine, cyprenorpmne, naloxone, and it to be a suitable substitute for yohimbine, and nalorphine. When they are used in animals not un­ in some cases was the preferred drug due t{> its more der the influence of one of the other opioids, all complete and longer lasting reversal. 17 More research with the exception ofnaloxone will bind to opiate must be done to substarit.ia-te these claims. receptors of the body and cause a morphine-like response. However, when used after the aforemen­ Tranqulliz~rs tioned opioids, they reverse the opioid effects. This The most commonly y~~4 tranquilizers are the is thought to be a type of competitive inhibition, phenothiazine derivatlv,~s. 'These drugs cause seda­ displacing the more potent opioids. tion and muscle r~laxation, but are not potent Dosages of each of the antagonists should be enough to be used alone. In a study by Pusateri,18 checked before any opioids are used. There is quite promazine was used ~ an oral immobilizing agent a wide dosage range depending on the immobiliz­ in pronghorn antelope~ Doses of 2-17 mg/kg had ing agent used. For example, a 10 mg dose ofetor­ no effect on these animals no matter what the age phine requires 20 mg of diprenorphine to reverse or condition. It has also been the author's ex­ its effects;3 however, the same dose of carfentanil perience that twice the recommended equine dose requires 100 mg of diprenorphine for adequate of promazine HCl (5 mg/kg) added to grain would reversal. 6 not sufficiently tranquiliz~-a tame, 6 year old, fe­ How~ver, Sedative Analgesics male white-tailed deer for capture. acetyl­ promazine is very useful whgn used in conjunction Xylazine, an alpha-2 adrenoreceptor agonist, is with opioids or phencyclidin~ derivatives to decrease the most commonly used drug in the sedative anal­ their side effects. When used 1n combination with gesic category. It has many of the same effects as other agents, acetylpromazil1~ dosages range from the opioids without the CNS stimulation. Xylazine .05 ... 5 mg/kg. produces muscle relaxation and sedation (in most Another group of tranquilizers frequently used animals) and some analgesia.8 However, animals are the benzodiazepine derivatives. Diazepam (Val­ under the influence of xylazine can still react to ium) has been used as an oral immobilizing agent. painful stimuli, so proper restraint must always be It, unlike the promazines, has enough sedative ac­ employed when using this drug to prevent injury tion to make tame pronghorn antelope manag­ to the animal and personnel. able. 18 It was most effective in the adult animal at Sedation can be obtained with doses of .5-2.0 a dose of 7.. 23 mg/kg. Fawns were not affected sig­ mg/kg, whereas complete immobilization requires nificantly by these doses. 3-8 mg/kg. Dosages can vary depending on age, degree of excitement, and species, e.g. Jacobsen9 Neuromuscular Blocking Agents has found that black-tailed deer that were alarmed required twice the dose of deer that were calm. These agent~ have been used for many years to Fawns weighing 10-20 kg required dosages higher immobilize wild ruminants. The most popular drug than either younger or older animals. in this class is succinylcholine. However, in recent For many years, the main disadvantage ofusing years, its use has diminished mainly because ofits xylazine was the lack of a good reversal agent and low therapeutic index and the lack of a safe and therefore long periods of unnecessary immobiliza­ effective reversal agent. An overdose ofsuccinylcho­ tion. Recently, research has been done on an line will cause diaphragmatic paralysis, which is alpha-2 adrenoreceptor blocker called yohimbine. lethal if resuscitation equipment is not available. It has been used extensively and with good success Therefore, its use is not recommended. Dosages of in white-tailed deer,7.10-13 mule deer,13,14 moose,5 .02-.05 mg/kg have been used in the past with only and bighorned sheep. 13,14 The average arousal time moderate death losse~~! after intravenous injection of yohimbine is 4 min. If 4-aminopyridine is used along with yohimbine, Phencyclidine Derivatives arousal occurs in an average of 2.5 min. 13 This is The phencyclidine derivatives, which include due to the complementary effects of these two phencyclidine and ketamine, are classified as dis­ drugs, an acetylcholine releaser and an alpha-2 sociative anesthetics. This means they dissociate the blocker respectively. central nervous system causing immobilization.8 Tolazoline, a vasoactive amine used in human These drugs also cause catatonia and increased sali­ cardiotherapy, has also been successfully used as a vation while having minimal effect on reflexes such xylazine reversal agent by some zoos and research- as swallowing and blinking. Vol. 49, No. 1 27 Phencyclidine (PCP) was fust used by Harthoorn used.
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