Dædalus coming up in Dædalus: Inventing Courts Linda Greenhouse, Judith Resnik, Marc Galanter, Michael J. Graetz, Jamal Greene, Gillian K. Had½eld, Deborah Hensler, Robert A. Dædalus Katzmann, Jonathan Lippman, Kate O’Regan, Frederick Schauer, Susan Silbey, Jonathan Simon, Carol S. Steiker, Stephen C. Yeazell, Journal of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences and others Spring 2014 From Atoms Jerrold Meinwald, Jeremiah P. Ostriker, Christopher Cummins, to the Stars K. N. Houk & Peng Liu, John Meuring Thomas, Chaitan Khosla, Pains in a Rising China Spring 2014: Growing Fred Wudl, Gáspár Bakos, Scott Tremaine, Pieter van Dokkum, Growing Elizabeth J. Perry Growing Pains: Challenges for a Rising China 5 David Spergel, Michael Strauss, Anna Frebel, and others Pains in Barry Naughton China’s Economy: Complacency, Crisis a Rising & the Challenge of Reform 14 China What is the Brain Rusty Gage, Tom Albright, Emilio Bizzi, Gyorgy Buzsaki & Deborah S. Davis Demographic Challenges for a Rising China 26 Good For? Brendon O. Watson, James Hudspeth, Joseph LeDoux, Earl K. Miller, Martin King Whyte Soaring Income Gaps: China in Terry Sejnowski, Larry Squire & John Wixted, and Robert Wurtz Comparative Perspective 39 William C. Hsiao Correcting Past Health Policy Mistakes 53 plus Food, Health, and the Environment; What’s New About the Old?; Mark W. Frazier State Schemes or Safety Nets? Water; On an Aging Society &c China’s Push for Universal Coverage 69 Mary E. Gallagher China’s Workers Movement & the End of the Rapid-Growth Era 81 Benjamin L. Liebman Legal Reform: China’s Law-Stability Paradox 96 Guobin Yang Internet Activism & the Party-State in China 110 Ching Kwan Lee State & Social Protest 124 Robert P. Weller The Politics of Increasing Religious Diversity in China 135 William C. Kirby The Chinese Century? The Challenges of Higher Education 145 Jeffrey Wasserstrom China & Globalization 157 Joseph Fewsmith Local Governance in China: & Xiang Gao Incentives & Tensions 170 Elizabeth Economy Environmental Governance in China: State Control to Crisis Management 184 U.S. $13; www.amacad.org Cherishing Knowledge · Shaping the Future Cover_Spring 2014 3/7/2014 9:55 AM Page 2 Inside front cover: Villagers gather outside a house in Yuangudui, Gansu Province, China. © REUTERS/ Carlos Barria. Elizabeth J. Perry, Guest Editor Phyllis S. Bendell, Managing Editor and Director of Publications D Micah J. Buis, Senior Editor and Associate Director of Publications Peter Walton, Senior Editorial Assistant J Emma Goldhammer, Senior Editorial Assistant Committee on Studies and Publications Jerrold Meinwald and John Mark Hansen, Cochairs; Jesse H. Choper, Denis Donoghue, Gerald Early, Carol Gluck, Sibyl Golden, Linda Greenhouse, John Hildebrand, Jerome Kagan, Philip Khoury, Steven Marcus, Eric Sundquist Dædalus is designed by Alvin Eisenman. Dædalus Journal of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences Design for the hedge maze is by Johan Vredeman de Vries, from Hortorum viridariorumque elegantes & multiplices formae: ad archi- tectonicae artis normam affabre delineatae (Cologne, 1615). Dædalus was founded in 1955 and established as a quarterly in 1958. The journal’s namesake was renowned in ancient Greece as an inventor, scien- tist, and unriddler of riddles. 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Print and electronic for © 2014 by the American Academy nonmember individuals–$51; institutions– of Arts & Sciences $140. Canadians add 5% gst. Outside the United China’s Economy: Complacency, Crisis & States and Canada add $23 for postage and han- the Challenge of Reform dling. Prices subject to change without notice. © 2014 by Barry Naughton Demographic Challenges for a Rising China Institutional subscriptions are on a volume- © 2014 by Deborah S. Davis year basis. All other subscriptions begin with Legal Reform: China’s Law-Stability Paradox the next available issue. © 2014 by Benjamin L. Liebman Single issues: $13 for individuals; $35 for insti- Editorial of½ces: Dædalus, American Academy of tutions. Outside the United States and Canada Arts & Sciences, 136 Irving Street, Cambridge ma add $6 per issue for postage and handling. 02138. Phone: 617 576 5085. Fax: 617 576 5088. Prices subject to change without notice. Email: [email protected]. 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Printed in the United States of America by Cadmus Professional Communications, Science Corporations and academic institutions with Press Division, 300 West Chestnut Street, valid photocopying and/or digital licenses with Ephrata pa 17522. the Copyright Clearance Center (ccc) may reproduce content from Dædalus under the Newsstand distribution by Ingram Periodicals terms of their license. Please go to www Inc., 18 Ingram Blvd., La Vergne tn 37086. .copyright.com; ccc, 222 Rosewood Drive, Postmaster: Send address changes to Dædalus, Danvers, ma 01923. One Rogers Street, Cambridge ma 02142-1209. The typeface is Cycles, designed by Sumner Periodicals postage paid at Boston ma and at Stone at the Stone Type Foundry of Guinda ca. additional mailing of½ces. Each size of Cycles has been sep arately designed in the tradition of metal types. Growing Pains: Challenges for a Rising China Elizabeth J. Perry The accumulative achievements of China’s ongoing socioeconomic reforms are by most measures little short of astounding. From one of the globe’s poorest countries at the time of Mao Zedong’s death in 1976, the People’s Republic of China (prc) has become a booming economy–second biggest in the world– thanks to a swift rise that has rescued hundreds of millions of its people from poverty and afforded the government enviable resources for further devel- opment. Yet while one may marvel at the speed and success of the so-called China miracle, neither the Chinese people nor their leaders seem at ease with the current situation. Rampant grassroots protest bespeaks intense popular indignation at everything from land grabs to environmental pollution, while top of½cials themselves rail against the corroding effects of cadre corruption and income inequality. To evaluate the challenges facing China after thirty- ½ve years of reform is a dif½cult task, and not only because of the apparent disconnect between objec- ELIZABETH J. PERRY, a Fellow of tive gains and subjective gripes. For one thing, the the American Academy since 2002, head-spinning pace of change threatens to render is the Henry Rosovsky Professor of any academic assessment quickly obsolete. For Government at Harvard University another, the prc’s post-Mao record of achievement and Director of the Harvard-Yench- is in fact decidedly uneven across geographic re - ing Institute. Her many books in - gions, social strata, and policy sectors. While major clude Shanghai on Strike: The Politics cities boast gleaming new infrastructure and atten- of Chinese Labor (1993), Patrolling the Revolution: Worker Militias, Citizen- dant urban amenities that equal or surpass those of ship, and the Modern Chinese State the advanced industrial world, much of the rural (2005), and Anyuan: Mining China’s interior remains mired in grinding poverty. The