Kalashnikovs into Plowshares: Counterterrorism Psychological Operations Strategies Against Hizballah Andre DeMarce1
[email protected] September 2003 1 Andre DeMarce is the Assistant Director for Intelligence and Analysis at the Terrorism Research Center. Copyright Terrorism Research Center – www.terrorismc.om ANDRE DEMARCE Hizballah Development Within its Cultural, Political, Historic Context2 LEBANON/IRAN/SYRIA/ISRAEL DATE HIZBALLAH Lebanon gains independence. 1943 Civil war erupts between Christians 1958 and Muslims in Lebanon. 1959 Imam Musa al-Sadr invited to become religious leader of the Shia in Lebanon. Six Day War 1967 Al-Sadr founds the Lebanese Shia Islamic Higher Council, Majlis al- Shii al-Aala. PLO expelled from Jordan and 1970- subsequently establishes enclave in 1971 Lebanon. 1974 Al-Sadr founds the “Movement of the Underprivileged” to champion the social, political, economic interests of the downtrodden Shia community of Lebanon. Intra-confessional civil war erupts 1975 Amal is formed. in Lebanon. Syria deploys troops into Lebanon. 1976 Israel invades Lebanon as part of 1978 “Operation Litani.” Iranian Revolution brings 1979 Al-Sadr disappears during trip to Khomeini and his strident brand of Libya invoking notions of the Shia fundamentalist Shia Islam to power. theology of the vanished 12th Imam. 1980 Nabih Berri is appointed head of Amal, Hussein Mussawi appointed deputy and head of Amal militia. Israel annexes the Golan Heights. 1981 Hussein Mussawi breaks from Amal and forms Islamic Amal to operate as vanguard of Iranian Revolution-style fundamentalist Shia Islam in Lebanon, and its transformation into an Islamic state. Israel invades Lebanon to excise 1982 Hizballah is formed. Detail of PLO bases used to attack Israel and Iranian Revolutionary Guards create a ‘security zone’ along arrives in Lebanon to assist with 2 This timeline heavily draws upon the chronology written by Hala Jaber in Hezbollah: Born with a Vengeance (New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 1997), pp.