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Principles of the Air-Gas Lift As Applied to Oil Production

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Principles of the Air-Gas Lift As Applied to Oil Production Chapter I. Air-gas Lift Principles of the Air-gas Lift as Applied to Oil Production By H. R. PIERCE* AND JAMES O. LEWIS,t TULSA, OKLA. (Fort Worth Meeting, October, 1927) SINCE the sudden revival of the air or gas-lift and its extensive use in the oil fields, many questions have arisen as to principles and as to their application under the conditions actually encountered in the field. Much has been written regarding both theory and practice, especially on the air-lift as applied to lifting water. Many statements have been made as to the use and benefits of the gas-lift, some of which are reasonable but many of which are unreasonable, many specialty makers claiming to have devices which operate in almost miraculous ways and even to gener­ ate energy nature never possessed. These claims are often based upon Downloaded from http://onepetro.org/TRANS/article-pdf/77/01/19/2178228/spe-927019-g.pdf by guest on 24 September 2021 incomplete or inaccurate data. A review of the literature discloses many valuable articles, but it also discloses the need for setting out more clearly the different practical ends sought, and for working out specific engineering principles upon which to formulate the design and operation of gas-lifts to meet the desired ends within the limitations of field conditions. A check on some of the pub­ lished information has revealed basic errors in the sources of data upon which conclusions have been predicated and has led the writers to doubt the value of a large part of the compiled data. The writers have concluded, therefore, that it will be opportune to direct discussion to the sources of error in the data now being collected, to recommend for consideration by the engineers some methods of collecting and correlating data, and to point out some of the factors relating to the application of the air-lift principle to oil production as dictated by the different economic ends sought, and the limitations of working conditions that may be met. U ntH these several considerations are clearly understood by the engineers, and the unreliable data have been sifted out and dependable data substituted, there seems little chance of evolving satisfactory engineering control for the air-lift. In the following pages no distinction will be made between gas-lift and air-lift, as they are generically the same. * Petroleum Engineer, Dunn & Lewis. t Petroleum Engineer, Dunn & Lewis. -19 20 AIR-GAS LIFT THE ENDS SOUGHT The ends sought in applying the air-lift will always be practical and not theoretical, though in arriving at a satisfactory solution of a practical end it is absolutely necessary to have correct guiding principles. With­ out endeavoring to make a complete outline of the ends sought, we will give the few main considerations and some of the practical limitations. In many instances the primary consideration in applying the air-lift has been to increase the daily production to the greatest possible extent, regardless of all else. This is well illustrated at Seminole, where almost the only gage of efficiency, under the highly competitive conditions there, was the increase in daily production. A second reason has been a desire for a cheaper method of lifting the oil-both as to installation and operating costs. A third reason has been that in the very deep and crooked rotary holes which have been drilled in recent years, it was often impractical and Downloaded from http://onepetro.org/TRANS/article-pdf/77/01/19/2178228/spe-927019-g.pdf by guest on 24 September 2021 sometimes even impossible to use the old deep-well plunger pump. This problem was the chief reason for the revival of the air-lift in California. The fourth purpose has been the use of the air-lift as a means of increasing oil recovery as distinct from oil production. This results in a consideration of the effect of the back-pressure caused by the air-lift upon the expulsion of the oil from the sand as measured by the gas-oil ratio, though as pointed out in the following pages, the ratio of volumes of gas to oil alone is not a correct criterion of measuring recovery efficiency. It is obvious that these four main ends will not always be reconcilable, and that the design and operation of a gas-lift will differ with the different standards of efficiency. Of course, there will not always be a clear dis­ tinction between the ends sought; often there will be a combination of two or more factors, but always the final end will be what the operator thinks the most profitable manner of operation under the existing cir­ cumstances. It will be the problem of the engineer to work out the best method and then to convince the operator that it is the most profitable manner of operation; but to accomplish this the engineer must be well fortified with the data which will enable him to design and operate his apparatus so as to fit the specific need most satisfactorily. PRACTICAL LIMITATIONS In working out these problems the engineer will be faced usually with very definite practical limitations. For example, tapered tubing will be limited to the size of the casing and it may not be possbile to use the most desirable graduations of flow pipe. Other limitations will be the back-pressure, the occurrence of water with the oil and the emulsibility of the oil with the water, the kind of well equipment already on the ground, the relation of the air-lift to gasoline H. R. PIERCE AND JAMES O. LEWIS 21 extraction, the rock pressure and natural gas volume, whether or not the lift can be made continuous or intermittent, and so forth. The main point is that theory must finally be adapted to the practical needs; the engineers need guiding principles and accurately gathered and analyzed data, which will enable the design of the proper installation with the least delay and the least necessity for experimentation. THE THEORY OF THE AIR-LIFT The elements of the air-lift are shown in Fig. 1. One arm of the U­ tube represents the submergence, the other the eduction, or flow tube. Water flows continuously into one arm where it reaches a level that counterbalances both the pressure at point of ejection in the flow tube and the pressure of the aerated column above the injection point, plus all other pressure losses in the eduction tube. Downloaded from http://onepetro.org/TRANS/article-pdf/77/01/19/2178228/spe-927019-g.pdf by guest on 24 September 2021 It can be seen at once that the three pressures must be theoretically equal at the point of ejection, the weight of the water in the flow tube plus the friction being equal to the pressure and weight of the air less the fric­ tion in the air pipe and also equal to the weight of the water and air plus the friction in the air pipe and also equal to the weight of the water and air plus the friction in the flow pipe, but as the forces are more kinetic in the flow pipe the effect is a flow in that direction. In operation the water feeds continuously past the injection point and the air as continuously enters the upward-moving column and carries it up and out of the flow pipe. If the water is fed in more rapidly more air will be needed to remove it fast enough to maintain the same level in the submergence tube. Pressure failing, the submergence will be increased which will require a higher air pressure, and if the ingress of water is too rapid, it may overcome the air pressure and volume available and fill up both sides of the U-tube, thus stopping the flow. If the water flow is decreased, the submergence will be decreased, and the pressure at the injection point will be decreased likewise, but if the rate of water feed is dropped too low, the air will not lift the water and may pass alone up the flow pipe, and if the flow of the air is excessive the back-pressure caused by the friction and weight of the air in the pipe may exceed the pressure exerted by the water and cause some of the air to flow up the submergence end of the U-tube. It will thus be seen that the air-lift consists of a balancing and pro­ portioning of parts, pressures and volumes. For a continuous air-lift, the necessary elements are a pressure that will feed in the liquid to be lifted against the lift pressure and an equal pressure to feed in the air or other gas, the liquid pressure confining the gas pressure and directing its flow upward. The volume of the gas together with the pressure must contain the foot pounds of energy to lift the liquid against the frictional resistance, 22 AIR-GAS LIFT and after the wal;lte of energy caused by slippage or drop back of the water in the upflowing column. Thus the air pressures are controlled by the pressure resulting from weight and frictional resistance in the flow tube, WAT~ Downloaded from http://onepetro.org/TRANS/article-pdf/77/01/19/2178228/spe-927019-g.pdf by guest on 24 September 2021 OJ J ~~: i::~:". ~~: I ~~!..., ~ ~: ..:i' ,t '01 I -- ~: ~: ~~! ~~f ~: - ~~ ~: ~~: ,I I-.:.ii: ~~: I ,I I FIG. I.-THE ELEMENTS OF THE AIR-LIFT. and the volume of the air is controlled by the energy required at that pressure to overcome the weight and friction in the flow pipe plus the quantity of air wasted by reason of slippage.
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