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Antonio Berni (1905-1981)

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Antonio Berni (1905-1981) Antonio Berni (1905-1981). Antonio Berni nació en Rosario en 1905 y murió en Buenos Aires en 1981. Durante sesenta años se dedicó a la pintura convirtiéndose en uno de los artistas más importantes de la Argentina y de América latina. Fue pintor, grabador, dibujante, muralista, ilustrador, realizó objetos e instalaciones. Sus padres eran de origen italiano y habían llegado a la Argentina junto con otros miles de inmigrantes. Berni fue un niño prodigio que a los catorce años presentó su primera exposición. Dedicado a pintar paisajes y retratos, realiza tres exposiciones consecutivas y la crítica escribe con entusiasmo sobre sus trabajos. En 1923 expone por primera vez en Buenos Aires y en 1924 comienza sus envíos de obras al Salón Nacional de Bellas Artes que era entonces el concurso público más importante que había en el país para pintores y escultores. Para los artistas argentinos, desde fines del siglo XIX, era fundamental, después de estudiar en la Argentina, perfeccionar el oficio viviendo durante algún tiempo en París o Roma. Se trataba de completar lo aprendido en nuestro país y establecer contacto con lo que pasaba en otras partes del mundo. En 1925, el Jockey Club de Rosario le otorgó al joven Berni una beca para estudiar en Europa. Se instaló en París y algunos viajes por España, Italia, Holanda y Bélgica le permitieron conocer museos, artistas y obras de la historia del arte que van influenciando sus trabajos. Por ejemplo, en Italia estudia a los maestros del Renacimiento del siglo XV y viaja por ciudades como Florencia visitando sus iglesias, palacios y museos. Berni inquieto va encontrando constantemente estímulos para sus propias obras. Durante los cinco años que vive en París frecuenta la bohemia intelectual de la ciudad y conoce escritores, poetas, cineastas, políticos, filósofos y artistas de diferentes países que coinciden en la capital francesa. Eran años de fuertes transformaciones culturales después de la Ptimera Guerra Mundial; de la revolución Rusa, de la difusión del socialismo; había aparecido el psicoanálisis y en el campo de la ciencia se presentaban nuevas teorías. Los artistas desde la primera década del siglo,. habían revolucionado el campo del arte con propuestas que se alejaban de la pintura tradicional preocupada por representar la realidad tal cual la vemos con nuestros ojos. Nuevos grupos y movimientos que reciben el nombre de vanguardias, proponen lenguajes diferentes. El mundo cambia y la función y los problemas del arte también. Bemi asistía a todo aquello atento, junto con otros artistas argentinos que vivían entonces en Europa como Raquel Fomer, Alfredo Bigatti, Horacio Butler y Lino Enea Spilimbergo, uno de sus amigos más cercanos. !El principal descubrimiehto para Berni en esos años fue la relación entre el arte y la política, el rol del artista como hombre de su tiempo y como actor social. Berni se acerca al comunismo y desde su interés por la política asume el compromiso de reflejar en sus cuadros la realidad del mundo que le toca vivir. Desde entonces, para él, la pintura será su manera de reflexionar sobre la realidad y de intentar transformar el mundo marginal de los trabajadores. Al mismo tiempo, conoce una de las vanguardias artísticas más importantes de aquel momento: el surrealismo, y adhiere durante algunos años a sus postulados. Los surrealistas buscan liberar la imaginación y las fuerzas del inconsciente como en los sueños; tratan de expresar la vida interior del artista sin que intervenga la razón y sus imágenes, en lugar de ser similares a la realidad, son lo más inconexas posibles entre sí. Ellos reúnen imágenes imposibles de ver juntas en la realidad y alteran los tamaños de los objetos y los ponen en escenarios en los que nosotros, espectadores, no podemos encontrar explicaciones racionales. Por ejemplo, en elóleo de Berni "La puerta abierta", el muro, la puerta, la llave y el alfiler de ganchos gigantescos, los cubos de colores, la cerradura fuera de lugar, el timbre y la letra "T", todas son piezas de un rompecabezas misterioso para inventar historias. En 1930, Berni regresa a Rosario, junto con su mujer, la artista francesa Paule Cazenave y su hija Lilí. Sigue pintando, exponiendo y participando de los salones de bellas artes y trabaja como empleado en la municipalidad. Son años muy difíciles en el mundo después de la caída del sistema financiero, conocido como la crack de 1929, y en la Argentina el golpe militar de 1930 había derrocado el gobierno constitucional de Hipólito Yrigoyen. Las.huelgas, la creación de la Central Obrera, la desocupación, el fraude electoral, el avance del fascismo y las persecuciones políticas marcaron el contexto en el que la pintura de Berni se transforma. Su imagen surrealista cambia en cuadros de grandes dimensiones con multitudes de obreros y campesinos, extremadamente realistas en sus descripciones. Berni está utilizando la fotografía como documento para tomar las poses y los retratos de sus personajes. Berni escribe sobre el Nuevo Realismo, una pintura que debe reinterpretar la realidad social, política y económica de nuestro tiempo. En 1934 pinta sobre arpillera y con témpera "Desocupación" y "Manifestación". Esta responsabilidad del artista como protagonista de su época es una posición que Berni comparte con otros artistas de Latinoamérica, especialmente con los famosos muralistas mexicanos. Precisamente, en 1933 llega de visita a la Argentina uno de ellos, David Alfaro Siqueiros, con quien Berni trabaja y discute sobre la función del arte en la revolución de las clases populares. Desde 1936, el artista vive en Buenos Aires y, en los próximos años, obtiene algunos de los ptincipales premios de su carrera, como el Premio Adquisición en el Salón Nacional de Bellas Artes de 1943. Al mismo tiempo está dando clases en la Escuela Preparatoria de Bellas Artes, realiza exposiciones, participa de muestras argentinas en el exterior, da conferencias y escribe artículos, recorre el país y viaja por América latina, pinta murales en el Teatro del Pueblo, la Sociedad Hebraica Argentina y la conocida cúpula de las Galerías Pacífico. En esos años trabaja con temas populares como el "Mercado de Jujuy", el equipo de fútbol del barrio en el "Club Atlético Nueva Chicago" y la orquesta de tango en "Orquesta típica". Berni construye escenas características de las diferentes regiones y culturas de la Argentina. La vida en las ciudades y la vida en el campo, los barrios de Buenos Aires y la realidad de las provincias. Su compromiso político se manifiesta también en las pinturas realizadas en Santiago del Estero y el Chaco, sobre los obrajes, los peones industriales y los cosecheros golondrinas. En 1950, Bemi se separa de Paule y se casa con Nélida Gerino y en 1952 nace su segundo hijo José Antonio. Desde principios de los años sesenta, Antonio Bemi trabaja en una serie nueva. Las obras dedicadas a Juanito L.aguna y Ramona Montiel, dos personajes inventados por él para utilizarlos como símbolos de la niñez explotada en América latina, especial-mente en las grandes ciudades como Buenos Aires, Lima, Río de Janeiro y México. Se trata de dos habitantes de las villas miserias, esos asentamientos suburbanos surgidos alrededor de los centros industriales en los países en de-sarrollo, con sus casas precarias y sus habitantes sumergidos en la pobreza y el desamparo. Juanito Laguna es un niño que vive en una de esas villas miserias y Berni pinta su vida cotidiana, sus juegos, su familia: Juanito mirando la televisión, Juanito remontando su barrilete, Juanito en la laguna, Juanito en navidad, Juanito yendo a la ciudad, Juanito llevándole la comida a su padre obrero metalúrgico. Ramona Montiel es la chica de la villa miseria convertida en prostituta para poder sobrevivir; Ramona aparece rodeada de los hombres que la explotan, Ramona como costurera, Ramona trabajando en el cabaret, Ramona y la adivina, Ramona y su casamiento. Ramona esperando en la Panamericana. Para estas obras Berni utiliza una técnica inventada a principios de siglo: el collage, el agregado a la pintura de materiales reales que son pegados sobre el cuadro. El artista utiliza un abundante collage transformando sus imágenes en superficies cargadas de elementos como latas, plásticos, hierros, maderas, telas, zapatos, juguetes, papeles, señales de tránsito, etc. La idea es incorporar los desechos que el artista recolecta en los barrios marginales de Buenos Aires donde podrían vivir Juanito y Ramona. Los cuadros y sus personajes están construídos con los mismos materiales reales que se encuentran en las villas. Para Bemi la pintura al óleo no es suficiente para expresar su crítica frente a la sociedad de consumo, es necesario utilizar los objetos reales de la vida de Juanito y de Ramona, llevándolos al ámbito del arte y transformando lo culto y exclusivo del arte en algo cotidiano y popular. Con su ciclo de Juanito Laguna y Ramona Montiel, Antonio Bemi desarrolló hasta los años ochenta, uno de los capítulos más originales de la historia del arte argentino y concluyó su tarea como uno de los artistas claves de la cultura argentina. por Marcelo E. Pacheco!Estos contenidos fueron extraídos del libro "Antonio Berni" Ediciones Banco Velox. .
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