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GENETIC ENGINEERING A Reference Handbook Second Edition Other Titles in ABC-CLIO’s CONTEMPORARY WORLD ISSUES Series Cults, James R. Lewis Forest Fires, Philip N. Omi Gun Control in the United States, Gregg Lee Carter Hate Crimes, Donald Altschiller Human Rights Worldwide, Zehra F. Kabasakal Arat Hurricanes, Patrick J. Fitzpatrick Illicit Trafficking, Robert J. Kelly, Jess Maghan, Joseph DiSerio International Environmental Disputes, Aaron Schwabach Invasion of Privacy, Kevin M. Keenan Juvenile Justice, Donald J. Shoemaker and Timothy W. Wolfe Native American Issues, William N. Thompson New Slavery, Kevin Bales Punishment in America, Cyndi Banks U.S. Homeland Security, Howard Ball United Nations System, The, Chadwick F. Alger Violence in the Media, Nancy Signorielli Upcoming Titles Childhood Sexual Abuse, Karen L. Kinnear Conflicts over Natural Resources, Jacqueline Vaughn Illegal Immigration, Michael C. LeMay Internet and Society, The, Bernadette H. Schell U.S. Military Service, Cynthia A. Watson World Population, Geoffrey Gilbert Books in the Contemporary World Issues series address vital issues in today’s society such as genetic engineering, pollution, and biodiversity. Written by professional writers, scholars, and nonacademic experts, these books are authoritative, clearly written, up-to-date, and objective. They provide a good starting point for research by high school and college students, scholars, and general readers as well as by legislators, businesspeople, activists, and others. Each book, carefully organized and easy to use, contains an overview of the subject, a detailed chronology, biographical sketches, facts and data and/or documents and other primary- source material, a directory of organizations and agencies, an- notated lists of print and nonprint resources, and an index. Readers of books in the Contemporary World Issues series will find the information they need in order to have a better under- standing of the social, political, environmental, and economic issues facing the world today. GENETIC ENGINEERING A Reference Handbook Second Edition Harry LeVine, III CONTEMPORARY WORLD ISSUES Santa Barbara, California Denver, Colorado Oxford, England Copyright 2006 by ABC-CLIO, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publishers. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Le Vine, Harry. Genetic engineering : a reference handbook / Harry LeVine III. — 2nd ed. p. cm. — (Contemporary world issues) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-85109-860-7 (hardcover : alk. paper) — ISBN 1-85109-861-5 (ebook) 1. Genetic engineering—Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Title. II. Series. [DNLM: 1. Genetic Engineering—Handbooks. QU 39 L433g 2006] TP248.6.L4 2006 660.6’5—dc22 2006011074 0908070610987654321 This book is also available on the World Wide Web as an eBook. Visit abc-clio.com for details. ABC-CLIO, Inc. 130 Cremona Drive, P.O. Box 1911 Santa Barbara, California 93116–1911 This book is printed on acid-free paper. ∞ Manufactured in the United States of America Contents Preface to the Second Edition, xi Preface to the First Edition, xiii 1 Overview of Genetic Engineering, 1 What Is Genetic Engineering, and Why Is It Important Today? 1 The Brief History of the Genetic Engineering Revolution, 2 Nuts and Bolts of Genetic Engineering, 5 The Structure of DNA, 7 The DNA Code, 9 Cloning Technology, 11 Polymerase Chain Reaction, 12 Chip Technologies, 13 Information Management and the Rise of Bioinformatics, 14 Gene Mapping, 15 Pharmacogenomics, 16 Bioinformatics, 17 Genetically Modified Animals and Plants, 18 Nuclear Transplantation, 19 Stem Cell Regenerative Therapy, 20 Applications of Genetic Engineering, 23 Biomanufacturing, 25 Agriculture, 26 Industry, 28 Bioremediation, 32 Medicine and Health, 35 Gene Therapy, 37 Pharmacogenomics, 38 vii viii Contents DNA and the Law, 39 Biological Warfare and Bioterrorism, 40 Conclusion, 43 References, 45 2 Problems, Controversies, and Solutions, 47 Problems and Controversy, 47 Safety of Genetic Engineering, 48 Genetic Engineering and Health, 48 Genetic Testing, 49 Health Privacy, 51 Insurance and Employment, 52 Human Cloning, 54 Religious Implications of Genetic Engineering, 55 Embryonic Stem Cells, 58 Impact of Genetic Engineering on Health and Privacy, 58 Possibilities for Action, 62 Impact of Genetically Modified Foods, 63 Genetic Engineering of Food Animals, 64 Environmental Safety, 65 Agribusiness Control of Agriculture, 66 Possibilities for Action, 68 Impact of Bioindustrial Engineering, 71 Possibilities for Action, 71 Impact of Bioremediation, 72 Possibilities for Action, 73 Impact of Genetic Engineering on DNA and the Law, 74 Where Is Genetic Engineering Today? 74 Scientists and Physicians, 75 Industry, 76 Universities, 77 Ecological Activists, 78 Politicians, 79 References, 80 3 Worldwide Perspective, 83 International Impact of Genetic Engineering, 83 Status of Genetic Engineering around the World, 84 Impact on Developing Countries, 85 Possible Impact of Genetic Engineering, 90 Recommendations for Action, 91 Contents ix Biowarfare and Bioterrorism, 91 International Mirror of Controversies in the United States, 92 Genetically Modified Foods, 92 International Regulation of Genetic Engineering, 93 References, 94 4 Chronology of Genetic Engineering, 95 5 Biographical Sketches, 119 William French Anderson, 119 Paul Berg, 120 Herbert Wayne Boyer, 121 Ananda Mohan Chakrabarty, 122 John William Coleman, 123 Francis Sellers Collins, 123 Francis Harry Compton Crick, 124 Rosalind Franklin, 125 Albert Gore, Jr., 126 Leroy E. Hood, 127 Edward Moore Kennedy, 128 Michael Martin, 129 Barbara McClintock, 129 Louis Pasteur, 131 Jeremy Rifkin, 132 Marian Lucy Rivas, 134 Maxine Frank Singer, 135 Robert Swanson, 135 James Alexander Thomson, 136 J. Craig Venter, 137 James Dewey Watson, 138 6 Facts, Data, and Opinion, 141 Statistical Data, 141 Understanding and Acceptance of Genetic Engineering, 141 Genetic Engineering as a Business, 146 The Cycle of Ideas, 155 Medical Applications, 156 Agriculture and Manufacturing, 158 Bioremediation, 170 Safety, 175 x Contents Ethics, 177 Bioterrorism, 178 Genetic Testing, 179 Employment and Insurance, 183 DNA Forensics, 188 Human Cloning, 190 Stem Cells, 195 Summary, 197 References, 198 7 Directory of Organizations, Associations, and Agencies, 201 8 Selected Print and Nonprint Resources, 217 Books, 217 General, 217 Ethics, 227 International, 232 Legal, 235 Business, 238 Agriculture, 239 Environment, 244 Science, 245 Books on Genetic Engineering (Young Adult Sources), 249 U.S. Government Publications, 254 Office of Technology Assessment Documents, 254 Congressional Reports, 256 Other Government Agency Reports, 257 Nongovernment Reports, 258 Periodicals and Newsletters, 259 Directories, 266 Selected Nonprint Resources, 269 Videocassettes, 270 Computer Programs and Other Electronic Resources, 275 Databases, 277 Internet Sources on Genetic Engineering, 279 Appendix: Acronyms, 283 Glossary, 285 Index, 295 About the Author, 313 Preface to the Second Edition The second edition of Genetic Engineering covers accelerating ad- vances in DNA technology and its applications since the first edi- tion. The science continues to outstrip the ability of Western soci- eties to fit the new capabilities with the philosophical and political expectations of their people and institutions. Many of the basic social and ethical issues raised at the outset remain. Legislative guidelines favored by most to provide basic protec- tions of individual privacy and against genetic discrimination of various sorts are being established in many nations. The moral and ethical questions remain particularly divisive in the United States, reflecting the deep philosophical differences on many is- sues that polarize this nation. Over the past six years, the nucleotide sequence of the entire human genome was determined; a furor over reproductive cloning sparked by the cloning of Dolly, a Finn Dorset lamb, crested and then subsided; and a new ethical controversy emerged—and is still growing—over the use of embryonic stem cells in regenerative medicine. The first generation of genetically modified crops is now established in world agriculture, and a second generation is in de- velopment that promises new questions about the role of agribusi- ness versus the traditional farmer. We are now able to assess the worldwide impact of early policies regulating genetically modified crops and reproductive cloning. Previously, there were no data, only sheer confidence—or fear. DNA testing, controversial at the O. J. Simpson trial, is now the gold standard for identifying indi- viduals, and anthrax-laced envelopes revealed our vulnerability to bioterrorism. The first chapter of the second edition provides an introduc- tion to the science of genetic engineering, a history of the field, and a survey of the applications of genetic engineering. The new xi xii Preface to the Second Edition technologies driving progress are then described, including gene mapping, transgenic animals, gene chips, electronic information integration (or bioinformatics), the potential for personalized medicine (pharmacogenomics), and clonal stem cell technology for regenerative medicine. Chapters 2 and 3 discuss the prob- lems, controversies, and solutions of the
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