· Journa l of the Asia Research Centre, Ya ngon Uulvcrsity Vo1.3. No.2 (2013)

Editorial BOClrJ

Executive Ed itor Rector Dr Tin Tun , Chairperson of Board ofTrustees, Asia Research Centre, Yangon University

Editor in C hief

Pro-Rector Dr Kyaw Nai ng, Director, Asia Research Ce ntre. Yangon Univers ity

Editurs (Sci ence, Enviru umentul Science and Life Science)

Pro f. Dr Zaw Win, ll ead of Dept. of Mathematics. Yangon University Prof. Dr Day Wa Aung, Head of Dept. ofGeology, Yangon University Prof. Dr Thc t Thct May, Head of Dept. of Botany, Yangon University Prof Dr Kh in Mar Kyu, Head of Dept. of Physics. Yangon University Prof. Dr Ilia Ngwc, Head of Dept . ofChemistry, Yangon Univers ity

Prof. Dr Myint Zu Minn, Head of Dept. ofZoology. Yangon University Prof. Dr Nay Win 0 0, Head of Dept. ofGeography, Yangon University Ed itors (llum anities and Socia l Science)

Prof. Daw Naw Ju Paw, Head of Dept. of English, Yangon University Prof. Dr Margaret Wong, Head of Dept. ofHistory, Yangon University Prof. Dr Aung Myint 0 0, lIead of Dept. of Myanmar, Yangon University Prof: Dr Mya Mya Khin, Head of Dept. of Anthropology, Yangon University Prof. Dr Nwe Nwc Yc, Head of Dept. of Oriental Studies, Yangon University Prot: Dr Lei Lei Win, Head of Dept. of Philosophy, Yangon University Prof Dr Khin Mar Yc, Head of Dept. of Law.Yangon Universi ty Prof Dr San Sbwc. Head of Dept. ofArcha eolo gy, Yangon Universi ty Prof. Dr Nilar Kyu, Head of Dept. of Psychology, Yangon University Prof. Dr Chaw Chaw Scln, Head of Dept of International Relations, Yangon Universi ty Editorial S taff

Prof. Dr. Ayc Aye Myint, Universities' Research Centre, Yangon University Assoc. Prof. Dr M yiruMyint Khinc, Universities' Research Ce ntre, Yangon Univers ity Assoc . Prof. Dr Aye Aye Thant, Dept. of Physics, Yangon Unive rsity Lecturer Dr Thida, Dept. ofChemistry, Yangon University Lecturer Dr Khin Mar Cbo, Dept. o f Chemistry. Yangon Universit y _ .2 JOURNAL OF THE ASIA RESEARCH CEN1'RE,

YANGON UNIVERSITY

VoI.3, No.2

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The Asia Research Centre, Yangon Unive rsity

Yangon , MYANMAR First Edition: December 20 IJ

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The publ ication ofthis journal was funded by the Asia Research Centre, Yangon University

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The Asia Research Centre, Yangon University

MYANMA R

Tel: 095-1-5 14910 Fax: 95 1-510721

Ema il: [email protected] Forward

Greater efforts have been made to enhance all-round development of the Universit y of Yangon smcc the Democratic Gove rnment look office in April, 20 I I. Priority was given 10 the renovat ion or buildings and hostels ill the uni vers ity campus to Improve the ima ge o f the university. For the purpose of build ing the capa city of the faculty. scholars from abroad were

invited 10 provide short-term or long-term traini ng courses uud 10 hold wor kshops and international conferences. For train ing pur poses, scholars from University of Yangon were also sent abroad. In addi tion, Un ivers ity of Yangon has been promoting collaboration with intern ational institutions. So it has also signed MoUs with them. On 13 June, 2013 . Asia

Research Center - Yangon Unive rsity (ARC-YU ) was ah le 10 sign the MolJ with Korean Foundation II)!' Advanced Stud ies (K FAS) for the second lime. Researchers hom ve nous discipl ines in Yangon University arc carrying out quality research with the assistance of KFAS. Th is journa l accommodates I~ research papers resulted from the outstan ding research projects in Science. Environmental Science and Life Science conducted by the academic departments of Yangon Univers ity. I would like to express my appreciation and co ngratulations on the conc erted effort ofthe researchers who have made a great deal o f excellence contributions

10 this issue . Having the opportunity to conduc t research and to publish the research fi ndings in the journal of Asia Research Center, Yangon Uni versity, members of ARC, Ko rean Universities and Yangon Universi ty can not only share the research findin gs among the msel ves. hut also more research projectl arc created and thus more opportunities arc offered for learning. I wou ld.

therefore. like to express my thanks 10 presiden t Park In-Kook of KFAS for making the

publication o f" thl' ARC-YU Journal II success.

Professor Dr Tin Tun Rector; Yangon Universi ty Chairman o f Board ofTrustees Asia Resea rch Ce ntre. Yangon Universi ty 20 13 December JARC-YU. Vol. J. No. 2, 20 13 251

Occurrence a nd Distribution of Ca nid Community in Aycyawady Region

!\file Sa nda ()o & San S MI Ih m,.:"

Urparl nlt,' lll or :t..lH) l o ~)', Unh'ersil)' or Ya n~ 1I 11 Abs tract The present paper was imcrdcd to highlighl the distribution of canids in the delt a area for the conservation in their 11IllIl ",1 hahi tar. '111e study was c arried out et I II townships of Aycya wady region ttum June 20 1l -Junc 20 1.1. The ubjcc uvcs were III cond uct a systemalic census of wild dog in the study area; 10 determine the dismbmlon and abundanc e. Accord ing 10 the data ulnnincd, two camd species as dhol c so-called Asiatic wild dllgl lnlli'lll wild dog Dum alpinus and Golden Jackel Canis llIff/'/I.I· were recorded. In which dhol c was only recorded in 11011h of Thabaung township where as golden jacke! somewhat common in the study sires . However, there was relatively high variation of abundance in the study area . The highcst numbers ill the southern pari o f de lta areas ;11 H variety o f habitats rallg illg Item shrub lands , mars hlands . wet fore sts 10 human scufcmcms and intensive ly cnlrivar cd areas . Nevertheless, their population becomes more and more red uced ill the recent years as the scaucrcd and isolated populations probahly owing to loss nf their IUlhitals. Threat s 1U wild canids and implementation of conser vation were discussed, Key words: Canids . Occurrence, Distrlbuuon, Abundance, lI"bilat utiliz auon I, l ntroductlou 1.1 .l ustlflcation for wild cauid st ud y Myanmar is among the most biologically diverse countries in mai nland Southeast Asia. In contras t to its neigh bou rs, large areas (about 30%) of Myanmar arc still forested. providing a unique opportunity to conserve biodiversity within protected areas (Rae (;'1 al., 2(05 ). Nevertheless, many natural habitats arc rapidly becoming isolated primarily because of growing of urbaniza tion lead to he growing human population and, expansion of agri culture land and increasing infrastruc ture of motor roads. Such of hum an activities arc causing major impacts on natu ral. The Ca nidae are the biolog ical family of carn ivoro us and omni vorous mam mals that includes do mestic dogs, wolves, foxes, jackals, coyotes, and many other lesse r known extant and extinct dog-like 111 <1111111 als. In wo rld, a tota l of 34 spec ies belong to this family. Unfortunately some canid species are declining globally under the pressure of habitat degradation and fra gment ation, disease and persecution. Other has man aged to survive and even thrive in human-dominated landscapes. Their hab itat used ove rlap with people results in compe tition for resources. which is at the heart of the con flict between many wild canids and man (Sillcro-Zubiri and Switzer, 2004). In Myanmar, currently three species of canids were recognized viz. gray wolf Canis lupus, in nort hern Myanmar, golden Jackel Callis ourem in a deciduous forest from central basin of Myanm ar and southern part of Myanmar-Tanimhayi Region and dholc Cuon alpinus in a deep forest through the country (Parr and Tin Than, undated, Rabinowitz and Saw Htun Khaiug, 1998). Among them, the go lden jackal is mammal fairly common throughout its range. Due to its tolerance for dry habit ats ami its omnivorous diet , it can live in a wide variety of habitats (Nadccm 1.'1 at., 2UI2). Rabinowitz and Saw Iftun Khaing ( 1998) reported that the status. distr ibution and requirements of environments of dholc ( Cl/OI1 alpinus) so-called called the

Sail Snn Hmwc. Dcp;trtmenl ofZoology, Univers ity of'Yangon 252 JA I~C · YlJ, Vol. ), No.2, 20U

As iatic wild dog, Indian wi ld dog, red dog and other canids in Myanmar arc still needed confirmed and protec t. Steward ( 1993) addressed that good populations of wi ld dog in Myanmar held parks such as Maymyo and Shwc-Ll- Daung in forested widespread areas up to the late 1960. But actually status ofdholc in there is not known and current knowledge of distribution. popu lation size in Myanmar was incomplete yet. Due to the absence of information concerning the occurrence of species, distribution, home range and feeding habits and breeding behaviors in the wild. Therefore, it is difficult to provide the conservation status orthat canid species. 1.2 Ccucral dcscrl pt ion ufAycyarwady Region The present work was designed to stud y the occurrence and distribution of wild canids in southern part of Myanmar, A ycyawady Delta Region. It is bounded on the north by the Bago Region, on thc cas t by the Bago Region and Yangon Region, on the south by the Andaman Sea (Katpalc pinlc) and on the west by the Rakhinc State and the Bay of Bengal. Astronom ically. it lies between 15° 45' N and H~ 030 ' N latitudes, and 94°15' E and 96°15'E longit udes . It has an area o f 13567 square miles (35140 sq km), embracing 26 tow nships and 21 29 village tracts. Regarding to the physical background or region is the southcrmost part of the Cen tral Basin of Myanmar, wh ich has bee n built up by the Ayeyarwady and its numerous distributaries. In the west is backed up by the Rakhine YOI1laS and the entire region is almo st level . The topograph y become lower towards the south, and arc only about 500 feet high in Path cin, although they are more than 3000 feet ncar IIinthada. The cli mate is a tropical monsoon type with 26. 16 °C in average ann ual temperature and 100 inches an nua l rainfall in the south and wes t. The rainy scasou (monsoon season) typica lly lasts from May through October, the cool season from November through January and dry season from Feb ruary through April. Floods usually subs ide towards the end of August or ea rly Se ptem ber. The forests in the upland and hilly sections of west Pathcin and Ilinthada have been put under reserve due to their importance as pro tective cover for wa ters hed areas. The main objectives o f present work were • to investigate the wild ca nids distribution in thc different study sites • 10 confirm the presence ofjackcl in A ycyarw ady delta region • to identify environme ntal factors associated with their dist ribution • to identify key mana gement consid era tion s 2. Mutertals and :\ll'thuds 2. 1 Study area ..lid study sites The present study was con ducted at tcn townsh ips in three d istric ts of Ayeyawady Region such as Pyapon District (Dcdayc township, Kyaiklat township, Pyapcn townsh ip, Bogalay town ship) , Myaungmya District (Myaungmya township, Labutta tow nship. and Ngapudaw tow nship) and Path cin District (Pathcin tow nship and Tha pauug township)(Figure I and Figure 2). The study period was lasted from June, 2011 to January 2013 . 2.2 Survev meth ods Survey Methods: such as questionnaires. interviews , pcrsounl co mmunications with local peoples and hunters/ ca tcbcrs regarding the presence or absence of canids in the study area. In which. the semi-structured interviews we re ca rried out in d ifferent villages in and JARC-YU, Vol. J, No.2, 20 lJ 253

arou nd the selec ted study sites. All interviews were conducted as a guided discussion using a written set ofquestions for reference. Also the method s of direct sighting or conflrmntion of sign based on sightings in the field work confinn ed evidence ofj ackal presence and from various reliable sources in the study area. There have been used to determine the presence and distribution of a species including documentation of tracks. scats, scratches, burrows or dens. For estimating anima l abundance, the indirect methods were used such as " Den and burrow survey", "Scat depo sition transects", "Scent and Track counts" and " Vocalization survey" and di rect method camera trap followed by Gcsc (2004 ), The data analysis was shown as percentage for each study areas, • -- - . --- - - , - - " -, -2 - s- -

Figure I. Map of showing Ayeyawad y Region and selected studied area 3. Results 3.1 Occurrence of ca nid species ill the stu dy a rea Two species of canid were documented in the study area such as Dhole so called the Asiatic wild dog/ Indian wild dog 0 10 11 alpinus (Pallas 1811) and Gol den jackcl Canis C/l1r('0I1.\' Lirmucus. 1758. Amon g thorn, dhole was not common throughout the study sites. The pictures of dholc were obtained by camera traps at northen part of Thabaung township area whereas Go lden jaekcl was fairly common throughout the range as the isolated and mostly fragmented popu lation clusters in a few locations in the study areas. 3.2 Conserva tion status Acco rding to the conservation status referenced by the IUCN Red List Data (201 2), the golden juckcl was listed as Local conce rn (LC) whereas dhole was classified under as ' Endangered' in the wild (EN), It was also protected in Appcndi x-H (2003) ofC ITES (Fig. 3). 254 JA RC-YU, V(ll. J. Nil. 2. 2UU

Figure 2. Map of showing study sites for dat a collection (Source : Google earth) ] ,] Distribution Their distribution was d ivided in two sub-regions: southern and northern delta areas. Based Oil the predomina nt habitat types, the jackal presence areas was at wetlands, ma inly in southe rn delta area (Figure 4). The result observed dhole distribution in Northwestern Thabaung was at abo ve 3S m as we ll as southern coastal wetland jacket populations were observed in areas at less than 10m altitude. Their population was less abundant where seasonal flooding occurred III nee agro­ ecosystem.

Figure 3. Picture of Dhole so-called Asiatic wild dog. 01011 a/p ill/Is JARC-YU,Vol. J, No.2, 211 1] 255

The jackal population has also declined during the last a couple of years, and the species has become rare in paris of Aycyarwady della area. The prese nt study con firms that no jac kal groups existed most of the area or north ernmost areas. There was unconfirmed 10 presence o f jackal group in central province of the Ayeyawady region. During the survey 2 1S possible areas of presence were visited and .1 positive jacka l respo nse was recorded in HS (39.S3%). The survey villages and confi rm reco rds was shown in Table 1 and Figure 4.

t~ O 100 ;; 80 • S Ull'e)' cII \ 'l ll illo:elI • Couj f um record '"• (i0 i ~O ' 0

Figure 4. Surveyed villages and conti nn record in diffe rent townships The occurrence ofjackcls al Kyaiklat Township ( 16° 26'N, 9s023'E) such as Tar-pya! in north and Hpaung-yoc-chaung in west; al Maulmeingyun township- Kyun dcik and Sisali IItone in North ; Pyapon township, aro und Pyindaye reserved forest area, Myogon (I So S6'N, 9s035'E), Daw Nyein (I So S4'N, 9S036 'E) and Kalahte ik (I So S6'N, 9s039 'E); at Bogalay township, in Ka-don-ka-nlvi Reserved Forest ( ISO48'N, 9So1O'E) and Mcin -ma-hla-kyun (I SO S I'N, 9S014' E - 16° Q4 'N, 9s ol3' E); at Myaungmya tow nship arou nd Pyinywa (16° 29'N, 94°50' E); at Labutta twowuship. Pyin Kha Yaing (I So S8'N, 94°23 'E), Chaunggua ( 16° OO' N, 94°24' E), Tbctkchaung (15° 59'N, 94°3 I' E), around IIcinggyi Kyun (I SO59 'N, 94°16 ' E) in south-west and Polaun g (I So S I'N, 95°02' E) in south-cast, Daniscik (15° 57'N, 9s000 ' E), Bogon (I So SS' N, 94°55'E) Kyaukt uzi (15° 50 'N , 94°53 'E) in cast were recorded. Percent of occurrence of jackcl in the different study sites, the highest percentage of eonfinn ation was recorded in southernmost village ofPyapon (46 .93%) and Bogalay townships (53.42 %). Simi lar distribution of jackcls with the ranged 30·33% reco rded in Labutta. Ngapudaw. Pathcin Thapaung town ships. In Myaungmya township (20%), in Kyciklat township (14.28%), in Dedaye and Mauhneingyun townships ( 10%) were recorded (Figure 5). JAI{C-YU. Vol. J, N(l . 2, 20 \3

-, -

Figure. 5 Maps summarizing the current jackcl distribution within delta area, Ayeyarw ady region. Potential areas are shown in yellow shading. with the dark green color indicating higher probabilities of occurrence 3.4 Eco logy a nd hab itat usc The vegetation pattern within the study area was a complex mosaic ofevergreen forest, deciduou s forest. dry mixed deciduous forest. moist mixed deciduous forest, mangrove agriculture and scrubland. Especially agro-ccosystcrn of southernmost of survey areas was flooded from July through September. The preferences of habitats of golden jackcl were similarities in the diffcrcn t study sites. Especially they used lowland riverine forest. adjacent open forest and plains in the outskirts of small villages at a variety of habitats ranging from shrub lands. marshlands, wet forests to human settlements and intensively cultivated areas. The jackcl used the habitat in the shrubs and at the edge of forest cover. Nevertheless, the habitat condition of the most of study areas were degraded and fragmented due to cultivation and urbanizat ion. Such of habitat may not support the population of juckcl densities in some survey area. Especially their habitats were dimin ished resulting after from the nargis cyclone in 200&. JARC-YU. Vol. 3. No. 2. 2013 257

Township Figure 6. Percent confirmation of jaekcl occurrence in different study sites

3.5 Hab it They arc nocturnal and lives solitary and in groups of two and four individuals. The largest group observed consisted of five individuals, but such a number was observed only three times during the survey (Figure 6).

~ ;

~O ~ . .2 5 20 ! I ; 10 5 O ¥'--==-~-==--.-1-=:::....,.-----==:....-----==-.'

Figure 7. Frequency and number of approaching jackal individuals They have extended its distribution range in the study area and have found suitable habitats for their survival. The mean distance of their habitat was within the range 0.1-3.5 km from the human settlement. They make a peculiar hawling during the in the evenings. Their calling rate fluctuates seasonally, with more calls being produced during in the dry season and fewer calls being producing during the wet season. They come close to settlements and even go in there searching for food at night and frequent attacking on poultry and lambs in the villages. They cat carcasses and crabs at marshland. 251' JARC.YU . Vul. J. No.2. 20 13

Figurcx. Evidence ofscats and carcasses collected during the survey 4. Discussion The present research gave the information of distribution, status, relative abundance and population trends of wild canids in Ayeyarwad y delta. Furthermore, the possible cxistancc of remnant population of j ackcls and dholcs in the study area environs in order 10 facilitate comparison of results with those of the future surveys in other region of Myanmar. The study was conducted by interviewing and documentation by "Q ucstiona ric survey" to local peop les and hunters; by direct sighting in the field. However, the line transects were not carried out for detecting of direct surveys due to the few number of population. In the presen t work, a total of ten townships were surveyed to know the occurrence of wild canids distribution which assessed on the basis of local information and/or few records direct sighting. In the present survey two species such as dho lc ClWII a/pinus and golden jackcl Callis aureous were found of in the survey area. Dhole is was only recorded in northwest of Tbabaung township. No visual or auditory evidence of other wild canids in the study areas. Dhole is one of the enda ngered canid species and not find :.lIly visual or auditory evidence of living at the sourthcm part of delta area. Therefore the little information was know n about current dholc population ~i .l.c~ ilnd distribution across its current geographic range whereas the golden jnckcl was was considered to be moderately com mon as far as the southcn villages of study area . Villagers interviewed indicated that the jacket ami dholc were locally hunted for its meat. JA HC-Y lJ, Vol.], No , 2, 201]

Accordin g to the historical distribution of dholc. is a medium-sized social canid that once occu rred over .1 wide geographic range. most of South. East. and South-cast Asia. Extending from the Tian-Sban and Altai mountains and the Maritime Province of the former USS R southwards through Mongolia. Korea. Chi na. Tibet, Nepa l, Ind ia, and South-eastwards into Myanmar and Indoch ina. Tha iland . the Malaysian peninsula, and the Indonesian islands of Sumatra and Java (Durbin et al.. In Myanmar, dholcs were recorded by camera trappi ng at 11 of 15 survey areas scattered across the country, only four of whic h were protected. Dholcs and/or leopards have apparently replaced tigers as the top predator in these areas (Myanmar Forest Department 2003). Moreover, Iyengar et at. (2005 ) stated that the Asiat ic wild dog or dholc was once very widely distributed across Asia but now has a very fragment cd runge. two major phylogeographica l groupings were found across the mainland. one extending from South. Cent ral, and North India (south of the Ganges) into Myanmar. They nrc widely distributed through the forests in Myanmar. They are probably the most significant large predators in the Sino-Himalayan region of Myanmar (Lck agul and McNeely. 1988: Rabinowitz and Saw Ih un Khain g. 1998). TIley are adapted to life in very diffe rent environments ranging from mountainous alpine regions in Russia 10 open steppes in Tibet to scrubland and dense forests in South Asia (Iyengar et at.. 2005). Whilst go lden jackal (Callis aureus L. ) is the most widely distributed jackal species. They can live under a wide variety of natural cond itions and this eco logica l plasticity allows it to settle large geographic range (Markov, 20 12). T heir range is extensive and includes contiguous areas of Africa. Asia, and Europe (Mac donald and Sillcro-Zubiri 20(4). The most northern distribution is placed far to the south of Nort hern Myan mar (Lckagul and McNeely, 1988; Co rbet and Ifill, 1992). While Rabinowitz and Saw Tun Khaing ( 1998) reported that this species appears to be present but not common in North Myanmar, its status and distribution remain uncertain. Based on record o r distribution trout local villagers and hunters. dholcs were in the northwest of dcltic areas due to the suitable ecological conditions for dholcs in those areas while jackcl was expansion throughout the delta area. Nevertheless they have a fragmented distr ibution associated with coastal wetlands. According to the previous literatures indicated that the j ackals are the most widely distributed jackal species. Thc species call live under a wide variety of natural conditions and this eco logical plasticity allows it to settle large geographic range, covering the territories of East Africa, Southeastern Euro pe and Sou th Asia to Burma. In Europe. the species distr ibution is patchy and it is resident in the Balkans. Several factors may influence patterns of distribution, includ ing vegetation and landscape structure, food ava ilability, competition with other carn ivores , and human population levels (Morris 1925, Prater 1965. Barnett et al. 19 fi O, Johnsingh 1983). The local populations arc disappearing coincident with the destruction of the remain ing patches of this habitat (Gianna tos et al. 2005; Jhala and Moehlman, 2004, 2008). The population was expansion throughout the delta area in decades. But the population was decreased steadily year by year. Afte r Nagis, its number rapidly decreased in the delta area . Some parts of area disappcracd golden jackals and their population was shrinking due to anthropogenic causes as the expansion of agricultural activities into ma rginal areas affected on the geographical range or canids distribution. Nevertheless the high numbe rs o f jackal in southe rn parts of delta areas probably could represent one o f the factors limiting the food availa bility such as crabs, fishes and domesti c animals. The range of predicted juckcl habitat docs not expand into the north. 260 JARC-YlJ, Vol. J, No.2, 20lJ

In the present work no rece nt attempt has been made to estimate dho lc population status mid we did not sight a single jackcl, although other evidence were recorded during this survey. Based on the num bers of qucstionaric surveys. a decline o f the golden jackal po pulation in most of the delta area since last four years. In the present survey recorded few pack of individuals (3 to < 5 indi.} in some villages of the delta area, The population has become rare in parts of the delta area and now survive in small, scattered populations. Therefore, the (ha iled information on popu lation size of this species for overall delta area was not available. It might be due to the original populations were much fragmented into many smaller areas by the large-scale destruction of natural habitats, Besides it associated with the anthropo genic impacts that lead to undergon e a fundamental changes (If their habitats such as agricult ural fields, urbanization in wildlife habitats and construction of roads. Therefore, no potential jackcls habitat was spoiled in most of the study environs. Jackcls arc traditionally hunted fo r the purpose of selling for food in the study area. As a result loss of popula tion and become low densities which were the see mingly isolated packets in the former hab itats. And also it seems reasonable that extensive flooding adversely affects the abundance of jackals by excluding them from areas with deep water. The relative abundance with the seasonal flood ing was importance fact in the study area. It is unknown wheth er some jackals remain on small patches of high gro und throughout the flood s or whether they lend 10 migrate back and forth into these areas with the rising and receding flood wate rs. According to the recent contemporary data, none of the local people has heard jaekel in some areas for several years see m to support our conclusion that jackel do not occur at the fanner places anymore. It is of course possible that few individua ls of sti ll occ ur in an area or it remained undetected pop ulation which causes to extremely low chance for encounter/sighting. Regard ing to their habitat used, Prarer ( 1971) stated that the jacket 's habitats arc a wide variety of natural and agricultural habitats from sea level to a least 4000m altitude. Moreover. Poche ' et at. ( 1987) stated that go lden jackals occur in intensively cu ltivated areas of Bangladesh. They are well adapted to dry open cou ntries and are present in plains and deserts throughout Pak istan (Roberts, 1997). In the present result found that a variety of habitats ranging from shtublands, marshlands, wet forests 10 in ceo-fringe of human settlements and intensively cultivated areas.Mostly they occupied at clearin g areas ncar to villages mainly in dense parts of small in size forest habitats - young coni fero us plants. The con flict problems with man were noted in most of the study villages as a result the reduction of population in the study area. Thus avoiding human' s d isturbance durin g the daytime, the y flee from the area to explore newer areas for their habitation. Especially habitat fragmentation red uces the popu lation and disturbance to carry out their day-to-day activities. Because dense vegetation usually associated with wetlands may provide cover for avoi ding humans during the daytime and be an important limiting factor for the ex istence of golden jackals in close proximity to humans (Jaeger et al., 2(07). In hum an­ dom inated land scapes. jackal numbers are strongly dependent on both food avail ability and day-time resting areas (Yom-Tcv et til. 1995, Giannatos et til. 2005 , Jaeger et at, 2007, Bino 200 8). In addit ion Kait and Sah i (20 12) stated that habitat fragmcntati on and urban ization arc most affected for the carnivore mammals. Especially, the endangered canid in the wild is under threat from the depletion of prey base, habitat loss and fragment ation, human persecution, disease and pathogens (Davidar. 1975). The present result noted that jacket have larger home ranges, they require larger areas for their activities. Especially, the dayti me cover an important determinant o f the distribution and local abundance o f jackals. The major impacts were the JARC-YD. Vol. J. N il. 2. 2 0 1 .~ 26 1

increase of human population and urbaniza tion in wildlife hab itats which have been destroyed in the most of areas . 5. Co nclusion a nd Rccorumcndatlon The concluded findings ofthc study nrc as follows: ( I) This project has documented the occurrence and d istribution of wild canids in the delta areas. (2) Two species of wild canids i.e Golden jackcl Canis aurcus and Dholc so called Asiatic wild dog! Indian wild dog Cuon alpinus were recorded in the present survey areas. (3) Among them dhol c was only recorded in northern part or Thabaung To wnship, but uncon firmed the presence or thai species group in southern province. (4 ) The jackcl occurs sparsely in most areas of its range of distribution in fringe or forest ecosystem and agro-ccosystcms of the study area including so uthern part s of localities at I0 m elevations. (5) Nevertheless, flood ing was extensive in the dee pwater rice agro-ccosystcm . the distribution of wild can id changes their hab itat! area. A food and she ller arc likely to increase opportunities to estab lish territories . (6 ) Nowadays they had been suffered a rapid decline in its distribution and population numbers. Also the extensive flood ing adversely affects the abundance of jackals abundance. (7) The wild camd species may be und er considerable pressure by the anthro pogenic impacts. As a res ult the numbers of wild cani ds in delta areas was trend to decrease. (X) The biggest threats to across their range arc considered ttl be from habi tat loss and direct human exploi tation by hunting for food (9) The destruction of the coas tal ma rshes has been suggested as the cause for the population density of wild canid com munity over most of their runge. ( 10) Being the conservation status for wild canids is very pOOl' in Myanmar, the presen t resu lt was meant to assist conservat ion decision makers for prioritizing geographic areas for future wild canid survey research. management, and conservati on. ( I I) It is recommended that the conservation management programm e should be considered to allow populations to recover in the area . ( 12) The adequate measures for its regu lation arc needed in regions and detailed studies arc also requ ired. (13) M oreover resea rch on informa tion of other wild canid distribut ion and the molecul ar genetics study and adequate measures on ecologi cal requirements also arc needed in all Myanmar. ( 14) Indeed the present results will bring first detailed infonna tion abo ut canid distribution and habitat associa tion, applicable for local landscape plann ing and for its conse rvation management. 262 JA RC-YlJ . Vul. 3, No.2, 2UI.)

~ cknow led g l'IUCIlt We would like In thank Asia Research Center for their generous funding and support. We would like 10 expres s indebtedness to thank Dr. Myin Zu Minn. Professor (Hcadl, Department of Zoology. University o f Yan gon and Dr. Th ida Lay 111we, Professor, Depart ment of Zoology, University of Yangon. We would especially like to express our profound gra titude to Professor Dr. Maung Maun g Gyi (Reti red). Depart ment of Zoo logy. University of Yangon who initiated and cnco umgcmcnt to do this research. We arc indebted to U Myint Aung. Program Director (IMC) and Ch arm an of Friend s of Wildlife (FOW ) for his helps and ackno wledge to the local Fores try Services and the local hunters all over the study area for the provision of information and (hila. Special thanks go to U Tin Myint (Retired), Ranger Forest Department. We arc thankful to members of all field assistants for their valuab le inforuuuion and guidance. References Barn ell, B.D., Cohen, J.A., Joh nsingh, A.J.T. and Fox, M.W, 19XO. Food habits of the Indian wild dog (Cl/0I1a/p inus) : ,I preliminary analysis. J. Homl)(lY NOI. Hist, Soc. 77: 3 14- 3 16.

Blne, G, 2008. Spatial and numerical respon ses of golden jackals (Can is (1/I 1'C'IH ) lind red foxes (VII/pes vulpes) to resource manipulation. MSe thesis, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem: 1-85. C csc. E.M. 2004 . "Survey and Census Techniques for Canids". USDA National Wildlife Research Center - StaifPublica/ions. Paper 337. G la nna tos. G., Marinos, Y., Maragou. P.. and Catsado rakis, G. 2005. The status of the gulden jackal (Callis til/ r eus L.) in Gree ce. 8e1gian Journal (?I·Zoology . 135: 145-1 49. lycngur , A., Babu, V. N., Vcnk ataruman, A. B., Maclea n. N. and Morin, P. A, 2005. Phylogcography, genetic structure, and diversity in the dhclc (G um a/pinus) , Molecular Iicotogy , 14: 22RI-2297. .lucgcr, M. M.• Haque, E., Sultana. P.. and Bruggcrs , R. L, 2007. Daytime cover. diet and space-usc of golden jacka ls (Canis ourel/s) 1Il agro-ccosystcms of Bangladesh, Mammalia, 1- 10.

J hala , Y.V. and Moeh lman. P.D, 2004. Golden jackal (Callus l1I1H!us). In: (C. Sillcro-Zubiri, M. Hoffm ann and D.W. Macdo nald cds.) Canids: foxes, wolves, jackals and dogs. Status survey and conservation action plan. IUCN/SSC Canid Spc cialist Group. Gland. Swi tzerland. and Cambridge. UK. pp. 156- j(}1. Jhala Y. V., Moehlman. P. D. 200R. Canis anrrns. - In: IlJCN 20 11. IUCN Red List of Threatened Spec ies. Version 20 11 .2. www.i ucn rcdlist.org .Iohnsin gh , A. J.T. 19R3. Large mammalian prey-predators in Band ipur. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 80: I - 57. Kait, R. and Sahi, D. N, 20 12. Determination of the local, national/global status and effect of urbanization on CamiV0 l11 mammals in Jammu District and Tri kuta lIi lls of JandK. India. Imcmauonal Journal of Biodi versity and Conscrvqtion Vol. 4( 14): 530-534. Lckugul. B. and McNeely, J, 19XK Mammals of Thai land 2nd edition Saha Karn Bbact Co., Buugkok . JI\ RC-YU, Vol. ], Nil. 2, 20 1.1 263

Macdo nald. D.W. and Siflcro -Zubiri, C, 2004. Drumaris personae. In: (D.W. Macdonald and C. Sillcro-Zubiri cds.) Biology lind conscrvmion of wi ld canidx. Oxford Univers ity Press, Oxford. pp. 3-36. Markov. G. 20 12. Go lden Jackal (Canis aurcus L. ) in Bulgaria: What is Going on'! Acta zool. bulg.• SliPPI. 4: 67-71- vtorrts, R.C, 1925. Wild dogs and jungle traged ies. J. Bombay Nul. Hist . Soc . 30: (l91 - 693. Nade cm, M. S.• Naz, R.. Shah , S. I., Beg, M. A., Kayan, A. R.,Mushtaq. M., Mahmood , T, 20 12. Season- and locality-related changes in the diet of Asiatic jackal (Canis ullrells) in Potohar, Pakistan. Turk J Zo ol, 36(6) : 7 <)8 ~~W 5. Par r, J.W.K. and Tin Than . Undated. LlI'Xe Mammals of Myanmar. Stars Empire Printing Service, Yangon. Poch e' •R.M.• Evans. S.1.. Sultana, P., Haque, M.E., Sterner, R., and Siddiquc, M.A. 19X7. Notcs on the golden jackal (Canis aureuss in Bangladesh. Mammalia 5 1: 259-270. Prate r. S.II. 1965. The hook of Ind ian animals. Bombay Natural History Society, Madras, pp. 130 -131. Rabinowitz. A., and Saw Tun Khaing. 1998. Status of selected mamma l speci es in Nort h Myanmar. Oryx 32(3): 201 -20H. Rae. M., Myint, T., Zaw. T., and IHun, S, 2005 . Hunting patterns in tropical forests adjoining the Ilkakaborazi Nationa l Park. north Myanmar. Olyx 39(3): 292-3 00. Sillcro-Zuhirt. C., and Sw itzer, D., 2004. Management of eanids ncar people. Pages 257-266. In Sillcro-Zubiri. C., M. lIoffmann and D.W. Macdonald , editors. Ca nids: foxes, wolves, jackals and dogs. Status survey and conservation action plan , second edition. IUCN Canid Specialist Group, Gland, Switzerland and Ca mbridge. UK. Steward, P, 1993. Mapping of the dholc. Can id News. vol. I (On line I. http://www.canids.orgiP UBLICATICNDNEWS I/dhole.hilll Yom-Tnv Y., Ashkenazi, S. and Viner, 0 , 1995. Cattle pred ation by the goldenjackal Callis aureus in the Golan Heights. Israel. Biological Conservation 7: 19- 22. N it

Asia Research Journal

Table I Accounts of study on wild canid distribution in the different townships in Ayeyawadydeltaregion I Survey sites ·Location Coordinate Surveyed villages Occurrence Percent (%) l (TownshiD) confirm Dedaye Dedaye (South) 16°17' N - 95°58'E 10 I 10.00 Kyaiklat Kyaiklat (South/Eest) 16°37' N - 95°28'E 14 2 14.28 Moulmeingyu n Mawgyun (SouthlWest) 16°21 'N - 95°I I'E 10 I 10.00 Pyapon Ama(Pathi chaung) 15 °49' N - 95°17'E 5 2 40.00 Daungyi Coastal area 15°48' N - 95°20'E 13 7 53.85 Bogalay Ka DonKaNi (East) 15°49' N - 95°12'E 13 8 61.54 Ka Don Ka Ni Reserved Forest J6037' N - 95° IO'E 41 15 36.59 Ka Don Ka Ni (West) 15°48'N, - 95°07'£ 6 3 50.00 Shwe PyiAye - Satsan 16°02' N - 95°22'E II 7 63.64 Shwe PyiAye -Pho-oo-san 15°56' N - 95°21 'E 25 15 60.00 Shwe Pyi Aye (North) 15°58' N - 95°23'E 5 2 40.00 Mein-ma-hla kyun (East) 15°58' N - 95°20'E 9 5 55.56 Mein-ma-hla kyun (West) 15°56'N - 95°I 'E 5 3 60.00

Myaungmya Myaungmya (South) 16°29' N - 94°57'E 10 2 20.00 ~ > ~ Lutbutta Lubutta 16°08' N - 94°45'E 10 3 30.00 r: ~Rl! p u t a ,'" Ngaputaw 16°32' N - 94°41'E 12 4 33.33 ~ ,: Pathein Pathein J6046' N - 94°43'E 10 3 30.00 < ~p a u n g Thapaung 17°02' N - 94°48'E 6 2 33.33 :. ~ ~ .N !5 ~ JARC-YlJ. Vul. 3. Nil. 2. 2lJI} 265

Figure 9. Patches ofhabita t condition for jackcl distribution in the study area 266 JARC -Y lJ. VIII. .l. No. 2. 20 1]

Figure 10. Views of flooding in the agro-ccosystcm at the study area environs Contents Page

The Production ofAlcohol by Cellulase Enzymes Using Cellulose Material as a Substrate 2 Ilypoglyccmic Effect ofStephania venose (BI.) Spreng. Tubers 21 3 Quality Assessment on the Herbal Preparations with Ganoderma {Pada uk-Hmo) 37 4 Floral Trails and Pollination Systems or the Western Parts of Bago Yuma Forest 53 (M iddle) in Taik-kyi Township, Yangon Region 5 Species Diversity and Floristic Composition of Plant Communities in the 74 Shinma-taung and Powin-taung Reserved Forests in the Dry Zone Area 6 Plant Growth Enhancement of Legume (Mung Bean) by the Effective 95 Microorgan isms Isolated from Soil 7 III vitro Culture ofPueraria mirifica (Airy Shaw and Suvatab) 120 8 Investigation ofthe Bioactivc Principles and a-Glucosidase Inhibitory Effect of 127 some Myanmar Traditional Medicinal Plants Possessing the Antidiabetic Potency 9 Preparation. Characterization and Application of Tin Ox ide Nano particlcs 138 10 Geologic Setting and Min eralizat ion St yle o f Gold and Economic Mineral 146 Assemblages at Naungpat Prospect . Banmauk To wnshi p. Northern Myanmar II Occur rences of Gold Mineralization in Shwcrninbon Area. 159 Kalaw Township , Slum State (South) 12 Drying of Selected Fruits (Orange and Mango) 174 13 Preservation and Dehydration of Vegetables and Fruits 18 1

14 Preparation, Chaructcrlzation and Analysis ofTi0 2 Nanoparticlcs 193 and Fabr ication ofOrganic So lar Cell 15 Deposition and Charac terization ofCdSlSi Photovoltaic Device 206 16 Investigation on Contaminated Bacteria in Chicken with Emphasis on Antibiotic 220 resis tant £sclll'richja coli

17 Impact and Exploita tion 01 The Fish Fauna of Marine Fisheries Waters in 232 Myanmar Coastal Region 18 Occurrence and Distribution ofCanid Community in Aycyawady Region 251