GOTHIA AND ROMANIA 1

BY J. M. WALLACE-HADRILL, M.A. PROFESSOR OF MEDIEVAL HISTORY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER

N his more relaxed moments, the Visigothic chieftain Athaulf I used to say that he had had the idea to obliterate the " nomen Romanum " and to substitute a Gothic state, with himself as its Caesar Augustus; which was as much as to say " ut vulgariter loquar " in Orosius' words that Gothia should succeed Romania. However, long experience had taught him that his were too barbarous ever to live under law; and since, without law, you cannot have a state, he had decided to leave things as they were and to support the *' nomen Romanum " with Gothic arms.2 What I would like to do is to see, in the light of this curious jest, whether any of Athaulf's successors as kings of Toulouse came within measurable distance of taking seriously that Gothia which Athaulf abandoned; for, like many jests, it had something behind it. It is easy to connect Athaulf's decision in favour of Romania with his marriage with ,3 though Orosius does not put the matter quite in this way. He merely says that she helped him " ad omnia bonarum ordinationum opera persuasu et consilio temperatus "; at most, helped him to see what long experience of his own people's limitations already pointed to. 1 A lecture delivered in the Library series of public lectures. I wish to thank Professor E. A. Thompson, Professor R. E. Keller and Dr. Arnold Ehrhardt for help in its preparation, and friends in Oxford for stimulating me to think again about what I had written. 2 Orosius, Hist. vii. 43. 3 Ludwig Schmidt, Geschichte der deutschen Stdmme bis ztan Ausgang der Volkerwanderung: die Ostgermanen (2nd. edn., 1941), p. 457; J. B. Bury, History of the Later Roman Empire (1923), i. 197; F. Lot, C. Pfister and F. L. Ganshof, Les Destinees de I'Empire en Occident (1940), p. 45; and P. Courcelle, Histoire littfraire des grandes invasions germaniques (1948), p. 69, who goes so far as to connect the remark with an alleged design of Athaulf's that Theodosius, his son by Galla Placidia, should one day become emperor. But if Theodosius had lived, and had become emperor, this need have had no effect on the status of the . 213 214 THE JOHN RYLANDS LIBRARY I think we must take the story as it stands. Athaulf knew that he could not subvert Roman authority, even though he entered Gaul without imperial sanction: he could not turn Romania into Gothia. Equally, he is not reported to have envisaged the absorption of Gothia into Romania. The Goths were to act, if Orosius is right, as Romania's shield, whether in Gaul or in . In fact, a kingdom based on Toulouse was not the end of Athaulfs ambition. His successor, Wallia, reluctantly abandoned an attempt to cross from Spain to Africa, and returned to Gaul to negotiate with the patrician Constantius because he could not help it. The most solid achievements of were to be in Spain, not Gaul. This following in the path of the , not always with hostile intent, is a recurrent theme of Visigothic history for the entire century of their residence in Gaul; the Visigoths were both attracted to and frightened by them. They were not so very distantly related and had much in common. Despite their long contact with the Empire, I do not think that the Visigoths had been any more romanized than had the Vandals, though they may have been tamer. They were homeless cultivators, roaming armed and in search of food, and denied the outlet to Africa which had first been sought through Italy by their leader, Alaric. Two years later, they were brought back from Spain to Gaul in a hurry, to be allotted a settlement- area on the Atlantic seaboard and a guarantee of 600,000 measures of grain. Their need for land and food was met; though the prospect of Spain was still there to haunt them. But what was gained by the Romans, with whom the initiative clearly lay? For it was they who would have drawn up the terms of the subsequent foedtts.1 The settlement of upwards of 100,000 Goths (men, women and children) upon Roman land and at the expense of landlords' rents would be unwelcome, unless there was some threat that the movement of the Goths might counter.2 One such threat

1 Prosper, Chron. s.a. 419 and Hydatius, Chron., chap. 69 provide some facts about the foedus, and others may be inferred from subsequent events; but its terms and their implementation are not clear in detail. 2 In what follows I am heavily indebted to Professor E. A. Thompson, and notably to his article " The settlement of the barbarians in southern Gaul ",