UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI School of Arts and Design
APPLICATION OF FATIMID ARCHITECTURAL AND BOHRA CULTURAL INSPIRATION IN RE-DESIGN OF COMMUNITY SPORTS CLUB:
A case study of Anadil Jamaly
BY: RASHIDA HAIDER Z ESSAJI
REG NO: B05/36499/2010
Supervisor: Dr. Lilac A. Osanjo
A Research Project Paper submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
Bachelor of Arts in Design Degree submitted to the School of the Arts and Design (StAD), College of Architecture and Engineering (C.A.E),
The University of Nairobi.
January 14, 2014
DECLARATION
I, Rashida Essaji, declare that this is my original work and has not been presented in the past for the fulfillment of a degree course in any other university to the best of my Knowledge.
Signature…………………………………………………… Date ……………………………………………………… RASHIDA HAIDER Z ESSAJI
SUPERVISOR,
DR. Lilac Osanjo
Signature …………………………………………………
Date……………………………………………………
DIRECTOR,
SCHOOL OF THE ARTS AND DESIGN, UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI.
Signature………………………………………………
Date …………………………………………………
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DEDICATION
To Allah for taking me through the four years. All praise belongs to Him, The Most Gracious, The Most Merciful.
To my loving husband Abdulqadir, grandparents Mr. and Mrs. Zakiyuddin, siblings Insiyah, Sakina and Taher and most importantly my parents Mr. and Mrs. Haider Essaji.
To my parents in law Mr. and Mrs. Najmi and sister in law Khadija.
To all my lecturers, classmates and friends for their support and encouragement through this project.
Thank you and God bless.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First and foremost, I thank Allah for bringing me this far. If it were not for His grace and mercy I would not have made it to this level.
Much thanks to my supervisor DR. Lilac Osanjo for her contribution towards the content in this report and my sincere appreciation goes to my lecturer DR. Lilac Osanjo and Mr. M. Muneneh for guiding me in this project paper.
The completion of this report would not be possible if it weren‘t for the support of my family and my friends for the fun times and the moral support in the past four academic years. The journey was full of ups and downs but it was worthwhile because of your friendship. Thank you for being there for me.
My extended gratitude towards the Anadil Jamaly members and caretaker for their valuable cooperation and for granting me the opportunity to take part in this project.
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ABSTRACT
This dissertation examines the application of Fatimid architectural and Bohra cultural inspiration aimed at promoting a livelier environment in the interior design of Anadil Jamaly Sports Club. It aims at planning, building or modifying the general look of Anadil Jamaly Sports Club to promote the application of Fatimid architecture, maintenance and preservation. By examining contemporary design methods used in sports club, the researcher clarify the process by which designers play a big role in the development of a livelier environment. It involves the translation of a concept to a design. The scarcity of resources that were used traditionally in the country has led to the use of modern technique in design to promote sustainability. The use of readily available materials in the environment has seen the use of wasted materials such as used timber and recycled metal in the making of furniture, interior finishes, landscaping and display objects. Qualitative analysis and case studies are the major research strategies used. The case studies are based on design initiatives already being used in Kenya and around the world showcasing Fatimid design concepts attempting to promote sustainability which is a current design issue. The data analyzed by the researcher has been presented in form of detailed reports of the findings, tables and photographs as data collection methods. Limitation is based on the depending factor of the location, local ecology of the area, climate, personal needs of the consumers and the characteristic of the living environment such as the general layout and ambiance of the site. This dissertation presses on the idea that interior design should be at the fore front in the development of a livelier environment and in solving current problems of the same. The design solutions embrace sustainable design in terms of economic, social and ecological factors implementing new technologies in the country with its available natural resources. In conclusion of this research, the researcher recommends the preferred and the most applicable design solutions for the interior architecture, furniture design, landscaping design, exhibition and display at Anadil Jamaly Sports Club.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Declaration...... 2 Dedication...... 3 Acknowledgements...... 4 Abstract...... 5 CHAPTER 1...... 9 1.0 INTRODUCTION OF THE STUDY...... 10 1.1 Background of the study...... 11 1.2Statement of the problem...... 12
1.4 Objectives of the study……………………………………………………………12 1.4.1 Main objective………………………………………………………………..12 1.4.2 Specific objectives...... 12 1.5 Research questions……………………………………………………………………12 1.5.1 Main research question...... 12 1.5.2 Other research questions………………………………………………………...12
1.6 Significance of the study………………………………………………………………13 1.7 Limitations of the study...... 13 1.8 Scope of the study...... 13 1.8.1 Concept...... 13 1.8.2 Content...... 13 1.8.3 Geographical...... 13 1.9 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………14
CHAPTER 2...... 15 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW...... 16 2.1 Introduction...... 16 2.2 Review of theoretical literature………………………………………………………16 2.2.1 Interior design……………………………………………………………………..16 2.2.2 Fatimid Architecture………………………………………………………………17 2.2.3 Sustainable Fatimid architecture………………………………………………….20 2.2.4 Bohra (Dawoodi Bohra)…………………………………………………………..22 2.2.5 Bohra food culture…………………………………………………………………22 2.2.6 Sports club………………………………………………………………………….24 2.2.7 Enhanced indoor environment……………………………………………………..24 2.2.8 Design of a sports club…………………………………………………………….25 2.3 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………….31
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CHAPTER 3...... 32
3.0 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY…………………………………....33
3.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………33 3.2Study design...... 33 3.3 Target population………………………………………………………………………34 3.4 Sample design…………………………………………………………………………34 3.5 Data collection…………………………………………………………………………35 3.6 Data analysis…………………………………………………………………………..36 3.7 Data presentation……………………………………………………………………37 3.8 Data process…………………………………………………………………………39 3.10 Conclusions………………………………………………………………………..41
CHAPTER 4...... 42 4.0 SITE ANALYSIS, PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION OF FINDINGS....43 4.1 Introduction...... 43 4.2 Analysis and Evaluations...... 43 4.2.1 Historical Background...... 43 4.2.2 Location...... 43 4.2.3 Climate...... 44 4.2.4 Social Factors...... 44 4.2.5 Facilities: Interior………………………………………………………………….44 4.2.6 Landscape………………………………………………………………………….49 4.2.7 Furniture……………………………………………………………………………50 4.2.8 Exhibition and display……………………………………………………………..51 4.2.9 Lighting…………………………………………………………………………….51 4.3 Presentation of Findings...... 52 4.5 Summary of findings...... 54
CHAPTER 5...... 55 5.0 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS...... 56 5.1 Introduction...... 56 5.2 Summary of findings...... 56 5.3 Conclusions...... 56 5.4 Recommendations for the four areas of specialization...... 57
5.4.1External design...... 57 5.4.2 Interior design...... 57 5.4.3 Exhibition and display...... 65 5.4.4 Furniture design...... 66
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5.4.5 Landscaping……………………………………………………………………….67 5.5 Suggestions for further studies...... 70 REFERENCES...... 71 APPENDIX 1-Interview……………………………...... 74 APPENDIX 2 –Questionnaire ………………...... 75 APPENDIX 3 – Pictures…………………………………………………………………...79
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CHAPTER ONE
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1.0 INTRODUCTION OF THE STUDY
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Design is not just about appearance, but how something performs. Whether it’s a hand held appliance or an urban scale precinct, the shape, color and material of something may catch our eye initially. But the benefits of good design are measurable. In reduced workplace injury, stress and illness, increased productivity and social cohesion, in crime prevention, micro climate comfort, better access, reduced building maintenance and lifecycle costs. No design, no matter how beautiful and ingenious, is any good if it doesn’t fulfill a user’s need. Finding out what the client needs is the first stage of what designers do. (Berman, 2009). Among the most common and enduring definitions of design is “problem solving.” A problem arrives, the designer analyzes it and distils it into goals, and these create a roadmap to a solution, working with the means at her disposal. These include the budget, the materials and techniques we can afford and master. We must also consider the requirements of distribution and marketing, if the product is meant for wide dissemination. If the designer is good, the process, simple and linear, will result in an elegant, functional economical and meaningful solution. (Wynja: 2012)
Design can also be a way of approaching difficult social, environmental or economic challenges. Increasingly, design is being understood as a means of delivering ‘break through’ thinking in health care, the challenge of successful aging in our community, retrofit for our cities in the context of a carbon constrained future. It can act as a tool to translate ambition into action for public benefit. Design plays a role in reducing car dependency, promoting exercise & wellbeing through safe and inviting open space to tackle obesity and lifestyle disease, and increasing the opportunity for learning through great schools and university spaces. Research shows that how something is designed dictates how well it performs. Well designed public places, streets, buildings, parks and city infrastructure add positively to the quality of our lives. Poorly designed places can be unsafe, economically run down, unattractive and unsustainable. (Integrated Design Commission)
According to the Design Council, interior design isn't just about home decoration. It is concerned with creating functional and beautiful to look at interior spaces in all sorts of places including houses, public buildings and commercial properties such as shops, restaurants, leisure venues and offices. The imaginative and efficient use of, color, pattern, texture, light and space is central to an interior designer's practice. Good interior design will not only make a space look and function better, it can have a significant impact on mood and wellbeing. The application of uplifting color schemes, well-designed furnishings and furniture and the thoughtful manipulation of light and space can all make a real difference to how we feel about and in an environment. A space comes to life when the
10 human body moves, sees, smells, touches, hears and even tastes within. The designer acts as the composer that orchestrates space into synchronization for function and beauty through the senses the human body engages the space with (Ransley, 2001).
Anadil Jamaly is a sports complex where kids, community and athletics come together. It is an arena used by local Bohras and university students (Bohra also) everyday for their indoor and outdoor physical activities; it being a place for young players to develop and nurture their talent in sports. Every year, during the Easter holidays, Bohras from all over East Africa come to participate in a sports festival held at Anadil Jamaly with thoughts of joyful brotherly gathering and competitive sports fostering a unity of Bohra brotherhood; its main mission being raising the competitive level amongst teams leading the path in sporting innovation.
1.2 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
Well-designed spaces can keep community members safe as well as enhance their organizational skills. The first consideration when designing spaces for a community should be safety. The designer should get down on their hands and knees to see potential safety problems from a sport member’s point of view. (Gains, 2008).
In designing a sports club, the facility should primarily be designed to meet the functional requirements of the community and user groups. In most areas, people use parks year round. This nearly constant use requires construction materials to be efficient and durable maintaining a high quality appearance. People should see a place where they are able to socially interact with other members. Thus a designer should focus on more sitting areas.
It is generally accepted that participation in sports provides an extensive range of benefits to its individuals. Internationally, government agencies are quick to point out that participating in sports contributes to; community health and well being, confidence building and empowerment, social integration and cohesion, national and cultural identity, and reduction in crime and vandalism. (Long and Sanderson, 2008).
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1.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Application of Fatimid sustainable designs in the poor external and internal space designs of Anadil Jamaly.
1.4 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
1.4.1 Main objective
To establish how sustainable Fatimid architectural and Bohra cultural inspiration can be incorporated in the re-design of Anadil Jamaly.
1.4.2 Specific objectives
• To establish if application of new sustainable architecture sets a pleasant mood for the community and attracts them. • To determine recommended ergonomics and anthropometric requirements for furniture. • To create sitting arrangements for audience to make the club livelier. • To improve the landscape in a sustainable way for better outdoor sports and ample parking.
1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1.5.1 Main research question
How can sustainable Fatimid architectural be enhanced through Bohra cultural inspired design in sports club?
1.5.2 Other research questions
• How can application of new sustainable architecture attract people?
• What are the recommended ergonomics and anthropometric requirements for furniture and equipments?
• How to create enough audience sitting arrangement in small area?
• How to create outdoor sports area and ample parking space in the same area keeping in mind to use less area.
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1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Considering that sustainable Fatimid architecture and Bohra cultural inspiration plays an important role in the designing of the sports club as it is used by Bohra community, the significance of this study cannot be over emphasized. It is of increasing importance for interior designers and interior space users to gain a comprehensive understanding of the architecture and inspiration of various users. Having such knowledge will enable them to have a more powerful repository of evidence- based design solutions. It is also important to make a multifunctional space which is well designed such that the design offers more than one purpose.
1.7 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The study is limited to the four areas of interior design which will constitute the area of study:
a) Interior design b) Exhibition and display c) Furniture design d) Landscaping
These four areas of design will be applied to the area of interest which is sustainable Fatimid architectural and Bohra cultural inspiration. Each area will be tackled separately looking at the principles and elements of design and Fatimid architectural design in general.
1.8 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
1.8.1 Concept
The study will concentrate on application of sustainable Fatimid architectural designs in the interior design of the sports club with special reference to furniture design, interior architecture, landscaping and human development and exhibition and display.
1.8.2 Content
The study will rely mainly on primary sources. More information will be acquired from secondary sources. All materials, data and ideas will be applied in redesign of the sports club.
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1.8.3 Geographical
The research will be based in Nairobi Kenya while its case study will be Anadil Jamaly Sports Club in Karen.
1.9 CONCLUSION
Fatimid architectural is an Islamic architecture used by Bohras in their architecture such as mosques, mausoleums, educational institutes and many more. In Fatimid architecture, there is a big enhancement in sustainable, ecological, environmental, and green design. Fatimid architecture proves that it has the knowledge about thermal trade off, air movement science and resources managements. They make the healthiest building forms to treat and utilize with all climatic and environmental conditions.
In Kenya, most of the culture- inspired designs have greatly had their inspiration from the traditional beliefs and practices, forms and shapes, geographical locations and locally available materials. All these inspirations and influences have been in an attempt to make designs blend in well with the environments they are found in. Geographic and cultural influences are apparent in architecture, interiors, furnishing and decorative arts. Human proportions and available building materials in that environment define built spaces. Spiritual influences often affect the designs denoting differing customs and beliefs of a people. In summary, a culture of a people in a certain environment is a great influence to the designs of the structures in that same environment.
The research will therefore be on the Bohra culture as the main cultural inspiration to redesign the community sports club.
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CHAPTER TWO
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2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 INTRODUCTION
The literature review in this paper includes research on the appropriate environment suitable for a sports club needs. It also exploits the impact of design and inspiration of the environment on the club.
2.2 REVIEW OF THEORETICAL LITERATURE
2.2.1 INTERIOR DESIGN According to Albert Hadley, the Story of America's Preeminent Interior Designer, The essence of interior design will always be about people and how they live. It is about the realities of what makes for an attractive, civilized, meaningful environment, not about fashion or what's in or what's out.
Overall, interior design should reflect the inhabitants of the home rather than the latest and greatest design trends. Those looking for a little guidance should follow the six basic interior design rules that professional interior designers use. These are;
Ø Proportion and Scale
When designing a room, it is important to take into consideration the size and space available. It would be a major design faux-pas to put oversized furniture into a small room. For example, a dining room table built for twelve would not look appropriate or even fit into a dining room designed for a family of four. (Stratton & Arthur, 1925)
Ø Balance
There are two common approaches to creating balance within a room. Some choose to work with symmetrical balance. Symmetrical balance is when interior designers arrange items in a visually symmetrical way. For example, a couch with an end table on each end.
Other designers focus on using asymmetrical balance. Asymmetrical balance does not focus on mirroring items on either side, but rather balancing things visually through the use of a variety of items. For example, an entertainment center may have a group of small pillar candles on one side, while a group of small frames balances out the other side. (Stratton & Arthur, 1925)
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Ø Contrast
Items through the room should contrast to help create interest. Interior designers use the decor in the room to maintain a single style through the use of a variety of elements such as colors, sizes, patterns, textures and so forth. (Stratton & Arthur, 1925)
Ø Colors and Textures
Following color and texture rules can be the most daunting part of interior design. Color choices will vary from person to person and not everyone agrees on what matches and what does not. However, there are some basic color schemes that many interior designers use. In other design environments colors are used depending and what they imply or mean to the people in that geographical location. (Stratton & Arthur, 1925)
Ø Rhythm
Going hand and hand with contrast, is rhythm. While it’s important to create contrast for interest, it’s also important to keep a rhythm throughout the room. Using a single color or pattern and repeating it throughout the space helps create rhythm in a room. (Stratton & Arthur, 1925)
Ø Harmony
This rule can only work when all other basic elements of interior design have been followed. Harmony will occur within a room when there is proper balance of proportion, patterns, color, textures, contrast and rhythm. A consideration of the surrounding environments is also considered to make designs stand out as one unit with their environs and not look out place. (Stratton & Arthur, 1925)
2.2.2 FATIMID ARCHITECTURE
In the tenth to twelfth centuries, an area including present-day Algeria, Tunisia, Sicily, Egypt, and Syria came under the rule of the Fatimid dynasty (909–1171), an offshoot of a Shia sect from North Africa. The Fatimid rulers traced descent from Muhammad's daughter Fatima (hence Fatimid) via Ismail, the seventh Shia imam, and thus presented a threat to the political and religious authority of the orthodox Sunni Abbasid caliph. The circular design of the city of al-Mansuriya, one of their first capitals, founded in 947, can be interpreted as a deliberate challenge to the round city of Abbasid Baghdad, the "city of peace" (madinat al-salam). This opposition became more significant following the Fatimid conquest of Egypt in 969. At this time, the Fatimids founded the city of Cairo (al-Qahira,
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"the triumphant") and established it as their new capital (973). While Egypt came to enjoy enormous prosperity primarily due to its intermediary role in the lucrative trade between the Mediterranean and India, Cairo soon rivaled the Abbasid capital of Baghdad.
The opulence of the Fatimid court fueled a renaissance in the decorative arts, which made Cairo the most important cultural center in the Islamic world. Nearby, Old Cairo, known as al-Fustat, became a major center for the production of pottery, glass, and metalwork, and rock-crystal, ivory, and wood carving; textile factories run by government officials created tiraz fabrics in the name of the caliph elsewhere in the Egyptian region, especially the Nile Delta. A novel, more refined style developed in pottery; bands with small animals and inscriptions now formed the major decoration in textiles; and rock-crystal carvers demonstrated great skill in works created for and treasured by the caliphs themselves.
The artwork from this period exemplifies the creativity and ingenuity of Fatimid craftsmen. The technique of lusterware on ceramic, developed originally in Iraq, was revived in Egypt and Syria. Some lusterware pieces from this period are signed by their makers, an indication of the esteem in which the craftsmen were held. Wood carving and jewelry were executed with equal skill and inventiveness. Fatimid artists created new decorative motifs and made greater use of figural forms, both human and animal. Figures were stylized but lively, while traditional vegetal and geometric decorations maintained their abstract quality. In architecture, the Fatimids followed Tulunid techniques and used similar materials, but also developed those of their own. In Cairo, their first congregational mosque was al-Azhar ("the splendid") founded along with the city (969–73), which, together with its adjacent institution of higher learning (al-Azhar University), became the spiritual centre for Ismaili Shia. The Mosque of al- Hakim (r. 996–1013), an important example of Fatimid architecture and architectural decoration, played a critical role in Fatimid ceremonial and procession, which emphasized the religious and political role of the Fatimid caliph. Besides elaborate funerary monuments, other surviving Fatimid structures include the Mosque of al-Aqmar (1125) as well as the monumental gates for Cairo's city walls commissioned by the powerful Fatimid emir and vizier Badr al-Jamali (r. 1073–94) The architecture of the Fatimids combines elements from the architecture of Syria, Iraq and Iran in Asia to the east, with elements from North Africa to the west. It is primarily stone-built architecture. In Cairo, the city that the Fatimids established as their capital in 358 / 969, they sometimes re-used stone from Pharonic monuments, as well as column capitals and shafts from classical architecture. Brick is used as a structural material, but is usually sheathed in a carved decorative layer of stone or stucco. Carved wood is used for elements such as doors, panels and ceiling beams. The Fatimid period maintained the traditional hypostyle-mosque planning arrangement. However,
18 the minaret, which evolved as a standard architectural element in Abbasid religious architecture, is used only infrequently in Fatimid architecture. The architecture of the Fatimids also provides one of the first known examples of religious Islamic architecture anywhere to align the façade of the mosque with the street. Thus it reconciles the different directions of the adjacent street and the qibla by use of a triangular-plan section, which includes a broken entry axis connecting the street to the prayer hall. The keel-shaped arch emerges as a common feature in Fatimid architecture, and the dome sometimes incorporates a keel-shaped profile. The Fatimid dome usually rests on squinches or a series of niches, which allows for the transition from the square base of the domed space to the circular outline of the dome.
Foliated kufic calligraphy is used widely in building inscriptions. Fluted decoration is common for arches and domes. Windows are often placed within façade recesses. Arabesque, vegetal and geometric patterns, which are executed in marble, stucco, stone or wood, are common and, in earlier examples of Fatimid art and architecture at least, show the influence of Abbasid models as they emerged in Iraq, and also under the Aghlabids in Tunisia and the Tulunids in Egypt. (MWNF 2004)
Examples of Fatimid Architecture:
Image 1: Saifee Hospital, Mumbai (www.saifeehospital.com)
Image 2: Raudat Tahera, Mumbai(www.google.com) Image 3: Al Jame Anwar, Egypt (www.google.com)
2.2.3 SUSTAINABLE FATIMID ARCHITECTURE
Sustainability is not an option and it is an architect and planner responsibility. Knowledge, technology, and computer day by day provide techniques and simulation tools to improve building production, life quality, and human comfort by clear methodology. Therefore, there is no excuse to think green to save future generation rights and resources. In Fatimid architecture, there is a big enhancement in sustainable, ecological, environmental, and green design. Efficiency is the key word for sustainable design, which all-modern environmental strategies, passive and active techniques are seeking. Fatimid architecture achieves efficiency with high rates. Fatimid architecture proves that it has the knowledge about thermal trade off, air movement science and resources managements. They make the healthiest building forms to treat and utilize with all climatic and environmental conditions. Fatimid architecture sometimes use re-use stone from Pharonic monuments, as well as column capitals and shafts from classical architecture. Brick is used as a structural material, but is usually sheathed in a carved decorative layer of stone or stucco. Materials are those of nature with little human modification or interference. The use of available traditional materials such as mud bricks and stones can be seen throughout the evolution of the Egyptian civilizations. Wet Nile mud bricks were used in buildings dating back to the earliest tomb in the Old Kingdom and later by Ramses. The Romans, the Christians, and the Muslims, which were used as logical and available practical materials, mixed with chopped straw and sand. The whole process of brick making in old Egyptian architecture is similar to that used today. These bricks were found in some cases uncovered and in others covered with natural colors. Mud bricks proved through history durability and cultural applicability as well as its low cost, energy efficiency. Natural stones are also used due to their high thermal capacity and durability. Construction methods applied throughout Fatimid architecture are simple, easy to implement and manipulate. Thick bearing walls are used to support roofs; flat, vaulted and/or domed roofs. Using locally available materials (mud bricks, stones); vaults are constructed by the erection of the kick- wall forming the parabolic shape of the vault. Meanwhile, mud bricks and stone vaults have evoluted through the different civilizations in different forms; from being constructed either using squinchs or pendentives transforming the square to the pentagon on to the circle form which all carry the dome. These construction methods have resulted in several forms. (Dr. Gihan Mosaad) Passive energy (Cooling - Heating) are energy systems, which utilize the sun and elements of climate to provide thermal comfort and energy efficiency. Passive energy mirrors the technical image through reducing energy consumption through technical proficiency in using materials, passive devices, natural ventilation in that way the technical image forefronts measurable environmental facts of resource consumption along with economics, operating costs, efficiency in material use and systems. Through design’s elements as follows:
1. Courtyard: - The courtyard, which is one of the typologies, is to generate air movement convection to provide adequate climate. As well as shading which represent natural and environmental sustainability.
Image 4: Courtyard, Egypt (www.google.com)
2. Roofs (domes – vaults): - Which is represented in terms of construction methods used historically, it promotes the following: • Transfer heat more efficiently and hence more easily cooled • Domes & vaults allow more natural ventilation in the higher space it creates comfort inside houses. • The connection between climate and building design have changed from the issue of providing adequate thermal conditions for working and living to the function of promoting energy efficiency. • These designs help in regulating energy to be more efficient as well as employing ecological design techniques which considers aspects associated with cross ventilation. Image 5: Roofs, Egypt (www.google.com)
The construction methods with their different forms dominate an overlap of sustainability images naturally, technically and culturally which have been adopted in Fatimid Architecture. It can be noted that these construction methods do not depend on any equipment as well as being resistant to the effects of the local climate. (Dr. Gihan Mosaad)
2.2.4 BOHRA (DAWOODI BOHRA)
They are a sub-sect of Shia Islam. The Dawoodi Bohra trace their belief system back to Yemen, where it evolved from the Fatimid Caliphate and where they were persecuted due to their differences from mainstream Sunni Islam and Zaydi Shia Islam. Around 1530 CE, the community was relocated to India. The word Bohra itself comes from the Gujarati word vehru ("trade") in reference to their traditional profession, while the term Dawoodi refers to their support for Dawood Bin Qutubshah in the 1592 leadership dispute which divided the Tayyibi sect, creating the Dawoodi Bohra.
Image 6: Praying Namaaz (www.google.com)
2.25 BOHRA CULTURE: FOOD CULTURE (TIFFIN)
The unique system of Faiz-e-Mawaid-al-Burhaniyah (Tiffin): food is delivered to community members from the community kitchens. The system is organized and handled by community volunteers. The food delivered is enough for two meals. This serves the purpose of providing 'nutritious' 'same' food to 'all' irrespective of 'economic status'. This further facilitate women to 'devote time' for other activities.
Image 7: Tiffin (www.google.com)
Image 8: Served by Bohras (www.google.com)
Image 9: Culture of Dining (www.google.com)
2.2.6 SPORTS CLUB
Community facilities enhance the lives of residents in numerous ways. Improving those facilities can mean different things for different communities. For some, the issue may be that adequate parks or facilities simply don’t exist, and need to be created. For others, existing facilities may be old, and speak only to the needs of a community that has long since changed. Still others might find themselves with community facilities that are adequate in some ways, but that have become rundown or dangerous, and need to be revitalized. A less obvious situation is one in which community facilities are in good shape and seem to be adequate, but isn’t being used.
Improving community facilities, then, comes down to determining what the community needs and wants, and working – usually over the long term – to provide those facilities that will enhance the quality of life – socially, intellectually, culturally, economically, politically, and psychologically – for everyone.
Facilities should be designed to be as beautiful, exciting, and functional as they can be, rather than merely adequate, regardless of the resources available. Good design doesn’t necessarily mean expense – it means the best design possible for the use of the facility, given the resources at hand. That takes creativity and an understanding of the community and its needs and desires, as well as a commitment to making sure that every part of the community has facilities that are absolutely first class.
2.2.7 ENHANCED INDOOR ENVIRONMENT
The purpose of a building is not only to provide shelter for its occupants, but also to provide an environment conducive to high performance of all intended occupant activities (Kessenides, 2005). Recent studies reveal that buildings with good overall environmental quality can reduce the rate of respiratory disease, allergy, asthma, sick building symptoms, and enhance worker performance. High-efficiency in-duct filtration systems and heating and cooling systems that ensure adequate ventilation can have a dramatic and positive impact on indoor air quality (Fisk & Rosenfeld, 1998). Poor indoor air quality can be caused by the off-gassing of chemicals found in many building materials as well as mold and mildew that build up in poorly designed and maintained heating and cooling systems. Selection of appropriate microbial resistant materials can prevent this indoor microbial contamination. Effective drainage from the roof and surrounding landscape, installing adequate ventilation in bathrooms, allowing for proper drainage of air-conditioning coils, and designing building systems to control humidity can also work to improve indoor conditions.
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Choosing construction materials and interior finish products with zero or low emissions improve indoor air quality (Dick, 2007). One of the most common interior pollutants is formaldehyde, a suspected human carcinogen. Cabinetry, shelving, and furniture are all typically made from particleboard held together by formaldehyde-based adhesives. The formaldehyde is released into the facility for years after these products have been installed. Many building materials and cleaning/maintenance products emit toxic gases, such as volatile organic compounds (VOC) and formaldehyde. The “new building smell” is actually the odor of these VOC’s off-gassing, and is a sign that there are harmful chemicals in the indoor environment detrimentally impacting occupant health and productivity (Loftness et al., 2007). The building products industry has responded to these indoor pollution problems by developing alternative paint, finish, and adhesive products. For example, solvent-free adhesives used in flooring can eliminate many of the suspected and known human carcinogens. Paints, varnishes, and cleaners that do not contain volatile compounds are now commonly available from most major manufacturers at costs comparable to conventional products (Dick, 2007). Additional measures specific to new construction and major facility upgrades are: investigate the use of separate outside-air and conditioned-air distribution systems; ensure fresh air intakes are located away from loading areas, exhaust fans, and other contamination points; ensure parking lot and garage usage cannot generate pollutants that affect fresh air intake; investigate the use of a permanent air quality monitoring system to ensure acceptable levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) for an indoor office environment are maintained continuously; and replace filters on a periodic basis (Loftness et al., 2007).
2.2.8 DESIGN OF A SPORTS CLUB
General design The hall is a functional space with stipulated court and safety margin dimensions and with unobstructed clear height requirements. Surfaces should be flush and of consistent color. Applied design features should be avoided. A successful interior should rely on a careful selection of materials, colors and lighting. Natural lighting invariably contributes to the halls ambience but a suitable system will be expensive and difficult to reconcile with sports lighting requirements, particularly those of badminton. (Robin Wilson, Sports England)
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Image 10: General design of a sports club (www.google.com)
Access to and from the Sports Hall The number, width, height and location of access doors to the sports hall will depend on the overall building layout, the fire strategy, proposals for the delivery of large equipment, and the required evacuation time. Sports hall access doors should open outwards to avoid creating a hazard to the users within. Additional doors may be required to give direct access to sections of the hall that can be divided into separate sections. (Robin Wilson, Sports England)
Structure Columns and beams should be laid out so that they run between the badminton courts in order to avoid conflict with the overhead light fittings and the hanging of division netting. Columns can be wholly or partly within external walls or outside the building envelope. They should never project into the hall. (Robin Wilson, Sports England)
Sports floor A specialist sports floor is the critical element in providing a comfortable and safe place in which to play sport. Halls may also be used for some none a limited number of sports floor products. Most sports require white lines for major competitions although yellow is used for handball and sometimes hockey and basketball. For multi-sports halls a range of colors is required to avoid confusion.
Image 11: Example of floor surface (www.google.com)
Internal walls
The internal walls should be flush-faced and impact resistant. Options include:
• Plywood
• Fair faced brick
• Painted block work
• Frameless or flush-framed glazed panels.
Whatever material is selected, it is preferable if it runs full height and with a consistent color as horizontal changes in material cause visual obstruction to badminton players and can result in a stepped back surface. The wall color should contrast with the floor and be uniform across the wall plane. For dedicated badminton centers, colors with lower light reflectance values (LRV) are preferred, whilst in contrast for a multi sports hall, a higher LRV will help give a greater spread of light within the space. Where cricket nets are installed lighter colored end walls or curtains are preferred to help players see the cricket ball. (Robin Wilson, Sports England)
Exterior facades
When selecting materials for exterior facades consider the following points:
• Successful external claddings can include color-coated steel. Where profiled metal is used this looks better when run horizontally. • Cedar boarding can be appropriate as it is cheaper than metal cladding and if properly specified requires minimal maintenance. • Metal cladding used above brickwork at a lower level invariably gives a very industrial appearance and should be avoided.
External windows and door frames must be in powder-coated aluminium or galvanised steel, PVCs or hardwood. (Robin Wilson, Sports England)
Roof
The roof soffit and structure should:
• Be uniform, preferably white with more than 90 reflectance value
• Make provision for acoustic absorbency. Reverberation time should not exceed two seconds at mid- frequency 15. The roof decking should span the main beams to achieve minimum visual obstruction
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• Where unavoidable, internal linings or suspended ceilings must be impact-resistant suspended ceilings are generally inappropriate for sports halls. Mill-finish standing seam aluminum roof finish is likely to provide the best value for money for most sports buildings and can be curved, avoiding interruption of the ridge. Where the location demands a slate or tile roof the better quality pressed steel sheet products can provide a convincing appearance for buildings of this scale without the weight penalty of the genuine product. (Robin Wilson, Sports England)
Image 12: Roof (www.google.com)
Fittings The hall should be equipped with a range of fixed equipment depending on the chosen priority sports. Typically this might be:
• Wall- or roof structure -mounted basketball goals with additional practice goals fixed directly to the wall
• Roof structure-mounted spotting rig for gymnastic (wall fitting to be above 2.0 m high) and tracked division netting
• Cricket nets
• Floor and possibly wall sockets with flush fitted cover plates will be required for specific items of equipment
• Pulley-mounted net bags. Care should be taken to ensure that there are no dimensional conflicts with the court markings and the safety requirements. (Robin Wilson, Sports England)
Artificial lighting
Adequate artificial lighting is an essential element of the sports hall and should be integrated into the design from the outset, rather than be added in later. The sporting activities often demand critical visual tasks, with fast moving objects and players. It is important that the whole volume of the space is considered and that the quality of illumination is considered along with the color and texture of materials. A good lighting system should provide adequate luminance, suitable brightness, and contrast, uniformity of light distribution and satisfactory control of glare. It will also have a major influence on the overall ambiance of the hall. (Robin Wilson, Sports England)
Image 13: Adequate lighting (www.google.com)
Windows and Internal Glazed Screens
There should be no windows below 3m. Any windows above 3m of floor level should be flush with the internal wall finish of the hall. Windows and internal screens should be of safety glass and be located to minimize distraction to players. Glazed screens should be double glazed with blinds between the glass panes when privacy is required. Blinds should be operated from within the hall using flush-fitting controls.
Image 14: Windows (www.google.com)
Acoustic Considerations
For normal sporting activities a maximum reverberation time of 2 seconds at 500 Hz with a background noise level of NR 50 is recommended. Shorter reverberation times, if they can be achieved, would improve the teaching environment.
The hall should be designed to achieve a 40dB reduction in noise level between it and any adjoining teaching space. Noise spillage to or from the exterior of the building may have to be contained on some sites. Users with hearing impairments may benefit from a hearing enhancement system or induction loop encircling the space and it is recommended that an induction loop system be fitted. Acoustic treatment of walls will not normally be necessary, as the ceiling will generally best suit the introduction of acoustic treatment. Wall surfaces above 3m can, however, be used to enhance the acoustics. Surfaces can be constructed to be sound absorbent but must also be capable of withstanding ball impact. Impact resistant acoustic panels or acoustic masonry blocks may be considered. (Caledonia, Sports Scotland)
External sports facilities Where site dimensions permit it is advantageous to include a floodlit and fenced multi use games area close to the hall. These tennis court or larger, sized facilities can significantly increase overall use and can reduce wear and tear in the sports hall. Overall changing capacity will have to be increased according to the capacity of the play area and some secure external equipment storage must be provided. Artificial pitch areas will require paved routes connecting with the halls main or secondary entrance, arranged so that staff can supervise the changing to play area route.
The same criteria will apply to tennis or netball courts but grass pitches and cricket squares require separate changing rooms with field exits. Site planning should be arranged so that routes to grass and artificial pitch areas do not cross or coincide. In centers with extensive outdoor provision a pavilion, suitably orientated for external viewing and located for servicing, could be provided. (Caledonia, Sports Scotland)
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2.3 SUMMARY
From the literature review it can be deduced that it is important to consider the needs of the people playing sports when designing the environment where they train and play. It is also important to have some inspiration; in this case, Fatimid architecture and Bohra culture to have a positive impact on Bohra.
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CHAPTER THREE
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3.0 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
3.1 INTRODUCTION
In this chapter, explanation is given on how collection and analyzation of relevant information to address the research theme was carried out. The nature of the study problem and theoretical orientation led the researcher to select relevant research design that identified Anadil Jamaly as the area of study. Research instruments and methods of collection that were employed included: participation and observation, interviews, questionnaires and interview guides, photographs, and documents review, among others.
Methods of analysis included but were not limited to, graphs, notes, photograph analysis and interpretation, among others. Methods of interpretation of the data and its presentation are also looked into. Description of all these aspects is given in the sections that follow. In addition, description of the challenges and problems encountered in the development and execution of this study are highlighted.
3.2 STUDY DESIGN
In Robert Yin definition of a case study, he defines the research method as an empirical enquiry that investigates a contemporary phenomenon within its real life context; when the boundaries between the phenomenon and context are not clearly evident; and in which multiple sources of evidence are used. (Yin, 1984, Pg23). In his explanation he highlights the main steps used in case study research as: a) First a design understands the design problem that needs to be solved by analyzing the problem critically b) Determining and defining the research questions c) Selecting the cases and determining data gathering and analysis techniques d) Preparing to collect the data e) Collecting the data in the field f) Evaluating and analyzing the data
The aim of this project is to propose ways in which Fatimid Architecture can be incorporated into the design of the sports club to create a positive impact on the community, and also to propose ways in which the community can socially interact with each other and be physically fit through interior design by incorporating better sitting arrangements and a better area to practice their sports through
33 design. Therefore, case study method will be applied to carry out this research. Case studies have a very narrow focus which results in detailed descriptive data which is unique to the case studied. Two types of data will be used; the primary and the secondary data. The primary data will be derived from the answers respondents give during interviews with the researcher. The secondary data on the other hand, will be derived from the findings stated in published documents and literatures related to the research problem. The study will employ both qualitative and quantitative approaches. The quantitative approach will focus on obtaining numerical findings and will be used with the observation method. The interview on the other hand, will make up the qualitative approach of the study as this focuses on personal accounts, observations, and description and individual insights of the interviewees. This study will employ the combined approach so as to overcome the limitations of both approaches.
3.3 TARGET POPULATION
The space is mainly used by the Bohra community and the school and university students which are Bohras too. Since the population is quite large sampling will be necessary. Sampling is the process of selecting units from a population of interest so that by studying the sample we may fairly generalize our results back to the population from which they were chosen. (Trochim: 2006). Random sampling is the most effective seeing as no personal knowledge about the users of the space is known. However, it is necessary to ensure there is a balance between age, gender and race. Random sampling can be combined with stratified sampling to avoid biasness.
3.4 SAMPLE DESIGN
There are several different sampling techniques available:
1. Simple random sampling
In this case each individual is chosen entirely by chance and each member of the population has an equal chance, or probability, of being selected. One way of obtaining a random sample is to give each individual in a population a number, and then use a table of random numbers to decide which individuals to include.
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2. Systematic sampling
Individuals are selected at regular intervals from a list of the whole population. The intervals are chosen to ensure an adequate sample size. For example, every 10th member of the sports club is included. This is often convenient and easy to use, although it may also lead to bias for reasons outlined below.
3. Stratified sampling
In this method, the population is first divided into sub-groups (or strata) who all share a similar characteristic. It is used when we might reasonably expect the measurement of interest to vary between the different sub-groups. Gender or age would be examples of strata. The study sample is then obtained by taking samples from each stratum.
In a stratified sample, the probability of an individual being included varies according to known characteristics, such as gender, and the aim is to ensure that all sub-groups of the population that might be of relevance to the study are adequately represented.
The fact that the sample was stratified should be taken into account at the analysis stage.
4. Clustered sampling
In a clustered sample, sub-groups of the population are used as the sampling unit, rather than individuals. The population is divided into sub-groups, known as clusters, and a selection of these are randomly selected to be included in the study. All members of the cluster are then included in the study. Clustering should be taken into account in the analysis.
The most common method of sampling is known as simple random sampling: "Pick a number out of a hat!" Gay provides a good example of this type of sampling.
Writers disagree on the usefulness of systematic sampling. Ary and Gay discount systematic sampling as “not as good as “simple random sampling because each selection is not independent of the others. Cluster sampling involves randomly selecting groups, not individuals. It is often impossible to obtain a list of individuals which make up a target population.
3.5 DATA COLLECTION
Data Collection is an important aspect of any type of research study. Inaccurate data collection can impact the results of a study and ultimately lead to invalid results. The data collection instruments used to carry out this research will include:
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Data Collection Methods Description
Give a visual presentation of the current situation at the site. Photography Compare between the current design and the intended final design.
Interviewer asks questions, usually following a Face-to-face interview guide or protocol. Interviewer records answers.
Observation entails the systematic noting and recording of events, Observation behaviors, and artifacts (objects) in the social setting chosen for study
Researchers review documents, and identify relevant information. Document review They keep track of the information retrieved from documents.
Source: Lusthaus and others 1999
3.6 DATA ANALYSIS METHODS
In this section, the research explains how the data collected was analyzed. Here the researcher explains how the data collected was organized, interpreted and analyzed in order to be well presented at the end of the research. This helped in giving a better picture of the intended results after the research had been successfully carried out in Anadil Jamaly. Some of the methods used were:
a) Bar graphs Bar graphs were used to show the rise or fall of different various values like expenses, repairs, damages, resources used etc, what change had been made and how it improved the current situation in Anadil Jamaly as they are easy to read & understand.
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b) Picture Displays& photographs ( Exhibition) Pictures or photographs of Anadil Jamaly and other pictures or photographs used for the purposes of this research were displayed &used to analyze the collected data and show the real picture of the current situation at Anadil Jamaly or other inspiring ideas without any modifications.
c) Drawing The researcher drew sketches and detailed plans of Anadil Jamaly to be able to accurately point out the area of study and the different composition of the space.
d) Notes The notes collected were used to compare the current problems at Anadil Jamaly and other information gathered through historical methods to the intended solutions.
e) Quantitative data analysis The researcher also used some descriptive data analysis methods like the measures of central tendencies (mean, mode& median) to analyze the quantitative data.
3.7 DATA PRESENTATION
i. Reports The researcher wrote this project paper report for the whole research on, ‘use of Fatimid architectural and Bohra cultural inspiration in re design of Anadil Jamaly’ after completion of the research. This included literature review notes on an understanding of various design harmonies and different inspirations of culture in creating sustainable designs, A breakdown of research methodologies used for the research, an analysis of Anadil Jamaly and design recommendations for Anadil Jamaly towards realizing designs that are sustainable and inspired by the Bohra culture. Photographs and diagrams too were included in various sections.
ii. Exhibitions The researcher also exhibited the data in the form of site analysis and site context plans, photographs, schematic drawings and other graphic presentations of Anadil Jamaly and the intended designs.
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Table 3.6 (a) Shows a summary of the research methodologies to be used in Anadil Jamaly Method Reasons for using it On whom to use the How the data collected method will be analyzed Observation Note the designs used This method was mostly Drawings; Sketches & in the space. applied to the intended scaled plans. Note firsthand the soil space; in this case, the type, relief type of the space is Anadil Jamaly. land the general vegetation of the area. Photography Give a visual The site, Anadil Jamaly Exhibition: The presentation of the Other hotels that have photographs were current situation at the been influenced by displayed as part of a site. culture to create final exhibition of the Compare between the sustainable designs. space. current design and the intended final design. Interviews& To collect primary data on The staff, customers, Graphs, Notes, Questionnaires the challenges of the manager & designer Drawings & sketches. current design. who designed the club. Books, To collect secondary data Different authors. Notes, Graphs& Journals& on other similar projects Similar researches done measures of central Articles that has been successfully by other scholars. tendencies for the done. quantitative data.
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3.8 DESIGN PROCESS
DEFINE THE PROBLEM
You can't find a solution, until you can spell out what the problem is. Interiors work with the client to define the project. The problem may be something like "A new school kitchen with cafeteria that seats 300 students" or "A new high school for 1,000 students."
COLLECT INFORMATION
Once the problem is defined, interiors will spend time gathering information to help them understand the neighborhood, the site, the users of the building, any existing buildings. Typically this means taking photographs, sketching, and interviewing the client. It's also valuable to collect information on the natural environment, so interiors may gather data on the path of the sun around the site, the direction of the wind, the climate, as well as what types of plants are currently growing around the site.
ANALYZE
During this stage of the process, interiors may begin sketching or making diagrams to help them understand how all the data and information they've collected may impact the design of the building. These early drawings - which may include bubble diagrams, for example, will help the interiors document their ideas, because it's likely the solution will change as they go along.
DEVELOP SOLUTIONS
At this stage in the design process, interiors will create drawings with specific solutions. Schematic drawings, as these are typically called, help illustrate the big ideas and space requirements of the project. Schematic drawings usually do not include dimensions or other construction-related notes.
BUILD IT
The precise details of the building will determined over several months while the firm is developing a set of construction drawings and specifications. These construction documents will be used by the contractor to construct the building.
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3.9 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
The research focused on Bohras and the management of the sports complex in the research methodology so as to paint out clearly the consumer behavior that is needed to assess the existing problems in the site. The general methods were used to integrate the whole research into one. The methods used ensured that the work relates to a wider perspective and comes from a strong conceptual base to develop an awareness of the system in which the sports club operates in.
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CHAPTER FOUR
42 4.0 SITE ANALYSIS, PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION OF FINDINGS
4.1 INTRODUCTION
Anadil Jamaly Sports Club is situated in Lang’ata, within the Bohora Community Estate (Saifee Park). It has an open landscape which is used for outdoor sports and a small parking area. Consisting of two floors, the first floor has a badminton court, gym, a canteen, washrooms and a room for the care taker. The second floor has a snooker room, darts room, an open space, meeting room and table tennis court. The second building has a squash court and a swimming pool with a changing room and sauna. At the backside there is a volleyball court. It is used by the Bohora only.
4.2 ANALYSIS
4.2.1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Anadil Jamaly Sports Club was opened on 18Th September, 1990. It is owned by the Bohra community.
4.2.2 LOCATION Anadil Jamaly Sports Club is located at the end of Kiboko Road, 17 km from the city centre. It is situated in Saifee Park Estate and next to A.M.S.B. Primary and Secondary School.
Image 15: Anadil Jamaly map (www.googlemaps.com)
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4.2.3 CLIMATE The site is located in Nairobi. Nairobi receives an average annual rainfall of 800mm. The day temperatures range between 34 degrees maximum and 12 degrees minimum. The night temperatures range between 28 degrees maximum and 10 degrees minimum, depending on the time of the year.
The wind direction is towards south but is redirected by the presence of trees in the undeveloped areas. The wind is slight yielding gentle breezes most of the time. The wind blow is rarely strong on the site. The site receives sufficient amount of sunshine. This results in high temperatures during the day. It‘s only during the cold season when the site has cloud covers that the sun is minimal or sometimes nil. Seasonal changes of the sun‘s angle alter shadow length.
4.2.4 SOCIAL FACTORS
The land is used by school and university students and community members each day. It is situated in the estate and surrounded by houses of the Bohora Community and adjacent to a driveway and a shopping centre that exists within the estate.
The major noise pollutants on the site are from the human activities (on going daily activities of the inhabitant of the houses and shops).
4.2.5 FACILITIES: INTERIOR
Badminton court The badminton court is a huge enclosed room with green walls and green curtains on the entrance doors. There is a green playing mat on the middle of the floor with a net in between. It has stripped flooring called TNG on the sides and corners of the floor. The roof of the court is gypsum blocks, some of the blocks are missing and there are signs of water leakage on the blocks.
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a) Gypsum ceiling b) Court
b) Flooring d) Net
e) Curtains
Swimming pool The swimming pool area consists of a large swimming pool of 20m by 8m which is 6 feet deep and a small baby fountain. The floor surrounding the pools is made up of natural pebble; and on
45 the side walls of the swimming pool are metal wind breakers. There are also four rooms, two changing rooms for ladies and gents respectively, a sauna and a store room. The sauna does not work efficiently. Since the swimming pool does not have a rooftop, the sauna should be utilized and should function well in cases of harsh weather.
Squash room The squash room consists of two separate courts made up of stripped floor called TNG. Opposite to the courts are raised wooden benches for the audience to sit back and enjoy the game. The ceiling of the room is also made up of TNG. Players that enter the court must be strictly wearing non- marking shoes.
Darts room Darts is played on the upper left wing of Anadil Jamaly. The dart board is enclosed in a cupboard which is opened when darts are being played. There is no specific room for darts making it a drawback as players are frequently interrupted by people entering the upper wing.
Table tennis court It is a granite floored room with a table tennis table located at the centre of the room with dimensions 9 feet long by 5 feet wide and 2 feet 6 inches high. One major drawback is that huge windows on one side of the wall are not covered up allowing light to interfere when people are playing the game.
a) Table tennis table b) Windows
46 Snooker The snooker room is the darkest room in the building, the only light available is from a light shade above the snooker table of dimensions 11 feet 8.5 inches by 5 feet 10 inches which is placed in the middle of the room. The floor is carpeted and has cue storing hangers.
Canteen The canteen at Anadil Jamaly is a very small room which consists of a fridge, a storage counter and a serving table. It does not have enough room for its owner to serve therefore the room is quite unhygienic.
a) Canteen b) Serving table
c) Fridge
47 Gym The gym room consists of equipment like the treadmill, the cycle, the cross trainers, strength training machines, weights of different masses and a trampoline. The room has two walls of mirrors at opposite ends to enable people to look at what they are doing or working on. Also in the room is a water filter, a music system and gym mats. The main disadvantage of the gym is that most of the equipments are broken. Equipments are also not placed in order and mats are usually lying haphazardly on the floor.
Washrooms The washroom contains six toilet cubicles available for use by general public and players. Outside the cubicles are two wash basins and mirrors accompanied by storage lockers for some players. Its main drawback being lack of water most of the times and no separate toilets for male and female.
48 4.2.6 LANDSCAPE
Ground The ground is located at the foot of Anadil Jamaly. It is a vast ground used mainly for outdoor sports such as cricket, football, athletics, high jump, long jump, javelin, shot put and discus throw. On two opposite ends of the ground are two huge white metal wind breakers which allow cricketers to be able to view the ball at a distance. The ground is not always properly maintained, at times the grass on the ground grow a feet tall not allowing players to utilize the ground efficiently. Football goal posts have no nets and are usually placed haphazardly on the field. The cricket pitch at times is not visible as grass growing on the pitch has not been trimmed off.
49 Volleyball pitch The volleyball pitch is located at the backside of Anadil Jamaly. The pitch is covered in sand and very small stones; grass, small plants and shrubs surround the pitch. The volleyball net is based exactly in the middle of the pitch. Besides the volleyball net is a long sitting chair for the refree and on the side walls of the pitch are long metal wind breakers which do not allow wind to interfere with the balls direction.
4.2.7 FURNITURE DESIGN There are wooden benches for audience in the badminton, snooker and table tennis courts as well as volleyball pitch. Outside the canteen are wooden tables and plastic chairs for people to enjoy their meals. The swimming pool also has plastic and wooden rest benches.
a) Badminton court bench b) Canteen tables
50 4.2.8 EXHIBITION AND DISPLAY The main display board is at the entrance stairs of Anadil Jamaly where all sports related events, information, announcements and results are posted. Another main display board is the cricket score board where scores of a game being played are changed along the game using numbered plates.
a) Cricket score board b) Main display board
4.2.8 LIGHTING All the rooms at Anadil Jamaly have tube fluorescent lights except the snooker room shade lighting and canteen which has a yellow bulb light and swimming pool, volleyball pitch and ground has flood lights.
a) Artificial lighting b) Natural lighting
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4.3 PRESENTATION OF FINDINGS Graph presenting gender and age sets playing sports all year round at Anadil Jamaly:
Over the age of 50 years, adults usually play snooker at Anadil Jamaly.
Graph representing sports played by A.M.S.B school students during school days and holidays:
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Percentage of sports played by different type of people:
Graph representing differnt age groups swimming different strokes:
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4.4 SUMMARY
Anadil Jamaly is generally in a wanting state and an improvement of the current design of the site would go a long way towards improving the aesthetic and functional appeal of the site. The interior walls most of which are permanent are in a worn out state and the cemented floor is also in a dilapidated state. The ceiling though needs improvement and better maintenance. The lighting, indoor& outdoor/ natural& artificial, also needs some improvement, as it is not sufficient for Anadil Jamaly. Most of the furniture is rundown and in need of repairs or replacement and the exhibition and displays in Anadil Jamaly like the score boards also needs to be improved and modernized.
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CHAPTER FIVE
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5.0 SUMMARY FINDINGS CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 INTRODUCTION
The researcher used the findings obtained from the literature review to suggest possible ideas that can be used by the Sports club to provide a livelier and healthy environment and sustainability.
5.2 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
The sports club’s design is not contemporary design thus the constant need to change from time to time which is more expensive as compared to the complete design of the whole sports club. From the findings, the sports club wastes a lot of potential energy that could have been maximized to cut costs in interior architecture of the courts, offices, washrooms and ground areas. The landscape has little features that might be of interest to many. Over the years, broken furniture has always been repaired by the sports club. However, there are those that were not repaired and so are left without use in the store. This furniture pieces offer a great deal to practice reusing and recycling as principles of sustainability.
56 5.3 CONCLUSION
The research findings clearly show that there is a design problem in Anadil Jamaly Sports Club. The management had made attempts to redesign the courts in an attempt to solve some of these problems as well as keep up with the trends. The aim of this research is to develop solutions to the problems cited in the sports club. The solutions are in line with the aspect of sustainability with an aim to create a more interesting environment as well as design for a modern society.
5.4 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE FOUR AREAS OF SPECIALIZATION
The researcher will use the appropriate Fatimid designs and Bohra cultural inspirations to attract people and create liveliness in the interior design of the sports club with a key eye on the aspects of sustainability in the material used, concept and costing.
5.4.1 EXTERNAL DESIGN OF ANADIL JAMALY
As explained above about the tiffin culture, tiffin is usually round, thus getting inspired from it; the shape of the re-designed sports club will be round. People are far more likely to call a room beautiful when its design is round instead of a linear. The reason may be hard wired into the brain. Time and again when people are asked to choose between an object that is linear and one that is curved, they prefer the curved. That goes for watches with circular faces, letters rendered in a curly font, couches with smooth cushions, even dental floss with round packaging.
5.4.2 INTERIOR DESIGN OF ANADIL JAMALY
57 Entrance
The design of the entrance should be warm and welcoming with reception close to the point of entry with sufficient space for queuing and an informal hotel type arrangement. The reception desk should be prominently sited and of an open design with a dropped level for wheelchair users and children, but with sensitively designed security features as appropriate. It should make provision for the monitoring of fire and security systems and allow for the integration of CCTV, PA and other essential equipment (retrofitting such equipment when space is tight can be difficult).
Image 16: Example of an entrance (www.google.com)
Café Café area should be located in or close to the entrance with Fatimid designs to ensure that standards of decor match successfully.
Image 16:Fatimid style café (www.google.com)
Changing rooms
58 Changing capacity should be provided to cope with the normal maximum occupancy level and pattern of use. Changing areas need to be fully accessible for disabled users. Cloth storage lockers in the main corridor can be easily supervised by staff and might help to deter vandalism, whilst lockers in the changing room are more convenient for users. Toilets can be planned to share a common access lobby with changing rooms. This is an economical, proven arrangement that concentrates services and affords convenient access to sports, social and office areas.
Image 17: Changing room (www.google.com)
Badminton court
The ideal badminton floor is a sprung wooden floor with a vinyl, PVC, PU or wooden strip covering on top to make it shock-absorbent and injury prone. It shall have three different lighting ways for badminton court lighting: natural lighting, artificial lighting and mixed lighting, which includes the two. Requirements of badminton court lighting design is that let player can accurately judge the path, height and drop point of ball.
Image 18: Badminton court (www.google.com)
Squash court
59 The most economical solution is to build singles squash courts with a movable side wall to permit doubles and singles to be played on the same court. The CT fin glass back wall can be considered as the ‘traditional’ type of glass back wall. Advantage of the fin glass back wall is that elevated seating areas enjoy a less obstructed view. Floors should be constructed of a light colored timber to enable the fast-moving ball to be seen in play and have a dense structure such as beech, ash or maple, finished with textured surface for grip. The minimum lighting level for a standard squash court measured at 1 metre above finished floor level.
Image 19: Squash court (www.google.com)
Swimming pool
Single community pools should have a minimum shallow water depth of 0.9 m (if there is no learner pool) and a deep end of 1.8 m or 2.0 m. Diving from boards, advanced synchronized swimming and more advanced sub-aqua training require deeper water.
Image 20: Swimming pool (www.google.com)
60 Table tennis court
The playing space shall not be less than 14m long, 7m wide and 5m high. The playing area shall be enclosed by surrounds about 75cm high, all of the same dark background color, separating it from adjacent playing areas and from spectators. The light intensity, measured at the height of the playing surface, shall be at least 1000 lux uniformly over the whole of the playing surface and at least 500 lux elsewhere in the playing area; in other competitions the intensity shall be at least 600 lux uniformly over the playing surface and at least 400 lux elsewhere in the playing area. Where several tables are in use, the lighting level shall be the same for all of them, and the level of background lighting in the playing hall shall not be greater than the lowest level in the playing area. The light source shall not be less than 5m above the floor. The background shall be generally dark and shall not contain bright light sources or daylight through uncovered windows or other apertures. The flooring shall not be light-colored, brightly reflecting or slippery and its surface shall not be of brick, ceramics, concrete or stone.
Image 21: Table tennis court (www.google.com)
Snooker room
A one-table snooker room requires enough space around the table to accommodate the range of a stroke of the cue from all angles, while also accounting for chairs, the storage rack and any other furniture that is or will be present. Optimally, there should be at least 6 ft (1.8 m) of clearance between the table and any walls, furniture or other objects, on all sides and at all corners of the table. Lighting is important to the design of a snooker room. Snooker rooms need overhead
61 lighting, and a multi-bulb light fixture specifically designed for illuminating a billiard table is most often used. Such fixtures are available in both incandescent and fluorescent models, and range from crude to highly ornate. Snooker rooms with windows usually employ curtains or blinds during daytime use, to prevent excessive glare.
Image 22: Snooker room (www.google.com)
Darts room
Ideally two lights shining on the board is best but at a minimum there should be at least one light on the board. The lights should not be positioned in such a way that they may be hit by a high or stray dart. Even temporary lights that can be clipped on to the ceiling or elsewhere are better than nothing. Clip on lights don’t do much for the décor but they are easy to install and usually pretty cheap. They also eliminate the need for you to do any wiring modifications.
Flooring is always preferred to have some kind of carpet in the dart area. The carpet should extend from the wall where the dart board is hung to about three feet past the toe line. The carpet should extend about three feet left and right of the centre line of the board back to the toe line. There are a couple of good reasons to not play on a hard surface. First, it’s easier on your darts if they fall on carpet instead of concert or hardwood. Secondly, it’s easier on your feet. If you do have a hardwood, vinyl or laminate floor you want to protect it from darts. So a covering of carpet is a good start although darts can still pierce through the carpet and into the floor.
62 The last item that is essential to a good dart set up is a score board. This can be as simple of elaborate. They can be bought relatively cheaply and are even pretty simple to build. Chalk boards are probably the best option although they do create a lot of dust.
Image 23: Darts board (www.google.com)
Gym
Gym should be light and bright gym. Surrounded by mirrors, for people not to make a weight- lifting mistake the floor should be rubber floor.
Image 24: Gym (www.google.com)
63 Image 25: Rubber floor (www.google.com)
Stores Equipment stores should have adequate storage space of suitable proportions, sited in the correct location, is essential for the efficient operation of multi-sports halls.
All these interior spaces shall have Fatimid designs applied in them, example: Ø Decorated with extraordinary splendour Gold rafter supported the ceilings Ø Rare birds and animals decorated the walls and furniture Ø Curtain inspired by the Byzantine Ø A huge silk hanging with a map of all the lands of the world and their rulers expressed the Fatimid claim to belong to the family of kings. Ø The technique of lusterware on ceramic Ø Floral wood carvings. Carved wood is used for elements such as doors, panels and ceiling beams.
64 The architecture:
Ø The keel-shaped arch emerges as a common feature in Fatimid architecture Ø The dome sometimes incorporates a keel-shaped profile. The Fatimid dome usually rests on squinches or a series of niches, which allows for the transition from the square base of the domed space to the circular outline of the dome. Ø
5.4.3 EXHIBITION AND DISPLAY OF ANADIL JAMALY
The main exhibition and display in a sports complex are the score boards. Each court should have its own score board. As the generation is moving and new technologies are building, score boards are preferred to be digital. This is less time consuming and efficient.
Image 26: Used for cricket scores (www.google.com)
Image 27: Digital scoreboard (www.google.com)
65 2.3.4 FURNITURE DESIGN OF ANADIL JAMALY
The main use of furniture is a sports complex are the sitting arrangements for audience, cafeteria sitting arrangements, reception furniture and swimming pool rest sits.
Image 28: Fatimid style furniture (www.google.com)
Image 29, 30: Swimming pool furniture Fatimid style (www.google.com)
66 Image 31: Sitting arrangements for audience (www.google.com)
2.3.5 LANDSCAPING DESIGN FOR ANADIL JAMALY
Parking Parking should be access and adequate turning provision for service vehicles. Should secure cycle standing located within sight of the office or reception. Ramps, if there are changes in ground level, and additional hand railing. Should have well-lit car parks and footpaths for safe access after dark.
Image 32: Parking (www.google.com)
Football field Proper crowning of gridirons constructed from natural soil or modified soil is a necessity that will ensure excellent surface drainage without interfering with play. The design should provide a 10- to 18-inch crown (approximately 1 to 1.9 percent) sloping uniformly from the center of the field to the sidelines, without pockets. The parallel sidelines should be level. Tile systems are placed along the sidelines with open catch basins to remove water more rapidly than it will be
67 absorbed through the soil. Except for cases of seepage and high water tables, tiles under the entire playing area of soil fields may be of little value because surface compaction impedes water movement to the tile.
Image 33: Football field (www.google.com)
Cricket field A turf pitch is 20.12m long and 3.05m wide. A non-turf pitch is a minimum length of 17.68m and a minimum of 1.83m wide. A pitch is bounded at either end by the bowling creases and a set of wickets in the centre of the bowling crease. In the case of a turf pitch, the slope of the pitch should not exceed 1 per cent and follow the slope pattern of the oval. If the oval is centre sloped, the pitch square should also slope from the centre. The amount of fall should therefore not exceed 30mm across a 3.05m strip or 200mm along its length, being as flat as possible at the centre. The pitch square should be about 75mm above the level of the outfield to allow for surface drainage off the pitch.
Image 34: Cricket field (www.google.com)
68 Running track
• Porous: A training surface for top athletes or competition surface for schools and clubs IAAF approved. • Sandwich: A non-porous system finished with a coloured EPDM rubber granulated cast, then a polyurethane top-coat, providing a top quality surface. • Solid: Textured surface designed to meet the highest IAAF standards.
Image 35: Running track (www.google.com)
Volleyball field
Volley Ball field made of anti skit top surface with synthetic rubber base. This system is designed to have maximum speed in game. This system not only increases the speed but is also helpful while shooting across the net. Moreover, the volley ball court floorings are appreciated for their features such as low maintenance cost and resistance against skid.
Image 36: Volleyball pitch (www.google.com)
69 Image 37: Floor (www.google.com)
5.5 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDIES
Due to the broad spectrum of the research, the researcher was not able to cover all aspects of this research due to economic constraints and time allocated for the project. There is still more room for further research work that will contribute to the little literature currently available on this expansive topic.
70 REFERENCES
Answers. http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_landscaping?#slide=2
Ngau, P. Kumssa, A. (2004), Research Design, Data Collection and Analysis.
Seal, C. (2004), Social Research Methods, A Reader, Routledge, New York.
Yin, Robert K. (2003), Case study research: design and methods, 3rd ed.,vol. 5, Thousand Oaks: Sage.
O‘Leary, Z. (2004), The Essential Guide to Doing Research, Thousand Oaks: Sage. Shiha (December,2012)-
Integrated Design Commission - http://www.integrateddesign.sa.gov.au/design- reviews/design-touches- every-aspect-of-our-lives/
McLennan, J. F. (2004), The Philosophy of Sustainable Design - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_design http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/hs/ArchCairo http://www.complex.com/sports/2012/12/the-20-best-sports-rap-references-of-2012
https://www. design++for+sports+complex&oq=design++for+sports+complex http://www.rdgusa.com/markets/sports http://www.pinnacleindoor.com/
71 https://www.academia.edu/2531130/Community_benefits_of_major_sport_facilities_The_Darebi n_International_Sports_Centre https://www.academia.edu/6868040/OLD_ISLAMIC_HISTORIC_CAIRO_AL_DARB_AL_AH MAR_AS_A_CULTURAL_HERITAGE_DISTRICT
http://www.cpas-egypt.com/pdf/MohamedBadrKamel/Rsearch http://islamic-arts.org/tag/fatimid-caliphate/ http://www.sportconcepts.net/pdf/arenas.pdf https://www.behance.net/gallery/18961081/A-Fatimid-living-room https://www.google.com/search?newwindow=1&q=design++for+sports+complex&oq=design++ for+sports+complex www.bartonmalow.com › MARKETS www.e-architect.co.uk/sports-centre-buildings
Community tool box
Delljvc, Dawoodi bohras
Better health
Metmuseum, metropolitan museum of art
Sports-Halls-Design-and-Layouts-2012 www.sportsengland.com
72 ARCHITECTURE:COMFORT AND
ENERGYbook ,EditorsC. Gallo, M.
Arab Academy for science and technology.
73 APPENDIX 1
INTERVIEW GUIDE
The interview guide is for a research carried out by a student of the University of Nairobi, School of the Arts and Design. The information given will be used by the researcher for academic purposes only.
1. What‘s the full name of the sports club?
2. When was the sports club founded?
3. Who founded it?
4. How many rooms/courts exist within the sports club?
5. What kind of furniture is used?
6. What do you use to display the score?
7. What are sports club hours?
8. What age group uses the facility?
9. Number of people using the facility?
10. Are the users from one community or different communities?
11. From your observation, do the users enjoy the facility provided?
12. Are you satisfied with the existing environment in the sports club? 13. What other equipments should be added to the sports club?
74
APPENDIX 2
STRUCTURED QUESTIONNAIRE ADMINISTERED TO THE ANADIL JAMALY MEMBERS
The researcher is a final year student in the School of Design and the Arts, University of Nairobi, majoring in Interior Design and seeking to understand how external and internal environment at Anadil Jamaly can be improved. Kindly assist by filling in the questionnaire below honestly. The report will strictly be for scholarly purposes only.
Gender
Male Female
How many users use each room/court?
More than 40 30-40 20-29 10-19 Less than 10
Is the space allocated for audience in each room/court enough?
YES NO
If no in the above, why do you think it is not enough? ………………………………………………………………………………………….… ……………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………….… ………………………………………………………………………………
What do you suggest should be done instead? ………………………………………………………………………………………….… ……………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………….… ………………………………………………………………………………
75
Which kind of seats do you prefer?
Plastic ones? Wooden ones?
Why do you prefer them? ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………… Comment on the general condition of seats within the sports club
Very good Good Fair/ average Poor Very poor
Do you like the current material for used as floor finish?
YES NO
State reasons for your choice. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………
What would you suggest instead of the current finish from among the following:
Screed tiles PVC tiles Ceramic tiles Rubber tiles Timber parquet Marble Any other
What would you state is the general conditions of floor finish in the sports club?
Very good Good Fair/ average Poor Very poor
76 Is the natural light in the court enough during the day?
YES NO
If no in the above, why do you think it is not enough? ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………
What would you say is the general status of the natural lighting within the room/court?
Very good Good Fair/ average Poor Very poor
What would you say is the general status of the artificial lighting within the room/court?
Very good Good Fair/ average Poor Very poor
Are the toilet facilities within the sports club enough? YES NO
Do you find any difficulty accessing them?
YES NO
If yes in the above, state why. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………
What do you suggest should be done to curb this problem? ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………
77 What do you suggest is the general condition of the toilet facilities in the sports club?
Very good Good Fair/ average Poor Very poor
Other than the problems stated above, what other areas do you think beg attention within the sports club? State them.
……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………
How should these problems be addressed/ solved? ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………
Thank you for taking time to fill in the questionnaire!
78 APPENDIX 3
PICTURES OF THE SITE
Door Wooden door Staircase
Second floor Ceiling
Badminton court Field
79
Table tennis court Volleyball pitch
Canteen Gym
Curtains Exterior
80
Exterior Exhibition and display
Exhibition and display Furniture
Parking lot
81