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Daniels, David (2018) Watching and policing in Manchester and Salford 1880 – 1900. Doctoral thesis (PhD), Manchester Metropolitan University. Downloaded from: https://e-space.mmu.ac.uk/621132/ Usage rights: Creative Commons: Attribution-Noncommercial-No Deriva- tive Works 4.0 Please cite the published version https://e-space.mmu.ac.uk Watching and Policing in Manchester and Salford 1880 – 1900 David Daniels PhD 2018 Watching and Policing in Manchester and Salford 1880 – 1900 David Daniels A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the Manchester Metropolitan University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of History Politics and Philosophy Manchester Metropolitan University January 2018 Abstract This thesis provides an analysis of the work of the Salford and Manchester Watch Committees between 1880 –1900 and presents a unique comparative analysis of policing in the two towns. The analysis of police performance in the late nineteenth century is of vital importance in understanding the role the police were expected to perform. In this period HM government took an increasingly active part in national development and local government matured into an effective body. Manchester had a population of c.22,500 in 1773, rising to c.550,000 by 1901. Salford had experienced an increase from c.4,765 to c.220,000 over the same period. In the nineteenth century both Manchester and Salford changed dramatically and policing in Manchester and Salford changed as a result. The thesis will be based on four sets of primary data: the minutes of the Salford Watch Committee and the Manchester Watch Committee plus the Annual Reports of the respective Chief Constables. One of the elements of the thesis will revolve around the reliability of statistics. It will also examine the administrations of the two towns and determine if they attained a standard that could be expected of such municipal bodies, and the level of independence the two adjacent boroughs enjoyed. It will consider why crime rates fell sharply in the latter decades of the nineteenth century. Research into, and focus on, policing in Manchester and Salford in the late Victorian period has never been conducted before. This research is unique and original and will offer a significant contribution to the historiography by identifying levels of criminality, police performance and police management of the two towns. i Contents Acknowledgements List of Tables List of Illustrations Aims and Introduction .......................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1. The Watch Committees of Manchester and Salford ......................................... 33 Chapter 2. The Chief Constables of Manchester and Salford and the complex environment in which they operated ................................................................................. 80 Chapter 3. Policing, Crime, Criminality and Criminals in Manchester and Salford ........... 135 Chapter 4. Financial mismanagement, corruption and scandal 1880 – 1900 ................... 211 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 271 Bibliography ...................................................................................................................... 285 Appendices ........................................................................................................................ 309 ii Acknowledgements Many people have been kind enough to provide assistance in writing this research study. It is not possible to include all individually. I hope that those not mentioned will forgive me. I will confine myself to those who merit particular mention. Dr. Stephen Davies provided directional input at various key points with particular relevance to both policing and Manchester. Dr. John Garrard was very kind in reading and improving the script with particular relevance to Salford. Ms. Nicola Ward, of the Manchester Metropolitan University Library proved unflappable, generous with her time and on several occasions found the 'unfindable'. Without being able to provide names thanks are also due to the librarians and archivists of the Salford Local History Museum, and Manchester Central Library and Archives+. The latter at times bent under the weight of the many Manchester Watch Committee minute ledgers. Those ledgers were both very heavy and very dusty. My daughter, Henrietta, gave much of her time with essential proofreading and my son, Hugh, provided IT support without which this thesis could not have appeared at all. Very special thanks need to be paid to two individuals. The first is Duncan Broady, the Curator at the Greater Manchester Police Museum and Archive, who gave readily of the contents of his archive in relation to the Salford Watch Committee and the 'Dugdale Inquiry'. His advice and guidance were especially helpful. My greatest debt is to my supervisor, Dr. Craig Horner, who guided me through this marathon with unfailing advice, direction and good humour. Thank you to everyone but especially to Craig. iii List of Tables Table 1: Examples of crimes and offences reported to the Police in 1890 ............................. 24 Table 2: The social composition of the county magistracy in 1887......................................... 60 Table 3: Net cost of policing in Manchester and Salford ........................................................ 68 Table 4: Police: population ratios in the Borough of Manchester .......................................... 71 Table 5: Police: population ratios in the Borough of Salford................................................... 71 Table 6: Estimates. Police pay as a percentage of Gross costs of Police Force ....................... 75 Table 7: Manchester Chief Constables from establishment to 1926 ...................................... 82 Table 8: Salford Chief Constables from establishment to 1908 .............................................. 82 Table 9: Classification of the Principal Offences for which persons were proceeded against before the Magistrates for 1879-1880 ........................................................................ 98 Table 10: The ages of those arrested ....................................................................................... 98 Table 11: Prostitution in Manchester 1871 - 1880 .................................................................. 99 Table 12: Robberies committed in Manchester (as far as is known to the police). 1875 & 1880 ....................................................................................................................................... 101 Table 13: Total Number of Persons proceeded against in Salford 1880 ............................... 104 Table 14: Robberies reported to the police in Salford 1879-1880 ........................................ 105 Table 15: Committals to the Assizes in Salford 1879-1880 ................................................... 105 Table 16: Committals to the Sessions in Salford 1879-1880 ................................................. 106 Table 17: In Manchester, total number of indictable and summary offences 1890 ............. 111 Table 18: Brothels and Prostitution in Manchester 1883 – 1890 .......................................... 112 Table 19: Disposal of Persons charged before Magistrates in Manchester in 1900 for both indictable and non-indictable offences ................................................................................. 123 Table 20: Committed for trial at the Assizes or Sessions in Manchester, 1900 .................... 123 Table 21: Age and sex of persons summarily tried and convicted in Manchester ................ 124 Table 22: Other classes of nuisance and their number for Manchester in 1900 .................. 126 Table 23: Costs of policing in Manchester and Salford ......................................................... 141 Table 24: Breaking into shops and warehouses in Manchester and Salford 1880-1900 ...... 151 Table 25: Larceny from the person in Manchester and Salford 1880-1900 .......................... 154 Table 26: Categories of Larceny between Manchester and Salford in 1900 ........................ 161 Table 27: Aggravated Assault tried summarily in Manchester and Salford 1880- 1900 ....... 168 Table 28: Assaults on Constables in Manchester and Salford: How proceeded against, 1880, 1890 and 1900 ............................................................................................................. 170 Table 29: Common Assault tried summarily in Manchester and Salford: 1880-1900........... 173 Table 30: Drunkenness as a percentage of Summary offences ............................................. 175 Table 31: Prostitution and Drunkenness as a percentage of Summary offences in Manchester and Salford ......................................................................................................... 186 Table 32: Begging: Manchester and Salford 1880 - 1900 ...................................................... 196 Table 33: Offences against Local Acts: Manchester and Salford 1880 – 1900 ...................... 198 Table 34: Prostitution, Drunkenness and Offences against Local Acts as a percentage of Summary offences in Manchester and Salford...................................................................... 209 iv List of Illustrations Figure 1: Manchester and Salford 1900.................................................................................... vi