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Water Quality of Bear Creek Basin, Jackson County, Oregon

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Water Quality of Bear Creek Basin, Jackson County, Oregon Water Quality of Bear Creek Basin, Jackson County, Oregon By Loren A. Wittenberg and Stuart W. McKenzie U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Water-Resources Investigations Open-File Report 80-158 Prepared in cooperation with the Rogue Valley Council of Governments and the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality 1980 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR CECIL D. ANDRUS, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY H. William Menard, Director For additional information write to: U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY P. 0. Box 3202 Portland, Oregon 97208 Contents Page Conversion factors -------------------------------------------------------- Abstract------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 PART I - EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Introduction-------------------------------------------------------------- 5 Identified water uses in Bear Creek basin---------------------------- 6 Water-quality standards----------------------------------------- 6 Reference levels------------------------------------------------ 9 Water-quality problems in Bear Creek basin--------------------------- 10 Irrigation-water assessment----------------------------------------------- n On-farm use---------------------------------------------------------- 11 Pastures-------------------------------------------------------- 12 Cultivated orchards --------------------------------------------- 14 Row crops------------------------------------------------------- 14 Irrigation-cana1-and-stream system------------- -------------------- 14 Talent Irrigation District-------------------------------------- 14 Medford Irrigation District------------------------------------- 16 Rogue River Valley Irrigation District-------------------------- 16 Whetstone Creek------------------------------------------------- 17 Bear Creek and tributary assessment--------------------------------------- 17 Conclusions--------------------------------------------------------------- 31 PART II - TECHNICAL DISCUSSION Background---------------------------------------------------------------- 37 Basin description---------------------------------------------------- 37 Hydrologic system---------------------------------------------------- 37 Past investigations-------------------------------------------------- 39 Irrigation-water assessment----------------------------------------------- 40 On-farm use---------------------------------------------------------- 40 Pa sture s-------------------------------------------------------- 40 Cultivated orchards--------------------------------------------- 43 Row crops------------------------------------------------------- 47 Irrigation-canal-and-stream system- ------------------------------- 47 Talent Irrigation District-------------------------------------- 50 Medford Irrigation District------------------------------------- 51 Rogue River Valley Irrigation District-------------------------- 54 Whetstone Creek------------------------------------------------- 56 Comparison of waters at points of irrigation diversion and Bear Creek at Kirtland Road----------------------------------- 56 Bear Creek and tributaries------------------------------------------------ 58 Emigrant subarea--- ------------------------------------------------ 59 Ashland subarea------------------------------------------------------ 62 Talent subarea------------------------------------------------------- 65 Phoenix subarea------------------------------------------------------ 68 Medford subarea------------------------------------------------------ 72 Central Point subarea------------------------------------------------ 75 iii Page Bear Creek and tributaries--Continued Diel sites----------------------------- ---------------------------- 79 DissoIved oxygen------------------------------------------------ 80 pH -- 85 Specific conductance and alkalinity----------------------------- 90 Ammonia and nitrite-------------- ----------------------------- 90 Periphyton------------------------------------------------------ 93 Benthic invertebrates------------------------------------------- 95 References cited---------------------------------------------------------- 97 PART III - WATER-QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS Water-quality characteristics and cause-effect relationships-------------- 105 Discharge------------------------------------------------------------ 105 Temperature---------------------------- ---------------------------- 105 Suspended sediment--------------------------------------------------- 107 Turbidity------------------------------------------ --------------- 108 Specific conductance and dissolved solids---------------- ---------- 108 Dissolved oxygen----------------------------------------------------- 109 pH- - 110 Nitrogen------------------------------------------------------------- 111 Phosphorus------------------- -------------------------------------- H2 Indicator bacteria---------------------------------- --------------- 112 Total coliform bacteria----------------------------------------- 112 Fecal coliform bacteria----------------------------------------- 113 Fecal streptococci bacteria------------------------------------- 113 Use of indicator bacteria data in irrigation practices---------- 114 Glossary of selected terms------------------------------------------------ 115 IV Illustrations [Plate is in pocket] Plate 1. Map showing water-quality sampling sites in Bear Creek basin, Jackson County, Oregon Page Figure 1. Map showing source, conveyance, and distribution of irrigation water in Bear Creek basin------------------------- 7 2. Map showing the six subareas in Bear Creek basin--------------- 19 3. Graph showing percentage of measurements that did not meet the State standard for dissolved oxygen in six subareas of Bear Creek basin--------------------------------- 21 4. Graph showing percentage of measurements exceeding the maximum State standard for pH in six subareas of Bear Creek basin-------------------------------------------------- 22 5. Graph showing percentage of fecal coliform concentrations exceeding State standards in six subareas of Bear Creek basin-------------------------------------------------- 23 6. Graph showing percentage of fecal streptococci measure­ ments greater than 1,000 bacteria per 100 mL in six subareas of Bear Creek basin--------------------------------- 24 7. Graph showing variation in turbidity values in six subareas of Bear Creek basin--------------------------------- 25 8. Graph showing variation in suspended-sediment con­ centrations in six subareas of Bear Creek basin-------------- 27 9. Graph showing variation in nitrate concentrations in six subareas of Bear Creek basin----------------------------- 28 10. Graph showing variation in Kjeldahl nitrogen con­ centrations in six subareas of Bear Creek basin-------------- 29 11. Graph showing variation in orthophosphate concen­ trations in six subareas of Bear Creek basin----------------- 30 12. Map showing location of study area in Rogue River basin -- ------ -- ------- .._._...... 33 13. Graph showing number of outflow-inflow ratios (for indi­ vidual farms) showing concentrators, diluters, sources, and sinks for fecal coliform, suspended sediment, and dissolved nitrate in pastures and orchards------------------- 46 14. Map showing Talent Irrigation District------------------------- 50 15. Map showing Medford Irrigation District------------------------ 52 16. Graph showing suspended-sediment concentrations at selected sites in Phoenix Canal during 1976 irrigation season-------------------------------------------- 53 17. Graph showing nitrate concentrations at selected sites in Phoenix Canal during 1976 irrigation season------------------------ ----------------------------- 54 18. Map showing Rogue River Valley Irrigation District------------- 55 19. Graphs showing diel fluctuations of water-quality parameters and solar radiation for Bear Creek at Barnett Road at Medford (site 104), August 16-17, 1977 81 v \ Page Figure 20. Graphs showing dissolved oxygen and related data at diel sites in Bear Creek basin---------------------- 84 21. Graph showing comparison of minimum dissolved oxygen with ultimate biochemical oxygen demand in Bear Creek basin---------------------------------- 85 22. Graph showing pH and related data at diel sites in Bear Creek basin----------------------------------------- 87 23. Graph showing comparison of diel pH fluctuations with diel dissolved-oxygen fluctuations in Bear Creek basin-------------------------------------------- 88 24. Graph showing comparison of diel pH fluctuations with diel water-temperature fluctuations-------------------- 89 25. Graph showing specific conductance, alkalinity, pH, and discharge data at diel sites in Bear Creek basin-------------------------------------------- 91 26. Graph showing mean monthly discharges for 1959-77 water years------------------------------------------------- 106 VI Tables Page Table 1. Median ratios of selected water-quality char­ acteristics of water samples from pastures and orchards------------------------------------------------ 12 2. Median values of selected water-quality char­ acteristics of inflow and outflow water samples----------------------------------------------------- 13 3. Number of times water-quality standards or reference levels were not met in irrigation-delivery canals and streams------------------------------------------ 15 4. Sources of stored water for irrigation districts-------------- 39 5. Ratio of outflow to inflow samples for selected water-quality characteristics from pastures----------------- 41 6. Inflow and outflow values
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