World Religions and the History of Christianity: Roman Catholicism

97 World Religions and the History of Christianity: Roman Catholicism

QUESTION ANSWER •When did the ROMAN •The Church IN ROME did not Church [Geographically] become the Roman Catholic become the ROMAN Church until . . . CATHOLIC Church [politically]?

ANSWER DARK AGES 1.The Fall of the Roman Empire 2.The circumstances of the DARK AGES. 3.The Splitting of the Church West/East.

DARK AGES THE RISE… •In general, the Middle Ages are According to the ancient philosopher defined by . . . Aristotle, “ Nature abhors a vacuum .” 1. A lack of central government, Aristotle based his conclusion on the 2. Decline of trade, observation that nature requires 3. Population shift to rural areas, every space to be filled with 4. Decrease in learning, and something, even if that something is 5. A rise in the power of the Roman Catholic colorless, odorless air. church. http://odb.org/2011/01/21/nature-abhors-a-vacuum/

98 World Religions and the History of Christianity: Roman Catholicism

THE RISE CAUTION •The Church in Rome filled the •What ROMAN CATHOLICISM vacuum left by the fall of the is today is not what it was Roman Empire. during the Middle Ages or after the Reformation.

99 World Religions and the History of Christianity: Roman Catholicism

•"Pentarchy " is a model •In the model, the Christian historically championed in church is governed by the Eastern Christianity as a heads (Patriarchs) of the five model of church relations major episcopal sees of the and administration. Roman Empire: Rome, Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem.

•The idea came about •. . . but the concept of their because of the political and universal and exclusive ecclesiastical prominence of authority was firmly tied to these five sees, . . . the administrative structure of the Roman Empire.

100 World Religions and the History of Christianity: Roman Catholicism

•An episcopal see is, in the usual meaning of the phrase, the area of Rome a bishop’s ecclesiastical jurisdiction. Constantinople •Phrases concerning actions occurring within or outside an Alexandria episcopal see are indicative of the Antioch geographical significance of the term, making it synonymous with Jerusalem “diocese.”

CATHOLIC & APOSTOLIC CATHOLIC & APOSTOLIC • There was only one church in • The Four Marks of the Church is the Middle Ages in Western a term describing four specific Europe (Roman Catholic), adjectives — one , holy , catholic which held power both over and apostolic — indicating four kings and countries. major distinctive marks or distinguishing characteristics of the Christian Church.

CATHOLIC & APOSTOLIC CATHOLIC & APOSTOLIC • The belief that the Church is • . . . in which it included the characterized by these four statement: " [I believe] in one, particular "marks" was first holy, catholic, and apostolic expressed by the First Council of Church. " In Protestant theology Constantinople in the year 381 these are sometimes called the in its revision of the Nicene attributes of the Church . Creed, . . .

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CATHOLIC & APOSTOLIC 1st among = • They are still professed today in •Primus inter pares , or first the Nicene Creed, recited in the among equals , is a Latin phrase liturgy of Catholic, Orthodox, indicating that a person is the Anglican, and many Protestant most senior of a group of people churches’ worship service. sharing the same rank or office. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Churchhes' worship services

1st among = 1st among = •Usually, the role is considered a •In the Orthodox Church, the necessary inclusion in a system in Ecumenical Patriarch of which all parties are equal. Constantinople (currently His All- Holiness Bartholomew I) fulfils this role.

1st among = 1st among = •Historically, the bishop of Rome •After the Schism, however, the was considered the first among role of first among equals fell to equals of the pentarchy. The the patriarch of Constantinople. rising amount of power claimed by the pope, along with other factors, was the ecclesiological reason for the Great Schism.

102 World Religions and the History of Christianity: Roman Catholicism

EASTERN • The Pope of The Roman Catholic Church • The Pope of the Palmarian Catholic Church (in Spain) • The Pope of Alexandria and Patriarch of All Africa (Non-Chalcedonian / Coptic Orthodox) • The Pope of Alexandria and Patriarch of All Africa (Chalcedonian / Greek Orthodox)... who is formally the 'Ecumenical Patriarch'.

EASTERN • However, in the same way that 'The President' used without qualification is normally taken to mean 'The President of the USA, 'The Pope' without qualification is normally taken to mean the Roman Catholic one. • There's a simple reason why - size! • https://www.quora.com/How-many-popes-are-there

HISTORY NICENE 1. Prior to 476AD [The “Church”] •The Nicene Era, named after 2. The Middle Ages [5 th – 1500 th ] the Council of Nicea in A.D. 325, is very possibly the most 3. After the Reformation [1500’s – 1960’s] important era of Christian 4. After the 1960’s history.

103 World Religions and the History of Christianity: Roman Catholicism

NICENE NICENE •Though it encompasses only •. . . the events of the Nicene a short time period—from Era were earth-shaking , perhaps A.D. 303, the start affecting not only Christianity of the Great Persecution, to but the history of the A.D. 383, the decree of western world. Theodotus I -

NICENE NICENE •The Nicene Era begins with •Constantine the Great was the Great Persecution in A.D. "converted" (in a sense) by 303. It lasted until it was his famous vision as he called off by Galerius in A.D. prepared for battle with 311. Maxentius, his rival emperor in the west.

NICENE NICENE •While Constantine would not •It would prove the end of count himself a Christian until his Christianity as it was known baptism on his deathbed in A.D. before Nicea. 337, he did grant Christianity a favor and an influence in government that it had never before experienced.

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1st 7 Ecumenical Councils th th 1st Nicaea 325 5 – 1500 1st Constantinople 381 •DURING THE Middle ages, Council Ephesus 431 the POPE became a powerful Council Chalcedon 451 political figure. 2nd Constantinople 553 •Gregory 1 (590) moves power 3rd Constantinople 680-681 of pope into SECULAR 2nd Nicaea 787 (everyday) world – . . .

5th – 1500 th 5th – 1500 th •. . . used Church money to • During the Middle Ages the build roads, help poor, raise church gained political power. armies. • When people died, many would •Negotiates peace treaties leave land to the church, making with invaders like the the church the largest landowners in Europe. Lombards.

5th – 1500 th 5th – 1500 th • The church decided to break the • Some became so politically land into fiefs, making it a feudal involved, they neglected the lord. religious aspect of their job. • Of all the clergy, bishops and abbots were most involved in politics.

105 World Religions and the History of Christianity: Roman Catholicism

5th – 1500 th 5th – 1500 th • There was only one church in • In the late Middle ages the the Middle Ages in Western church began to lose its Europe (Roman Catholic), power. which held power both over – Babylonian Captivity. kings and countries. – [Catholic] Great Schism.

AFTER 1500’S •1521 Diet of Worms •1530’s Church of England •1545 Council of Trent •1645 Westminster Confess.

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AFTER 1500’S AFTER 1500’S •The Council of Trent, meeting •The Council clearly repudiated in three sessions between specific Protestant positions and 1545 and 1563, was the upheld the basic structure of the climax of the Catholic Medieval Church, its sacramental system, religious orders, and Reformation. doctrine.

AFTER 1500’S AFTER 1500’S •It rejected all compromise with •the dogma of salvation by faith and the Protestants, restating basic works, tenants of Catholicism. The •the authority of unwritten tradition, Council, using vehicles such as •transubstantiation of the the Tridentine Creed, strongly consecrated bread and wine into reaffirmed as spiritually vital: the substantial body and blood of Christ,

AFTER 1500’S •seven sacraments •indulgences, •pilgrimages, •the cult of saints, relics, and the Virgin.

107 World Religions and the History of Christianity: Roman Catholicism

The Lord’s Table / Eucharist 1960’S Memorial / Represents Baptist • Vatican II is most famous for the Symbolic changes that occurred in the church shortly after the council occurred. Most Consubstantiation Alongside Lutheran notably, they aimed to change: of – Reforms to the liturgy Transubstantiation Changes Roman into Catholic – Lay people to have closer participation – Language / Participation

108 World Religions and the History of Christianity: Roman Catholicism

1960’S 1960’S •Since Vatican II there has • “The Catholic Church had problems before Vatican II. In fact, there have been an emphasis in been problems ever since Jesus Catholicism on inter-faith founded it. But it was way way better dialogue. before and I lived those days and remember very well how everything began to change and get worse and worse.”

1960’S 1960’S • “We traditional Catholics are here to • “Yes the Gates of Hell will never prevail scream out loudly that there is a terrible against Her, but we are the ones, with virus, infection (progressive modernism) God’s help, to fight against the devils infecting the Church. We pray and work and the evil people who want to destroy to restore to health God’s beloved the Mystical Body of Christ.” • http://www.traditionalcatholicpriest.com/2014/04/14/20-things-i-experience- Catholic Church.” in-the-catholic-church-before-vatican-ii/

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TODAY • Pope Francis and the global Lutheran leader have jointly pledged to remove the obstacles to full unity between their Churches, leading eventually to shared Eucharist. • They made the commitment in a joint statement signed before a congregation of Catholic and Lutheran leaders at the conclusion of a joint service in Lund, Sweden, to commemorate the 500th anniversary of the start of the Reformation. • The statement was signed by Pope Francis and Bishop Munib Younan, who is president of the Lutheran World Federation (LWF), which was founded in Lund in 1947. After they finished signing, the congregation stood for a long round of applause as the two leaders hugged each other. • https://cruxnow.com/papal-visit/2016/10/31/catholic-lutheran-churches-pledge-work-shared-eucharist/

SALVATION THEY SAY •What they [Rome] say. • CANON 9: "If any one saith, that by faith alone the impious is justified; in •What they [the parishioner] such wise as to mean, that nothing else hear. is required to co-operate in order to the obtaining the grace of Justification, and •What they [the parishioner] that it is not in any way necessary, that do. he be prepared and disposed by the movement...let him be accursed"

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THEY SAY THEY DO • CANON 12: "If any one shall say that 1. Get Baptized justifying faith is nothing else than confidence in the divine mercy 2. Keep the Sacraments pardoning sins for Christ's sake, or that it is that confidence alone by which we Finally, go to a Catholic Funeral are justified...let him be accursed"

2 THINGS • Hoarders • “Smoke and Mirrors”

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