ALABAMA A&M AND AUBURN UNIVERSITIES Fig Production ANR-1145 Guide Botany 3. Intermediate group (or San Pedro) figs do not need polli- The common fig is a nation to set a breba crop member of the genus early in the on , which is in the old wood, but they do family (mul- need it for the main berries). Ficus is a crop in some envi- large genus with ronments. Examples some 2,000 tropical are King, Lampeira, and subtropical and San Pedro. , , and vine species distrib- uted around the Fig Varieties warmer parts of the Condit’s massive Fig Varieties: A world. The only Ficus Monograph (see Suggested Reading) iden- cultivated for their are the tifies 89 caprifig, 129 Smyrna, 21 San Pedro, species F. carica (the common fig) and F. and 481 common fig varieties for a total of 720 va- sycamorus (the sycamore fig of ). Hybrids are rieties. Some of these varieties were never intro- possible with a few other species including F. duced into the ; others were tried, palmata, F. pseudo-carica, and F. pumila, the found wanting, and discarded. This publication lists of which are edible but not cultivated. more than 50 varieties including most of the figs The fruit of all Ficus species is the , available in the trade plus a few other varieties an enlarged, fleshy, hollow peduncle that bears thought worthy of wider use. The varieties are di- closely massed, tiny flowers on its inner wall. The vided into green and yellow figs and dark-colored true fruits are tiny drupelets that develop from figs and are arranged alphabetically by their most these flowers. When we eat a fig, we are eating the common name. Bold type is used to designate the container that holds the true fruit. “correct” name, or the one found in Condit’s au- There are two basic types of figs: caprifigs and thoritative monograph on fig varieties. If the name edible figs. Caprifigs bear both male and female is not in bold type, the variety is not covered by flowers but are generally unpalatable since they are Condit or later authors. rather dry and pithy and have chaffy stamen struc- tures. Edible figs bear only female flowers. There Green and Yellow Figs are many varieties of edible figs that fall into the following three fruiting classes: Adriatic - A medium-sized green to greenish 1. Caducous (or Smyrna) figs need yellow fig shaped like a top, with light strawberry to set crops. Without pollination, the fruit drops be- pulp and good flavor. Turbinate with a small neck fore it matures. Caprifigs furnish the pollen needed. or no neck. Very subject to mosaic virus. Well ARCHIVEadapted in the Northwest but disappointing in the Examples of caducous figs are Marabout, Calimyrna (or Sari Lop), and Zidi. South. Fairly hardy. Good for drying. Synonyms: Chico, Grosse Verte, Nebian, Strawberry, Verdone 2. Persistent (or common) figs do not need pol- Alma lination to set crops and are the type home garden- - A small- to medium-sized golden ers most commonly grow. Examples are Black brown, pear-shaped (pyriform) fig with amber Mission, Brown , Celeste, Brunswick, and pulp. Sweet and delicate flavor. Bred by Texas Adriatic. A&M and released in 1975. Well adapted in the Southeast. Highly resistant to fruit rots. Wood is very hardy.

Visit our Web site at: www.acesag.auburn.edu Blanche - An old, reliable variety usually called neck. Well adapted in coastal . Its quality in Lemon in the South. A medium to large greenish the South is poor. Synonyms: Brockett Hall, Singleton, yellow fig with white pulp and many seeds. Top- White Ischia shaped (turbinate) without a neck. Sweet and deli- Jurupa - A very large green fig with pink pulp cate flavor with a nutty texture from the soft seeds. and a medium-sized closed eye. Pyriform. A Condit Some specimens produce fruit that have open eyes; hybrid selected by Julius Enderud. Good flavor. others have fruit with relatively closed eyes. Well Under trial in the South. Somewhat hardy but tends to adapted in the South. Fairly hardy. Synonyms: leaf out early—a negative point in areas with late Bianci, Lemon, Marseilles, Mayes Yellow, White frost. Marseilles, White Russian Kadota - A greenish white small- to medium-sized Brunswick - A medium to large fig with fig. Pyriform. Vigorous. Delicious fresh or dried. It is a bronzy yellow skin and rich flavor. Oblique- rich, sweet, all-purpose fig and the most common turbinate. Well adapted in the Southwest and drier canned fig. Well adapted in the Southwest and drier areas of the South. The fruit is ruined by excessive areas of the South. Fairly hardy. Synonyms: Dottato, rain since it has open eyes. Fairly hardy. Synonyms: Honey Fig Dalmatian, Madonna, Magnolia King - A medium-sized greenish yellow fig with Calimyrna - The California commercial fig. A strawberry pulp. Pyriform to oblique. It ripens a large large yellow fig with amber pulp and a large open breba crop between late June and August. A San eye. Oblate-spherical. Sweet, very rich nutty flavor. Pedro type, it sometimes sets main-crop figs without Numerous seeds. Smyrna type. Needs pollination. pollination. Sweet and rich. Well adapted in the Not practical for southern growers. Synonyms: Northwest and cooler areas of the South. Fairly hardy. Erbeyli, Lop Injir, Sari Lop Synonyms: Desert King, White King Conadria - A medium to large yellow-green fig Lattarula - A medium to large yellowish green fig with light strawberry pulp and rich flavor. Bred by widely grown in the Northwest. It is said to be very Ira Condit and released in 1957. Pyriform. Well sweet. Condit does not identify it as a distinct variety adapted in California and the Southeast. Hardy with and considers it a synonym for Blanche. Alabama good rebound from freezes. Synonyms: Adriatic Extension horticulturists reserve judgment pending Hybrid, Verdone Hybrid further study. Synonym: Italian Honey Fig Excel - A medium-sized yellow fig with amber LSU Gold - A large yellow fig blushed with red. pulp. Also bred by Ira Condit and released in 1975. Strawberry pulp. Its flavor is outstanding. Rumored to Oblate to spherical. Well adapted in California. have been bred at Louisiana State University but Early trials in the Southeast are very promising. never officially released. Has a small eye that leaks Seems to be very hardy. Superb flavor. Synonym: honeydew. Deserves wider trials. Kadota Hybrid Mary Lane - A medium-sized yellow unidentified Flanders - A greenish yellow medium-sized fig fig said to have originated in California. Oblate-spher- with violet stripes and amber pulp. Bred and re- ical. The fruit is very juicy, sweet, and seedless. Well leased by Ira Condit in 1975. Pyriform with a long, adapted in all fig areas. Synonyms: Jelly, Seedless slender neck. Fine flavor. are vigorous but Panachée - A chimera that produces green fruit not particularly hardy. Good on the West Coast. with yellow stripes and strawberry pulp. Pyriform Synonym: Verdone Hybrid with a prominent neck. Mealy texture. Leaf is not var- Gillette - A large, edible caprifig with fair flavor. iegated. Aficionados in California say it can produce Pyriform with a distinct neck. Adapted in northern excellent, fresh fruit. In the South, its flavor is California and the Northwest. Not so good in the mediocre. Synonyms: Panache, Tiger, Variegato South. Synonyms: Croisic, Cordelia, Pingo de Mel Tena - A medium to large greenish yellow fig Green Ischia - A small grass-green fig with dark with light strawberry pulp. Bred by Ira Condit and re- strawberry pulp. Oblate to spherical. Small, fairly leased in 1975. Oblate with a small neck or no neck. well-closed eye. GoodARCHIVE quality but not as good as Widely adapted but likes hot, dry weather. Somewhat Brown Turkey. Matures late. Fairly hardy. hardy. Very sweet but not rich. Synonyms: Coeur, Verdale, Verte Verte - A medium to large grass-green fig with Gulbun - A large light green to pale yellow fig dark strawberry pulp. Brebas are rare. Shape is pyri- with a translucent pulp tinged with pink. Good fla- form with or without a neck. Eye is small and fairly vor. Seems moderately hardy. Bred by Ira Condit. well closed. Excellent flavor. Under trial in the South. Synonyms: Galbun, Jewel Synonyms: Ischia Gree, Verdae, Coeur, Figue Ischia - A small- to medium-sized yellow fig with d’Espagne fair flavor. Oblate to spherical with or without a short

2 Alabama Cooperative Extension System Dark-Colored Figs the South. Susceptible to mosaic, which dwarfs fruit and leaves. No significant synonyms. Beall - A medium to large purplish black fig with amber pulp. Brebas are pyriform with promi- Hardy Chicago - A small- to medium-sized fig nent necks; main-crop figs are oblate to pyriform with light brown to violet skin and strawberry pink with short, thick necks. Very good flavor. Well pulp. Small eye. Pyriform with a long, slender adapted in California and hardy in the South. A neck. Excellent flavor and very hardy. Resembles chance seedling was found in California in the Brown Turkey. 1920s. No known synonyms. Hunt - A small brown fig with amber pulp Black Jack - A large to very large purple-brown tinged with strawberry. Bred by E.W. Hunt of fig with amber pulp streaked with strawberry. Eatonton, Georgia, in the 1920s. Pyriform with a Oblate and flattened. Good flavor. Fairly hardy. short, distinct neck. Distinctive feature is its long, Black Jack is an unidentified variety. Some think it slender stems to 3/4 inch, which help it shed rain is identical to California Brown Turkey. Not hardy. and thus prevent souring. Superb flavor, sweet and Synonym: Black Spanish rich. Not a heavy bearer but well adapted in the rainier areas of the South. No synonyms. Bordeaux - A large almost black fig with a very deep-red pulp and a distinctive but agreeable Ischia Black - A small purplish black fig with acid flavor. Brebas are pyriform with thick, tapering strawberry pulp. Turbinate. Fairly sweet and rich necks; main-crop figs are variable, often without flavor. Well adapted in coastal California but not necks. Medium-sized eye. Excellent fresh or dried. very productive in the South. Not particularly Well adapted in the South and Southwest. Fairly hardy. Has been replaced by Celeste. No significant hardy. Synonyms: Beer’s Black, Negronne, Violette synonyms. de Bordeaux LSU Purple - A small- to medium-sized purple Brown Turkey - A small- to medium-sized fig with strawberry pulp. Variable shape and flavor. light brown to violet fig with strawberry pulp. Bred by E.N. O’Rourke and released by Louisiana Turbinate to oblique, mostly without a neck. Small State University in 1991. Its stems are always pur- eye has a reddish color from very early stage (un- ple. LSU says the is nematode resistant. Well like Celeste). Cold hardy. It fruits on new growth if adapted to the Deep South. Hardiness not estab- winterkilled. Often bears two crops a year. Very lished. Seems tender. No synonyms. sweet but not rich. Synonyms: Eastern Brown Malcolm’s Super Giant - A medium to large Turkey, English Brown Turkey, Everbearing, Texas brown, pyriform fig with strawberry pulp. Still Everbearing under evaluation by Alabama Extension horticultur- California Brown Turkey - A large purplish ists, but it seems promising. Some say it is a syn- brown fig with good flavor. Brebas are oblique- onym for Guilbeau; however, others think the fruit pyriform and sometimes elongated; main-crop figs seems quite different. are oblique-pyriform with variable necks. Well Mission - A large black fig with light strawberry adapted in California. Not hardy enough for the pulp. Brebas are pyriform with prominent, thick South. According to Condit, the proper name for necks; main-crop figs are smaller, more variable, this variety is San Piero, but few call it that. Other and pyriform. Well adapted in California. synonyms: Black Jack(?), Black Spanish, San Pedro, Disappointing in the South since it is not very Thompson’s Improved Brown Turkey hardy. Often infected by mosaic, which mottles the Celeste - A small- to medium-sized fig with light leaves but does not seem to affect the crop. brown to violet skin and strawberry pulp. Pyriform Synonyms: Franciscana, Black Mission with a tapering neck. Small, closed eye. The eye re- Nero - A large purplish black fig with light pink mains green until the fig is almost ripe (unlike pulp. Turbinate-pyriform with a flattened apex. Eye Brown Turkey). Very cold hardy. Excellent fig—ar- is medium-sized and open. Very good to excellent guably the finest southern fig but usually disap- flavor—fairly sweet and rich. Well adapted in the pointing in California ARCHIVEand the Southwest. Condit Southwest and South. Synonyms: Barnisotte, writes that its proper name is Malta, but no one Brogiotto Nero uses that name. Other synonyms: Celestial, Conant, Neveralla - A medium-sized bronze to brown Fig, Tennessee Mountain Fig fig with white to amber pulp. Brebas are pyriform Early Violet - A small to very small chocolate- with prominent necks; main-crop figs are pyriform brown fig with amber to pink pulp. Turbinate to to turbinate with thick necks. Variable stalks. Fair oblate-spherical. No brebas, but the main crop is flavor. Resembles Osborn Prolific. Synonyms: early. Fair to good quality. Once very popular in Archipel, Osborn, Osborne’s Prolific

Fig Production Guide 3 Osborn Prolific - A medium-sized bronze to In the ground, fig plants can quickly reach 15 brown fig with amber to light strawberry pulp. to 30 feet in height. The canopy can spread equally Main-crop figs are pyriform with variable necks. wide. The system is typically very shallow Long, slender stalks to 1 inch long. Sweet and rich without a taproot and can easily spread to three flavor. Well adapted in all fig-growing areas. Hardy. times the diameter of the canopy. Ideally, fig plants Very productive. Synonyms: Archipel, Hardy should be planted in a well-drained loam with Prolific, Neveralla, Osborne, Rust plenty of organic matter, but they will tolerate aver- Pasquale - A small purple fig with strawberry age to poor soil. Once they are established, they pulp distinguished by its late —often in are somewhat drought tolerant, probably due to December or January. Oblate-spherical to pyriform their very extensive and wide-ranging root system. with a short, thick neck. Not hardy. Fruit is sweet Figs tolerate soil with a pH ranging from 5.5 to 8.0. and rich when not damaged by frost. Synonyms: Growers who have acidic soils should apply lime Natalino, Vernino to bring the soil pH up the fig’s preferred pH of 6.0 Petite Negri - A medium to large black fig intro- to 6.5. duced by Mike McConkey of Edible Landscaping in Fig plants need at least 8 hours of sun and the 1980s. Good flavor. Its leaves resemble those of heat, which helps ripen the fruit. Figs respond very Bordeaux. Alabama Extension horticulturists have well (better than most fruit ) to heavy applica- not been successful in fruiting it, but descriptions tions of manure and compost. Be sure not to apply and photographs by others suggest it is either a fertilizers too late in the growing season because Bordeaux or a sport of it. doing so encourages new growth that cannot hard- Royal Vineyard - A medium-sized bronze to en off before winter. Apply 2 to 3 cups of a bal- brown fig with light strawberry pulp. Brebas are anced fertilizer such as 6-6-6 or 8-8-8 with micronu- pyriform with prominent thick, curving necks. A trients three times a year to mature in-ground San Pedro type. Produces brebas only. Not worth plants. If you grow figs in containers, a complete growing in the South due to the late frosts that de- slow-release fertilizer such as Osmocote plus mi- stroy the fruit in most years. A vigorous plant. It conutrients is a good choice. Growers who want to might deserve a trial in the North and West. grow figs organically should apply generous Synonym: Drap d’Or amounts of compost and a high-nitrogen fertilizer such as cottonseed, soybean, or alfalfa meal. Sal’s Fig - A small- to medium-sized unidenti- fied black fig with good flavor. Well adapted in the For the best fruit production, water your figs Northeast. A local nursery (no mail order) on Long regularly during the growing season unless rainfall Island introduced it. It is extremely hardy—it seems is adequate. However, make sure the soil is not somewhat hardier than Celeste. Plants are vigorous constantly soggy or waterlogged. When fall arrives, and productive. stop watering and allow your plants to harden off. A word of caution: heavy rains and excessive or sporadic watering may cause the fruit to split. The Growing Figs amount of splitting varies from variety to variety, Figs are easy to grow in warm but a good rule of thumb is that the riper the figs, climates but produce their best fruit in the more they will split and sour. Mediterranean climates with hot, dry Figs can be successfully grown in containers if summers and cool, wet win- growers are diligent about watering ters. Although figs are a and feeding them. Remember subtropical species, mature that nutrients leach quickly fig trees are fully cold from containers. The eas- hardy to 15 or 20 degrees iest approach is to use F. People who want to a hefty pot (at least grow figs outside the 15 gallons), and let normal temperature ARCHIVEthe figs grow 5 to range must plant 10 feet tall. Prune them in containers tops and an- or go to consider- nually to control able efforts to pro- the size. In climates tect them during the where winter tempera- winter. tures fall below 15 to 20 degrees F, you will need to bring potted plants into an unheated garage or shed.

4 Alabama Cooperative Extension System Planting Figs Be sure the leaders you select are far enough apart so they can grow to 3 or 4 inches in diameter When To Plant. Plant fig trees while they are without crowding each other. If they are too close dormant—spring is the best time. In warm areas, together, they cannot grow thick enough to support bare-root trees can be set out in fall or early winter, themselves and their crop, and they tend to blow but where late spring frosts are common, it is best down or split off under stress or high winds. If this to set them out in spring after the danger of hard happens, remove the damaged leader and select a winter freezes has passed. Container-grown plants new leader the next winter from one of the many should always be planted in the spring. suckers that arise annually. Where To Plant. For best growth, fig trees need Beginning the second year after planting, head full sunlight and freedom from competing trees and back the bush each spring after the danger of frost . Fig tree roots will not damage masonry has passed but before growth has started. Do this foundations of buildings or steel pipe, but they by removing about one-third to one-half the length may damage clay sewer pipe; therefore, do not of the annual growth. Also, prune out all dead plant fig trees within 25 feet of clay sewer pipe or wood and remove branches that interfere with over septic tank drain fields. If you plant fig trees growth of the leaders. Cut off low-growing lateral in a lawn, keep a 2- to 3-foot area around each tree branches and all sucker growth that is not needed free of grass for a year or two until the tree be- for replacement of broken leaders. Do not leave comes established. Do not plant fig trees close to bare, unproductive stubs when you prune. These rapid-growing plants such as mulberry, chinaberry, stubs are entry points for wood-decaying organ- hackberry, elm, black locust, and privet because isms. Make all pruning cuts back to a or these plants will use water and nutrients needed by branch. the fig trees. Soils in orchards and old gardens generally are heavily infested with nematodes. Treat such soils Propagating Figs with a nematicide or with soil solarization before Figs are easy to propagate because they root planting. Young trees must be protected from ne- very easily. There are several ways to propagate matodes if they are to get a good start. them. The most common method is to root leafless How To Plant. Fig trees from nurseries may be cuttings taken in late winter or early spring. grown in the field and sold bare root, or they may 1. Take cuttings that are 3 to 6 inches long and be grown in containers and sold while still in the pencil to finger thick. The best cuttings will have pot. Before planting a bare-root tree, prune off some of last year’s wood on them. about one-third of its top unless it was topped by 2. If the weather is still unsettled and frost is the nursery. Container-grown plants can be trans- likely, store the cuttings in a sealed zippered bag in planted without being pruned; they need only to the produce bin in your refrigerator. be removed from the container and set in the 3. If the weather is warm and likely to stay planting hole. Set fig trees in the planting hole so warm, pot your cuttings. Pack a half sheet of news- they are 3 or 4 inches deeper than they were in the paper tightly into the bottom of a 4-inch-deep plas- nursery. Fill the hole with soil, and water heavily tic pot. Put a little sand or a good-quality potting enough to settle the soil around the roots. mix in the bottom of the pot, stand one to four cut- tings upright in the pot, and fill the pot with the Training and Pruning Figs sand or potting mix. Though fig plants can be trained to either tree 4. Water the pot thoroughly, and set it in a very or bush form, the tree form is not practical for the bright but not sunny place. It should be warm—at South. In this region, fig plants frequently are least 70 degrees F. If you cannot keep the air tem- frozen back to the ground, making the tree form perature above 70, provide bottom heat to bring difficult to maintain. the soil temperature up to 70 degrees F. Cover the Begin training figsARCHIVE to a bush form at the time of pot with an empty 2- or 3-liter soft drink bottle planting—cut back the young plant to about one- with the lid on and the bottom cut out. half its height. This forces shoots to grow from the 5. Do not water the cuttings again until they are base of the plant. Let these shoots grow through very dry. Lift the pot occasionally to test for dry- the first season. Then, during the winter after plant- ness. If the pot is very light, set it in a pan of water, ing, select three to eight vigorous, widely spaced and let it soak. When you see vigorous growth, it is shoots to serve as leaders. Remove all other shoots, time to harden off the new plants. Remove the bot- and prune the leaders back to within 1 foot of the tle cap, and see how the plants do. If the plants ground. look to be thriving after a few days, remove the

Fig Production Guide 5 bottle. If the plants begin to wilt, cover them again Disease and with the bottle. 6. After a few days, it will be time to pot up the Pest Problems new plants. Don’t do this just because you see Figs are relatively pest- and disease-free, but leaves growing. Sometimes there will be four or they do have problems. The most serious problem five leaves and few if any roots. Wait until you see for southern growers who have light, sandy soils is vigorous growth. Pot the plants in 3-quart plastic root-knot nematodes. This type of infestation is containers, and apply liquid feed fertilizer. easy to diagnose by uncovering some roots and in- 7. In 4 to 6 weeks, depending on the vigor of specting them. If you see tiny or swellings on the variety and the weather, the plants will be the roots, you have root-knot nematodes. The best ready either for a larger pot (11⁄2 gallon) or for in- control is to destroy infected plants and not use ground planting. that site for figs again. Fig trees and fruit are sometimes attacked by a Overwintering Figs variety of borers, mealybugs, and scale insects. Dried-fruit beetles sometimes enter figs through the Ficus carica is the northernmost species in the eye of the fruit and cause them to sour. Varieties Ficus genus. Figs that are completely dormant be- with open eyes are particularly susceptible to this fore severely cold weather arrives can tolerate tem- problem. The best remedy is sanitation. Prune and peratures down to 15 to 20 degrees F with little or burn infested wood and fruit. Don’t allow piles of no damage. Some varieties are hardier and can tol- leaves and fruit to accumulate and offer breeding erate even lower temperatures. If the top is win- sites for insects. terkilled, the plant will probably come back from the base or underground parts. If you live in a Fig rust is a fairly serious fungal disease. It at- colder area, it is very important that you grow tacks young leaves, causing defoliation. It is also hardy varieties. The hardiest figs include the old easy to recognize from the small yellow-green favorites Celeste and English Brown Turkey and spots that appear on leaves. The spots will get big- some new varieties like Alma and Hardy Chicago. ger and turn yellowish brown, and the leaves will soon yellow and fall. You can control fig rust by The following are some ways to protect your using sanitation methods. You can also spray the figs in the coldest climates. new leaves with a 4-4-50 Bordeaux spray at 3- to 4- • Bend, weigh down, or bury permanently planted week intervals (more often in rainy weather). This trees. will also protect your plants against other leaf and • Take potted plants indoors or into a greenhouse. twig blights. • Take large potted plants out of the pot and bury Mosaic is a viral disease to which figs are more them. or less susceptible. The plainest symptom is mot- tled leaves. Some varieties infected by mosaic show dwarfed leaves and fruit; others are scarcely affect- ed. Mosaic is incurable but is rarely a reason to dis- card plants. Table 1 lists these and other fig problems as well as the possible causes and suggested remedies for each. ARCHIVE

6 Alabama Cooperative Extension System Table 1. Common Fig Problems Condition Probable Cause Suggested Remedy Fruit drops when it is one-third to Wrong variety for area. Variety needs Destroy tree and replace it with a one-half full size. pollination. recommended variety.

Leaves drop off prematurely; fruit Plant has fig rust, another leaf Use 4-4-50 Bordeaux spray. withers and fails to mature. disease, or a twig blight. Rake and burn old leaves.

Fruiting is poor. Tree growth is Nematodes Mulch, use pot culture, or plant retarded. Roots have knots or galls next to a building. and are distorted.

Fruit fails to mature; leaves are small. Low temperatures have killed some Cut tree back to ground level, and Vigorous new wood arises from base. stem tissues. grow a new top from suckers that arise.

Fruit sours and many split. Unsuitable variety or unusually wet Replace with a more suitable year variety, or pick immature fruit for preserves.

Fruit is tough and falls prematurely Excessive heat No control; typical of some varieties during hot, dry weather. such as Celeste.

Suggested Reading Krewer, Gerard, R.M. Crassweller, and P.F. Bertrand. Home Garden Figs. Leaflet 163. University Born, Fred and Ray Givan. The Fig Booklet. Self- of Georgia Cooperative Extension, 1983. published, 1996. $5.00, postpaid. Ray Givan, 2412 Krezdorn, A.H. and G.W. Adriance. Fig Low Ground Road, Guyton, GA 31312. Growing in the South. Agriculture Handbook No. Condit, Ira J. “Fig Characteristics Useful in the 196. Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department Identification of Varieties” in Hilgardia, A Journal of Agriculture, 1968. of Agricultural Science published by the California Puls, Earl, Jr. and E.N. O’Rourke. Figs for Agricultural Experiment Station. 14; 1 (May 1941):1- Commercial and Home Orchards in Louisiana. 69. Publication 1529, Louisiana Cooperative Extension Condit, Ira J. The Fig. Waltham, MA: Chronica Service, June 1985. Botanica, 1947. Storey, William B., Julius E. Enderud, Wadie F. Condit, Ira J. “Fig Varieties: A Monograph” in Saleeb, and Edward M. Nauer, The Fig. Jurupa Hilgardia, A Journal of Agricultural Science pub- Mountains Cultural Center, 1977. lished by the California Agricultural Experiment U.S. Department of Agriculture. Growing Figs in Station. 23; 11 (Feb 1955):322-538. the South for Home Use. Home and Garden Bulletin Eisen, Gustav. The Fig: Its History, Culture and No. 87. Curing. Bulletin No. 9, U.S. Department of The author would like to thank Ray Givan and Agriculture, 1902. Fred W. Born of the North American Fruit Explorers for providing much of the material used in this ARCHIVEpublication.

Fig Production Guide 7 David G. Himelrick, Extension Horticulturist, Professor, Horticulture, Auburn University Use pesticides only according to the directions on the label. Follow all directions, precautions, and restrictions that are list- ed. Do not use pesticides on plants that are not listed on the label. The pesticide rates in this publication are recommended only if they are registered with the Environmental Protection Agency and the Alabama Department of Agriculture and Industries. If a registration is changed or cancelled, the rate listed ARCHIVEhere is no longer recommended. Before you apply any pesticide, check with your county Extension agent for the latest in- formation. Trade names are used only to give specific information. The Alabama Cooperative Extension System does not endorse or guarantee any product and does not recommend one product instead of another that might be similar. For more information, call your county Extension office. Look in your telephone directory under your county’s name to find the number. Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work in agriculture and home economics, Acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, and other related acts, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The Alabama Cooperative Extension System (Alabama A&M University and Auburn University) offers educational programs, materials, and equal opportunity employment to all people without regard to race, color, national origin, religion, sex, age, veteran status, or disability. ANR-1145 UPS, 8M15, New April 1999, ANR-1145