ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT FOR ANDHERI (E)- DAHISAR (E)CORRIDOR OF MUMBAI METRO

A PROJECT BY MUMBAI METROPOLITON REGION DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY (MMRDA)

PREPARED BY

FINE ENVIROTECH ENGINEERS

APRIL 2018 INDEX EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

CONTENT No. Description Page No. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 0.1 INTRODUCTION 1 0.1.1 Objective and Scope of the Study 1 0.1.2 Approach and Methodology 1 0.1.3 Need of the Project 1 0.1.4 General Advantages of Metro Railway System: 1 0.2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 2 0.2.1 Transport Demand and Forecast 2 0.2.2 Proposed Metro Corridor 2 0.2.2.1 Route Alignment 2 0.2.2.2 Route Length and Stations 2 0.2.2.3 Rolling Stock Requirement 3 0.2.3 Construction Methodology 3 0.3 Purpose of preparation of EIA Report 3 0.3.1 Applicability of Environmental, Coastal Regulatory Zone notification 3 and Forest Clearance 0.3.2 ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE DATA 3 0.3.2.1 Environmental Scoping 3 0.3.3 Land Environment 4 0.3.4 Water Environment 4 0.3.4.1 Water Resources 4 0.3.4.2 Ground Water 4 0.3.4.3 Water Quality 4 0.3.5 Meteorology 4 0.3.6 Air Environment 4 0.3.7 Noise Environment 4 0.3.8 Existing Trees 5 0.3.9 Socio- Economic Conditions 5 0.3.10 Socio-Economic Survey 5 0.3.11 Archaeological Sites 5 0.4 NEGATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS 5 0.4.1 General 5 0.4.2 Environmental Impacts 5 0.4.3 Impacts Due To Project Location 5 0.4.4 Impacts Due To Project Design 6 0.4.5 Impacts Due To Project Construction 6 0.4.6 Impacts Due To Project Operation 6 0.4.7 Impacts Due to Depot 7 0.5 POSITIVE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS 7 0.6 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 8

Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

0.6.1 Management Plans 8 0.6.2 Mitigation Measures 8 0.7 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN 11 0.7.1 Construction Phase 11 0.7.2 Operation Stage Monitoring Schedule 12 0.7.3 Establishment of an Environmental Division 12 0.8 SUMMARY OF COSTS 12

CHAPTER - 1: POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK 1.1 INTRODUCTION 13 1.2 India's International Obligations 13 1.2.1 Important Treaties 14 1.2.1.1 Applicable Conventions/Treaties 14 1.2.2 India as Contracting Party 19 1.2.2.1 Applicable Conventions/Treaties 20 1.2.3 India as Signatory Party 21 1.2.3.1 Applicable Conventions 22 1.3 National and state level legal Acts and Legislation 23 1.4 PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORK 30 1.4.1 Central and State Pollution Control Boards 32 1.5 ENVIRONMENTAL CATEGORIZATION 32 1.5.1 Requirement of Environmental Clearance 33 1.5.2 Requirement of Forest Clearance 33 1.5.3 Required Clearances/Permissions 33 1.6 OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE OF THE STUDY 34 1.7 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY 35 1.7.1 Data Collection 35 1.7.2 Environmental Impact Assessment 36 1.7.3 Environmental Management Plan 36 1.7.4 Environmental Monitoring 36 1.8 FORMAT OF THE REPORT 36

CHAPTER - 2: DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT 2.1 TRANSPORT SITUATION IN MUMBAI 40 2.2 PROJECT AREA AND LOCATION 42 2.3 PROPOSED METRO CORRIDOR 42 2.3.1 Route Alignment 44 2.3.2 Route Length and Stations 45 2.3.3 Gauge 47 2.3.4 Track Structure 47 2.3.5 Traction System 49 2.3.6 Signalling 49

Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

2.3.7 Automatic Fare Collection 49 2.3.8 Choice of Control Gates 50 2.3.9 Passenger Operated Machines 50 2.3.10 Integration of AFC with other Lines and Modes of Transport 50 2.3.11 Scissors Crossovers 50 2.4 BOARDING AND ALIGHTING 52 2.5 SYSTEM REQUIREMENT 52 2.6 ROLLING STOCK REQUIREMENT 53 2.7 CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY 53 2.8 VIADUCT-ELEVATED STRUCTURE 53 2.9 MAINTENANCE DEPOT 54 2.9.1 Depot- cum- Workshop at Dahisar 54 2.10 TRAIN OPERATION PLAN 57 2.10.1 Train Formation 57 2.10.2 Braking System 57 2.11 POWER REQUIREMENT 60 2.11.1 Sources of Power Supply 60 2.12 COST ESTIMATE 61

CHAPTER - 3: DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT (BASELINE DATA) 3.1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCOPING 65 3.2 RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY 67 3.3 LAND ENVIRONMENT 68 3.3.1 Geography, Geology and Soil 68 3.3.2 Geotechnical (Subsoil) Investigation by Bore-Logging 69 3.3.3 Seismicity 70 3.4 WATER ENVIRONMENT 73 3.4.1 Water Resources 73 3.4.2 Hydrogeology and Ground Water 73 3.4.2.1 Hard Rock Areas: Deccan Trap Basalt 75 3.4.2.2 Soft Rock Areas: Alluvium 75 3.4.2.3 Yields of Wells 75 3.4.3 Water Quality 76 3.5 CLIMATE AND METEOROLOGY 81 3.5.1 General 81 3.5.2 Temperature 81 3.5.3 Rainfall 82 3.5.4 Humidity 83 3.5.5 Wind 83 3.5.6 Cloud Cover 84 3.6 AIR ENVIRONMENT 84 3.6.1 Selection of Monitoring Stations 84

Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

3.6.2 Methodology 86 3.6.3 Concentration of Air Pollutants 89 3.6.4 Observation and Conclusion 89 3.7 NOISE ENVIRONMENT 90 3.7.1 Methodology 90 3.7.2 Noise Locations 91 3.7.3 Noise Monitoring Frequency 93 3.7.4 Observation and Conclusion 96 3.7.5 Environmental Noise Modeling 96 3.7.6 Assessment of noise 97 3.7.6.1 Construction Phase 98 3.7.6.2 Operation Phase 99 3.7.6.3 Prediction of Impacts on Community 100 3.7.6.4 Prediction of Impact on Occupational Health 100 3.8 ECOLOGY AND BIODIVERSITY 101 3.8.1 Activities undertaken during the study 101 3.8.2 Methodology 102 3.8.3 Summary of habitat diversity survey 104 3.8.3.1 Floristic diversity 104 3.8.3.2 Faunal diversity 113 3.8.4 Photographs of flora & fauna 118 3.8.5 Conclusion and Discussion 119 3.8.6 Suggested mitigation measures 120 3.9 SOCIO- ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT 120 3.9.1 Objective 120 3.9.2 Baseline Data 120 3.9.2.1 Population 121 3.9.2.2 Literacy and Education 121 3.9.3 SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY 121 3.9.3.1 Education Facilities 122 3.9.3.2 Medical Facilities 124 3.9.3.3 Archaeological Sites 126 3.9.3.4 Places of Worship 126 3.9.3.5 Places of Recreation DP of Mumbai 128 3.9.3.6 High Rise and Dilapidated Buildings 129 3.9.3.7 Employment Opportunities 133 3.9.3.8 Cultural Resources 133

CHAPTER - 4: ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES 4.1 INTRODUCTION 134 4.2 PURPOSE OF ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT 134 4.3 POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENT IMPACTS OF THE PROJECT 135

Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

(Alignment) 4.4 NEGATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS 135 4.4.1 IMPACTS DUE TO PROJECT LOCATION 135 4.4.1.1 Land Use 136 4.4.1.2 Trees cutting 136 4.4.1.3 Issues related to Utility/ Drainage 137 4.4.1.4 Socio-Economic Impact 137 4.4.1.5 Impact on Historical places 137 4.4.2 PROJECT DESIGN RELATED IMPACTS 137 4.4.2.1 Lighting 137 4.4.2.2 Earthquake 138 4.4.2.3 Project Affected People (PAPs) 138 4.4.3 PROJECT CONSTRUCTION RELATED IMPACTS 138 4.4.3.1 Soil Erosion, water Pollution and health risk at concentration site 138 4.4.3.2 Traffic diversion & risk to existing buildings 139 4.4.3.3 Excavated Soil Disposal 139 4.4.3.4 Air pollution due to Dust Emission 139 4.4.3.5 Increased Water Demand 140 4.4.3.6 Impact due to supply of Construction Material 140 4.4.3.7 Generation of Construction and Demolition Waste (Debris) waste 140 4.4.3.8 Impact due to Casting Yard and Batching Plant 140 4.4.3.9 Noise Levels 141 4.4.3.10 Loss of Historical and Cultural Monuments 143 4.4.3.11 Impact due to Labour camp 143 4.4.4 Impacts Due To Project Operation 143 4.4.4.1 Noise Pollution 144 4.4.4.2 Water supply and Sanitation Requirements at Stations 145 4.4.4.3 Solid Waste Generation at Station 145 4.4.5 Impacts Due To Depot 146 4.4.5.1 Oil spills 146 4.4.5.2 Noise Pollution 146 4.4.5.3 Loss of trees 146 4.4.5.4 Water Requirement 146 4.4.5.5 Sewage & Effluent Generation 147 4.4.5.6 Solid and Hazardous Waste 147 4.4.5.7 Surface drainage 147 4.5 POSITIVE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS 147 4.5.1 Aesthetic enhancement 148 4.5.2 Increased Employment Opportunities 147 4.5.3 Enhancement of Economy 148 4.5.4 Mobility Safety and Reduced Accidents 148 4.5.5 Traffic Congestion Reduction 148 4.5.6 Reduced Fuel Consumption 149

Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

4.5.7 Reduction in Buses/ Auto rickshaws/Taxis 149 4.5.8 Reduced Air Pollution 149 4.5.9 Carbon Credits 150 4.5.10 Improvement of Quality of Life 154 4.6 EVALUATION OF IMPACTS 154 4.6.1 CHECKLIST OF IMPACTS 154 4.6.2 MATRIX PROCEDURE FOR IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND 156 QUANTIFICATION 4.7 MITIGATION MEASURES 157 4.7.1 Compensatory Afforestation 158 4.7.2 Construction Material Management - Storage and procurement 158 4.7.3 Labour Camp 159 4.7.4 Energy Management 160 4.7.5 Hazardous Waste Management 160 4.7.6 Environmental Sanitation 160 4.7.7 Utility Plan 161 4.7.8 Air Pollution Control Measures 162 4.7.9 Construction and Demolition Waste Noise Control Measures 163 4.7.10 Management of Construction and Demolition Waste 165 4.7.11 Traffic Diversion/ Management 165 4.7.12 Soil Erosion Control 166 4.7.13 Water Supply, Sanitation and Solid Waste Management 167 4.7.14 Rain water harvesting 168 4.7.15 Tree Protection 168 4.7.16 Management Plans for Depot 169 4.7.17 Mitigation measures adopted at Casting yard and Batching Plant (CY: 171 BP)

CHAPTER - 5: ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES 5.1 Analysis of Alternatives 176

CHAPTER - 6: INFORMATION DISCLOSURE, CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION 6.1 PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND DISCLOSURE 178 6.1.1 Consultation with Stakeholders 178 6.1.2 Compliance with Regulatory and Funding Agency Requirement 178 6.1.3 Disclosure of the EIA and Monitoring Reports 179

CHAPTER - 7: GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM 7.1 Grievance Redressal 180 7.2 Situating a Grievance Redress Mechanism 180 7.3 Note on Proposed Grievance Redress Mechanism for Environmental 180 and social issues of Metro VII & IIA

Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

CHAPTER - 8: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 8.1 Safety, Health and Environment 190 8.2 Environment Management Plans 190 8.3 Environmental Impact Identification and Recommended Remediation 191 Plan 8.3.1 Observations 197 8.3.2 Waste Management 198 8.3.2.1 Waste Management during Construction 198 8.3.2.2 Waste Management during Operation 198 8.3.2.3 Liquid Waste 198 8.3.3 Compliance with the Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Rules 198 8.4 DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN 199 8.4.1 Disaster Management 199 8.4.2 Preparedness for Disaster Management 200 8.4.3 Need for Disaster Management Measures 200 8.4.4 Emergency planning and response procedures 200 8.4.5 Serious Incidents Requiring Disaster Management Measures 201 8.4.6 Provisions at Metro Stations/Other Installations 202 8.5 EMERGENCY MEASURES 204 8.6 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN IMPLEMENTATION 217 8.6.1 Establishment of an Environmental Division 218 8.6.2 Identification of Implementing Authority 218 8.7 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN 226 8.8 BUDGETS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 229 8.8.1 SUMMARY OF COSTS 229 8.9 CONCLUSION 230

CHAPTER - 9: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 9.1 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 231

Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

LIST OF TABLES No. Descrip Page No. tion CHAPTER - 1: POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK 1.1 CONVENTIONS APPLICABLE TO THE PROPOSED 14 METRO VII PROJECT 1.2 CONVENTIONS APPLICABLE TO THE PROPOSED 20 METRO VII PROJECT 1.3 CONVENTIONS APPLICABLE TO THE PROPOSED 22 METRO VII PROJECT 1.4 NATIONAL AND STATE LEVEL LEGAL ACTS 23 AND LEGISLATION 1.5 PERMISSIONS/ CLEARANCES REQUIRED FOR 33 THE PROJECT

CHAPTER - 2: DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT 2.1 STATIONS OF ANDHERI (E) - DAHISAR(E) 45 METRO CORRIDOR 2.2 BOARDING, ALIGHTING AND SECTIONAL 52 LOADING DETAILS FOR 2021 2.3 POWER DEMAND ESTIMATION (MVA) 60 2.4 SOURCES OF POWER SUPPLY 61 2.5 ANDHERI (E) TO DAHISAR (E) CORRIDOR CAPITAL 61 COST ESTIMATE - JULY 2015 LEVEL 2.6 DETAILS OF TAXES AND DUTIES ANDHERI (E)TO 64 DAHISAR (E) CORRIDOR

CHAPTER - 3: DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT (BASELINE DATA) 3.1 ENVIRONMENTAL ATTRIBUTES AND FREQUENCY 66 OF MONITORING 3.2 SAMPLING / MONITORING LOCATIONS 66 3.3 CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF SOIL 69 3.4 CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF SOIL 70 3.5 GROUND WATER QUALITY 79 3.6 SURFACE WATER QUALITY 80 3.7 NORMAL TEMPERATURES AT MUMBAI 82 3.8 MONTHWISE RAINFALL AT MUMBAI 82 3.9 AIR QUALITY MONITORING LOCATIONS 84 3.10 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING STANDARDS 86 (CPCB) 3.11 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING 88 3.12 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY RESULTS 90 3.13 NOISE QUALITY MONITORING LOCATIONS 91 3.14 (a) AMBIENT NOISE LEVEL 94 3.14 (b) AMBIENT NOISE LEVEL 95 3.14 (c) TYPICAL NOISE LEVEL OF SOME 98 CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENTS

Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

3.14 (d) DISTANCE WISE CUMULATIVE NOISE LEVELS (DBA) 98 3.14 (e) CUMULATIVE NOISE LEVELS AT SOME NEARBY 99 PLACES 3.14 (f) DISTANCE WISE CUMULATIVE NOISE LEVELS (DBA) 100 3.14 (g) DISTANCE WISE CUMULATIVE NOISE LEVELS (DBA) 100 3.15 SAMPLING LOCATIONS 102 3.16 BIODIVERSITY IN THE AREA 105 3.17 CHECKLIST OF PLANT SPECIES OBSERVED IN THE 106 STUDY AREA 3.18 CHECKLIST OF DOMESTIC PLANT SPECIES OBSERVED 109 IN AND AROUND THE ACTUAL PROJECT LOCATION (E= EXOTIC, N=NATIVE) 3.19 ECOLOGICALLY IMPORTANT SPECIES 110 3.20 CHECKLIST OF BIRDS OBSERVED IN AND AROUND THE 113 SITE 3.21 CHECKLIST OF MIGRATORY BIRDS 115 3.22 CHECKLIST OF REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS OBSERVED 116 IN AND AROUND THE SITE 3.23 LIST OF BUTTERFLIES OBSERVED DURING THE 117 SURVEY IN AND AROUND THE SITE 3.24 LIST OF INSECTS OTHER THAN BUTTERFLIES 117 OBSERVED IN AND AROUND THE SITE 3.25(a) SPIDERS OBSERVED DURING THE STUDY 118 3.25(b) DRAGON FLIES OBSERVED DURING THE STUDY 118 3.26 LIST OF EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS 122 ALONG ALIGNMENT 3.27 LIST OF HEALTH CARE FACILITIES ALONG ALIGNMENT 124 3.28 LIST OF PLACES OF WORSHIP ALONG ALIGNMENT 126 3.29 LIST OF PARKS & GARDENS 128 3.30 (a) LIST OF HIGH RISE 129 3.30 (b) LIST OF DILAPIDATED BUILDINGS 130

CHAPTER - 4: ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES 4.1 CHANGE IN LAND USE 136 4.2 AVERAGE NOISE LEVELS GENERATED BY 141 THE OPERATION OF VARIOUS CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENTS 4.3 INCREASE IN NOISE LEVELS DUE TO 142 INCREASED VEHICULAR MOVEMENT 4.4 NOISE GENERATED DUE TO DRILLING 143 4.5 MAXIMUM EXPOSURE PERIODS SPECIFIED BY OSHA 143 4.6 EXTERIOR NOISE LEVELS IN METRO STATIONS 144 4.7 INTERIOR NOISE LEVELS IN METRO TRAINS 144 4.8 WATER REQUIREMENT AT STATIONS 145 4.9 CHECKLIST OF IMPACTS 155 4.10 MATRIX PROCEDURE FOR IMPACT ASSESSMENT 157 AND QUANTIFICATION

CHAPTER - 7: GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM 7.1 GEIEVENCES ON ENVIRONMENTAL AND 181

Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

CONSTRUCTION ISSUES 7.2 GRIEVANCES FOR PRE- CONSTRUCTION 184 7.3 IMPACT DUE TO PROJECT CONSTRUCTION 184 7.4 IMPACT DUETO PROJECT OPERATION 187

CHAPTER - 8: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 8.1(a) ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT IDENTIFICATION 191 AND RECOMMENDED REMEDIATION MEASURES DURING CONSTRUCTION 8.1(b) ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT IDENTIFICATION 195 AND RECOMMENDED REMEDIATION MEASURES DURING OPERATION 8.2 DETAILS OF NEAREST FIRE STATIONS, 210 HOSPITALS,POLICE STATIONS 8.3 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ACTION PLAN (EMP) 219 FOR STATIONS/DEPOT 8.4 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN 227 8.8 ENVIRONMENTAL COSTS 229

LIST OF FIGURES No. Description Page No.

CHAPTER - 1: POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK 1.1 LETTER FROM MOEF & CC INDICATING EXEMPTION OF 29 METRO PROJECTS FROM EIA NOTIFICATION 2006 1.2 PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORK 30 1.3 PROPOSED ENVIRONMENTAL AND SAFEGUARD 31 STRUCTURE 1.4 METHODOLOGY FOR THE EIA STUDY 39

CHAPTER - 2: DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT 2.1 GOOGLE IMAGE OF METRO CORRIDOR BETWEEN 43 ANDHERI EAST AND DAHISAR EAST 2.2 ROUTE ALIGNMENT FROM ANDHERI (E) - DAHISAR (E) 44 CORRIDOR 2.3 INDEX MAP OF ROUTE ALIGNMENT AND LOCATION OF 46 STATIONS OF ANDHERI (E) - DAHISAR (E) METRO CORRIDOR 2.4 BALLASTLESS TRACK ON VIADUCTS 48 2.5 SCISSORS CROSSOVERS ON MAIN LINES 51 2.6 LOCATION OF MENTANANCE DEPOT 55 (a) 2.6 DEPOT LAYOUT 56 (b) 2.7 METRO TRAILOR CAR 58 2.8 METRO MOTOR CAR 59

Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

CHAPTER - 3: DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT (BASELINE DATA) 3.1 SEISMIC ZONING MAP OF INDIA 71 3.2 SEISMIC MICRO-ZONATION MAP 72 3.3 HYDROGEOLOGICAL MAP OF GREATER MUMBAI 74 3.4 PREMONSOON (L) AND POSTMONSOON (R) WATER 76 LEVEL TREND (MAY AND NOV. 1998-2007) 3.5 GROUND WATER SAMPLING SITES 77 (a) 3.5 SURFACE WATER SAMPLING SITES 78 (b) 3.6 WINDROSE PATTERN FOR METRO VII ALIGNMENT 83 3.7 SAMPLING LOCATIONS FOR AIR QUALITY MONITORING 85 3.8 CONCENTRATION OF AIR POLLUTANTS (AVERAGE) 89 3.9 NOISE MONITORING LOCATIONS 92 3.10 AMBIENT NOISE LEVELS 96 3.11 SAMPLING LOCATIONS FOR ECOLOGY AND BIODIVERSITY 103 STUDIES 3.12 COMPOSITION OF PLANT DIVERSITY SEEN IN THE STUDY 105 AREA 3.13 TOP 10 DOMINATING FAMILY GROUPS 108 3.14 WARDWISE MAP OF MUMBAI WITH ALIGNMENT OF 112 METRO VII 3.15 MIGRATORY BIRD ROUTES THROUGH INDIA 116 3.16 EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS ALONG ALIGNMENT 123 3.17 HOSPITALS & POLYCLINICS ALONG ALIGNMENT 125 3.18 PLACES OF WORSHIP ALONG ALIGNMENT 127 3.19 PARKS & GARDENS ALONG ALIGNMENT 129 3.20 HIGHRISE BUILDINGS ALONG ALIGNMENT 131 (a) 3.20 DILAPIDATED BUILDINGS ALONG ALIGNMENT 132 (b)

CHAPTER - 4: ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES 4.1 USE OF SIGNS FOR TRAFFIC DIVERSION AND TRAFFIC 165 CONTROL 4.2 FLOW CHART FOR WATER TREATMENT PLANT 173 4.2 FLOW CHART FOR SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT 174 4.3 FLOW CHART FOR EFFLUENT TREATMENT PLANT 175

CHAPTER - 8: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 8.1 GOOGLE IMAGE SHOWING NEAREST FIRE STATIONS 213 8.2 GOOGLE IMAGE SHOWING NEAREST POLICE STATIONS 214 8.3 DMP FOR ACCIDENT RISK SCENARIO 215 8.4 DMP FOR MEDICAL SAFETY SCENARIO 216

Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

LIST OF ANNEXURES

1 DRINKING WATER QUALITY STANDARDS (IS 10500:1991) 234 2 EFFLUENT DISCHARGE STANDARDS (INLAND SURFACE 237 WATER) 3 TOLERANCE LIMITS FOR INLAND SURFACE WATER 239 QUALITY 4 ADB"S RAPID ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT CHECKLIST 240 5 LAB CERTIFICATES 245 6 MOM PUBLIC CONSULTATION MEETING 268

Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

0.1 INTRODUCTION High population growth rate of Mumbai coupled with high economic growth has resulted in an ever increasing demand for transport creating excessive pressure on the city's existing transport system comprising mainly of suburban trains, and road transport mainly cosnsits BEST buses and private cars.

0.1.1 Objective and Scope of the Study The objective of the study is to facilitate the Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA) understand the environmental impacts of proposed activity and take timely and effective measures for mitigation of negative impacts where required and to seek acceptance of ADB while applying for loan. The scope of EIA includes the impacts resulting from pre-construction, during construction and operation phases of Andheri East- Dahisar Metro corridor.

0.1.2 Approach and Methodology MMRDA has considered different alternatives. The final alternative was fixed based on Technical Feasibility, Socio-economic acceptability, and Environmental sustainability of Metro Corridors. The environmental study is carried out for the alignment finalized/ proposed by MMRDA. The Consultant has documented the baseline data for various parameters physical, ecological and environmental. The impacts are assessed for various phases of project cycle. The impacts are categorized as negative and positive. The cost of management and monitoring programs were estimated and budgeted for.

0.1.3 Need of the Project Transportation being the most vital element that effect normal life in Mumbai, any deficiency, in the infrastructure related to Transportation, seriously affects the productivity and economic growth of the city. Car-besotted and flyover-obsessed Mumbai needs an alternate transport system which will be greener, safer, faster and non-polluting-in other words people friendly and environment friendly. As sufficient and timely investment was not made in the past on the development of an efficient alternate transport infrastructure, the presently available network of Suburban Railways and the Road Transport System been stretched to the crisis levels. In order to effectively augment the present Transport Systems MMRDA has conceived the idea of Metro Railway Network.

0.1.4 General Advantages of Metro Railway System: i. Higher carrying capacity (50 seat+325 standing=375 per standard Coach) compared to road transport. (Equivalent to 7 lanes of bus traffic or 24 lanes of motor car traffic)

1 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

ii. Higher speed (maximum speed of 80km/hr irrespective of normal time or peak time compared to bus and other road traffic which literally snarls during peak time.) iii. Smooth ride as it is not affected by other vehicles, pedestrians etc. (Travel in jam packed buses is very rough.) iv. Safer compared to road transport in Mumbai where road accident rate is very high. v. Occupies less land space as the Metro runs on elevated tracks which are supported on pillars; each pillar occupying a ground space of approximately vi. 2M x 2M only. Elevated Metro Rail occupies only 2M width of the road space. vii. No gaseous, liquid or solid pollution as the Metro railway is run on clean energy viz. electricity which does not emit any pollutant during the operation. viii. Lower noise pollution compared to equivalent capacity of road transport. (By virtue of the state of the art technology applied for construction of the coaches and the track and by virtue of high elevation of the track (>7M) the noise nuisance caused by the Metro is far less compared to the road transport. (Noise levels of the modern Metro Rail Coaches and the track at the source is expected to be < 60 dB (A). ix. Energy efficient (energy consumption per passenger km is only 20% of the energy consumed by the road based transport system). x. Lower journey time (lower by 50-70% of the time taken by road traffic, depending on road conditions).

0.2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 0.2.1 Transport Demand and Forecast Traffic studies and forecasting the transport demand for Andheri East- Dahisar has been carried out. Station wise boarding at different horizon years have been worked out using Assignment model.

0.2.2 Proposed Metro Corridor In view of increasing demand for mass transport, Maharashtra State Govt. and Mumbai authorities desired that the metro corridor shall be developed in the city.

0.2.2.1 Route Alignment 0.2.2.2 Route Length and Stations One Corridor has been proposed in Mumbai along western express hihgway between Andheri East and Dahisar. The length of the alignment under study is about 16.475 Km. 2 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

0.2.2.3 Rolling Stock Requirement To meet the projected traffic demand, the possibility of running trains with composition of 6 Car trains/ 8 Car trains with different headway has been examined. 18 coaches are required to meet the projected PHPDT Demand for the year 2021.

0.2.3 Construction Methodology It is proposed to provide Box girders as superstructure for the viaduct.

0.3 Purpose of preparation of EIA Report: The Rapid EIA of the project is undertaken to achieve the following goals: 1. Identification of the various project activities and their potential impacts on the environment, if any. 2. Generation of a information database for the project planning team on the nature of environmental risks posed by the project activities, such as human health effect, habitat loss, pollution levels, and change in land use pattern among other issues. 3. Improving the overall decision-making process and ensuring that project options under consideration, are environmentally sound and sustainable. 4. The EIA study is primarily based on collection of baseline information and assessment of short-term as well as long-term impacts. In order to fulfill these objectives a three-phased approach to the study was followed:

Phase I: Data Collection and Description of the Baseline Environment; Phase II: Assessment and Evaluation of potential Environmental Impact; Phase III: Recommendations including an EMP and DMP

0.3.1 Applicability of Environmental, Coastal Regulatory Zone Notification and Forest Clearance: Metro Rail project is not included in the Schedule-I of the EIA Notification, 2006. Thus, the project does not require an environmental clearance certificate from the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India. Since alignment is not passing through any forest land and no diversion of forest land is involved in the proposed project, no forest clearance is required for this project. The aligment do not fall under any CRZ area hence clearance under CRZ Notification of MoEF & CC dated 6th January 2011 is not applicable.

0.3.2 ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE DATA

0.3.2.1 Environmental Scoping The objective of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is to ascertain the baseline environmental conditions and then assess the impacts as a result of the proposed project during various phases of the project cycle.

3 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

0.3.3 Land Environment Soil cover in the city region is predominantly sandy due to its proximity to the sea. In the suburbs, the soil cover is largely alluvial and loamy. The underlying rock of the region is composed of black Deccan basalt flows, and their acidic and basic variants dating back to the late Cretaceousand early Eocene eras. Seismicity: Mumbai is located in zone III of seismic zoning map of India.

0.3.4 Water Environment Water environment consists of water resources and its quality.

0.3.4.1 Water Resources Water supply in Mumbai area is from 6 lakes. Water is drawn by Mumbai Municipal Corporation and filtered at Bhandup before supply for domestic use in the city.

0.3.4.2 Ground Water The ground water occurs under phreatic, semi confined and confined conditions. The leaky confined conditions are also observed in deeper aquifers. Generally the phreatic aquifer range down to depth of 15 m bgl. The water bearing zone down to depth of 35 m bgl forms the semi confined aquifer and below this deeper aquifer down to depth of 60 m bgl is observed. The yield of the dugwells varies form 10 to 1000 m3/day, whereas that of borewells ranges between 50 and 1000 m3/day.

0.3.4.3 Water Quality Water quality is the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of water. The water quality in the area is within permissible limits as per IS: 10500.

0.3.5 Meteorology Mumbai has a tropical climate, specifically a tropical wet and dry climate (Aw) under the Köppen climate classification, with seven months of dryness and peak of rains in July. The cooler season from December to February is followed by the summer season from March to June. The period from June to about the end of September constitutes the south-west monsoon season, and October and November form the post-monsoon season.

0.3.6 Air Environment The monitoring results show that the average values of PM10 and PM 2.5 are due to the busy main road where lot of vehicular movement is observed whereas other parameters are within permissible limits.

0.3.7 Noise Environment The noise level in the area is higher than the standards owing to the Traffic in the project area.

4 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

0.3.8 Existing Trees A total 241 numbers of trees exist on the metro 7 route (including stations and alignments) & 223 trees at casting yards located at Wadala and near Bandra Worli Sea link road. Trees have been found of common species like Pipal, Neem and Babool etc. Keeping in view of depot (At Dahisar) construction may be some existing trees are there which can be later into consideration.

0.3.9 Socio- Economic Conditions Socially and culturally Mumbai area is cosmopolitan in nature. Most of the people are working in service sector and industrial sector. The area has also witnessed a lot of migration from all parts of the country. People communicate between different parts of city very frequently for different purposes.

0.3.10 Socio-Economic Survey At stations a few structures would get affected which will have to be compensated and resettled and rehabilitated as per the provisions of "The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013."

0.3.11 Archaeological Sites The proposed alignment of Mumbai metro does not pass through any of the Archaeological monuments or heritage sites.

0.4.0 NEGATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS 0.4.1 General Negative impacts likely to result from the proposed development have been listed under the following headings:  Impacts due to Project Location;  Impacts due to Project Design;  Impacts due to Construction; and  Impacts due to Project Operation.

0.4.2 Environmental Impacts This section identifies and appraises the negative as well as positive impacts on various aspects of the environment likely to result from the proposed development.

0.4.3 Impacts Due To Project Location During this phase, those impacts, which are likely to take place due to the layout of the project, have been assessed. These impacts are:  Change of Land use- Permanent - 170180 m2 and Temporary - 80000 m2 required for Corridor, Station, , Casting Yards, RSS etc. Govt land is 237787 m2.

5 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

 Loss of trees/forest – Some trees are likely to be felled leading to loss of CO2 absorption and Oxygen generation.  Utility/Drainage Problems - The alignment will cross canals, drains/ nalas, large number of sub-surface, surface and utility services, viz. sewer, water mains, storm water drains, telephone cables, overhead electrical transmission lines, electric pipes, roads, traffic signals etc.  Impact on Historical and Cultural Monuments- None  Risk Due to Earthquake: The project area lies in Zone III of Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) Seismic Zoning Map.

0.4.4 Impacts Due To Project Design  Platform inlets and outlets: No hazard is anticipated due to the proposed sizes of inlets, outlets and platform utilities.  Ventilation and lighting: Care has been taken at design stage itself to avoid illuminating the stations which could attract birds during night. Maximum illumination level proposed is 200Lux which provides normal lighting.

0.4.5 Impacts Due To Project Construction The most likely negative impacts related to the construction works are: -  During construction period, complete/partial traffic diversions on road will be required. There is safe distance between buildings and proposed corridor.  The metro route is elevated and thus the excavation would be limited to piers and their piling. Some Bentonite muck would also be generated in the project.  The water demand will increase during construction phase for meeting out drinking and domestic water requirement of workers. Water requirement for construction of Metro stations will also be required to be met.  C&D waste such as concrete, stones and dirt generated during construction.  Batching Plant and Casting Yard should be located in an area alloted by MMRDA away from habitation. Consent to establish and operate and authorization for hazardous waste is required from MSPCB.  The major sources of noise pollution during construction are movement of vehicles for transportation of construction material to the construction site and the noise generating activity at the construction site itself

0.4.6 Impacts Due To Project Operation Along with many positive impacts, the project may cause the following negative impacts during operation of the project due to the increase in the number of passengers and trains at the stations:  Noise radiated from train operations and track structures generally constitute the major noise sources. Airborne noise is radiated from elevated structures.  The water demands will be on station for drinking, toilet, cleaning and also for other purpose like AC, chiller and other purposes.

6 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

 The refuse from station includes Garbage, Rubbish, and Floor Sweepings. As per the available data from Delhi Metro the solid waste generation is about 0.8 – 1.2 cum/day at elevated stations.  The introduction of metro implies a change in aesthetics of the streets through which it will operate. An architecturally well designed elevated section can be pleasing to the eyes of beholders.

0.4.7 Impacts Due to Depot: One depot is proposed at Dahisar. The management plans for site includes:

Water supply: About 300KLD of water will be required for operation and functioning of s. This could be either taken from water supply Authority or through boring tube well into the ground after taking permission from MCGM. The ground water will need treatment depending upon its use.

Oil Pollution Control: The oil tends to form scum in sedimentation chambers, clog fine screens, interfere with filtration and reduce the efficiency of treatment plants. Hence oil and grease removal tank has to be installed at initial stage of effluent treatments.

Sewage/Effluent Pollution Control: About 80 KLD of sewage is likely to be generated at . The sewage could be treated up to the level so that it could be used for horticulture purpose in the campus and can also be discharged into the stream. Expectedly about 63 KLD effluents would be generated at each . The effluent will have oil, grease and, detergent as main pollutants. This has to be treated as per requirement of regulatory pollution control agency of the state (MSPCB).

Surface Drainage: The area should have proper drainage. The Storm water will be collected through the drain. Rain water harvesting structures at different locations in the drains.

Green belt development: The greenbelt development / plantation in the area not only functions as landscape features resulting in harmonizing and amalgamating the physical structures of proposed buildings with surrounding environment but also acts as pollution sink / noise barrier.

Rain water harvesting: To conserve and augment the storage of groundwater, it has been proposed to construct roof top rainwater harvesting structure of suitable capacity in the constructed site.

0.5 POSITIVE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS The introduction of this alignment will also yield benefits from non-tangible parameters such as saving due to equivalent reduction in road construction and

7 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

maintenance, vehicle operating costs, less atmospheric air pollution and socio- economic benefits of travel time, better accessibility, better comfort and quality of life. Employment Opportunities: About 1200 persons are likely to work during peak period of activity. In operation phase of the project about 35 persons per kilo meter length of the corridor, ie (approx. 578 persons) will be employed for operation and maintenance of the proposed system.In a nut shell, positive impacts include:  Enhancement of Economy  Mobility.  Traffic Congestion Reduction.  Reduced Fuel Consumption.  Reduced Air Pollution.

0.6 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 0.6.1 Management Plans Management of Environment by provision of necessary safeguards in planning of the project itself can lead to reduction of adverse impacts due to a project.

0.6.2 Mitigation Measures Mitigation measures have to be adopted during construction at all the construction sites including Batching Plant and Casting Yards on all the aspects.

 Compensatory Afforestation: According to the results of the present study, it is found that about 241 trees exist in the Metro Line- 7 (including stations and alignments). Among above, there are 223 trees existing in the casting yards commissioned at Wadala and Bandra (Bandra Worli Sea link road). As per MCGM’s approval these trees either will be cut/ transplanted/retained.

As per MCGM’s stipulation as compensation, 3 trees will be planted against every single tree cut.

In this regard, there will be a enormous emphasis will be taken on the plantation of native tree species and utmost care will be taken of transplanted as well as newly planted trees.

 Construction Material Management: The scheduling of material procurement and transport shall be linked with construction schedule of the project. Care shall be taken to avoid spillage of material during construction.

 Labour Camp: All temporary accommodation must be constructed and maintained in such a fashion that uncontaminated water is available for drinking, cooking and washing.

8 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

 Energy Management: Use of energy efficient motors and pumps; Use of energy efficient lighting, which uses energy efficient luminaries.

 Hazardous Waste Management: Outside the storage area, the contractor shall place a ‘display board’, which will display quantity and nature of hazardous waste, on date. Hazardous Waste needs to be stored in a secure place. It has to be disposed off to authorized agents.

 Environmental Sanitation: General environmental sanitation shall be carried out by the contractor and ensured at all times at Work Site, Construction, Batching Plant, Labour Camp, Stores, Offices and toilets/urinals.

 Utility Plan: Utility services shall be kept operational during the entire construction period and after completion of project.

 Air Pollution Control Measures: The Contractor shall take all necessary precautions to minimise fugitive dust emissions from operations involving excavation, grading, and clearing of land and disposal of waste. The Contractor shall use construction equipment so as to minimize or control of air pollution. Contractor’s transport vehicles and other equipment shall conform to emission standards fixed by Statutory Agencies. The Contractor shall carry out periodical checks and undertake remedial measures including replacement so as to operate within permissible norms.

 Construction and Demolition Waste: Opportunities for reducing C&D waste focus on three approaches, typically expressed as Reduce-Reuse-Recycle. It is suggested that effort can be made to recover embedded energy and to recycle the maximum quantity of C & D Waste to manufacture tiles, curb stones, paver block etc. There shall be no disposal of any waste along nallahs, storm water drains, canals or any other water body or depression. Rather C & D waste shall be collected and sent to an authorized waste recycling facility or to dispose in low lying areas with the consent of the owner of land.

 Noise Control Measures: During construction the exposure of workers to high noise levels especially near the machinery need to be minimized. This could be achieved by: Job rotation; Automation; Construction of permanent and temporary noise barriers; Use electric instead of diesel powered equipment; Use hydraulic tools instead of pneumatic tools; Acoustic enclosures should be provided for individual noise generating construction equipment like DG sets,

 Traffic Diversion/Management: In order to retain satisfactory levels of traffic flow during the construction period; traffic management and engineering measures need to be taken. They can be road widening exercises, traffic

9 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

segregation, one-way movements, traffic diversions on influence area roads, acquisition of service lanes, etc. Maintenance of diverted roads in good working condition to avoid slow down and congestion shall be a prerequisite during construction period.

 Soil Erosion Control: The surface area of erodible earth material exposed by clearing and grubbing, excavation shall be limited to the extent practicable. Immediate control measures would be provided to prevent soil erosion and sedimentation that will adversely affect construction operations, damage adjacent properties, or cause contamination of nearby streams or other watercourses.

 Sanitation and Solid Waste management: . During Construction The public health facilities, such as water supply, sanitation and toilets are much needed at the stations. Water should be treated before use up to drinking water standards (Please refer Annexure 1). The sewerage disposal systems should be adopted for sewage disposal. The water for domestic consumption shall be sourced from Mumbai Municipal Corporation supply or alternatively designated borewells may be installed with due permission from (CGWA), statuatory authority prior to installation of borewell. Solid waste shall be stacked at designated place and when sufficient quantity accumulates it shall be disposed off through covered trucks to land fill site designated and authorized by Mumbai Authority.

. During Operations Practically, public facilities at stations have been designated to NGO – Sulabh International who have provided public conveniences at metro stations and they shall be providing the facility on the proposed stations of this corridor also. They shall be responsible for upkeep and management of the utilities. Solid waste will be generated at station to the tune of 0.8 – 1.2 m3/Day. The storage containers for this purpose need to be designed.

 Rain water harvesting: To conserve and augment the storage of groundwater, it can be proposed to construct roof top rainwater harvesting structure of suitable capacity in the alignment.

 Tree Protection: There is requirement of felling trees. An attempt shall be made to minimize the tree felling. As remediation of tree felling it is suggested to plant three trees for each tree felled. Plantation will be carried out as per the directions given by MCGM.

10 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

 Training and Extension: The training for engineers and managers is imparted by MMRDA on regular basis to implement the environmental protection clauses of the tender document and to implement the best environmental practices during the construction phase.

 Disaster Management: Once the likelihood of a disaster is suspected, action has to be initiated to prevent a failure. Engineers responsible for preventive action should identify sources of repair equipments, materials, labour and expertise for use during emergency.

 Reporting Procedures: The Engineer-in-Chief should notify for the following information: . Exit points for the public, . Safety areas in the tunnel/overhead rail, and . Nearest medical facility

 Communication System: An efficient communication system is absolutely essential for the success of any disaster management plan. The damage areas need to be clearly identified and provided with temporary and fool proof communication system.

 Emergency Action Committee: To ensure coordinates action, an Emergency Action Committee should be constituted. The civic administrator may be the Chairman of this Committee. Emergency Action Committee will prepare the evacuation plan and procedures for implementation based on local needs and facilities available

 Emergency Measures: The emergency measures are adopted to avoid any failure in the system such as lights, fire, means of escape etc.

0.70 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN 0.7.1 Construction Phase Item Parameter Frequency and Duration Locations

Air PM10 , PM2.5, SO2, 2×24hours Twice/month 3 locations NOx, CO, Pb, O3, During entire civil construction stage or NH3, C6H6, BaP, even later, if directed by MMRDA As, Ni Water Ground-water Once / 6months 4 locations quality During entire civil construction stage or (IS 10500:1991) even later, if directed by MMRDA Noise Noise Level 24hours Once/ week 8 locations (Leq and Lmax) During entire civil construction stage or even later, if directed by MMRDA Ecology Felled and planted Once a year till all trees that were to be All the trees

11 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

trees planted by Mumbai Authority/ felled and Maharashtra Govt. on behalf of newly planted MMRDA, are planted

0.7.2 Operation Stage Monitoring Schedule Item Parameter Frequency and Duration Locations

Air PM10 , PM2.5, SO2, 2×24hours Once/month For 3years 3 locations NOx, CO, Pb, O3, NH3, C6H6, BaP, As, Ni Water Surface/ Once/ year For 3years 1 location + Groundwater 1 location quality(IS 10500: 1991) Noise Noise Level 24hours Once/year 6 locations (Leq) For 3years (Sensitive Receptors along the elevated section) Ecology Planted trees Once/three month after plantation All the trees felled surveillance and newly planted

0.7.3 Establishment of an Environmental Division MMRDA already has the setup for Environmental Management Hence, an additional set-up for environmental management is not recommended.

0.8.0 SUMMARY OF COSTS The overall Capital Cost for the Andheri (E) –Dahisar (E) Metro Corridor of Mumbai at July 2015 price level works out to Rs. 4158 Crores excluding applicable Taxes & Duties of Rs 774 Crores. A provision of Rs. 649.60 Lakh has been suggested towards the cost of environment management. The compensation for loss of land, fire control, information systems and contractor’s obligations has been incorporated in project costs. The Environmental management plan should be implemented in phases so that optimum benefit could be achieved and should be synchronized with the construction schedules.

12 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

CHAPTER – 1

POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK

1.1 INTRODUCTION The need for a well-developed legal mechanism to conserve resources, protect the environment and ensures the health and well being of the people in India is more than ever before. Keeping pace with international laws, the Ministry of Environment and Forest enacted Environmental Protection Act in 1986. Over the last three dacedes, the Government of India has framed several policies and promulgated number of Acts, Rules and Notifications aimed at management, protection of the environment. Aimed at ensuring that the development process meets the overall objective of promoting sustainability in the long run. India is also a party to several international conventions and agreements on environmental issues like conservation of specie biodiversity, habitat conservation, land marine nature atmosphase hazardouse waste etc. Committing to control and reduce emission of pollutants to a certain level.

India has followed an idiosyncratic pattern of development, certainly compared with other fast-growing Asian economies. While the importance of services rather than manufacturing is widely noted, within manufacturing India has emphasized skill- intensive rather than labor-intensive manufacturing, and industries with higher-than- average scale.

In India, rapid population growth and expansion of developmental activities have both greatly aggravated resource depletion and degradation of the environment. The extent of environmental degradation varies across countries and regions of the world. In the Asia Pacific region both rapid population growth and continued economic development are found to be the major causes of environmental pollutionIndia has played a major role in the international forum relating to environmental protection. The major challenge for India in implementing the international commitments is to combat poverty and also development on sustainable basis.

1.2 India's International Obligations Transboundary Pollution is difficult to control because the damage from the pollution occurs in a locality that has no authority over the generator of the pollution and hence arises a need for international cooperation. This has in turn led to the formation of International Treaties and Conventions. India like many other countries obligated herself either as a Contracting Party (CP) by ratifying treaties or as a Signatory (S) by officially signing the treaties and agreeing to carry out provisions of various treaties.

Following are the treaties signed by India, 13 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

1.2.1 Important Treaties 1. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. 2. Convention on Assistance in the Case of a nuclear accident or Radiological Emergency. 3. Johannesburg Summit 2002 Agenda 21 4. Rio Declaration 5. Stockholm 1972 6. Convention on Biological Diversity 7. Convention to Combat Desertification 8. Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. 9. Cartagene Protocol on Biosafety. 10. The Basel Convention on the control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes. 11. Inter Governmental Panel on Climate Change. 12. Helsinki Protocol to LRTAP on the Reduction of Sulphur Emissions or their Transboundary Fluxes by at least 30 percent. 13. Sofia Protocol to LRTAP concerning the Control of Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides or their Transboundary Fluxes. 14. Geneva protocol to LRTAP concerning the control of Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds or their transboundary fluxes. 15. United Nations Conference on Environment and Development. (The Earth Summit) 16. Nine Session of the UNFCCC Conference of the Parties, COP 17. Aarhus Convention, 1998 18. Vienna Convention, 1985 and Montreal Protocol, 1987 19. Basel convention, 1989 20. Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar)

1.2.1.1 Applicable Conventions/Treaties:

Table1.1: Out of the above 20 Conventions, following 14 Conventions are applicable to the proposed Metro VII project

Sr. Conventions/treties Details Applicability No. 1 Johannesburg It is a product of the Earth Summit Developing Metro Summit 2002 Agenda (UN Conference on Environment project sustainably will 21 and Development) held in Rio de put an effort towards Janeiro, Brazil, in 1992. It is an global commitments. action agenda for the UN, other multilateral organizations, and individual governments around the world that can be executed at local, 14 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

national, and global levels. A minimal outcome of the Summit is that it will provide an opportunity to strengthen the global commitments on sustainable development. This includes ratification of agreements, such as the Kyoto and Biosaftey Protocols, along with other outstanding agreements, such as Persistent Organic Pollutants and on Migratory and Straddling Fish Stocks 2 Rio Declaration The Rio Declaration on Developing Metro Environment and Development was project sustainably will a short document produced at the put an effort towards 1992 United Nations "Conference global comitements. on Environment and Development" (UNCED), informally known as the Earth Summit, and signed by over 170 countries. The Rio Declaration consisted of 27 principles intended to guide countries in future sustainable development.

3 Stockholm 1972 The United Nations Conference on Declaration focuses on the Human Environment was held the right of human to in Stockholm, Sweden from June live in quality 5–16 in 1972. The meeting agreed environment and upon a Declaration containing 26 sustainability. The principles concerning the projects will imrove the environment and development; an environmental Action Plan with 109 conditions in the area by recommendations, and a reducing pollution. Resolution.

4 Convention on The Convention on Biological The project development Biological Diversity Diversity (CBD), known informally is planned to make it as the Biodiversity Convention, is a sustainable and to multilateral treaty. The Convention reduce the pollution has three main goals: levels. It also do not  conservation of biological diversity affect biodiversity (or biodiversity); majorly.  sustainable use of its components; and

15 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

 fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from genetic resources 5 Kyoto Protocol to the The Kyoto Protocol is an The emission of green United Nations international treaty which extends house gases is going to Framework the 1992 United Nations be reduced due to Convention on Framework Convention on Climate implementation of the Climate Change Change (UNFCCC) that commits project. State Parties to reduce greenhouse gases emissions, based on the premise that (a) global warming exists and (b) man-made CO2 emissions have caused it. The Kyoto Protocol implemented the objective of the UNFCCC to fight global warming by reducing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere to "a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system". The Protocol is based on the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities: it puts the obligation to reduce current emissions on developed countries on the basis that they are historically responsible for the current levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

6 Inter Governmental The Intergovernmental Panel on The emission of green Panel on Climate Climate Change (IPCC) is a house gases is going to Change scientific intergovernmental body be reduced due to under the auspices of the United implementation of the Nations, set up at the request of project. member governments. Membership of the IPCC is open to all members of the WMO and UNEP. The IPCC produces reports that support the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), which is the main international treaty on climate change. The ultimate objective of 16 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

the UNFCCC is to "stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic [i.e., human-induced] interference with the climate system". IPCC reports cover "the scientific, technical and socio-economic information relevant to understanding the scientific basis of risk of human-induced climate change, its potential impacts and options for adaptation and mitigation."

7 Helsinki Protocol to The Executive Body adopted the Implementation of LRTAP on the Protocol on the Reduction of project will reduce the Reduction of Sulphur Sulphur Emissions or their vehicular traffic and Emissions or their Transboundary Fluxes by at least emission from the Transboundary 30 per cent in Helsinki on 8 July project will be zero Fluxes by at least 30 1985. The general reference year which will lead to percent for the calculation of reductions is reduction in the 1980. emission of the SOx.

8 Sofia Protocol to The Executive Body adopted the Implementation of LRTAP concerning Protocol concerning the Control of project will reduce the the Control of Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides or vehicular traffic and Emissions of their Transboundary Fluxes in Sofia emission from the Nitrogen Oxides or on 31 October 1988. project will be zero their Transboundary which will lead to Fluxes. reduction in the emission of the NOx. 9 Geneva protocol to The Executive Body adopted the Implementation of LRTAP concerning Protocol concerning the Control of project will reduce the the control of Emissions of Volatile Organic vehicular traffic and Emissions of Volatile Compounds or their emission from the Organic Compounds Transboundary Fluxes in Geneva project will be zero or their (Switzerland) on 18 November which will lead to transboundary 1991. reduction in the fluxes. emission of the Volatile Organic Compounds. 10 United Nations The United Nations Conference on Developing Metro Conference on Environment and Development project sustainably will Environment and (UNCED), also known as the Rio put an effort towards 17 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

Development. (The de Janeiro Earth Summit , Rio global comitements. Earth Summit) Summit, Rio Conference, and Earth Summit (Portuguese: ECO92), was a major United Nations conference held in Rio de Janeiro from 3 to 14 June 1992. In 2012, the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development was also held in Rio, and is also commonly called Rio+20 or Rio Earth Summit 2012. It was held from 13 to 22 June.

11 Nine Session of the The United Nations Climate The emission of green UNFCCC Change Conferences are yearly house gases is going to Conference of the conferences held in the framework be reduced due to Parties, COP of the United Nations Framework implementation of the Convention on Climate Change project (UNFCCC). They serve as the formal meeting of the UNFCCC Parties (Conferences of the Parties) (COP) to assess progress in dealing with climate change, and beginning in the mid-1990s, to negotiate the Kyoto Protocol to establish legally binding obligations for developed countries to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. 12 Aarhus Convention, The Aarhus Convention is a All the environment 1998 multilateral environmental related issues are being agreement through which the made available to the opportunities for citizens to access public by public environmental information are consultation. The EIA increased and transparent and report and other related reliable regulation procedure is issues will be repoted secured. It is also known as “The through web portal UNECE Convention on Access to while commensing Information, Public Participation theproject. in Decision-making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters”. 13 Vienna Convention, It was signed in 1985 and entered The emission of green 1985 and Montreal into force in 1988. It is one of the house gases which case Protocol, 1987 most successful treaties which depletion of ozon layer 18 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

having 196 parties. It acts as a are going to be reduced framework for the international due to implementation efforts to protect the ozone layer. of the project But it does not include any reduction goals for the use of CFCs. This drawback is rectified by implementing Montreal Protocol which was signed in 1987, and entered into force in 1987, and entered into force on January 1st, 1989 1987, and entered into force on January 1st, 1989 January 1st, 1989. It aims at the phasing out of the production of substances which are responsible for ozone depletion. This was the first universally ratified treaty in United Nations history due to its wide spread adaptation and implementation.

14 Basel convention, It is an international treaty that was During the construction 1989 designed to reduce the movements and operation of this of hazardous waste between project no toxic waste nations, especially from developed will be generated and to less developed countries. This proper waste convention is intended (1) to management measures minimize the generation of toxic will be adompted as per waste (2) to ensure the eco- the waste management friendly waste management as plan. close as to the source (3) to assist less developed countries for waste management. This Convention which having 179 parties was opened for signature in 1989, and entered into force in 1992.

1.2.2 India as Contracting Party India has been a Contracting Party to the following Conventions 1. Conventions on wetlands of International importance especially as Waterfowl Harital. 1971 2. Convention on the prohibition of the development, production, and stockpiling of bacteriological and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction.1972 19 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

3. Convention covering the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage.1972 4. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. 1973 5. Protocol of 1978 relating to the International Convention for the prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973. 6. Convention on the conservation of Migratory species of Wild Animals. 1979 7. Convention on Migratory species

1.2.2.1 Applicable Conventions/Treaties: Table 1.2: Out of the above 7 Conventions, following 4 Conventions are applicable to the proposed Metro VII project: Sr. No. Conventions/treties Details Applicability 1 Convention Each State Party to this Convention No Natural or covering the recognizes that the duty of ensuring cultural heritage site Protection of the the identification, protection, is observed along the World Cultural conservation, presentation and alignment of the and Natural transmission to future generations project. Heritage.1972 of the cultural and natural heritage referred to in Articles 1 and 2 and situated on its territory, belongs primarily to that State. It will do all it can to this end, to the utmost of its own resources and, where appropriate, with any international assistance and co-operation, in particular, financial, artistic, scientific and technical, which it may be able to obtain.

2 Convention on CITES (the Convention on Carrying any kind of International International Trade in Endangered live or dead species Trade in Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, of flora and fauna Endangered also known as the Washington will be prohibited Species of Wild Convention) is a multilateral treaty during the operation Fauna and Flora, to protect endangered plants and phase and during also known as the animals. Its aim is to ensure that construction phase Washington international trade in specimens of imported material Convention 1973 wild animals and plants does not will be scrutinize threaten the survival of the species thoroughly for in the wild, and it accords varying presence of any degrees of protection to more than illeagal species trade 35,000 species of animals and activity. plants. 20 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

3 Convention on the The Convention on the The project lies on conservation of Conservation of Migratory Species the developed side of Migratory species of Wild Animals aims to conserve the city and hence do of Wild Animals. terrestrial, marine and avian not create any barrier 1979 migratory species throughout their for the migratory range. It is an intergovernmental species of animals. treaty, concluded under the aegis of the United Nations Environment Programme, concerned with the conservation of wildlife and habitats on a global scale. 4 Convention on As an environmental treaty under The project lies on Migratory species the aegis of the United Nations the developed side of Environment Programme, CMS the city and hence do provides a global platform for the not create any barrier conservation and sustainable use of for the migratory migratory animals and their species of animals. habitats. CMS brings together the States through which migratory animals pass, the Range States, and lays the legal foundation for internationally coordinated conservation measures throughout a migratory range

1.2.3 India as Signatory Party India has been a Signatory (S) to the following Conventions 1. Convention relative to the preservation of Fauna and Flora in their Natural State. 1936 2. International convention for the Regulation of Whaling. 1946 3. The Antarctic Treaty. 1959 4. Convention Concerning the protection of workers against Ionizing Radiations.1960 5. Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapons Tests in the atmosphere in Outer Space and Under Water. 1963 6. International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage. 1975 7. Convention on the conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources.1980

21 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

1.2.3.1 Applicable Conventions Table 1.3: Out of the above 7 Conventions, following 2 Conventions are applicable to the proposed Metro VII project:

Sr. No. Conventions/treties Details Applicability 1 Convention relative to The Convention Relative No major damage the preservation of to the Preservation of is done to the Fauna and Flora in Fauna and Flora in the biological their Natural State. Natural State, also known environment of the 1936 as the London project area. Convention of 1933, was Replantation and an early agreement plantation will be among colonial powers made and native for the conservation of species will be nature. utilized for the purpose. 2 International The International There is less Convention on Civil Convention on Civil chances of oil Liability for Oil Liability for Oil Pollution pollution in this Pollution Damage. 1975 Damage, 1969, renewed project. The only in 1992 and often referred oil which will be to as the CLC outcome of Convention, is an maintenance will international maritime be from . This treaty that was adopted to waste will be ensure that adequate segregated in ETP. compensation would be available where oil pollution damage was caused by maritime casualties involving oil tankers.

22 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

1.3 National and state level legal Acts and Legislation: Table 1.4: The available national and state level legal Acts and Legislation referred during the study are: Sr. No. Act/Legislation Details Applicability 1 The Environment The purpose of the Act is The metro rail (Protection) Act, 1986, to implement the project may cause amended 1991 decisions of the United disturbance during Nations Conference on construction the Human phase. All the Environments they relate necessary to the protection and mitigations will be improvement of the adopted as per the human environment and MoEF & CC the prevention of hazards guidelines to to human beings, other minimize the living creatures, plants disturbance due to and property. The Act is project activities. an “umbrella” legislation designed to provide a framework for central government coordination of the activities of various central and state authorities established under previous laws, such as the Water Act and the Air Act. 2 CRZ Notification, 2011 The main objectives of Not Applicable as the Coastal Regulation alignment do not Zone Notifi cation, 2011 pass from any are: • To ensure CRZ area livelihood security to the fi shing communities and other local communities living in the coastal areas; • To conserve and protect coastal stretches and; • To promote development in a sustainable manner based on scientifi c principles, taking into account the dangers of natural hazards in the coastal areas and sea level rise 23 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

due to global warming. 3 The Environment For the purpose of The metro rail (Protection) Rules,1986 protecting and improving project may cause the quality of the disturbance during environment and construction preventing and abating phase. All the environmental pollution, necessary the standards for emission mitigations will be or discharge of adopted as per the environmental pollutants MoEF & CC from the industries, guidelines to operations or processes minimize the shall be as specified in 2 disturbance due to [Schedule I to IV] project activities. 4 EIA Notification, 2006 The main objectives of All the Railways the EIA Notification, projects are 2006 are: to make more exempted from transparent, to impose EIA Notifacation certain restriction and 2006 hence the is prohibitions on new no requirement of project and activites, or obtaining the expansion or Environmental modernization of exixting Cleareance for this project and activities project. (Refer Fig. based on their potential no. 1.1) environment impact. A prior environmental clearance must be obtained either from the central government or the State Level Environment Impact Assent Authority 4 The Environment In this amendment For construction (Protection) concentrations of air work cement will (Ammendment) Rules, componants emitted in be used and 2014 cement plants are proponent will mentioned with emission make sure that limits. supplier and manufacturer of this cement is following all the conditions stipulated in this amendment. 24 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

5 The Water (Prevention An Act to provide for the Water will be used and Control of prevention and control of for construction Pollution) Act, 1974 water pollution and the work as well as in (Amendment 1988) maintaining or restoring operation phase of of wholesomeness of proposed Metro. water, for the Rainwater establishment, with a harvesting and view to carrying out the STP are suggested purposes aforesaid, of for conservation of Boards for the prevention the water during and control of water this project. pollution, for conferring on and assigning to such Boards Powers and functions relating thereto and for 6 The Water (Prevention An Act to provide for the Water will be used and Control of levy and collection of a for construction Pollution) Cess Act cess on water consumed work as well as in 1977, (Amendment), by persons carrying on operation phase of 2003 certain industries and by proposed Metro. local authorities, with a Rainwater view to augment the harvesting and resources of the Central STP are suggested Board and the State for conservation of Boards for the prevention the water during and control of water this project. pollution constituted under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974. 7 The Water (Prevention For the purposes of Water will be used and Control of measuring and recording for construction Pollution) Cess Rules, the quantity of water work as well as in 1978, 1991 reconsumed, every operation phase of consumer shall affix proposed Metro. water meters, venturi Rainwater meters or Orifice meters harvesting and with integrators and STP are suggested recorders in conformity for conservation of with the standards laid the water during down by the Indian this project. Standards Institution and where no standards have 25 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

been laid down by that institution in conformity with such standard as may be specified by the Board. 8 The Air (Prevention An Act to provide for the During and Control of prevention, control and construction Pollution) Act 1981, abatement of air activities air amended 1987 pollution, for the pollution may establishment, with a increase due to view to carrying out the traffic and aforesaid purposes, of transportation of Boards, for conferring on construction and assigning to such material. Boards powers and Monitoring for functions relating thereto these air polluting and for matters connected indicators will be therewith. carried out and necessary measures will be implemented. 9 Noise Pollution The Central Government During (Regulation and made the rules for the construction phase Control) Rules, 2000 regulation and control of noise levels will be amendment 2002, 2006 noise producing and increased due to generating sources construction activity and traffic. Noise modeling has been carried out along the alignment to predict the impact of noise and necessary measures are suggested in this report. 10 Municipal Solid Waste These rules shall apply to MSW will be Rules, 2000 every municipal authority generated majorly responsible for collection, during segregation, storage, construction phase transportation, processing and in small and disposal of municipal amount during solid wastes operation phase. 26 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

The generated waste will be disposed off through authorized agency. 11 The Indian Forest Act, Consolidate and reserve The project does 1927 the areas having forest not harm any cover, or significant natural forest other wildlife, to regulate than the trees movement and transit along the of forest produce, and alignment which duty leviable needs to be felled on timber and other forest during produce. It also defines construction. the procedure to be Compansatory followed for declaring an plantation will be area to be a Reserved carried out with Forest, a Protected the help of forest Forest or aVillage Forest. department. 12 Forest (Conservation) The Parliament has The project does Act, 1980, amended enacted the Forest not harm any 1988 (Conservation) Act, 1980, natural forest other to check further than the trees deforestation and along the conserve forests and to alignment which provide for matters needs to be felled connected therewith or during ancillary or incidental construction. thereto. Compansatory plantation will be carried out with the help of forest department. 13 Forest (Conservation) To check further The project does Rules, 2003 deforestation and not harm any conserve forests and to natural forest other provide for matters than the trees connected therewith or along the ancillary or incidental alignment which thereto. It will be needs to be felled observed that the Forest during (Conservation) Act and construction. Rules are very brief and Compansatory concise covering only plantation will be 27 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

tow pages each, but have carried out with very far-reaching the help of forest implications on mining department. and industrial development, especially in backward areas. 14 Maharashtra (Urban Establish ment of Tree The project does Area) Protection of authority was taken place not harm any Trees Act 1975 in this act to check further natural forest other deforestation and than the trees conserve trees in urban along the areas. alignment which needs to be felled during construction. Compansatory replantation will be carried out with the help of forest department. 15 The Wild Life An Act to provide for the The project does (Protection) Act 1972, protection of Wild not harm any Amendment, 2002 animals, birds and plants natural forest and and for matters connected animal other than therewith or ancillary or the trees along the incidental thereto. alignment which needs to be felled during construction. Compansatory plantation will be carried out with the help of forest department.

28 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

FIG. NO. 1.1: LETTER FROM MOEF & CC INDICATING EXEMPTION OF METRO PROJECTS FROM EIA NOTIFICATION 2006

29 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

1.4 PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORK The Government of Maharashtra has approved the implementation of the project of Metro Corridors VII and II by MMRDA. MMRDA is handling the project directly with the help of DMRC who are the General Consultants (GC) for the project. The G.C. is overlooking the planning, design, drawing up specifications, preparation of tender documents, and finalization of contract and supervision of the project during execution. MMRDA is funding the basic civil costs of the projects and the Asian Development Bank is funding all the systems such as rolling stock, signalling, power supply, traction, track.

FIG. 1.2: PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORK

MMRDA has established a Project Implementation Unit (PIU) for the speedy and effective execution of the project. The organisational structure of the PIU as approved is given in figure 1.3. In concurrence with ADB’s Safeguards Policy, to oversee the implementation of the Environmental and Social safeguards, a dedicated cell is proposed to be integrated into the PIU to work on these specific aspects of the project.

The following inclusions are proposed in the existing PIU organisational hierarchy for Metro line 7 corridor commensurate to the proportion of the environmental issues of the metro project.

30 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

The Environmental Cell will be headed by Joint Project Director (Environment) who will report to the Director (Projects), Metro PIU. Environmental Manager/Engineer will report to the JPD (Env). Further hierarchy elaborated with Deputy Environmental Manager/Engineer/Safety steward. Thus, the hierarchical organisation structure to be incorporated in the existing PIU structure is given in figure 1.3.

FIG. 1.3: PROPOSED ENVIRONMENTAL AND SAFEGUARD STRUCTURE

The Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) is the nodal agency in the administrative structure of the central government for planning, promotions, co-ordination and overseeing the implementation of India’s environmental and forestry policies and programs. The major responsibilities of MoEF include:  Environmental resource conservation and protection, including environmental impact assessment, clearance of developmental projects;  Co-ordination with the other ministries and agencies, voluntary organizations and professional bodies for environmental action plans;  Promotion of research and development, manpower planning and training and creation of environmental awareness;  Liaison and coordination with international agencies involved in environmental matters.  Forest clearance  Consent to Establish and Consent to Operate from Maharashtra Pollution Control Board

31 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

1.4.1 Central and State Pollution Control Boards The Central Pollution Control Board is responsible for pollution control throughout the country. In addition to the control of air, noise and water pollution it is also responsible to ensure effective control of disposal of hazardous wastes and storage and handling of hazardous chemicals and substances. With the enactment of air and water pollution laws, states have set-up their own State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) to monitor industrial emissions and effluents and to approve the operation of new industries after careful scrutiny. The functions of the SPCBs include:  The planning of comprehensive state programs for the prevention and control of air and water pollution and to ensure the implementation thereof;  Inspection of pollution control equipment/ plants for monitoring of their efficiency.  The SPCB in consultation with the Central Pollution Control Board may establish norms for air quality, gaseous emission and noise level etc.

1.5 ENVIRONMENTAL CATEGORIZATION The ADB has defined its safeguard requirements under its SPS, 2009. The prime objectives of these safeguard policies are to: (i) avoid adverse impacts of projects on the environment and affected people, where possible; and (ii) minimize, mitigate, and/or compensate for adverse project impacts on the environment and affected people when avoidance is not possible. Since Andheri (E)- Dahisar project is likely to have moderate environmental risks and impacts and requires compliance with the safeguard requirement of SPS. The alignment does not pass through any forest area. No heritage site or archaeological monument is located in the vicinity of the alignment.

The project has been evaluated considering the outcome of latest ADB"s Rapid Environmental Assessment Checklist (Annexure-4). The proposed project does not pass through any Wildlife Sanctuary, National Park, or any other environmentally sensitive or protected areas. The proposed project is between Andheri East and Dahisar (16.475 km) along Weatsren Express Highway. The Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) checklist has screened the project proposed for ADB funding considering the aspects of project siting, potential environmental impacts including climate change and disaster risk. Although, the proposed project will bring in many benefits to the area, there is potential for environmental impacts on the above ground structures due to vibration construction and operation of the metro. Therefore, the project has been classified as Category ‘B’ and requires Environmental Impact Assessment (ElA) Report as per ADB's SPS.

32 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

1.5.1 Requirement of Environmental Clearance As per provisions of the EIA Notification, 14 September 2006 as amended up to 1December 2009, any person who desires to undertake any new project in any part of India or the expansion or modernization of any existing industry or project listed in Schedule-I of the said notification shall submit an application to the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India in accordance with the guidelines issued by the Central Government in the Ministry of Environment and Forests from time to time. Metro Rail project is not included in the Schedule-I of the EIA Notification, 2006. Thus, the project does not require an environmental clearance certificate from the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India.

1.5.2 Requirement of Forest Clearance As per Indian "Forests Conservation Act (1980), every project requiring diversion of forest land for non-forestry purposes require forest clearance from MoEF. The forestry clearance is granted through two-stage process: Stage 1 refers, in principle approval , to the project proposal in which usually the conditions relating to transfer, mutation and declaration as RF/ PF under the Indian Forest Act, 1972, of equivalent non-forest land for compensatory afforestation and funds for raising compensatory afforestation thereof are stipulated. Stage II involves formal approval under the Act after receipt of compliance report from the State Government in respect of the stipulated conditions. Since alignment is not passing through any forest land and no diversion of forest land is involved in the proposed project, no forest clearance is required for this project.

1.5.3 Required Clearances/Permissions For the proposed project, required clearances/ permissions related to environment have been summarized below.

TABLE 1.5: PERMISSIONS/CLEARANCES REQUIRED FOR THE PROJECT Sr. Permissions/ Acts / Rules / Concerned Responsibility No. Clearances Notifications / Guidelines Agency A. Pre-construction Stage 1 Permission for Forest Conservation Act Tree MMRDA felling of trees (1980) Procedural Authority Guidelines developed by the Department of Environment, GoM; Tree removal will be guided as per state government rules. B. Implementation Stage 2 Consent to operate Air (Prevention and Maharashtra Contractor hot mix plant, Control of Pollution) Act State Pollution crushers, batching 1981 Control Board 33 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

plant 3 Permission for Environment (Protection) CGWA Contractor withdrawal of Act, 1986 groundwater 4 Permission for sand Environment (Protection) Mining Contractor mining from river Act, 1986 Department/ bed MoEF 5 Authorization Hazardous Waste Maharashtra Contractor for Disposal of (Management and State Pollution Hazardous Waste Handling) Rules 1989 Control Board 6 Disposal of Hazardous Waste Maharashtra Contractor bituminous (Management and State Pollution and other Handling) Rules 1989 Control Board wastes 7 Consent for Water (Prevention and Maharashtra Contractor disposal of sewage Control of Pollution) Act State Pollution from labour 1974 Control Board camps. 8 Pollution Under Central Motor and Vehicle Department of Contractor Control Act 1988 Transport, Certificate Govt. of Maharashtra authorised testing centres 9 Employing Labour/ The Building and Other District Labour Contractor workers Construction Commissioner Workers(Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act, 1996 10 Roof Top Rain Central Groundwater Central Contractor Water Harvesting Authority (CGWA) Ground Water (RWH) Guidelines Authority

1.6 OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE OF THE STUDY The objective of the study is to facilitate the Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA) evaluate the environmental impacts of its proposed activity. MMRDA proposes to apply for loan to seek financial support from ADB. Thus, the objective of the study is to conduct Environmental Impact Assessment as per requirement of ADB. The scope of EIA includes the impacts resulting from pre- construction, during construction and operation phases of Andheri East- Dahisar Metro corridor at Mumbai. In addition, it is proposed to establish environmental baseline and safeguard measures for protection of environment for sustainable development during project cycles. The MoEF, Government of India, Notification of 14th September 2006 and its amendment dated 1st December 2009 enlist projects in Schedule that require environmental clearance. However, as per the said notification Railway/ Metro

34 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

projects do not require environmental clearance from MoEF. The report has been prepared as per ADB guidelines.

1.7 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY The MMRDA has considered different alternative corridors. The underlying principles for evaluation for each corridor, without affecting the overall usefulness of the corridor, are minimum private land acquisition, least disturbance to properties, minimum disturbance to ecology/biodiversity. In the analysis of alternatives, a comparison of scenario with and without the project has also been made. The final alternative was fixed based on Technical Feasibility, Socio-economic acceptability, and Environmental sustainability for Metro Corridors. The environmental study is carried out for the alignment proposed by MMRDA. The approach is to follow the sequence of steps adopted in an EIA study. The basic concept is to ascertain the existing baseline conditions and assess the impacts as a result of construction and operation of the project. The changes likely to occur in different components of the environment viz. physical, biological / ecological, environmental and socio-economic etc. have been studied, analyzed and quantified, wherever possible. The identification of parameters for data generation and impact assessment are important. The analysis of assessment depends upon the reliable data generated/ available on environmental attributed. This study has documented the baseline data for various parameters of physical, ecological and environmental pollution (air, water and noise). The impacts are assessed for various phases of project cycle namely:  Impacts due to project location,  Impacts due to project design,  Impacts due to project construction, and  Impacts due to project operation. The impacts are categorized as negative and positive. The cost of management and monitoring programs were estimated and budgeted for. The approach for the study is presented in Fig. 1.4. The standard methodology for the data collection, impact assessment and formulation of management plans is adopted. The national acts, legislation and laws along with guidelines were consulted with a view to ensuring compliance with various requirements. Environmental baseline data for environmental attributes from primary and secondary sources were collected and compiled. The primary sources include site visits, visual inspection, field studies, monitoring and analysis. The secondary sources include the books, reports, maps and documents from various government and non- government organizations on subject matter. The methodology adopted for data collection, impact analysis, preparation of environmental management and monitoring plans is highlighted in brief, in the following paragraphs. However, more elaborate methodology is present in the main text in the relevant sections.

1.7.1 Data Collection The existing land-use pattern of the area has been identified mainly as urban human settlements, roads, Trees and water bodies. 35 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

Water Resources in the project were considered in terms of precipitation, surface run off; quantity and quality of water. Air and Noise quality is an important consideration during construction and operation phases. Ambient air quality and noise levels were monitored in project area to develop present baseline levels in the area. Terrestrial Ecology was also studied.

1.7.2 Environmental Impact Assessment The objective of the study is to assess the impacts as a result of construction of the proposed metro corridor. The changes likely to occur in different components of the environment were studied and analyzed. Based on project particulars and the existing environmental conditions, potential impacts were identified that are expected to be affected as a result of the proposed project and wherever possible, these are quantified. Both positive and negative impacts are evaluated to get an idea about resultant impacts. The environmental impact of the project includes changes in land use, soil, erosion, water quality, air quality and noise levels etc. The impact on soil due to disposal of waste water and erosion during construction were predicted. On the other hand, the project will provide higher living standard, better quality of life, less travel time, better connectivity and transport facilities.

1.7.3 Environmental Management Plan The management plans are essential to ensure that stress/ loads on the systems are within carrying capacity. The management plan aims at maintaining the environmental quality of project area with respect to pre-project stage. An environmental management strategy/ plan are developed to mitigate the adverse impacts. Efforts are made to enhance the quality of environmental attributes.

1.7.4 Environmental Monitoring Monitoring would indicate any environmental problem, which has come up due to an ongoing activity. This will facilitate to assess the effectiveness of management / mitigation measures.

1.8 FORMAT OF THE REPORT  Executive Summary: Describes concisely the critical facts, significant findings, and recommended actions.  Chapter-1: Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework: Discusses the national and local legal and institutional framework within which the environmental assessment is carried out. It also identifies project-relevant international environmental agreements to which the country is a party.  Chapter-2: Description of the Project: Describes the proposed project; its major components; and its geographic, ecological, social, and temporal context, including any associated facility required by and for the project (for example, access roads, power plants, water supply, quarries and borrow pits, and spoil disposal). It normally

36 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

includes drawings and maps showing the project’s layout and components, the project site, and the project's area of influence.  Chapter-3: Description of the Environment (Baseline Data): Summarises environmental baseline conditions including relevant physical, biological, and socioeconomic conditions within the study area. It also looks at current and proposed development activities within the project's area of influence, including those not directly connected to the project. It indicates the accuracy, reliability, and sources of the data.  Chapter-4: Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures: This section predicts and assesses the project's likely positive and negative direct and indirect impacts to physical, biological, socioeconomic (including occupational health and safety, community health and safety, vulnerable groups and gender issues, and impacts on livelihoodsthrough environmental media, and physical cultural resources in the project's area of influence, in quantitative terms to the extent possible; identifies mitigation measures and any residual negative impacts that cannot be mitigated; explores opportunities for enhancement; identifies and estimates the extent and quality of available data, key data gaps, and uncertainties associated with predictions and specifies topics that do not require further attention; and examines global, transboundary, and cumulative impacts as appropriate.  Chapter-5: Analysis of Alternatives: Describes alternatives to the proposed project site, technology, design, and operation—including the no project alternative—in terms of their potential environmental impacts; the feasibility of mitigating these impacts; their capital and recurrent costs; their suitability under local conditions; and their institutional, training, and monitoring requirements. It also states the basis for selecting the particular project design proposed and, justifies recommended emission levels and approaches to pollution prevention and abatement.  Chapter-6: Information Disclosure, Consultation, and Participation: It covers the details of Public consultation and Information disclosure. It describes the process undertaken during project design and preparation for engaging stakeholders, including information disclosure and consultation with affected people and other stakeholders; summarizes comments and concerns received from affected people and other stakeholders and how these comments have been addressed in project design and mitigation measures, with special attention paid to the needs and concerns of vulnerable groups, including women, the poor, and Indigenous Peoples; describes the planned information disclosure measures (including the type of information to be disseminated and the method of dissemination) and the process for carrying out consultation with affected people and facilitating their participation during project implementation.  Chapter-7: Grievance Redress Mechanism: describes the grievance redress framework (both informal and formal channels), setting out the time frame and mechanisms for resolving complaints about environmental performance.  Chapter-8: Environmental Management Plan: Based on the anticipated negative impacts, the project may bring about an environmental management strategy. This chapter deals with the set of mitigation and management measures to be taken during 37 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

project implementation to avoid, reduce, mitigate, or compensate for adverse environmental impacts (in that order of priority). It may include multiple management plans and actions.It includes post project environmental monitoring programmes. This programme aims at signalling any potential environmental problem during construction and operation of the project and it should allow for timely implementation of corrective measures. Finally, a summary of the costs of the environmental management and monitoring programmes falling under the responsibility of the project is presented and this also includes the cost of disaster management plans and emergency information systems.  Chapter-9: Conclusion and Recommendation: This section provides the conclusions drawn from the assessment and provides recommendations.

38 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

FIG. 1.4: METHODOLOGY FOR THE EIA STUDY

Desk Research, Acts, Legislation, Reconnaissance, Discussion and Presentation

 Application of Acts & Field visit Legislations Scoping / Identification of  Reconniecenc survey Parameters

Archeological Ecological Environmental Physical Socio- Environment Environment Pollution Environment Economics  Archeological  Historical  Flora  Air  Topography  Social Status  Heritage  Fauna  Water  Land use  Infrastructure  Tree / Forest  Noise pattern facilities  Fisheries  Soil  Drainage/  Solid waste hydrology

Compile Environmental Baseline Data Field Studies

Analysis of Environmental Public Consultation Baseline Data

Screening of Environmental Impacts (positive and nigentive)

Potential Environmental and Social Impact Assessment No impact

Mitighation Measures

Preparation of Environmental Management Plan

Environmental CHAPTER – 2 Monitoring Programs, Conclusion and Recommendations 39 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

CHAPTER – 2

DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT

2.1 TRANSPORT SITUATION IN MUMBAI Public transport systems in Mumbai include the Mumbai Suburban railway, Monorail, Metro, Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport(BEST) buses, black- and-yellow meter taxis, auto rickshaws and ferries. Suburban railway and BEST bus services together accounted for about 88% of the passenger traffic in 2008. Auto rickshaws are allowed to operate only in the suburban areas of Mumbai, while taxis are allowed to operate throughout Mumbai, but generally operate in South Mumbai. Taxis and rickshaws in Mumbai are required by law to run on compressed natural gas (CNG), and are a convenient, economical, and easily available means of transport. Rail The Mumbai Suburban Railway, popularly referred to as Locals forms the backbone of the city's transport system. It is operated by the Central Railway and Western Railway zones of the Indian Railways. Mumbai's suburban rail systems carried a total of 6.3 million passengers every day in 2007, which is more than half of the Indian Railways daily carrying capacity. Trains are overcrowded during peak hours, with nine-car trains of rated capacity 1,700 passengers, actually carrying around 4,500 passengers at peak hours. The Mumbai rail network is spread at an expanse of 319 route kilometres. 191 rakes (train-sets) of 9 car and 12 car composition are utilised to run a total of 2,226 train services in the city. Mumbai is the headquarters of two zones of the Indian Railways: the Central Railway (CR) headquartered at Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus(formerly Victoria Terminus), and the Western Railway (WR) headquartered at Churchgate. Mumbai is also well connected to most parts of India by the Indian Railways. Long-distance trains originate from Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus,Dadar, Lokmanya Tilak Terminus, Mumbai Central, Bandra Terminus, Andheri and Borivali. The Mumbai Monorail and Mumbai Metro have been built and are being extended in phases to relieve overcrowding on the existing network. The Monorail opened in early February 2014. The first line of the Mumbai Metro opened in early June 2014. Bus Mumbai's bus services carried over 5.5 million passengers per day in 2008. Public buses run by BEST cover almost all parts of the metropolis, as well as parts of Navi Mumbai, Mira-Bhayandar and Thane. The BEST operates a total of 4,608 buses with CCTV cameras installed, ferrying 4.5 million passengers daily over 390 routes. Its fleet consists of single-decker, double-decker, vestibule, low-floor, disabled-friendly, air-conditioned and Euro III compliant diesel and compressed natural gas powered buses. BEST introduced air-conditioned buses in 1998. Maharashtra State Road

40 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

Transport Corporation buses provide intercity transport connecting Mumbai with other towns and cities of Maharashtra and nearby states. The Navi Mumbai Municipal Transport (NMMT) and Thane Municipal Transport (TMT) also operate their buses in Mumbai, connecting various nodes of Navi Mumbai and Thane to parts of Mumbai. Buses are generally favoured for commuting short to medium distances, while train fares are more economical for longer distance commutes. Water Water transport in Mumbai consists of ferries, hovercrafts and catamarans. Services are provided by both government agencies as well as private partners Hovercraft services plied briefly in the late 1990s between the Gateway of India and CBD Belapur in Navi Mumbai. They were subsequently scrapped due to lack of adequate infrastructure. Road Mumbai is served by National Highway 3, National Highway 4, National Highway 8, National Highway 17 and National Highway 222 of India's National Highways system. The Mumbai-Pune Expressway was the first expressway built in India. The Eastern Freeway was opened in 2013. The Mumbai Nashik Expressway, Mumbai-Vadodara Expressway, are under construction. The Bandra- Worli Sea Link bridge, along with Mahim Causeway, links the island city to the western suburbs. The three major road arteries of the city are the Eastern Express Highway from Sion to Thane, the Sion Panvel Expressway from Sion to Panvel and the Western Express Highway from Bandra to Dahisar. Mumbai has approximately 1,900 km of roads. There are five tolled entry points to the city by road. Mumbai had about 721,000 private vehicles as of March 2014, 56,459 black and yellow taxis as of 2005, and 106,000 auto rickshaws, as of May 2013. Air The Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport (formerly Sahar International Airport) is the main aviation hub in the city and the second busiest airport in India in terms of passenger traffic. It handled 36.6 million passengers and 694,300 tonnes of cargo during FY 2014–2015. An upgrade plan was initiated in 2006, targeted at increasing the capacity of the airport to handle up to 40 million passengers annually and the new terminal T2 was opened in February 2014. The proposed Navi Mumbai International Airport to be built in the Kopra-Panvel area has been sanctioned by the Indian Government and will help relieve the increasing traffic burden on the existing airport. The Juhu Aerodrome was India's first airport, and now hosts the Bombay Flying Club and a heliport operated by state-owned Pawan Hans. Sea Mumbai is served by two major ports, Mumbai Port Trust and Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust, which lies just across the creek in Navi Mumbai. Mumbai Port has one of the best natural harbours in the world, and has extensive wet and dry dock accommodation facilities. Jawaharlal Nehru Port, commissioned on 26 May 1989, is 41 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

the busiest and most modern major port in India. It handles 55–60% of the country's total containerised cargo. Ferries from Ferry Wharf in Mazagaon allow access to islands near the city. The city is also the headquarters of the Western Naval Command, and also an important base for the Indian Navy.

2.2 PROJECT AREA AND LOCATION The metro project in Mumbai is proposed between Andheri East and Dahisar East along Western Express Highway (16.475 Km). The proposed alignment would serve the city by providing connectivity between Andheri and Dahisar. The project area also includes the maintenance and construction s in addition to viaduct and station area. Fig. 2.1 shows Google Image of Metro corridor between Andheri east and Dahisar along western express highway in Mumbai city.

2.3 PROPOSED METRO CORRIDOR One metro corridor is proposed in Mumbai to cater the requirement of the city along western express highway for a length of about 16.475 Km. Entire corridor will be elevated.

42 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

FIG. 2.1: GOOGLE IMAGE OF METRO CORRIDOR BETWEEN ANDHERI (E) AND DAHISAR (E)

43 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

2.3.1 Route Alignment The alignment of Andheri (East) to Dahisar (East) lies between the 19o06’57.43”N, 72o51’18.09”E and 19o15’10.30”N, 72o52’05.29”E. Andheri (East) – Dahisar (East) corridor of Mumbai Metro Project is proposed to start at junction of Western Express Highway and MV Road in Andheri (East). The alignment passes through three wards 1. K (E) (23.5 Sq.Kms), 2. P (S) (29.56 Sq.Kms) & P (N) (19.13 Sq.Kms), 3. R (C) (50.00 Sq.Kms) & R (N) (18.00 Sq.Kms). It stretches from Andheri (E) to Dahisar (E) via Jogeshwari, Goregaon, Malad, Kandivali, Thakur Village, Poisar and Borivali along and parallel to Western Express Highway (W.E.H.). Andheri (E) Metro Station on this corridor is proposed on Right Hand Side of WEH between L&T building and Flyover. Total length of the corridor from dead end to dead end is 16.475 km. The entire corridor proposed is elevated. The corridor has been proposed on the East side of the flyover on W.E.H. to start with first station as Andheri (E). For the proposed alignment interchange will be provided at Andheri East station of Metro I. Just after station, the alignment crosses to West side of the WEH and thereafter it runs on West side only upto Dahisar. Fig. 2.2 shows the Route alignment from Andheri (East) – Dahisar (East) corridor.

FIG. 2.2: ROUTE ALIGNMENT FROM ANDHERI (E) – DAHISAR (E) CORRIDOR

44 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

2.3.2 Route Length and Stations An elevated option has been adopted on the entire stretch of the proposed corridor between Andheri East and Dahisar along the one lane of Western express highway to minimize the adverse effects on the existing properties and the road network. At places, the alignment steers off the road. Fourteen stations have been proposed on the corridor. Efforts have been made to keep the inter station distance about a kilometer. Stations have been located so as to serve major passenger destinations and enable convenient integration with other modes of transport. All stations will be two level stations except Dahisar Terminal Station. The concourse comprising of passenger facilities and station facilities will be at lower level and the platforms on the higher level. Dahisar station is proposed to have two towers one on either sideThe details of stations have been elaborated in the Table 2.1 and Fig. 2.3 Shows an index map of the the alignment and location of stations

TABLE 2.1: STATIONS OF ANDHERI (E) - DAHISAR (E) METRO CORRIDOR

U/G Sr. No Station Name / ELEVATED

1 Andheri East Elevated 2 Shankarwadi Elevated 3 JVLR Jn. Elevated 4 Mahanand Elevated 5 Aarey Elevated 6 Pathanwadi Elevated 7 Puspa Park Elevated 8 Bandongri Elevated 9 Mahindra & Mahindra Elevated 10 Magathane Elevated 11 Devipada Elevated 12 National Park Elevated 13 Ovaripada Elevated 14 Dahisar(E) Elevated

45 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

FIG 2.3: INDEX MAP OF ROUTE ALIGNMENT AND LOCATION OF STATIONS OF ANDHERI (E) – DAHISAR (E) METRO CORRIDOR

46 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

2.3.3 Gauge: The Metro corridor will have standard Guage alignment.

2.3.4 Track Structure: Two types of Track Structure have been proposed. The ballastless track has been proposed for viaduct, while normal ballasted track has been proposed in the maintenance. The track will be completely welded and even the turn outs will be incorporated in long welded rails/Continuous welded rails (LWR / CWR.)

Ballastless Track on Viaducts On the viaducts, it is proposed to adopt plinth type ballastless track structure with RCC derailment guards integrated with the plinths shown in Fig.2.4. It is proposed to adopt suitable Fastenings System with a base-plate to base-plate spacing of 65 cm, on viaducts complying of performance criteria laid down by Railway Board vide letter Circular No. 2009/Proj/InAs/9/2, dated 02.05.2010.

Ballastless Track in The ballastless track in will be of the following types:  Discretely supported on concrete/steel pedestal for inspection lines.  Embedded rail type inside the Workshop.  Plinth type for Washing Plant line.  Normal Ballastless (as on viaduct) for Washing lines, Stabling and other running lines.

47 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

FIG.2.4: BALLASTLESS TRACK ON VIADUCTS

48 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

2.3.5 Traction System: Keeping in view the ultimate traffic requirements, uniformity, standardization and other techno economic consideration, 25 KV AC traction systems is considered to be the best alternative and same has been proposed for this corridor. 25 KV AC traction system has economical advantages of minimal number of traction sub stations and potential to carry large traffic.

2.3.6 Signalling: The signaling system shall provide the means for an efficient train control, ensuring safety in train movements. It assists in optimization of metro infrastructure investment and running of efficient train services on the network.

Metro carries large number of passengers at a very close headway requiring a very high level of safety enforcement and reliability. At the same time heavy investment in infrastructure and rolling stock necessitates optimization of its capacity to provide the best services to the public. These requirements of the metro are planned to be achieved by adopting ‘CATC’ (Continuous Automatic Train Control System) based on “CBTC” (Communication based Train Control System) which includes ATP (Automatic Train Protection), ATO (Automatic Train Operation) and ATS (Automatic Train Supervision) sub-systems using radio communication between Track side and Train. The Telecommunication system acts as the communication backbone for Signalling systems and other systems such as SCADA – Supervisory Control And Data AcquisitionRT and AFC Automatic Fare Collection etc and provides Telecommunication services to meet operational and administrative requirements of the metro network. The Telecommunication facilities proposed are helpful in meeting the requirements for: 1. Supplementing the Signalling system for efficient train operation. 2. Exchange of managerial information 3. Crisis management during emergencies 4. Passenger information system

2.3.7 Automatic Fare Collection: Automatic Fare Collection system is proposed. AFC system proves to be cheaper than semi-automatic (Manual System) in long run due to reduced manpower cost of ticketing staff, reduced maintenance in comparison to paper ticket machines, overall less cost of recyclable tickets (Smart Card / Token) in comparison to paper tickets and prevention of leakage of revenue. The proposed ticketing system shall be of Contact less Smart Token / Card type. The equipments for the same shall be provided at each station counter / booking offices and at convenient locations and will be connected to a local area network with a computer in the Station Master’s room. Equipment and

49 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

installation cost of Contactless Smart Card / Token based AFC system is similar to magnetic ticket based AFC system.

2.3.8 Choice of Control Gates: Retractable flap type or Turnstile type Control Gates are proposed.

2.3.9 Passenger Operated Machines: Space for provision of Passenger Operated Machines (Automatic Ticket Dispensing Machines) in future has been earmarked at the stations. It is proposed to provide sufficient number of POMs so that passengers get issued token to the maximum extent by these machines.

2.3.10 Integration of AFC with other Lines and Modes of Transport: In Mumbai, different metro lines are being constructed and operated by different operators. In view of passenger convenience and operational efficiency, it is proposed that AFC for different metro lines should be integrated and smart card based fare products should be inter-operable. AFC system shall take into account revenue sharing mechanism among different operators based on journeys performed at each system. The single ride tickets (tokens) may not be inter-operable and may be limited to each operators system.

The proposed AFC system shall provide interfaces to other operators such as Suburban Rail, Bus, Parking, Toll etc so that these systems may also be integrated with common smart card based fare products. This will facilitate the passengers as they need not carry different cards for different applications

2.3.11 Scissors Crossovers: Scissors Crossovers will be provided at both the terminal stations viz. Andheri (E) and Dahisar (S.V. & L.R Junction). In between scissors crossovers are proposed at two stations for use in emergencies. The Scissors crossovers on Main Lines (1 in 9 type) will be with a minimum track centre of 4.5 m shown in Fig. 2.5

50 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

FIG.2.5: SCISSORS CROSSOVERS ON MAIN LINES

51 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

2.4 BOARDING AND ALIGHTING Trafic projection for different horizon years has been worked out in the DPR. However, the projections for the year 2021 have been summarized in Table 2.2.

TABLE 2.2: BOARDING, ALIGHTING AND SECTIONAL LOADING DETAILS FOR 2021

Sr.No. Station Vol. Vol. Boarding Alighting Andheri - Dahisar- Dahisar Andheri 1 Andheri 4289 0 4289 8553 2 Shankarwadi 5421 8553 2547 1206 3 Jvlr Jn. 22805 25497 9548 12951 4 Mahananda 22661 35917 2022 2344 5 Aarey 11048 17870 1961 1350 6 Pathanwadi 11099 17086 2629 2042 7 Pushpa park 10758 16550 3530 2813 8 Bandongri 9938 15493 1777 2210 9 Mahindra & Mahindra 9206 15105 3968 2530 10 Magathane 8785 12935 3682 2061 11 Devipada 7950 10894 1851 1734 12 SGNP 6745 9942 3348 2486 13 Ovaripada 5859 7875 4867 4730 14 Dahisar(E) 0 6851 6851 5859 Maximum PHPDT 11505 18086 52869 52869 Daily Ridership 528690

2.5 SYSTEM REQUIREMENT The entire corridor will be elevated. On the viaducts, it is proposed to adopt plinth type ballastless track structure with RCC derailment guards integrated with the plinths. It is proposed to adopt suitable Fastenings System with a base-plate to base- plate spacing of 65 cm, on viaducts complying of performance criteria laid down by Railway Board vide letter Circular No. 2009/Proj/lnAs/9/2, dated 02.05.2010. The ballastless track in will be of the following types: • Discretely supported on concrete/steel pedestal for inspection lines. • Embedded rail type inside the Workshop. • Plinth type for Washing Plant line. • Normal Ballastless (as on viaduct) for Washing lines, Stabling and other running lines.

52 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

2.6 ROLLING STOCK REQUIREMENT It is proposed to run services for 19 hours of the day (5 am to midnight) with a station dwell time of 30 seconds. Make up time of 5-10% with 8-12 % coasting. Maximum permissible speed has been assumed to be 85 Km/hr. To meet the projected traffic demand, the possibility of running trains with composition of 6 coach trains with different headway has been examined. 6 coaches are required to meet the projected PHPDT Demand for the year 2031.

The Coach will be of stainless steel, approximately 22 m long, 3.2 m wide and 3.9 high. Overall length of a train of 6 coaches will be about 132 m. The axle load will be 17 tonnes. The coaches will be fitted with asynchronous 3 phase AC squirrel cage induction motors. Trains will have regenerative braking system to save energy cost.

Current will be drawn through overhead catenary. Train will be air conditioned and provided with automatic door closing and opening system. The coaches will have longitudinal seats with seating 50 passengers and 250 standees (With 6 persons per sq.m). With dense crush density of 8 passengers per sq.m, standees will go up to 325. Maximum design speed will be 90 kmph. Maximum acceleration is proposed to be 0.8 m / sec / sec. and maximum deceleration 1.2 m / sec / sec.

2.7 CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY The segmental construction has been proposed due to its several advantages like economical, faster, environment friendly, minimum traffic hinderance, easier transportation upto construction site etc. The superstructure of a large part of the viaduct comprises of simply supported spans. It is proposed to provide box girders as superstructure for the viaduct. However at major crossings over or along existing bridges special steel or continuous unit will be provided. The pier segment will be finalized based on simply supported span of 31.0 m and the same will be kept for all standard spans of simply supported. For major crossings having span of more than 31.0 m, special continuous units of normally 3m span construction or steel girders are envisaged.

2.8 VIADUCT–ELEVATED STRUCTURE: The proposed Viaduct Structure is fully elevated. Normally in metro elevated section, following two types of segmental superstructure are adopted;  Pre-cast segmental box girder using external unbounded tendon.  Pre-cast segmental U-Channel Superstructure with internal pre- stressing.  Precast segment Twin U girders

53 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

2.9 MAINTENANCE DEPOT It is proposed to provide the Car maintenance depot at Dahisar in the land of Airport Authority of India. The land parcel available is of 18 Ha but of irregular shape. Detailed planning of in this area has been done.

2.9.1 Depot- cum- Workshop at Dahisar It is proposed to establish one - cum- workshop with following functions: 1. Major overhauls of all the trains. 2. All minor schedules and repairs. 3. Lifting for replacement of heavy equipment and testing thereafter. 4. Repair of heavy equipments.

54 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

FIG. 2.6(a): LOCATION OF MAINTENANCE DEPOT

55 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

FIG. 2.6(b): LAYOUT OF DEPOT (LOCATED AT DAHISAR)

56 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

2.10 TRAIN OPERATION PLAN: Salient Features:  Running of services for 19 hours of the day (5 AM to Midnight) with a station dwell time of 30 seconds,  Make up time of 5-10% with 8-12% coasting.  Scheduled speed for this corridor has been taken as 35 Kmph.

2.10.1 Train Formation To meet the above projected traffic demand, the possibility of running trains with composition of 6 Car trains with different headways have been examined.

Composition DMC : Driving Motor Car MC : Motor Car TC : Trailer Car 6-car train composition: DMC+TC+MC+ MC+TC+DMC

Capacity@ 6 passengers per square meter of standee area DMC: 282 passengers (Sitting-42, Standing-240) MC: 298 passengers (Sitting-50, Standing-248) TC: 298 passengers (Sitting-50, Standing-248) 6 Car Train: 1756 Passengers (Sitting-284, Standing-1472)

2.10.2 Braking System The brake system shall consist of –  An electro-pneumatic (EP) service friction brake  A fail safe, pneumatic friction emergency brake  A spring applied air-release parking brake  An electric regenerative service brake  Provision of smooth and continuous blending of EP and regenerative braking Fig. 2.7 & 2.8 show Metro trailor car and Metro motor car respectively.

57 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

FIG. 2.7: METRO TRAILOR CAR

58 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

FIG. 2.8: METRO MOTOR CAR

59 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

2.11 POWER REQUIREMENT Electricity is required for operation of Metro system for running of trains, station services (e.g. Lighting, lifts, escalators, signalling & telecom, fire fighting etc) and workshops, s & other maintenance infrastructure within premises of metro system. The power requirements of a metro system are determined by peak-hour demands of power for traction and auxiliary applications. Broad estimation of auxiliary and traction power demand is made based on the following requirements:- 1. Specific energy consumption of rolling stock – 80 KWh/1000 GTKM Regeneration by rolling stock – 30% 2. Elevated/at –grade station load – initially 250 kW, which will increase to 500 kW in the year 2031 3. auxiliary load - initially 2000 kW, which will increase to 2500 kW in the year 2031. Keeping in view of the train operation plan and demand of auxiliary and traction power, power requirements projected for the year 2016, 2019, 2021 and 2031 are summarized in Table 2.3 below:

TABLE 2.3: POWER DEMAND ESTIMATION (MVA) Year Corridor Load 2016 2019 2021 2031 Andheri (E) Traction 7.74 9.30 10.83 11.06 to Auxiliary 7.41 9.70 10.69 12.97 Dahisar (E) 14 Stations Total 15.15 19.00 21.52 24.03 (16.47 km) 2.11.1 Sources of Power Supply Keeping in view the reliability requirements, two Receiving Sub-stations are proposed to be set up for the line. This is an economical solution without compromising reliability. It is proposed to avail power supply for traction as well as auxiliary services from the following grid sub-stations of TATA Power Company Limited at 110 kV voltages through cable feeders:

60 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

TABLE 2.4: SOURCES OF POWER SUPPLY Corridor Grid sub-station (GSS) Location of RSS Approx. length (Input voltage) of Metro Authority cables from GSS to RSS Andheri (E) 220 or 110 or 66 kV RSS Near Andheri TATA Power to Dahisar Grid Sub Station (GSS) Station (E) Near Andheri 14 Stations (16.47 km) 110 kV Grid Sub RSS Near Dahisar TATA Power Station (GSS) Near Dahisar

2.12 COST ESTIMATE: Project Cost estimates for the Andheri(E) – Dahisar (E) Metro Corridor has been prepared covering civil, electrical, signalling and telecommunication works, rolling stock, environmental protection, rehabilitation, considering 25 kV AC traction at July 2015 price level. The overall Capital Cost for the Andheri – Dahisar Metro Corridor of Mumbai at July 2015 price level works out to Rs. 4158 Crores excluding applicable Taxes & Duties of Rs 774 Crores as tabulated hereunder in Tables 2.5 and 2.6

TABLE 2.5: ANDHERI (E) TO DAHISAR (E) CORRIDOR CAPITAL COST ESTIMATE - JULY 2015 LEVEL

Total Station ( All Elevated ) =14

S. Item Unit Rate Qty. Amount No. (Rs. (Rs. in in Cr.) Cr.) Without taxes 1.0 Land 1.1 Permanent a Government h 20.00 15.78 315.57 b Private ah 100.0 1.24 123.73 Temporary Land for a 0 1.2 Construction H 5.00 8.00 40.00 1.3 R & R incl. Hutments etc. R.a 3.52 16.48 58.04 Subtotal (1) K.m. 537.34 2.0 Alignment and Formation Elevated section including station 2.1 length (Including Cost of Rain Water R. 36.92 16.48 608.39 Harvesting) Km. 2.2 entry connection R. 36.92 1.00 36.92 Km. 61 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

Subtotal (2) 645.31 3.0 Station Buildings 3.1 Elevated stations(including finishes) Eac a Type (A) way side- civil works Eah c 29.09 13.00 378.13 b Type (A) way side- EM works etc Eah c 8.06 13.00 104.80 Type (B) Way side with signalling-civil h c Eac 28.48 1.00 28.48 works h Type (B) Way side with signalling-EM d Eac 8.06 1.00 8.06 works etc h a Type (C), Terminal station -civil works Eac 32.45 2.00 64.90 Type (c), Terminal station -EM works h b Eac 8.06 2.00 16.12 including lifts and escalators h Providing half height platform Screen 3.2 Doors (PSD) at all Stations Eac 2.45 32 78.4 Metro bhawan, OCC bldg. Staff h 3.3 quarters a Civil works L 50.00 b EM works etc. LS 25.00 Subtotal(3) S 753.89 4.0 Maintenance at Dahisar L 4.1 S a Civil works L 90.00 b EM works etc LS 60.00 Subtotal (4) S 150.00 5.0 P-Way 5.1 Ballast less track R. 8.58 17.48 149.94 5.2 Ballasted track for R.Km. 4.72 5.00 23.60 Subtotal (5) Km. 173.53 Traction & power supply incl. Third 6.0 Rail, ASS etc. Excl. lifts & Escalators

6.1 Elevated section R.K 10.50 16.48 173.04 Subtotal (6) m. 173.04 7.0 Signalling and Telecom. 7.1 Sig. & Telecom. R. 15.99 16.48 263.58 7.2 Automatic fare collection SKtnm. . a) Elevated stations Each 5.50 14 77.00 Subtotal (7) 340.58 Misc. Utilities, roadworks, other civil 8.0 works such as median stn. signages R. Environmental protection Km. Civil works (4.5 cr/km) R. 8.00 16.48 131.84 a + EM works (3.5 cr/km) Km. Subtotal (8) 131.84

62 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

9.0 Rolling Stock (3.2 m wide Coaches) Eac 9.80 78.00 764.40 h Subtotal (9) 764.40 10.0 Capital expenditure on security a Civil works R.K 0.30 16.48 4.92 b EM works etc R.Km. 0.06 13.27 0.82 Subtotal (10) m. 5.74 11.0 Staff quarter for O & M a Civil works R.K 1.32 16.48 21.82 b EM works etc R.m.K 0.28 16.48 4.68 Sub Total (11) m. 26.49 12.0 Capital expenditure on Multimodal Traffic Integration Capital expenditure on Multimodal a Each 2.31 16.00 36.96 Integration Sub Total (12) 36.96 13.0 Total of all items except Land 3201.78 General Charges incl. Design charges 14.0 @ 7 % on all items except land 224.12

15.0 Total of all items including G. 3425.9 Charges except land 16.0 Contingencies @ 3 % 102.77 17.0 Gross Total 3528.67 Cost without land = 3529 Cost with land including contingencies on = 4066.34 land

63 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

TABLE 2.6 DETAILS OF TAXES AND DUTIES ANDHERI (E) TO DAHISAR (E) CORRIDOR

Customs duty = 23.4155 % Excise duty = 12.50 % VAT = 12.5 % Octroi 4 % Taxes and duties

S. Description Total cost custom excise Total No. without duty duty VAT taxes Taxes & (Cr.) (Cr.) (Cr.) & duties (Cr.) Octroi duties Alignment & (Cr.) 1 Formation Underground 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Elevated, at grade & entry to 645.31 56.46 63.52 14.04 119.99 2 Station Buildings Elevated station - civil works 549.90 48.12 54.13 11.96 102.25 Elevated station- EM 128.99 6.04 10.96 12.33 4.09 29.34 OwoCCrksbldg-civil 50.00 4.38 4.92 1.09 9.30 wOoCCrksbldg-EM 25.00 1.17 2.13 2.39 0.79 5.69 3 works Civil works 90.00 6.32 5.51 6.20 2.04 18.04 EM works 60.00 2.81 5.10 5.74 1.90 13.65 4 P-Way 173.53 32.51 3.69 4.15 5.87 40.34 Traction & power 5 supply Traction and power supply 173.04 16.21 11.03 12.41 5.61 39.65 6 S and T Works S & T 263.58 49.38 6.59 7.41 8.95 63.38 AFC 88.00 15.45 2.75 3.09 2.97 21.30 PSD 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7 R & R hutments 58.04 3.63 1.16 3.63 8 Misc. Civil works 153.34 13.42 15.09 3.34 28.51 EM works 47.69 5.07 5.70 1.48 10.77 9 Rolling stock 764.40 157.51 7.45 8.38 29.74 173.35 Total 3270.82 287.40 182.65 209.11 95.02 774.18 Total taxes & 774 Duties

64 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

CHAPTER – 3

DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT (BASELINE DATA)

3.1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCOPING This section of the report gives description of the existing Environmental Studies within the project area, which constitutes the baseline for the study. Natural conditions are often critical when designing and constructing infrastructure works. Baseline data was collected for various/environmental attributes so as to compute the impacts that are likely to arise due to proposed project. The entire data has been collected through actual physical surveys and observations, literature surveys, interaction with locals, government agencies and departments. The scope of the present study includes detailed characterization of following environmental components, which are most likely to be influenced by the proposed project:  Land Environment  Water Quality (Surface + Ground water)  Meteorological conditions  Ambient Air Quality  Noise Levels  Biodiversity  Socio Economic studies. The information presented in this chapter has been acquired from various sources. Data on land environment has been collected and compiled from various reports and field surveys. The enirvonmental baseline study was carried out within the 500 meters from the alignment for all the monitoring studies. The data on water, air, noise quality, and biodiversity were collected through field studies, sampling and monitoring during Feb- May 2016. Climatological data was collected from Indian meteorological Department. Efforts have been made to compile the available data from literature, books, maps and reports. The methodology adopted for data collection is highlighted wherever necessary. Environmental Attributes and Frequency of Baseline Survey is presented in Table 3.1.

65 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

TABLE 3.1: ENVIRONMENTAL ATTRIBUTES AND FREQUENCY OF MONITORING Sr. No Attribute Parameter No. of Source Samples LAND ENVIRONMENT 1 Geology Geological Status --- Literature review 2 Seismology Seismic Hazard --- Literature review WATER ENVIRONMENT 3 Ground Water Physical, Chemical and Three Sampling/ Monitoring Biological parameters locations AIR, NOISE AND METEOROLOGY

4 Ambient Air PM10 , PM2.5, SO2, Three Sampling/ Monitoring Quality NOx, CO, Pb, O3, NH3, locations C6H6, BaP, As, Ni 5 Noise Noise levels in dB (A) Three Sampling/ Monitoring

Leq, Lmax, Lmin, L10, locations L50, L90 6 Soil Quality Physico-chemical Three Sampling/ Monitoring parameters locations SOCIO-ECONOMIC 6 Socio-economic Socio-economic profile Once Field Studies, aspects Literature review. ECOLOGY & BIODIVERSITY 7 Trees Number Once Field Studies

Sampling locations of Water Quality, Noise Levels, and Ambient Air Qaulity are depicted in Table 3.2. TABLE 3.2: SAMPLING / MONITORING LOCATIONS: Sr. Monitoring No of Locations No Requirement sampling 1. A A Q Monitoring – 1. Near Nilam Granite Dahisar PM10 , PM2.5, SO2, 03 (East) 2. Between Dahisar to Andheri NOx, CO, Pb, O3, NH3, Thakur Gaon opp. Ashiyana Bldg. C H BaP, As, Ni 6 6, no. 23 3. Between Dahisar to D.N. Nagar Near HDFC Bank Opp. Link Road (Charkop) 2. Water Analysis – 1. Goregaon Surface water: 03 2. Borivali 3. Dahisar

66 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

Ground water 03 1. Andheri 2. Goregaon 3. Dahisar 3. Soil Analysis – General 1. Andheri. Physical, Chemical, 03 2. Malad Havy Metal Parameters 3. Dahisar Area 4. Noise Level – 24 1. Near Vallabh Bhai Patel Vidhyalay Hourly 10 2. Near Sanjay Gandhi National Park 3. Near Tata Power Residential Colony 4. Near Aalap Hospital 5. Near Shahid Vijay Salaskar Udhyan 6. Near Oberoi Mall 7. Near St. Pius School 8. Near Lodha Fiorenza 9. Near Jogeshwari Vikhroli Link Road 10. Near WEH Metro Station

3.2 RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY Reconnaissance survey was done on 2 April 2016. Each and every location of station was studied with respect to various environmental attributes as well as its geographical location viz-a-viz existing development was observed and recorded. It includes residential building, commercial establishments, entertainment hubs as well as recording Sensitive Receptors in the project zone. We have identified all such important development as described above enroot entire alignment and have recorded and mentioned in the Tables 3.16 to 3.19.

Selection of Sensitive Receptors: Sensitive receptors are the areas where occupants are more suseptable to the negative environmental changes due to any activity (in this case construction). Sensitive receptors include Hospitals, poly-clinics, colleges and schools. These sensitive receptors should have silence zone in and around its location due to its nature of activities. Any type of noise disturbances, continuous noise, intermittent noise with high frequency generated due to construction activities, traffic etc are of great nuisance for these establishments. Any additional/intermittent noise levels than the baseline levels will certainly disturb the activities within the sensitive receptors. These incremental noise levels are necessary to be minimized or mitigated by adopting various measures. In a diverse community development such as observed in the alignment of Metro line VII; it is bound to have incremental noise level affecting these sensitive receptors.

67 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

Apart from above we have identified high-rise buildings (Table) as well as old structures listed in Table 3.20(a) & (b).

3.3 LAND ENVIRONMENT The Project area is situated in Mumbai. The elevation of the project area is ranging between 11 to 42 m above the mean sea level (a-MSL). Parameters involved in land environment are, physiography, geology and soils, and seismicity. These are discussed in the following paragraphs.

3.3.1 Geography, Geology and Soil The total area of Mumbai is 437.71 km2. Of this, the island city spans 67.71 km2, while the suburban area spans 370 km2, together accounting for 437.71 km2 under the administration of Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai (MCGM). (Project area falls in suburban). Mumbai lies at the mouth of the Ulhas River on the western coast of India, in the coastal region known as the Konkan. It sits on Salsette Island (Sashti Island), which it partially shares with the Thane district. Mumbai is bounded by the Arabian Sea to the west. Many parts of the city lie just above sea level, with elevations ranging from 10 m to 15 ; the city has an average elevation of 14 m. Northern Mumbai (Salsette) is hilly, and the highest point in the city is 450 m at Salsette in the Powai–Kanheri ranges. The Sanjay Gandhi National Park (Borivali National Park) is located partly in the Mumbai suburban district, and partly in the Thane district, and it extends over an area of 103.09 km2. Dahisar River crosses the alignment at Borivali near Sanjay Gandhi National Park. It runs below the western express highway from East to West direction. It is originated from Tulsi Lake, 375 feet from MSLsituated in the Sanjay Gandhi National park and meets Arabian Sea at Manori. Elevation at the location where WEH and Dahisar river crosses is 63 feet from MSL and the area does not fall under low lying area hence do not cause water clogging during heavy monsoon. Apart from the Bhatsa Dam, there are six major lakes that supply water to the city: Bhatsa supply about 50% of city water requirement. Vihar, Lower Vaitarna, Upper Vaitarna, Tulsi, Tansa and Powai. Tulsi Lake and Vihar Lake are located in Borivili National Park, within the city's limits. The supply from Powai lake, also within the city limits, is used only for agricultural and industrial purposes. Three small rivers, the Dahisar River, Poinsar (or Poisar) and Ohiwara (or Oshiwara) originate within the park, while the polluted Mithi River originates from Tulsi Lake and gathers water overflowing from Vihar and Powai Lakes. The coastline of the city is indented with numerous creeks and bays, stretching from the Thane creek on the eastern to Madh Marve on the western front. The eastern coast of Salsette Island is covered with large mangrove swamps, rich in biodiversity, while the western coast is mostly sandy and rocky. Consise

68 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

Soil cover in the city region is predominantly sandy due to its proximity to the sea. In the suburbs, the soil cover is largely alluvial and loamy. The underlying rock of the region is composed of black Deccan basalt flows, and their acidic and basic variants dating back to the late Cretaceousand early Eocene eras.

3.3.2 Geotechnical (Subsoil) Investigation by Bore-Logging: Soil Analysis 29 Trial bores were drilled at selected location along the Andheri–Dahisar alignment by M/s OCE projects Pvt. Ltd to investigate the subsoil composition and to evaluate engineering properties of soil and to determine the load bearing capacity of the founding strata. Laboratory tests and standard penetration tests were conducted on rock and soil samples to evaluate engineering characteristics. Bore logs were prepared as per IS-5313. Grain size Analysis of soil samples was done as per IS-2720 (Part-IV). Undisturbed Soil Samples were tested for field density moisture content as per I.S.2720 (Part-II). Chemical Analysis of the soil was done as per IS/APHA methods for criteria parameters as per standard analytical procedures. Results are tabulated in Table 3.3 & Table 3.4 TABLE 3.3: CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF SOIL Sr. No. BH NO. Depth(m) PH Sulphates (ppm) Chlorides (ppm) 1. BH – 12 3.50 7.16 345 810 2. BH – 13 4.50 7.29 390 765 3. BH – 14 2.50 7.47 350 820 4. BH – 15 2.50 7.38 315 845 5. BH – 16 3.50 7.22 320 720 6. BH – 17 3.50 7.49 365 765 7. BH – 18 3.50 7.26 370 8115 8. BH – 19 3.50 7.38 325 860 9. BH – 20 3.50 7.31 340 835 10. BH – 21 3.50 7.49 335 795 11. BH – 22 3.50 7.33 360 805 12. BH – 23 4.50 7.29 315 840 13. BH – 24 3.50 7.77 325 745 14. BH – 25 3.50 7.36 370 780 15. BH – 26 3.50 7.29 345 695 16. BH – 27 3.50 7.22 380 810 17. BH – 28 3.50 7.41 340 735 18. BH - 29 4.00 7.53 355 770

69 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

TABLE 3.4: CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF SOIL Soil Samples Sr. Test Units Test No. Parameters Chainage Chainage Chainage Chainage Chainage Method -16200 -11475 -7820 -4520 -100 BH BH No.- BH No.- BH No.- BH No.- 29) 12 17 21 No.- 25)

1. pH (10% 6.7 6.9 6.9 6.8 6.7 -- APHA Solution) 2. Total 479 733 433 708 746 mg/Kg APHA Kjeldhal Nitrogen 3. Phosphorous 98 57 62 39 62 mg/Kg APHA

4. Potassium 2837 3174 2836 3221 3242 mg/Kg AAS

5. Calcium 106 113 126 104 88 mg/Kg APHA

6. Magnesium 72 117 102 95 94 mg/Kg APHA

7. Sodium 108 156 137 142 124 mg/Kg AAS

8. Organic 2.9 4.8 2.96 1.55 2.6 % APHA Chainage is measured from Andheri end of the alignment in (m)

3.3.3 Seismicity The country has been classified into different zones indicating the intensity of damage or frequency of earthquake occurrences. Mumbai sits on a seismically active zone owing to the presence of 23 fault lines in the vicinity. Mumbai falls in zone III according to IS 1893: 2002 which means an earthquake upto magnitude 6.5 on Richer scale may be expected. Seismic Zoning Map and Micro-Zonation of India are given in Fig. 3.1 & 3.2 resp. Fault line maps and metro presence in fault line

70 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

FIG. 3.1: SEISMIC ZONING MAP OF INDIA

PROJECT LOCATION

Bureau of Indian Standards Criteria for earthquake resistant design of structures IS 1893: 2002

71 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

FIG. 3.2: SEISMIC MICRO-ZONATION MAP

Mumbai, which lies along the west coast of India, is in the intra-plate stable continental region of Pennensular India (PI). Mumbai lie in seismic zone III. It is generally held that seismic activity is more at the intersections of the Dharwad, Aravali and Singhbhum proto-continents, which together constitute the PI. According to Chandra 1977, Mumbai is in the Panvel zone, which is seismi-cally active. This zone strikes in the north–northwest direction along the west coast.

72 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

Studies show that there are basically four fault zones surrounding Mumbai (Misra et.al. 2001). Subrahmanyan in 2001 has identified faults along Thane Creek, Panvel Creek and Dharmatar Creek in and around Mumbai as being active. The proposed alignment is away from the faultlines. The project site haven’t encountered any seismic activity since last decade but hazard management plan will prepared for any emergency.

3.4 WATER ENVIRONMENT Water environment consists of water resources and its quality. Its study is important from the point of view of assessing the sufficiency of water resources for the needs of the project in its various stages of the project cycle and also to assess the impact of the project on water environment. In the proposed project, ground water is proposed to be used during operations to meet out domestic water requirements of the project in case water is not made available by MCGM. Hence its quality has been tested to evaluate its suitability for the intended purpose. Anticipated impacts of the proposed project on water environment have also been addressed.

3.4.1 Water Resources The MCGM supplies potable water to the city from six lakes, most of which comes from the Tulsi and Vihar lakes. The Tansa Lake supplies water to the western suburbs and parts of the island city along the Western Railway. The water is filtered at Bhandup, India.

3.4.2 Hydrogeology and Ground Water The entire Mumbai city is underlain by basaltic lava flows of upper Cretaceous to lower Eocene age. The shallow Alluvium formation of recent age also occurs as narrow stretch along the major river flowing in the area. About 700 million litres of water, out of a daily supply of 3500 million litres, is lost by way of water thefts, illegal connections and leakages, per day in Mumbai. Sewage treatment is carried out at Worli and Bandra, and disposed of by two independent marine outfalls of 3.4 km and 3.7 km at Bandra and Worli respectively. Hydrogeological map of Mumbai is given in Fig.3.3.

73 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

FIG. 3.3: HYDROGEOLOGICAL MAP OF GREATER MUMBAI

74 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

3.4.2.1 Hard Rock Areas: Deccan Trap Basalt The ground water exists in fractures, joints, vesicles and in weathered zone of Basalt. The occurrence and circulation of ground water is controlled by vesicular unit of lava flows and through secondary porosity and permeability developed due to weathering, jointing, fracturing etc., of Basalt. The ground water occurs under phreatic, semi confined and confined conditions. The leaky confined conditions are also observed in deeper aquifers. Generally the phreatic aquifer range down to depth of 15 m bgl. The water bearing zone down to depth of 35 m bgl forms the semi confined aquifer and below this deeper aquifer down to depth of 60 m bgl is observed. The yield of the dugwells varies form 10 to 1000 m3/day, whereas that of borewells ranges between 50 and 1000 m3/day. It is expected that the potential of deeper aquifers would be much more limited as compared to the unconfined/phreatic aquifer.

3.4.2.2 Soft Rock Areas: Alluvium River Alluvium patches along the course of rivers and Marine Alluvium in the coastal area, are highly potential aquifer but with limited areal extent. The ground water occurs under water table condition in sandy / gritty layers. The alluvial fill of low lying areas underlain by weathered basalt has relatively better ground water potential.

3.4.2.3 Yields of Wells The yields of the wells are the functions of the permeability and transmissivity of aquifer encountered. This varies with location, diameter and depth of wells. There are mainly two types of ground water structures i.e. dugwells and borewells in the area. The yields of the dugwells varies form 10 to 1000 m3/day, whereas that of borewells ranges between 50 and 1000 m3/day tapping the promising aquifer in the depth range of 60 to 80 m bgl, however, majority of the borewells are low yielding. The variation in yield between premonsoon and postmonsoon is quite high.

The data of Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) from the year 1998 to 2007 shows decline in ground water levels in major parts of the district. The pre-monsoon and post monsoon trend maps were also prepared by CGWB are presented in Figure-3.4. During pre-monsoon period entire district shows fall in water level trend of up to 20 cm/year, whereas during post-monsoon period rise in water level trend of up to 20 cm/year is observed in extreme northern part and central southern parts of the district.

75 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

FIG.3.4: PREMONSOON (L) AND POSTMONSOON (R) WATER LEVEL TREND (MAY AND NOV. 1998-2007).

3.4.3 Water Quality Water quality is the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of water. It is most frequently used with reference to a set of standards against which compliance can be assessed. The most common standards used to assess water quality are related to drinking water, safety of human contact, and for health of ecosystems. An understanding of the various factors influencing water quality is thus very important as human health is largely dependent on the quality of water available for our use. Ground Water sampling Sites & Surface Water Sampling Sites have been shown in Fig.3.5 (a) & 3.5(b). Water quality has been given in Table 3.5 and 3.6.

76 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

FIG. 3.5(a): GROUND WATER SAMPLING SITES

77 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

FIG. 3.5(b): SURFACE WATER SAMPLING SITES

78 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

TABLE 3.5: GROUND WATER QUALITY Physical Parameters Results Limits Sample Hotel Shere Goregaon Dahisar Punjab GW2 GW3 Andheri GW1 Colour, Hazen Colourless Colourless Colourless 5 (15) Max Odour Un Un Un Un objectionable objectionable objectionable objectionable Taste Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Turbidity, NTU 2.6 3.7 3.4 1 (5) Max PH 7.79 7.86 7.82 6.5-8.5 Max Total Hardness as Caco3, 172 189 158 200 (600) Mg/l Max Chloride as Cl, Mg/l 118 137 128 250 (1000) Max Total Iron as Fe, Mg/l 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.3 Max Total Dissolved Solids, 1247 1359 1179 500 (2000) Mg/l Max Sulphates as So4, Mg/l 134 156 116 200 (400) Max Nitrates as No3, Mg/l 37.4 41.2 36.1 45 Max Fluorides as F, Mg/l 2.36 2.81 2.49 1.0 (1.5) Max Lead as Pb, Mg/l BDL BDL BDL 0.01 Max Copper as Cu,Mg/l BDL BDL BDL 0.05 (1.5) Max Manganese as Mn,Mg/l BDL BDL BDL 0.1 (0.3) Max Phenolic Compound as BDL BDL BDL 0.001 (0.002) C6H5OH,Mg/l Max Mercury as Hg,Mg/l BDL BDL BDL 0.001 Max Cadmium as Cd,Mg/l BDL BDL BDL 0.01 Max Selenium as Se, Mg/l BDL BDL BDL 0.01 Max Arsenic as As,Mg/l BDL BDL BDL 0.05 Max Cyanide as Cn,Mg/l BDL BDL BDL 0.05 Max Zinc as Zn, Mg/l 5 (15) Max 1.08 1.17 0.96 Detergent as MBAS, Mg/l BDL BDL BDL 0.2 (1.0) Max Chromium as Cr+6 ,Mg/l BDL BDL BDL 0.05 Max Total Alkalinity as 153.6 161.4 147.2 200 (600) Caco3,Mg/l Max Aluminum as Al,Mg/l BDL BDL BDL 0.03(2) Max Boron as B, Mg/l BDL BDL BDL 0.5(1) Max Bacteriological Analysis Coliform,MPN/100Ml Nil Nil Nil 10 Max E-Coli/Ml Negative Negative Negative Negative

79 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

Observation & Conclusion

Ground water samples were collected from three different locations along the alignment. Groundwater quality is quite good. However turbidity at all the three locations is higher than its desirable limits with 3.7 max at malad but all are below the permissible limits. Total dissolved solids are within permissible limits which varies from 1100 to 1400 Mg/l range but exceed than desirable limits. Florides are higher than permissible limits. All other parameters are well within the desirable limits.

TABLE 3.6: SURFACE WATER QUALITY Water Water Water Sample - Sample - Sample - Sr. No. Parameters Unit Station – Station – Station – W1- W2- W3- Goregaon Borivali Dahisar 0 1 Temperature C 32 32 32 2 pH - 6.93 7.36 6.78 3 Colour Hazen 1 1 1 4 Turbidity NTU 25.3 17 32.9 5 TSS mg/l 120 60 132

6 Nitrite as NO2 mg/l <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 7 O & G mg/l <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 mg/l 193 126 218 8 Total Hardness as CaCO3 9 Sulphate as SO4 mg/l 27 24 26.4 10 Fluoride as F mg/l 2.6 2.5 2.4

11 Nitrate as NO3 mg/l 2.67 2.13 2.73 12 Chloride as Cl mg/l 129 94 174

Surface water was collected from the nallahs flowing below the Western express highway. The water from the nallahs is already polluted due to the anthropogenic activities. Please refer Annexure 3 for tolerance limits for inland surface water quality

80 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

Nallah Near Dahisar Nallah near Borivali National Park

Sample collection at Nallah Near Dahisar

3.5 CLIMATE AND METEOROLOGY 3.5.1 Climate Mumbai has a tropical climate, specifically a tropical wet and dry climate (Aw) under the Köppen climate classification, with seven months of dryness and peak of rains in July. The climate is characterized by an oppressive summer, dampness in the atmosphere nearly throughout the year, and heavy south-west monsoon rainfall. The cooler season from December to February is followed by the summer season from March to June. The period from June to about the end of September constitutes the south-west monsoon season, and October and November form the post-monsoon season. The data presented in following sections is procured from Santacruz, Mumbai regional center of Indian Meteorology department.

3.5.2 Temperature The average annual temperature is 27.2 °C, and the average annual precipitation is 2,167 mm. In the Island City, the average maximum temperature is 31.2 °C, while the average minimum temperature is 23.7 °C. In the suburbs, the daily mean maximum temperature range from 29.1 °C to 33.3 °C, while the daily mean minimum temperature ranges from 16.3 °C to 26.2 °C. The record high is 42.2 °C set on 14 April 1952, and the record low is 7.4 °C set on 27 January 1962.

81 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

The temperature data for Mumbai has been taken. The month-wise minimum & maximum temperatures have been given in Table 3.7. TABLE 3.7: NORMAL TEMPERATURES AT MUMBAI Month Mean Daily Maximum Mean Daily Minimum Temperature, oC Temperature, oC January 30.7 16.8 February 31.2 17.8 March 32.5 21.0 April 33.0 23.9 May 33.3 26.3 June 32.1 26.0 July 30.0 24.9 August 29.6 24.7 September 30.4 24.3 October 33.2 23.4 November 33.5 20.9 December 32.0 18.6 Annual 31.8 22.4 Source: India Meteorological Department, Govt. of India

3.5.3 Rainfall Between June and September, the south west monsoon rains lash the city. Pre- monsoon showers are received in May. Occasionally, north-east monsoon showers occur in October and November. The maximum annual rainfall ever recorded was 3,452 mm for 1954. The highest rainfall recorded in a single day was 944 mm on 26 July 2005. The average total annual rainfall is 2,146.6 mm for the Island City, and 2,457 mm for the suburbs. The detail of rainfall at Mumbai is given in Table 3.8.

TABLE 3.8: MONTHWISE RAINFALL AT MUMBAI Sr. No. Month Rainfall Peak Rainfall 1 January 0.6 2 February 1.3 3 March 0.2 4 April 0.7 5 May 12.5 6 June 523.1 7 July 799.7 8 August 529.7 2220.6 9 September 312.3 10 October 55.8 11 November 16.8

82 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

12 December 5.3 Annual Annual 2258.0 Source: India Meteorological Department, Govt. of India. 3.5.4 Humidity Usually mornings are more humid than the afternoons. In the period from June to October the relative humidity is above 75 per cent. The driest part of the year is the afternoons during the period from November to February with relative humidity between 50 and 65 per cent.

3.5.5 Wind Winds are generally moderate, but they greatly increase in force during the monsoon months. Winds during May and the southwest monsoon season are mainly from directions between south-west and north-west. During rest of the year winds blow from directions between north and east in the mornings and between west and north in the afternoons. The wind analysis done at the location AQ 1 of Fig 3.6 shows that the wind speed is between 0-5 km/hr. The average wind speed calculated during study is 1.60 km/hr. The prominent direction of the wind during study is south-west and north-west. Wid rose diagram for the project location is mentioned in Fig.3.6.

FIG.3.6: WINDROSE PATTERN FOR METRO VII ALIGNMENT.

83 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

3.5.6 Cloud Cover During the south-west monsoon months the skies are generally heavily clouded or overcast. Cloudiness decreases after the withdrawal of the south-west monsoon towards the end of September. During the period December to March clear or lightly clouded skies prevail generally. Later cloudiness increases with the progress of the season.

3.6 AIR ENVIRONMENT The study on baseline ambient air quality status in the project area is an essential and primary requirement for assessing the impacts on air environment due to any proposed developmental activity. The baseline studies on air environment include identification of specific air pollution parameters expected to have significant impacts and assessing their existing levels in ambient air within the impact zone. To assess the baseline status of ambient air quality in the study area monitoring is undertaken to ascertain the baseline pollutant concentrations in ambient air.

3.6.1 Selection of Monitoring Stations The locations for ambient air quality monitoring study were selected within the 10 km radius of the proposed project. Ambient air quality was monitored on 3 locations to generate representative ambient air quality data. Air quality monitoring locations are shown in Figure 3.7.

TABLE 3.9: AIR QUALITY MONITORING LOCATIONS Site Study Location Distance from Direction Alignment (in m) w.r.t. Alignment 1 Near Nilam Granite Dahisar (East) 270 N-W 2 Between Dahisar to Andheri 10 S-E Thakur Gaon opp. Ashiyana Bldg. no. 23 3 Between Dahisar to D.N.Nagar 10 N-E Near HDFC Bank Opp.Link Road (Charkop)

84 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

FIG. 3.7: SAMPLING LOCATIONS FOR AIR QUALITY MONITORING

85 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

3.6.2 Methodology Ambient Air Quality Monitoring locations were monitored on 24 hourly average bases as per guidelines of Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS).Ambient Air Quality Standards stipulated by CPCB are presented in Table 3.10.

TABLE 3.10: AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING STANDARDS (CPCB) Pollutant Time Weighted Industrial, Ecologically Average Residential, Sensitive Area Rural & Other (notified by Area Central Government

Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), Annual 50 20 3 µgm 24 Hours** 80 80

Nitrogen Dioxide as NO2, Annual 40 30 3 µgm 24 Hours** 80 80 Particulate Matter (size Annual 60 60 less than 10µm) or PM10 24 Hours** 100 100 µgm3 Particulate Matter (size Annual * 40 40 less than 2.5µm) or PM2.5 24 Hours** 60 60 µgm3 3 Ozone (O3) µgm 8 hours** 100 100 24 Hours** 180 180 Lead (Pb) µgm3 Annual * 0.50 0.50 24 Hours** 1.0 1.0 Carbon Monoxide (CO) 8 Hours** 02 02 3 mg/m 1 Hour** 04 04 3 Ammonia (NH3) µgm Annual * 100 100 24 Hours** 400 400 3 Benzene (C6H6) µgm Annual * 05 05 Benzo (a) pyrene Annual * 01 01 (BaP)particulate phase only nm3 Arsenic (AS) µgm3 Annual * 06 06 Nickle (Ni) nm3 Annual * 20 20 Source: Central Pollution Control Board Notification dated 18th November 2009

86 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

* Annual arithmetic mean of minimum 104 measurements in a year at a particular site taken twice a week hourly at uniform intervals ** 24 hourly or 08 hourly or 01 hourly monitored values, as applicable, shall be complied with 98% of the time in a year. 2% of the time, they may exceed the limits but not on two consecutive days of monitoring.

Ambient Air Quality Monitoring –Observation The ambient air quality monitoring data are presented in Table 3.11.

87 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

TABLE 3.11: AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING

Concentration of Air Sulphur Oxides Particul Particulate Ozone Lead Carbon Ammonia Benzene Benzo Arsenic Nickel

Pollutants Dioxide of ate Matter (O3) (Pb) Monoxid (NH3) (C6H6) (a)pyr (As) (Ni) ene (SO2) Nitrog Matter (PM2.5) e (BaP) en (PM10) (CO) (NOx) 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Units g/m g/m g/m g/m g/m g/m mg/m g/m g/m ng/m ng/m ng/m 3

Standards 80 80 100 60 100 1.0 2 400 5 1 6 20 1 Near Nilam Granite Dahisar 23.61 24.98 95.83 56.25 24.62 <0.01 <0.4 5.34 <2.1 <0.1 <0.42 <0.42 (East) 2 Between Dahisar to Andheri Thakur Gaon 21.5 23.82 91.67 57.08 18.37 <0.01 <0.4 5.70 <2.1 <0.1 <0.42 <0.42 opp. Ashiyana Bldg. no. 23 Locations 3 Between Dahisar to D.N.Nagar Near HDFC 19.44 20.77 83.33 46.25 22.64 <0.01 <0.4 4.90 <2.1 <0.1 <0.42 <0.42 Bank Opp.Link Road (Charkop) Min 19.44 20.77 83.33 46.25 18.37 -- -- 4.90 ------Max 23.61 24.98 95.83 57.08 24.62 -- -- 5.70 ------Avg 21.52 23.19 90.28 53.19 21.88 <0.01 <0.4 5.31 <2.1 <0.1 <0.42 <0.42

88 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

3.6.3 Concentration of Air Pollutants (Average) FIG. 3.8: CONCENTRATION OF AIR POLLUTANTS (AVERAGE)

3.6.4 Observation and Conclusion The status of the ambient air quality in the study area was established by carrying

out monitoring for air quality parameters like PM2.5, PM10, SO2 and NOX at 3 locations in the study area. The data presented is average for 24 hours.

3 The maximum average values of PM2.5 were 53.19µg/m and minimum of 3 3 46.25µg/m . The PM10 values are below permissible level (60µg/m ).

3 Also the PM10 values are below permissible level (100µg/m ).The maximum (95.83µg/m3) and a minimum (83.33µg/m3) in the study area. The SOx and NOx values recorded at all the study areas is lower than the permissible limit. The range of SOx varied from 19.44µg/m3 to 23.61µg/m3 while NOx varied from 20.77 µg/m3 to 24.98 µg/m3.

The average values of PM10 and PM 2.5 are due to the busy main road where lot of vehicular movement is observed. It include BEST buses, transportation vehicle, truck, tempo, rickshaws etc. even contributing NOx and SOx values also.

All the other parameters are well below the permissible limits. The metro project incorporates all the mitigation measures during the construction and operational phase thereby not deteriorating the existing air quality.

89 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

The results show that the concentration of all parameters is within permissible limits except respirable suspended particulates (PM10).

3.7 NOISE ENVIRONMENT Equivalent noise level is a scale for measurement of long-term noise exposure and has been accepted by International Standard Organization. Noise is responsible for adverse impact on physical and mental health of the people. The other impacts are:  Physiological effects,  Hearing impairment,  Communication interference, and  Sleep disruption The ambient noise levels were monitored at the selected 10 locations along the alignment during day and night time with an objective to establish the baseline noise levels and assess the impacts of total noise expected due to the proposed metro. Noise levels were measured at 5 locations on 2nd May 2016 and 5 locations on 3rd May 2016 for 24 hours.

3.7.1 Methodology The baseline noise data has been measured using 'A' weighted Sound Pressure Level Meter (SPLM). The sound pressure level measurement in the outside environment was made using SPML. The main objectives of the study conducted are:  Assessment of background noise levels.  Identification and monitoring the major noise sources.  To assess the impact of noise of general population.

3.7.2. Noise Locations To establish the baseline noise scenario, results of noise level monitoring carried out during the study period at 5 locations in the study area have been considered. These locations are given in following Table 3.13. The locations of Noise level monitoring has been shown in Fig. 3.9.

90 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

TABLE 3.13: NOISE QUALITY MONITORING LOCATIONS Sr. Study Location Distance (in m) from Direction No. alignment w.r.t. alignment 1 Near Vallabh Bhai Patel Vidhyalay NQ-1 73 W 2 Near Sanjay Gandhi National Park NQ-2 60 E 3 Near Tata Power Residential Colony NQ-3 50 E 4 Near Aalap Hospital NQ-4 135 W 5 Near Shahid Vijay Salaskar Udhyan NQ-5 88 W 6 Near Oberoi Mall NQ-6 100 W 7 Near St. Pius School NQ-7 102 E 8 Near Lodha Fiorenza NQ-8 30 E 9 Near Jogeshwari Vikhroli Link Road NQ-9 60 E 10 Near WEH Metro Station NQ-10 10 E

91 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

FIG 3.9: NOISE MONITORING LOCATIONS

92 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

3.7.3 Noise Monitoring Frequency At each ambient noise monitoring station, Leq. Noise level has been recorded at hourly intervals for 24 hours. Readings were taken by keeping the noise recording instrument on for fifteen (15) minutes for each reading. The noise levels so obtained are summarized in Table 3.14

Silence Zone is defined as an area up to 100m around premises of Hospitals, Educational Institutions, religious places and Courts. Use of vehicle horn, loudspeaker and bursting of crackers is banned in these zones Note - 1 Day time is reckoned in between 6.a m and 10 p.m. Note - 2 Nighttime is reckoned in between 10 p.m. and 6 a.m.

93 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

TABLE 3.14 (a): AMBIENT NOISE LEVEL Near Near St. Pius Oberoi Near Metro Shahid Lodha School mall Near Near Tata Vallbh Near Station Vijay Fiorenza near near Aalap Power Near Bhai Jogeshwari LOCATION Western Salaska (Highrise Goregaon GM Hospita Residentia SGNP Patel -Vikhroli Express r ) next to Checknak Link l l Colony Vidhyala Link Road Highwa Udhyan Hub mall a road y y 2/5/201 3/5/201 3/5/201 DATE 2/5/2016 2/5/2016 2/5/2016 2/5/2016 3/5/2016 3/5/2016 3/5/2016 6 6 6 6:00 70.3 67.2 67.1 70.4 67.9 68.6 67.5 71.5 67.5 71.5 7:00 73.7 69.2 68.9 74.8 68.1 69.1 67.9 72.9 68.0 73.9 8:00 75.8 71.6 69.6 77.9 71.9 70.6 70.9 76.3 68.9 75.8 9:00 75.2 71.8 71.2 77.4 72.8 70.7 72.1 77.2 70.7 78.1 10:00 77.5 73.3 71.5 79.6 73.0 71.2 73.2 79.6 71.3 79.8 11:00 78.9 73.9 73.1 81.7 73.6 73.4 73.9 81.2 72.9 80.1 12:00 81.7 75.8 74.6 83.9 74.9 74.9 74.0 84.1 73.4 82.5 eq 13:00 80.3 75.1 74.9 79.2 75.7 75.5 74.9 82.3 74.8 80.6 14:00 81.0 74.3 73.2 79.1 74.6 74.4 75.1 82.8 73.1 81.9 15:00 78.1 74.1 74.1 80.5 73.1 75.9 73.1 81.9 74.6 80.6 Hourly L Hourly 16:00 77.0 73.2 73.9 79.1 74.3 75.5 73.8 82.6 73.2 81.1 17:00 73.5 71.1 74.3 80.3 75.1 76.1 75.0 82.7 74.1 82.3 18:00 75.6 73.2 75.1 81.7 77.2 75.1 76.9 83.7 75.5 83.7 19:00 76.1 74.4 73.2 82.0 76.4 74.3 76.5 84.0 73.3 82.0 20:00 72.9 70.9 72.1 83.8 72.9 73.9 73.0 83.5 72.6 80.8 21:00 73.2 70.1 70.2 79.1 73.2 71.1 73.5 81.4 70.0 79.1 22:00 70.6 68.5 69.7 72.7 70.1 70.5 70.6 79.0 68.9 77.7

94 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

23:00 67.3 67.9 67.2 69.4 69.3 69.8 69.5 77.3 67.3 69.6 0:00 68.5 67.5 67.0 70.6 68.5 68.4 69.0 74.2 66.9 70.1 1:00 67.0 67.1 65.2 69.1 67.4 65.1 68.1 72.0 65.3 69.5 2:00 66.3 65.7 64.1 68.0 66.7 64.6 66.3 69.2 64.2 68.3 3:00 67.4 64.8 64.2 69.3 65.3 64.2 66.0 68.3 64.0 68.9 4:00 69.1 64.1 63.8 69.2 65.1 64.5 65.5 69.4 63.5 69.5 5:00 68.8 65.3 65.7 69.7 65.9 65.1 64.2 71.1 64.9 69.5

TABLE 3.14(b): AMBIENT NOISE LEVEL

Location Leq Leq LDN Day Night Permissible Noise Level Industrial Area 75 70 --- (CPCB Standards) Commercial Area 65 55 --- Residential Area 55 45 --- Silence Zone 50 40 --- Schools Near Vallabh Bhai Patel Vidhyalay 77.40 68.30 77.70 Biodiversity sensitive area Near Sanjay Gandhi National Park 73.11 69.52 78.10 Residential Area Near Tata Power Residential Colony 72.8 69.8 77.30 Helthcare Institutions Near Aalap Hospital 79.7 77.7 85.10 Residential Area Near Shahid Vijay Salaskar Udhyan 73.5 71.8 78.60 Recreation areas Near Oberoi Mall 73.7 70.6 77.70 Schools Near St. Pius School 73.2 71.9 77.90 Residential Area Near Lodha Fiorenza 80.9 79.5 85.30 High Traffic area Near Jogeshwari Vikhroli Link Road 72.5 69.9 77.70 High Traffic area Near WEH Metro Station 80.0 77.7 84.50 Permissible Noise Level (CPCB Standards) Source: EPA-1986, Noise pollution (Regulation Control), Rule-2000, PCLS/02/1992, IVth Edition.

95 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

3.7.4 Observation and Conclusion Noise monitoring was carried out at 10 locations. The Table 3.14 (b) depicts Permissible Noise Levels (CPCB Standards) whereas Table 3.14 (a) indicates noise data for project areas. The observed noise levels are higher than the permissibble limits which may be mainly due to heavy traffic movement on the western express highway. Fig. 3.10 shows graphic presentation of observed noise levels.

FIG. 3.10: AMBIENT NOISE LEVELS

3.7.5 Environmental Noise Modeling Environmental noise modeling describes the process levels within a region of interest under a specific set of conditions. The specific set of conditions for which the noise is being estimated representation or 'snapshot' of a physical environment of interest. However, in practice the physical environment will usually not be fixed, but will be characterized by constantly varying conditions. These variations in real world conditions will subsequently cause the actual sound field to vary in time and space. Thus it is important to recognize that the output of an environmental noise model will only represent an estimate for a ‘snapshot’ of the range of actual environmental noise levels that could occur in time and space. Recognising that modelling is a means of estimating noise for a specific set of conditions, attention is now directed to defining what these conditions are. The key conditions that a noise model relates to are:  An approximation of the noise source or sources, for which associated environmental noise levels are of interest

96 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

 An approximation of the physical environment through which noise will transmit from the noise source(s) to the location or region of interest. This includes the ground terrain, the built environment, and atmospheric condition (e.g. wind, temperature, humidity)  An approximation of the way in which sound will travel from the input noise source(s) via inputs physical environment to the receiver location or region of interest.  Thus, producing an environmental noise model involves defining a series of noise sources to be investigated, describing acoustically significant features of the environment through which sound will propagate to the receiver, and then applying a calculation method that accounts for these descriptions to produce an estimated noise level at a location or region of interest.

3.7.6 Assessment of noise: Ambient noise surveys to determine the existing noise environment within the surrounding environment of the Project.  Identification of receivers along the alignment potentially sensitive to noise and vibration.  Prediction of noise and vibration from the construction and operation of the light rail line, including stabling yard and maintenance, stops and ancillary infrastructure.  Assessment of potential noise and vibration impacts in accordance with relevant legislation and guidelines.  Identification of potential improvement to existing noise environments as a result of the Project.  The recommendation of management and mitigation measures to reduce and control potential impacts where noise and vibration levels are predicted to be above the assessment criteria.

Noise will be an important factor which may have some impact on the neighboring environment. In addition to the prevailing noise level due to road traffic and other day-to-day activities, there will be generation of noise during construction and operational phases. During construction phase additional noise will be generated due to pumps, compressors, generators, movement of trucks, excavator, dumper, bulldozer, crane, cement mixer, loader, pavement breaker, etc. During operation noise generating sources are train engine noise, cooling fan noise, wheel-rail interaction, electric generator and miscellaneous noise like passenger noise.

97 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

3.7.6.1 Construction Phase

TABLE 3.14 (c): TYPICAL NOISE LEVEL OF SOME CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENTS

Sr. No. Equipment Noise Level (dB(A).) 1 Pump / Compressor 76 – 78 2 Generator 73 – 74 3 Pavement Breaker 84 – 85 4 Excavator 80 – 82 5 Dumper 73 – 74 6 Dozer 80 – 82 7 Crane 80 – 81 8 Cement Mixer 76 – 79 9 Dumper 75 - 77 10 Concrete Pump 76 – 77 11 Truck 72 – 73 12 Tanker 70 – 72

At least 20-22 noise generating equipments are expected to work at one place. All these equipments in a construction site will generate a cumulative noise level of around 70.3 dB(A).. A cumulative noise level due to anticipated noise sources and present traffic on road at six junctions, namely, JVLR, Aarey, Vitt Bhatti, Mahindra & Mahindra, Borivali and Dahisar (E) is estimated to be around 71 dB(A).. Noise levels will decrease with further increase in distance from source. Attenuation in the noise travelling pathway will considerably decrease the noise levels. Cumulative noise levels at various distances are tabled below. These levels would not contribute significantly to existing ambient noise levels, which will be within the prescribed standards.

TABLE 3.14 (d): DISTANCE WISE CUMULATIVE NOISE LEVELS dB(A)

Source 50 m 100m 150 m 200 m 250 m 500 m Construction Equipments and Prevailing Traffic on Road in 56.4 50.4 46.9 44.4 42.4 36.4 dB(A)

Cumulative Noise levels at the boundary of the nearby buildings and other structures due to construction activities and night traffic on road are predicted as given below. It is presumed that construction activities will continue during night hours also. Other receptors in the travel way will further reduce these noise levels.

98 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

TABLE 3.14 (e): CUMULATIVE NOISE LEVELS AT SOME NEARBY PLACES

Source Place Location Noise Level dB(A) Day Night Residential Jijamata Colony Andheri (W) 42.6 42.3 Shankarwadi Shankarwadi 47.1 46.7 Lodha Fiorenza I Goregaon (E) 50.0 49.7 Oberoi Excuisite Goregaon (E) 37.4 37.0 Orchid Woods Goregaon (E) 35.6 35.3 Omkar Alta Monte Tower A Malad (East) 45.5 45.2 Vasant Grandeur Borivali 43.8 43.4 Commercial Western Express Highway Andheri (E) 49.4 49.0 Metro Station Oberoi Commerz Goregaon (E) 46.9 46.1 Hub Mall Goregaon (E) 52.5 50.0 Bombay Exhibition Centre Goregaon (E) 48.7 44.4 Construction Growell’s 101 Mall Kandivali (E) 46.5 45.1 Equipments Sensitive and Prevailing Jai Hanuman Sai Mandir Andheri (E) 56.6 51.6 Traffic on Oriental College of Commerce 45.4 Andheri (W) 50.0 Road & Management Shalyak Hospital Jogeshwari (E) 55.5 46.6 Ismail Yusuf College Jogeshwari (W) 40.9 38.7 Vibgyor High School Goregaon (W) 60.5 54.4 Buddha Vihar Aarey Colony 49.2 44.3 Industrial Training Institute Malad (W) 60.5 45.7 Sanjay Gandhi National Park Borivali (E) 41.6 38.7 St John Bosco Church Borivali (W) 59.1 55.5 Noorani Masjid Kandivali (W) 60.5 56.6 Industrial Midas Care Pharmaceutical Pvt. Goregaon (W) 43.7 42.2 Ltd. Mahanand Dairy Mahanand 60.5 47.5 Virwani Industrial Estate Malad (E) 56.6 50.7 Diamond Industrial Estate Dahisar (E) 44.6 42.7

3.7.6.2 Operation Phase There will be two trains, one up and one down, plying on elevated metro corridor VII between Andheri (E) and Dahisar. This proposed corridor is of 16.476 km with 14 stations. Distance between metro stations varies from 540 m to 1.73 km. There are

99 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

some residential, commercial and sensitive areas located near these metro lines. Noise generated due to running of metro trains will have impact on these nearby areas. It will be around 35-40 s for a six-car train from entering a station, stoppage for around 30 seconds and leaving the station. During this period average noise level of around 81 dB(A). will be generated, impact of which at various distances is given below:

TABLE 3.14 (f): DISTANCE WISE CUMULATIVE NOISE LEVELS (dB(A).)

Source 50 m 100m 150 m 200 m 250 m 500 m One Train at a Station (Entrance 53.5 47.5 43.9 41.5 39.5 33.5 to Exit) Two Trains at a Station simultaneously 49.0 43.0 39.5 37.0 35.0 29.0 (Entrance to Exit)

The train will run at variable speed of 65 kmph to 80 kmph. While running a noise level of 85 dB(A). to 90 dB(A). will be generated. Cumulative noise levels at various distances due to running of trains are given below: TABLE 3.14 (g): DISTANCE WISE CUMULATIVE NOISE LEVELS (dB(A).)

Source 50 m 100m 150 m 200 m 250 m 500 m One Train Running 53.0 47.0 43.5 41.0 39.0 33.0 Two Trains Crossing Each 56.0 50.0 46.5 44.0 42.1 36.0 Other at a Single Place

3.7.6.3 Prediction of Impacts on Community During construction phase general population of surrounding areas will be exposed to higher noise levels during day time. During night time if construction activities are not carried out noise levels will be within permissible limits, hence, impact will be negligible. During operation phase from 05:00 AM to 11:45 PM trains will operate. People living near tracks will be exposed to higher noise level intermittently with a gap of only a few minutes, which will create annoyance as well as health problems related to noise, particularly during 5 AM to 6 AM and 10 PM to 12 AM. In order to mitigate these impacts necessary measurement like installation of parapet wall with noise absorbent material should be taken along the both sides of the train lines. 3.7.6.4 Prediction of Impact on Occupational Health

Equivalent sound pressure level, 8 hrs average, (Leq 8 hrs), is used to describe exposure to noise in workplaces. The damage risk criteria for hearing loss, enforced by Occupational Safety and Health Administration, (OSHA), USA and stipulated by other organizations, is that noise levels upto 85 dB(A) are acceptable for eight hour exposure per day. Ministry of Labour, Government of India has also recommended similar criterion vide factories Act, Schedule No. XXIV(Government Notification FAC/1086/CR-9/Lab-4, dated 8/2/1988). 100 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

During construction the workers are expected to work in a single shift of 8 hours. They would be intermittently exposed to equipments generating noise levels of more than 85 dB(A). for about 30-60 minutes at a given time during the shift of 8 hrs with due precautions of using PPE. Thus, maintaining their noise-level-exposure and duration will keep them well within the stipulated standards of OSHA. The above Noise predictions have taken into considering scenario of pre and during construction. These will be generated due to various activities. It is also recommended to carry out Noise modeling studies during operation phase. For Laboratory Report Please Refer Annexure 5

3.8 ECOLOGY AND BIODIVERSITY Ecological systems show complex inter-relationships between biotic and abiotic components including dependence, competition and mutualism. Biotic components comprise of both plant and animal communities, which interact not only within and between themselves but also with the abiotic components viz. Physical and chemical components of the environment. Generally, biological communities are good indicators of climatic and edaphic factors. Studies on biological aspects of ecosystems are important in Environmental Impact Assessment for safety of natural flora and fauna. Study of the impact of environmental stress on the biological community structure serves as an inexpensive and efficient early warning system, and it saves the system from a lively and an irreversible damage. Biodiversity encompasses the variety and variability of life on Earth. It refers to the differences within and between all living organisms at their different levels of biological organization – genus, individuals, species and ecosystems. Biodiversity embraces all living organisms and their genetic diversity, a vast and complex array of ecosystems and habitats, as well as the processes that underpin and result from this diversity, such as photosynthesis, nutrient cycling or pollination.

Ecosensitive Area:

The boundary of Sanjay Gandhi National Park (SGNP) on the Western Express Highway is of around 200 m from the nearest portion of the Metro alignment. The distance of the nearest alignment of the metro is at the distance of 425 from buffer and 1000 m from core area of SGNP respectively. MOEF & CC published Environment Protection Act, 1986 dated 19th November 1986 in which it is mentioned that the 10 km area around the National Park should be considered as Eco sensitive area. According to notification of Sanjay Gandhi national park Dated 5th dec 2016 ESZ (Eco-Sensitive Zone) is spread to an extend of 100 m to 4km from the boundary of SGNP. However, as per this notification, construction of Mumbai Metro Rail is regulated activity. Biodiversity studies were carried out in and around the project site.

3.8.1 ACTIVITIES UNDERTAKEN DURING THE STUDY: 1. Flora survey  Tree, shrub, herb, climber and grass species identification  Analysis of Rare-Endangered-Threatened flora 2. Fauna survey  Documentation of Avian, Reptilian, Insect, Amphibian, Mammal and other faunal diversity

101 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

 Observations by direct and indirect evidences (Direct evidence- Sighting and hearing, Indirect evidence- Pug marks, nests and other signs)  Analysis of Scheduled species 3. Photo documentation

3.8.2 METHODOLOGY Desk Study The purpose of the desk study was to identify habitats and species of conservation value that may not have been present or apparent during the survey visit (e.g. season specific plants). The desk study was also helpful in understanding the historical biodiversity and ecological status of the site. The desk study was carried out by referring the hard copy literature related to ecology and biodiversity of the region or other related areas encompassing the proposed site. Literature survey was also undertaken by collecting and stating research papers and reports specific to the region.

Flora & Fauna Survey To collect data on flora (Herbs, Shrubs and Trees) and fauna (Birds, Insects, Spiders, Reptiles, Mammals) various strategies were practiced. These strategies differed as per the habit and habitat of concerned group of species.

Sampling Stations The project is located in the Mumbai Suburban region. Most of area within the 100 m radius consists of urbanised landscape. To collect data of such a landscape, multiple sampling locations in all directions were strategically undertaken to cover all major representative vegetation patterns, faunal diversity and habitat diversity. In total 7 sample locations were taken in and around areas demarcated as buffer zone (upto 100 m towards West from project site) presented in Table 3.15 and Figure 3.11.

TABLE 3.15: SAMPLING LOCATIONS

Name of places sampled Distance from the site Dominant Features 1. Near J.K. regency Hotel Within 100 m towards West Urbanised area with EB-1 side of the metro (Western degraded natural landscapes. 2. Backside of I. Y. College Express Highway Metro Dominated by Residential EB-2 Station, Andheri to Dahisar complexes 3. NESCO EB-3 Check Naka metro route) 4. Near Goregaon bridge via Western Express EB-4 Highway 5. C.O. D. EB-5 6. SBI colony EB-6 7. Near Dahisar Check Naka EB-7

102 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

FIG 3.11: SAMPLING LOCATIONS FOR ECOLOGY AND BIODIVERSITY STUDIES

103 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

Observations Observations were made for all possible habitats and flora and fauna species in and around the site (except microorganisms). All possible landscape features and areas in the site were visited to collect the required amount of data. The observations recorded are site, time and season specific observations.

Habitat Survey Habitats are decisive factors and determine the diversity and distribution of flora and fauna in any given ecosystem. Therefore, it is vital to understand dynamics and diversity of habitats and micro ecosystems in and around the area that is proposed for the project. Google earth and actual field observations were used to characterize and distinguish landscape diversity in the study site and the buffer region.

The study area: The proposed metro project starts from Andheri Western Express Highway Metro Station & ends at Dahisar check naka. Residential complexes dominates & surround the area falling within the 100 m range towards West of the proposed site. The overall area in the 100 m range can be categorized as urbanized. The amount of natural landscapes in the 100 m radius is limited to 2-3%. Hardly any vegetation patches can be potential browsing and nesting sites for birds and insects.

3.8.3 Summary of habitat diversity survey: Approximate percentage of natural habitats or vegetation cover in the Study area: 2-3 Type of the natural habitat in the actual project location: None, Characteristic of the landscape is developed and urban

3.8.3.1 Floristic diversity Floristic study has been undertaken to document diversity of herb, shrub, climber and tree species prevalent in the areas falling with in the study area. Background information on floristic/vegetation diversity from literature survey was used to create the detailed account of local vegetation that may not have been encountered duringthe study. The specimens were identified by using keys from Flora of Bombay presidency and Flora of Maharashtra. Pascal key has been used for specimens without reproductive organs. Based on direct field observations and strategic selection of sampling locations primary data was collected to represent the status of flora prevalent in the study area of the project.

Flora in the study area Species richness Species richness indicates the total number of species present in a given area or in a given category. The total species richness is often used as indicator of biodiversity value. The species richness in the study area was measured by calculating the total number of species encountered during the study phase. 104 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

Total 82 species were encountered during the study phase. The biodiversity of the area in and around the core site is dominated by tree species followed by herb and then shrub presented in Table 3.16. The 82 species encountered in the core can be categorized into following habit group combinations: TABLE 3.16: BIODIVERSITY IN THE AREA Habitat groups Number of species Tree 52 Shrub 9 Herb 12 Grass 2 Climber 7 Total 82

Fig 3.12: COMPOSITION OF PLANT DIVERSITY SEEN IN THE STUDY AREA

The checklist of species observed is attached in Table 3.17. During the period of the study, the total number of plant species recorded was 82.These species can be grouped in to 42 families. The most common family was Moraceae (Family of figs), followed by Caesalpiniaceae (Family legumes) & Apocynaceae

105 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

TABLE 3.17: CHECKLIST OF PLANT SPECIES OBSERVED IN THE STUDY AREA

Sr. Botanical name Common name Family Type No. 1 Acacia auriculiformis Benth. Australian babul Mimosaceae Tree 2 Adenanthera pavonina L. Ratangunj Fabaceae Tree Alangium salvifolium (L.f.) Cornaceae 3 Wangerin Ankul Tree 4 Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. Shirish Mimosaceae Tree Saptparni/Scholars Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. 5 tree Apocynaceae Tree 6 Annona reticulata L. Ramphal Annonaceae Tree 7 Annona squamosa L. Sitaphal Annonaceae Tree 8 Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. Phanas Moraceae Tree 9 Azadirachta indica A.Juss. Kadu Neem Meliaceae Tree 10 Bauhinia purpurea L Kanchan Caesalpiniaceae Tree 11 Bauhinia racemosa Lam. Apta Caesalpiniaceae Tree 12 Borassus flabellifer L. Taad Arecaceae Tree 13 Caryota urens Fish tail palm Arecaceae Tree 14 Cascabela thevetia (L.) Lippold Bitti Apocynaceae Tree Indian Cassia fistula L. 15 Laburnum/Bahava Caesalpiniaceae Tree 16 Cocos nucifera L. Coconut Arecaceae Tree 17 Cordia dichotoma G.Forst. Bhokar Boraginaceae Tree 18 Crataeva tapia L. Garlic-pear tree Capparaceae Tree 19 Delonix regia (Hook.) Raf. Gulmohar Caesalpiniaceae Tree 20 Ficus benjamina L. Weeping fig Moraceae Tree 21 Ficus benghalensis L. Banyan Moraceae Tree 22 Ficus hispida L.f. Kala umber Moraceae Tree 23 Ficus racemosa L. Umber Moraceae Tree 24 Ficus religiosa L. Pimpal Moraceae Tree 25 Grewia tiliifolia Vahl Dhaman Tiliaceae Tree 26 Holoptelea integrifolia Planch. Vaval Ulmaceae Tree 27 Mangifera indica L. Mango Anacardiaceae Tree 28 Manilkara zapota (L.) P.Royen Chickoo Sapotaceae Tree 29 Morinda pubescens Sm. Bartondi Rubiaceae Tree 30 Moringa oleifera Lam. Drumstick Moringaceae Tree 31 Muntingia calabura L. Singapore cherry Eleocarpaceae Tree Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC.) 32 K.Heyne Copper pod Caesalpiniaceae Tree 33 Phoenix rupicola T.Anderson Date Palm Arecaceae Tree 34 Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels Avla Euphorbiaceae Tree Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) 35 Benth. Vilaayati chinch Mimosaceae Tree 36 Plumeria alba L. Temple tree Apocynaceae Tree Polyalthia longifolia (Sonn.) Annonaceae 37 Thwaites Asupalav Tree 106 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

38 Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre Karanj Fabaceae Tree 39 Psidium guajava L. Guava Myrtaceae Tree 40 Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr. Rain tree Mimosaceae Tree 41 Sterculia urens Roxb. African Cup tree Sterculiaceae Tree 42 Strblus asper Lour. Sand paper Moraceae Tree 43 Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels Kala Jamun Myrtaceae Tree 44 Tamarindus indica L. Chinch Caesalpiniaceae Tree Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex 45 DC.) Wight & Arn. Arjun Combretaceae Tree 46 Terminalia catappa L. Jungli Badam Combretaceae Tree 47 Terminalia crenulata Roth Ain Combretaceae Tree Thespesia populnea (L.) Sol. ex 48 Corrêa Raan Bhendi Malvaceae Tree 49 Trema orientalis (L.) Blume Charcoal Tree Euphorbiaceae Tree Vachellia nilotica (L.) P.J.H. 50 Hurter & Mabb. Babul Mimosaceae Tree 51 Wodyetia bifurcata A.K.Irvine Foxtail palm Arecaceae Tree 52 Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. Bor Rhamnaceae Tree 53 Calotropis gigantea (L.) Dryand. Madar Asclepeidaceae Shrub 54 Carica papaya L. Papaya Caricaceae Shrub 55 Hibiscus rosa sinensis L. Jaswand Malvaceae Shrub 56 Nerium oleander L. kaneher Apocynaceae Shrub Woolly Camphor- Pluchea tomentosa DC. 57 Weed Asteraceae Shrub 58 Ricinus communis L. Castor Euphorbiaceae Shrub 59 Rosa spp Rose Rosaceae Shrub Tabernaemontana divaricata (L. 60 ) R.Br. ex Roem. & Schult Tager Apocynaceae Shrub 61 Vitex negundo L. Nirgudi Verbenaceae Shrub 62 Brassica oleracea L. Sarso Brassicaceae Herb Codiaeum variegatum (L.) 63 Rumph. ex A.Juss. Croton Euphorbiaceae Herb 64 Diffenbacia sps - Araceae Herb 65 Musa paradisiaca L. Banana Musaceae Herb 66 Nephrolepis spp - Lomariopsidaceae Herb 67 Ocimum sanctum L. Tulsi Lamiaceae Herb 68 Portulaca oleracea L. Pigweed Portulacaceae Herb 69 Scoparia dulcis L. Goatweed Scrophulariaceae Herb 70 Sida acuta Burm.f. Common wireweed Malvaceae Herb 71 Tagetes erecta L. Marygold Asteraceae Herb 72 Typha angustifolia L. Ramban Typhaceae Herb Vinca rosea L. 73 Sadaphuli Apocynaceae Herb 74 Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Durva Poaceae Grass 75 Zea mays L. Maize Poaceae Grass 76 Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd. Bouganvillea Nyctaginaceae Climber 107 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

77 Cissus quadrangularis L. Haadjod Vitaceae Climber 78 Cissus trifoliata (L.) L. Sorrelvine Vitaceae Climber 79 Cocculus hirsutus (L.) W.Theob. Broom Creeper Menispermaceae Climber 80 Cuscuta chinensis Lam. Chinese Dodder Cuscutaceae Climber 81 Quisqualis indica L. Madhumalti Combretaceae Climber 82 Vernonia elaeagnifolia DC. Curtain creeper Asteraceae Climber

Fig 3.13: TOP 10 DOMINATING FAMILY GROUPS

The species actually observed during the survey were processed and compared against IUCN 2011 Data list and with Checklist of Rare, Endangered & Threatened Plants of Maharashtra, released by BSI-ENVIS in 2011.

Domesticated plants during the survey A survey was undertaken in and around the core site and other industrial units close to the actual project location. List of plant species associated with plantations, avenues and agricultural landscapes (Domestic plants) were made. In total 27 species of plants were observed to be very commonly used as domesticated species in the nearby locations of the project site. Most of these species are exotic species. Native species must be promoted to enhance the natural ecology. List of Domesticated plants observed during the study can be seen in Table 3.18.

108 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

TABLE 3.18: CHECKLIST OF DOMESTIC PLANT SPECIES OBSERVED IN AND AROUND THE ACTUAL PROJECT LOCATION (E= EXOTIC, N=NATIVE)

Sr. Botanical Name Common Family Habitat Status No. Name Acacia Australian auriculiformis Mimosaceae Tree E babhul 1. A.Cunn.exBenth. Anacardium Kaju Anacardiaceae Tree E 2. occidentale Linn. Callistemon Citrinus Bottle brush Myrtaceae Tree E 3. (Curtis) Stapf. Cassia siamea Chakunda leguminoasae Tree E 4. Casuarina equisetifo Suru Casurinaceae Tree N 5. lia 6. Delonix regia Gulmohar Fabaceae Tree E Grevillea robusta A. Silver Oak Proteaceae Tree E 7. Cunn. Leucaena leucocephala Subabhul Mimosaceae Tree E 8. (Lamk.) De Wit Manilkara zapota Chiku Sapotaceae Tree E 9. (Linn.) van Royen 10. Plumeria alba Linn. Chapha (Pa) Apocynaceae Tree E 11. Plumeria rubra linn. lal chafa Apocynaceae Tree E Polyalthia longifolia Asupalav Annonaceae Tree E 12. (Sonn.) Thw. (Pasarat) Psidium guajava Peru Myrtaceae Tree E 13. Linn. Caesalpinia Caesalpiniacea pulcherima (Linn.) Shankasur Shrub E e 14. Sw. 15. Musa paradisiaca X Banana Musaceae Shrub E Lantana camara Ghaneri Verbenaceae Herb E 16. Linn. Aegle marmelos Bel Rutaceae Tree N 17. (Linn. ) Correa Artocarpus Phanas Moraceae Tree N 18. heterophyllus Lamk. Cicca acida Chota Amla Phyllanthaceae Tree N 19. (L.)Marr. 20. Citrus acida Lemon Myrtaceae Tree N Madhuca indica Moha Sapotaceae Tree N 21. Gmel. Mangifera indica Amba Anacardiaceae Tree N 22. Linn. Bambusa bambos Bamboo Poaceae Grass N 23. (L.) Voss 24. Tectona grandis Sagwan Lamiaceae Tree N 109 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

Moringa pterigosperma Shevga Moringaceae Tree N 25. Gaertn. 26. Michelia champaka Champa Magnoliaceae Tree N 27. Annona squamosa Sitaphal Annonaceae Tree N

Ecologically important species Plant species form the basis of ecological interaction in nature. In the web of life and natural ecology; the diversity, density and abundance of plants species are decisive factors. More the native plant species better is the associated faunal diversity. Documenting local species that are ecologically important may be helpful in restoration and greenbelt development planning. With the help of actual field observations and literature review, a list of plant species that are ecologically significant was prepared. These plant species are considered ecologically important as they attract and support faunal diversity. These plants can be helpful in restoration of natural ecology if planted in strategic composition.

List of the Ecological Important plants found in Mumbai region is attached in the Table 3.19

TABLE 3.19: ECOLOGICALLY IMPORTANT SPECIES

Sr. Botanical name Common Family Habit Status Main No. Name Attractant for animals 1. Acacia catechu Khair Leguminosae Tree Native Flowers Flowers and 2. Aegele marmelos Bel Rutaceae Tree Native fruits Flower and 3. Albizia lebbeck Kala-siris Leguminosae Tree Native Fruits 4. Anogeissus latifolia Dhaora Sappotaceae Tree Native Fruits 5. Bauhinia purpurea Keolar Leguminosae Tree Native Flowers 6. Bauhinia racemosa Asta Leguminosae Tree Native Flowers 7. Bombax ceiba Semal Malvaceae Tree Native Flowers 8. Bridelia retusa Kasai Euphorbiaceae Tree Native Fruits Buchanania 9. latifolia Achar Anacardiaceae Tree Native Fruits 10. Butea monosperma Palas Leguminosae Tree Native Flowers 11. Carreya arborea Kumbhi Lecythedaceae Tree Native Flowers Casaeria 12. graveolens Gilchi Samydaceae Tree Native 13. Cassia fistula Amaltas Leguminosae Tree Native Fruits 14. Dalbergia latifolia Shisham Leguminosae Tree Native 15. Dalbergia sisoo Sisoo Leguminosae Tree Native Fruits

110 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

Diospyros 16. melanoxylon Tendu Ebenaceae Tree Native Fruits 17. Diospyros montana Bistendu Ebenaceae Tree Native Fruits

18. Ficus benghalensis Bar Moraceae Tree Native Fruits 19. Ficus glomerata Gular Moraceae Tree Native Fruits 20. Ficus infectoria Pakar Moraceae Tree Native Fruits 21. Ficus religiosa Pipal Moraceae Tree Native Fruits 22. Flacourtia indica Native Fruits Flowers and 23. Garuga pinnata Kakad Burseraceae Tree Native fruits 24. Gmelina arborea Gamari Verbenaceae Tree Native Flower 25. Grewia tilifolia Dhaman Tiliaceae Tree Native Flower Holoptelia 26. integrifolia Chirol Ulmaceae Tree Native Fruit Lagerstroemia 27. parviflora Seja Lythraceae Tree Native Flower Lannea 28. coromondalica Jhingan Anacardiaceae Tree Native Fruits 29. Madhuca longifolia Mahua Euphorbiaceae Tree Native Flowers Flower and 30. Mangifera indica Amba Anacardiaceae Tree Native Fruits 31. Pongamia pinnata Karanj Leguminosae Tree Native Flowers Pterocarpus 32. marsupium Bijasal Leguminosae Tree Native Fruits

33. Schleichera oleosa Kusum Sapindaceae Tree Native Fruits 34. Sterculia urens Kulu Sterculiaceae Tree Native Fruits Introduc 35. Tamarindus indica Imli Leguminosae Tree ed Fruits 36. Tectona grandis Sagon Verbenaceae Tree Native Flowers Fruits and 37. Terminalia arjuna Arjun Combretaceae Tree Native flowers 38. Terminalia belerica Bahera Combretaceae Tree Native Flowers 39. Terminalia chebula Hirda Combretaceae Tree Native Flowers Terminalia 40. tomentosa Tondri Combretaceae Tree Native Flowers

Summary of the Floristic Survey: Number of Tree species observed during survey: 52 Total number of plant species observed: 82 Number of locations studied: 07 Rare, Endangered, vulnerable or protected species encountered in the Study area: None

111 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

TREES AFFECTING DUE TO METRO LINE- 7 PROJECTS

During construction of Metro Line- 7 project, the trees will be affected at stations and depot as well as at casting yards, the application has already been made to MCGM as separate proposals for tree cutting /trimming and other exercise will be taken place at the project site. Also against cutting of trees the compensentory plantation will be made in line to afforestration drive.

Fig. 3.14: Wardwise map of Mumbai with alignment of Metro Line-VII

112 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

3.8.3.2 Faunal diversity To study faunal diversity and richness in the area, random sightings were preferred and various methods of observation were practiced. For reptiles, stone lifting was done; rock crevices and wall space of structures in the site were checked. Amphibians were searched near the stagnant water pools and small streams. Insects were observed on underside of leaves, nests, rock crevices, bushes and other places. Birds were studied by undertaking field trails in and around the site. The observations made during the study phase in the study area are as follows:

Mammal Diversity No mammals other than common Squirrel and domesticated cats and dogs were seen around the core site.

Avian diversity In the study area, 27 species of birds were observed during the study. The observations were made based on direct sightings and bird calls. Amonst the birds documented during this study none of the species were classified as Endangered or rare. The list of Bird species observed is attached in Table 3.20.

TABLE 3.20: CHECKLIST OF BIRDS OBSERVED IN AND AROUND THE SITE

Sr. Scientific name Common name Family Schedule IUCN No. Least 1 Ardeola grayii Indian pond heron Ardeidae IV Concern Least 2 Acridotheres tristis Common myna Sturnidae IV Concern Acrocephalus Least 3 dumetorum Blyth's reed warbler Acrocephalidae IV Concern Least 4 Actitis hypoleucos Common sandpiper Scolopacidae IV Concern Least 5 Babulcus ibis Cattle egret Ardeidae IV Concern Least 6 Centropus sinensis Greater coucal Cuculidae IV Concern Least 7 Columba livia Rock pigeon Columbidae IV Concern Least 8 Copsycus saularis Oriental magpie robin Muscicapidae IV Concern Corvus Least 9 macrorhynchos Indian Jungle crow Corvidae IV Concern Least 10 Corvus splendens House crow Corvidae V Concern Dicaeum Pale billed Least 11 erythrorhynchos flowerpecker Dicaeidae IV Concern Dicrurus Least 12 leucophaeus Ashy drongo Dicruridae IV Concern 113 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

Least 13 Egretta garzetta Little egret Ardeidae IV Concern Eudynamys Least 14 scolopacea Asian koel Cuculidae IV Concern White throated Least 15 Halcyon smyrnesis kingfisher Halcyonidae IV Concern Megalaima Least 16 haemacephala Coppersmith Barbet Megalaimidae IV Concern Least 17 Milvus migrans Black kite Accipitridae IV Concern Least 18 Nectarinia asiatica Purple sunbird Nectariniidae IV Concern Nectarinia Purple rumped Least 19 ceylonica sunbird Nectariniidae IV Concern Orthotomus Least 20 sutorius Common tailorbird Cisticolidae IV Concern Least 21 Passer domesticus House sparrow Passeridae IV Concern Phalacrocorax Phalocrocoraci Least 22 niger Little cormorant dae IV Concern Least 23 Ploceus philippinus Baya weaver Ploceidae IV Concern Least 24 Prinia inornata Plain prinia Cisticolidae IV Concern Least 25 Prinia socialis Ashy prinia Cisticolidae IV Concern Least 26 Psittacula krameri Rose-ringed parakeet Psittaculidae IV Concern saxicoloides Least 27 fulicata Indian robin Muscicapidae IV Concern

Migratory Birds:

India provides shelter and feeding ground for over thousand species of birds. Mumbai attracts migratory birds due to presence coastal area and Sanjay Gandhi National Park. The park contains approximately 286 species of birds and a quarter of all bird species found in India are found in the park. Though Sanjay Gandhi National park is in vicinity of the proposed alignment, it will not affect the movement of the migratory birds as the average height of the flight used by migratory birds is 600 to 5000 feet from mean sea level which is much higher from the proposed alignment. The proposed alignment lies on the western side of the SGNP on the western express highway. Major activity of local and migratory birds is observed inside the SGNP and coastal area hence there will be no major impact of the Metro-7 on the movement of birds. Below is the list of migratory birds visiting SGNP,

114 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

TABLE 3.21: CHECKLIST OF MIGRATORY BIRDS

Sr. Common name Scientific name Family No. 1 Western Reef-egret Egretta gularis Ardeidae 2 Black-headed Ibis Threskiornis melanocephalus Threskiornithidae 3 Glossy ibis Plegadis falcinellus Threskiornithid ae 4 Ruddy Shelduck Tadorna ferruginea Anatidae 5 Northern Pintail Anas acuta Anatidae 6 Common Teal Anas crecca Anatidae 7 Northern Shoveler Anas clypeata Anatidae 8 Western Marsh Harrier Circus aeruginosus Accipitridae 9 Lesser Sand Plover Charadrius mongolus Charadriidae 10 Common Redshank Tringa totanus Scolopacidae 11 Wood Sandpiper Tringa glareola Scolopacidae 12 Common Greenshank Tringa nebularia Scolopacidae 13 Terek Sandpiper Xenus cinereus Scolopacidae 14 Marsh Sandpiper Tringa stagnatilis Scolopacidae 15 Black-tailed Godwit Limosa limosa Scolopacidae 16 Eurasian Curlew Numenius arquata Scolopacidae 17 Ruddy Trunstone Arenaria interpres Scolopacidae 18 Little Stint Calidris minuta Scolopacidae 19 Gull-billed Tern Gelochelidon nilotica Sternidae 20 Caspian Tern Hydroprogne caspia Sternidae 21 White-cheeked Tern Sterna repressa Sternidae 22 Brown-headed Gull Chroicocephalus brunnicephalus Laridae 23 Black-headed Gull Chroicocephalus ridibundus Laridae 24 Common Hoopoe Upupa epops Upupidae 25 Citrine Wagtail Motacilla citreola Motacillidae 26 Yellow Wagtail Motacilla flava Motacillidae 27 Grey Wagtail Motacilla cinerea Motacillidae 28 White Wagtail Motacilla alba Motacillidae 29 Tree pipit Anthus trivialis Motacillidae 30 Black Redstart Phoenicurus ochruros Muscicapidae 31 Malabar Whistling-thrush Myophonus horsfieldii Muscicapidae 32 Common Stonechat Saxicola torquatus Muscicapidae 33 Blue Rockthrush Monticola solitarius Muscicapidae 34 Indian Great Reed-warbler Acrocephalus stentoreus Acrocephalidae 35 Lesser Whitethroat Sylvia curruca Sylviidae 36 Red-breasted Flycatcher Ficedula parva Muscicapidae 37 Asian Brown Flycatcher Muscicapa latirostris Muscicapidae 38 White-browed Fantail- Rhipidura aureola Rhipiduridae flycatcher 39 Rosy Starling Pastor roseus Sturnidae Source: http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/checklist 115 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

FIG. 3.15 MIGRATRY BIRD ROUTES THROUGH INDIA

Above fig. shows that all major migration routs are not passing through the Mumbai region.

Reptile and Amphibian Diversity During the survey, one species of reptile and one species of amphibians were found in areas close to the project site. The list of Reptile and amphibian species is attached in Table 3.22.

TABLE 3.22: CHECKLIST OF REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS OBSERVED IN AND AROUND THE SITE

Sr. Common name Scientific name Group Schedule IUCN No. 1. Common Indian toad Duttaphrynus Amphibian IV Least melanostictus Concern 2. Indian Garden Lizard Calotes versicolor Reptile - not yet been assessed

Lepidoptera diversity: Lepidoptera is a group of insects consisting of butterflies and moths. Sampling for butterflies and moths was made based on random sightings, sitting across water puddles and searching of caterpillars and cocoon in and around the site. In total 13 species of butterflies were found in while surveying other areas in the region within 100 m range from the project site. List of butterflies observed during the study is attached in Table 3.23.

116 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

TABLE 3.23: LIST OF BUTTERFLIES OBSERVED DURING THE SURVEY IN AND AROUND THE SITE

Sr. Common name Scientific name Schedule IUCN No. 1 Acraea violae Tawny coster Nymphalidae IV 2 Ariadne merione merione dakhan common caster Nymphalidae IV 3 Danaus chrysippus chrysippus Oriental plain tiger Nymphalidae IV 4 Danaus genutia genutia Oriental striped tiger Nymphalidae IV 5 Delias eucharis Indian jezebel Peiridae I Elymnias hypermnestra 6 undularis Wavy common palmfly Nymphalidae I 7 Euploea core core Indian common crow Nymphalidae V Oriental common grass 8 Eurema hecabe hecabe yellow Peiridae IV 9 Eurema laeta laeta Indian spotless grass yellow Peiridae IV 10 Graphium doson eleius Common jay Papilionidae IV 11 Graphium sarpedon Common bluebottle Papilionidae IV 12 Ixias Marianne White orange-tip Peiridae IV 13 Pareronia hippie Indian wanderer Peiridae IV

Insect diversity: Insects were observed by random sightings coupled with extensive searching at ideal locations and micro habitats present in the site and surrounding areas. Six species of insects were observed in areas nearby the actual project site. The highlights of insect sightings were important species that included Apis cerana (Honey bee) and Apis dorsata (Rock bee). List of insects observed in and around the site is attached in Table 3.24.

TABLE 3.24: LIST OF INSECTS OTHER THAN BUTTERFLIES OBSERVED IN AND AROUND THE SITE

Sr. No. Species name Species group 1. Housefly Muscidae 2. Paper Wasp Vespidae 3. Apis cerana Apidae 4. Apis dorsata Apidae 5. Weaver ants Oecophylla 6. Gall wasp Cynipidae

Spider diversity: Spiders are functionally important features in any ecosystem. They play a unique role of controlling pests or specifically population of insects in an ecosystem. The species observed in the site area were common species and are associated with urban environments.

117 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

List of Spiders and Dragon Flies observed in and around the site is attached in Table 3.25(a) and 3.25(b).

TABLE 3.25 (a): SPIDERS OBSERVED DURING THE STUDY Sr. No. Common name Genus Family Schedule IUCN 1. Pardosa sp. Wolf spider Lycosidae - not yet been assessed 2. Lynx spider Oxyopes Oxyopidae - not yet been assessed

TABLE 3.25(b): DRAGON FLIES OBSERVED DURING THE STUDY Sr. No. Scientific name Common Name Family 1. Brachythemis contaminata Ditch jewel Libellulidae

Domesticated animals: At some open spaces near the project location, domesticated/ Urban diversity specific animals such as a Stray dogs (Canis lupus) and domestic cats (Felis catus) were found to be common. Summary of faunal observations: Number of Bird species observed in the core site: 27 Number of reptile species observed in the core site: 01 Number of Butterflies observed in 100 m from the site: 13 Number of other Dragonflies observed in 100 m from the site: 01 Number of other insects observed in 100 m from the site: 06 Mammal species found in the study area: Domestic cats, Domestic dogs & Indian Palm Squirrel

3.8.4 PHOTOGRAPHS OF FLORA & FAUNA:

Bartondi (Morinda pubescens) Pimple (Ficus religiosa)

118 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

Karanj (Pongamia pinnata) Piwla Gulmohar (Peltophorum pterocarpum)

Taman (Lagerstroemia parviflora) Black Kite (Milvus migrans), Common crow (Corvus splendens) & Common myna (Acridotheres tristis )(from left to right)

Oriental magpie robin (Copsychus saularis) House Sparrow (Passer domesticus)

3.8.5 Conclusion and Discussion:

1. Rare, Endangered or Critically endangered species: The list of species of plants and animals generated during the survey were processed and compared with the IUCN red data list and Maharastra state protected species listings and it was observed that no species encountered during the survey represented rare, endangered, critically endangered or legally protected status.

2. Low ecological interest: The majority of the region within 100 m radius from the project is of very low ecological interest.

119 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

3. Indirect ecological impact: Necessary mitigation measure must be undertaken to reduce the indirect impact of the project to the nearby forest areas and overall ecology. The indirect impact may be due to release of contaminated, polluted or untreated water, debris, or other materials particular to the kind of the project.

3.8.6 Suggested mitigation measures 1. Avenue plantation all along the project location should be done and mainly consist of native plant species. 2. The water effluent discharge should be as per state guidelines. 3. The project proponent must undertake plantation drives to improve native plant diversity of the region

3.9 SOCIO- ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT Socio-economic environment in the vicinity of any ensuing project is affected by the mode of change that is likely to occur due to the beneficial or adverse effects arising out of the project activity. The impact of such change is dependent upon likely job opportunities economic output immigration strain on the existing basic amenities and overall impact on the quality of environment which may impair the health status of the people living in that geographical area. The projection of such assessment calls for collection of the baseline and background information about the socio-economic and demographic environment of the surrounding areas of the proposed site. The socio-economic profile of the study area based on Census of India data is classified into following points:  Population and dwelling units  Social profile  Education  Health and medical infrastructure  Communication facilities

3.9.1 Objective Socio-economic factor plays an important role in any development, as it may have positive or beneficial impact. Therefore it is necessary to check with socio-economic impact due to the proposed project. The various factors dealing with socio-economic study included direct and in-direct employment during construction and operation phases, health and hygiene etc. The local body / authority for the region have adequately and wide spread facilities provided to the region

3.9.2 Baseline Data Socially and culturally this area is cosmopolitan in nature. According to the 2011 census, the population of Mumbai was 12,479,608. The population density is estimated to be about 20,482 persons per square kilometre. The living space is 4.5 sq mt per person. As Per 2011 census, Greater Mumbai, the area under the administration of the MCGM, has a literacy rate of 94.7%, higher than the national average of 86.7%.

120 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

Mumbai suffers from the same major urbanisation problems seen in many fast growing cities in developing countries: widespread poverty and unemployment, poor public health and poor civic and educational standards for a large section of the population. With available land at a premium, Mumbai residents often reside in cramped, relatively expensive housing, usually far from workplaces, and therefore requiring long commutes on crowded mass transit, or clogged roadways. Many of them live in close proximity to bus or train stations although suburban residents spend significant time travelling southward to the main commercial district. With a literacy rate of 69%, the slums in Mumbai are the most literate in India.

3.9.2.1 Population According to the 2011 census, the population of Mumbai suburban was 93,56,962. The population density is estimated to be about 21,000/km2 (54,000/sq mi). As Per 2011 census, Suburban Mumbai, the area under the administration of the BMC, has a literacy rate of 89.91%. Male literacy rate is 92.92 % and female literacy rate is 86.37 %. The sex ratio was 860 (females per 1,000 males) in the suburbs, these numbers lower than the national average of 914 females per 1,000 males. The low sex ratio is partly because of the large number of male migrants who come to the city to work. Residents of Mumbai call themselves Mumbaikar, Mumbaiite, Bombayite or Bombaiite. Mumbai has a large polyglot population like any other metropolitan city of India. Sixteen major languages of India are also spoken in Mumbai, most common being Marathi, Hindi, Gujarati and English. English is extensively spoken and is the principal language of the city's white collar workforce. A colloquial form of Hindi, known as Bambaiya – a blend of Marathi, Hindi, Gujarati, Konkani, Urdu, Indian English and some invented words – is spoken on the streets.

3.9.2.2 Literacy and Education As per census 2011, the literacy rate in Mumbai is 90.54 for males & 86.03 for females. For Mumbai suburban a literacy rate of 94.28 for males & 86.93 for females is recorded. As Per 2011 census, Greater Mumbai, the area under the administration of the MCGM, has a literacy rate of 94.7%, higher than the national average of 86.7%.

3.9.3 SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY A socio-economic survey was undertaken for the proposed corridor to assess the socio-economic conditions of project-affected families/people and to examine the impacts of the proposed metro alignment on their conditions. There can be two types of impacts on the PAPs. One is the displacement of residential house and another is displacement of commercial establishments. The survey has been undertaken on the corridors using structured questinnaire.

121 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

3.9.3.1 Education Facilities 1191 Government schools are run by the (BMC) Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation. The medium of instruction is mostly, Marathi. A few other languages of instruction are also offered. More and more of such schools also cater to education in slums. The Archdiocese of Mumbai runs 150 schools catering to every economic class. Development of metro will be beneficial for the students of the school and colleges along the alignment of Metro. It will help reduce their time of travelling as well as will provide safer mode of transport. List of Schools & Colleges in the study area along the alignment is given in Table 3.26 and Fig. 3.16

TABLE 3.26: LIST OF EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS ALONG ALIGNMENT Sr. Educational Institutions Locations Approx. Distance (m) No. from alignment EI -1 Tridha steiner school Andheri East 279 EI -2 New Municipal school Jogeshwari East 290 EI -3 Infant jesus high school Jogeshwari East 83 EI -4 Ismail Yusuf College Jogeshwari East 110 EI -5 St Mary High School Jogeshwari East 138 EI -6 Shri Samarth Vidyalaya Goregaon East 173 EI -7 Pahadi Muncipal School Goregaon East 279 EI -8 St. Pius X College Goregaon East 260 EI -9 Vibgyor High School Malad East 233 EI -10 Lilliput Nursery Malad East 165 EI -11 St. Joseph High School Malad East 250 EI -12 St. George High School Malad East 290 EI -13 Muncipal School Malad East 290 EI -14 Uttkarsh Vidya Mandir Malad East 178 EI -15 St. Joseph's High School Malad East 130 EI -16 Sharda Gyanpeeth International School Malad East 275 EI -17 Chilren's Academy School Kandivali East 200 EI -18 Shri Raghuvir Madhyamik Vidyalaya Kandivali East 220 EI -19 Thakur School & Jr. College Kandivali East 370 EI -20 Chilren's Academy School Kandivali East 150 EI -21 Nirmala Memorial College Kandivali East 235 EI -22 St john's High School Borivali East 196 EI -23 Muncipal School Dattapada Borivali East 360 EI -24 Xavier Child Development Center Borivali East 102 EI -25 Seth DM High School Borivali East 90 EI -26 Universal School Borivali East 313 EI -27 Shalendrs High School Dahisar East 97 EI -28 Poorna Prajna High School Dahisar East 400 EI -29 Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Vidyalaya Dahisar East 73 EI -30 Vishwakarma High School Dahisar East 293 EI -31 Navjivan Vikas Mandal School Andheri East 200

122 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

FIG. 3.16: EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS ALONG ALIGNMENT

123 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

3.9.3.2 Medical Facilities List of Hospitals & Polyclinics in the study area along the alignment is given in Table 3.27 and Fig. 3.17

TABLE 3.27: LIST OF HEALTH CARE FACILITIES ALONG ALIGNMENT

Sr. No. Health and Care Locations Approx. Distance (m) from alignment HC-1 Shalyak hospital Jogeshwari East 53 HC-2 Rane hospital Jogeshwari East 172 HC-3 Balasaheb Thackerey Trauma Care Jogeshwari East 50 Municipal Hospital HC-4 Riddhi vinayak critical care centre Malad East 291 HC-5 Asha hospital Malad East 290 HC-6 Datar Nursing Home Malad East 330 HC-7 Shraddha hospital Malad East 240 HC-8 Sanchaiti hospital Kandivali East 210 HC-9 Alap hospital Kandivali East 135 HC-10 Arogya Maternity Nursing Home Kandivali East 550 HC-11 Gokul hospital Kandivali East 313 HC-12 Vansh hospital Kandivali East 420 HC-13 Aditi hospital Kandivali East 380 HC-14 Sanjeevani Hospital Borivali East 140 HC-15 Sanjeenvan hospital Borivali East 196 HC-16 Narendra hospital Borivali East 35 HC-17 Pramar hospital Borivali East 132 HC-18 National hospital Borivali East 160 HC-19 Mohit hospital Borivali East 150 HC-20 Purnima hospital Borivali East 260 HC-21 Vasan eye care hosptal Borivali East 70 HC-22 Siddhi hospital Borivali East 84 HC-23 Mauli Nursing Home Borivali East 93 HC-24 Shantivan Hospital Borivali East 125 HC-25 Ashok hospital Dahisar East 180 HC-26 Elite hospital Dahisar East 182

124 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

FIG. 3.17: HOSPITALS & POLYCLINICS ALONG ALIGNMENT

125 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

3.9.3.3 Archaeological Sites Major architectural monuments are situated in the island city. Proposed project lies in the suburban area of Mumbai where there are no considerable archaeological sites exist in the alignment. Although Kanheri caves are situated in the suburban part of the Mumbai, it is around 7 k.m. from the proposed alignment. Thus, the proposed alignment of Mumbai Metro corridor does not pass through or near any of the Archaeological monuments or heritage sites.

3.9.3.4 Places of Worship Mumbai has a diverse population with people of all culture, states, religion etc. You will find historic holy places of all the religion in this city. The city has a sizable number of beautiful Hindu Temples. List of Places of Worship in the study area along the alignment is given in Table 3.28 and Fig. 3.18

Table 3.28: LIST OF PLACES OF WORSHIP ALONG ALIGNMENT Sr. Religious Places Locations Approx. Distance (m) No. from alignment R-1 Jai Hanuman Sai Mandir Andheri East 50 R-2 Omkareshwar Charatable Trust Andheri East 90 R-3 Shree Ram Mandir & Dharmahalla Jogeshwari East 100 R-4 I.Y. Mosque Jogeshwari East 214 R-5 Aman Masjid Jogeshwari East 187 R-6 Masjid Madrasa Nurool Goregaon East 114 R-7 Shiva Dham Shamshan Bhoomi Goregaon East 150 R-8 Budha Vihar Goregaon East 110 R-9 Ashok Nagar Mandir Malad East 50 R-10 Rehmaniya Mosque Malad East 190 R-11 Sai Dham Mandir Kandivali East 30 R-12 Shree Gajanan Maharaj Mandir Borivali East 336 R-13 Omkaresh Temple Borivali East 73 R-14 Mahakali Mandir Borivali East 100 R-15 Ahle Sunnat Valjamal Masjid Dahisar East 16 R-16 Ismaiti Dahisar Jamatkhana Dahisar East 220 R-17 Madarsa Talimul Quran Dahisar East 277 R-18 Gaondevi Mandir Dahisar East 100

126 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

FIG. 3.18: PLACES OF WORSHIP ALONG ALIGNMENT

127 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

3.9.3.5 Places of Recreation DP of mumbai (env society, letter for open places ward wise)

The parks and gardens of Mumbai are constantly visited by people of all age. The magical touch of fresh air promises to enliven the dullest of days and the longest of evenings. Play area for the children and well-laid walkways for the elderly add to the spirit of homeliness that these parks exude. List of Parks & Gardens in the study area along the alignment is given in Table 3.29 and Fig. 3.19

TABLE 3.29: LIST OF PARKS & GARDENS

Sr. Parks and Gardens Locations Approx. Distance No. (m) from the alignment 1 Chhatrapati Rajaram Maharaj Udyan Jogeshwari East 30 2 Swatantryaveer Vinayak Damodar Goregaon East 100 Savarkar Park 3 Ambedkar Talav Udyan Goregaon East 100 4 Shahid Vijay Salaskar Udyan Malad East 88 5 Thakur Memorial Park kandivali East 64 6 Ambedkar Park kandivali East 320 7 Ful Palkru Udyan Borivali East 221 8 Sanjay Gandhi National Park Borivali East 100 9 Ratan Nagar Garden Borivali East 150 10 Green View Garden Borivali East 185 11 Aaji Aajoba Udyan Dahisar East 367

128 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

FIG. 3.19: PARKS & GARDENS ALONG ALIGNMENT

3.9.3.6. High Rise and Dilapidated Buildings Apart from above we have identified high-rise buildings as well as old structures listed in Table 3.30 (a) & (b) and shown in Figure 3.20(a) & (b). Both the categories may have direct impact due to development of Metro line VII either during construction phase as well as during operation phase. The major impacts on these buildings will be by Noise and vibrations. These catagories are considered in this report with the safety and environment point of view Noise produced during the operation of Metro may cause disturbance to the floors of highrise buildings which are parallel to the elevated alignment. Vibration produced may harm old dilapidated buildings.

TABLE 3.30(a): LIST OF HIGH RISE Highrise buildings Name of the Height of the Area Distance from Type Building building (m) Alignment (m) Omkar Alta 251 Malad East 179 Residential Monte Tower A Lodha Fiorenza 1 222 Near Hub Mall 107 Residential Orchid Woods 190 Goregaon 560 Residential Vasant Grandeur 172 Borivali 220 Residential Oberoi Excusite 170 Goregaon 460 Residential Oberoi Commrez 144 Goregaon 150 Commercial

129 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

TABLE 3.30(b): LIST OF DILAPIDATED BUILDINGS Dilapidated buildings Name of the Building Area Distance from Alignment (m) Type Vimla Bhuvan Andheri East 870 Residential Narmada Niwas Jogeshwari East 440 Residential Bhagvati Ashish CHSL Jogeshwari East 400 Residential Sulochana Niwas Jogeshwari East 460 Residential Karim Manjil Jogeshwari East 450 Residential Dipti CHSL Goregaon East 600 Residential Sukh Sadan Goregaon East 800 Residential

It can be seen from the above table that distances from the buildings are considerabely far hence the effect of vibration during construction and operation will be negligible on these establishments.

130 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

FIG. 3.20(a): HIGHRISE BUILDINGS ALONG ALIGNMENT

131 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

FIG. 3.20(b): DILAPIDATED BUILDINGS ALONG ALIGNMENT

132 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

3.9.3.7 Employment Opportunities There will be numerous employment opportunities viz temporary and permanent due to this project. Employment opportunities will depend upon possibility of given entrepreneurs during construction phase as well as during operation phases. There are already certain establishments in the vicinity of the project. But due to the proposed project there will be different self employment opportunities. The opportunities for employment are as follows 1. Supply of construction materials 2. Supply of water for construction 3. Supply of drinking water 4. Supply of food materials 5. Establishment of tea stalls 6. Supply of various signage and safety equipment 7. Development of green belts and its maintenance 8. Supply of security guards The lists above will contain enhance will provide enhance employment opportunities for the locals especially self employment and employment of groups of people who can have their business during the construction phase.

3.9.3.8 Cultural Resources There is no evidence of any presence of cultural resources on the alignment.

133 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

CHAPTER – 4 ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES

4.1 INTRODUCTION A process or set of activities designed to contribute pertinent environmental information to project or programme decision-making. It is a process, which attempts to identify, predict and assess the likely consequences of proposed development activities. EIA is a planning aid concerned with identifying, predicting and assessing impacts arising from proposed activities such as policies, programmes, plans and development projects which may affect the environment. EIA is a basic tool for the sound assessment of development proposals to determine the potential environmental, social and health effects of a proposed development.

The local environmental protection authorities e.g. MPCB, where the project is located, will examine the potential impact on environment. The project will be approved, only when its environment impacts are acceptable. A thorough environmental impact assessment must incorporate an assessment of the economic impact of a project, the physical and chemical condition of the area, the flora and fauna and human reflections.

4.2 PURPOSE OF ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT This project has impacts in the environment at a smaller degree. The magnitude of the impacts, of course, depends on the scale of the works. The points to be considered for EIA are given below. A complete Environment Impact Assessment study should describe the following items: 1. A description of the “as is” situation before the project starts in the area influenced by the project 2. A description of the proposed project and is influence on the environment after completion. 3. A description of the works and actions to be carried out to implement the project. 4. A description of the probable impact of all works & action described relating to:  The biological equilibrium,  The non-biological equilibrium, including 5. The possible beneficial environmental effects of the project. 6. The possible adverse environment effects of the project 7. An evaluation of the effects of various execution methods during the implementation period of the project 8. An evaluation of the effects during the period the project is commissioned 9. An evaluation of the effects of demolishing a structure during the period of construction 10. An evaluation of the (ir) reversibility of impacts 11. The range of primary, secondary and tertiary impacts (direct or indirect) of the project 12. A proposal for remedial actions to reduce the impacts of the project

134 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

4.3 POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENT IMPACTS OF THE PROJECT (ALIGNMENT) With rapid strides in economic development, particularly in urban development, the need for rationalizing and upgrading the transport system is imperative. In the process of development, there has been intensive use of natural resources. Very often the process of development has adversely affected the environment leading to ecological imbalances. The importance of conserving and enhancing the environmental assets has assumed urgency. Apart from land-use, conservation of water, flora and fauna, transportation planning is an important aspect of economic development. The main aim of the project is to decongest the road traffic. The project is designed keeping in view population growth, future traffic demands and environmental protection aspects. Environmental impacts could be positive or negative, direct or indirect, local, regional or global, reversible or irreversible. This section identifies and appraises the negative impacts on various aspects of the environment likely to result from the proposed development. It is pertinent to mention that the negative environmental impacts listed below are based on the assumption that no negative impact mitigation measure or benefit enhancements are adopted.  Land Environment  Water Environment  Air Environment  Noise Environment  Biological Environment  Socio-Economic Environment The impacts on the above environmental components have been further assessed during various phases of project cycle namely project location, project design, construction and operation.

4.4 NEGATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS Negative impacts likely to result from the proposed development have been listed under the following headings:  Impacts due to Project Location;  Impacts due to Project Design;  Impacts due to Construction; and  Impacts due to Project Operation. For each of these headings, potential impacts and mitigating measures have been studied.

4.4.1 IMPACTS DUE TO PROJECT LOCATION During this phase, those impacts, which are likely to take place due to the layout of the project, have been assessed. These impacts are:  Change of Land use;  Loss of trees/forest;  Utility/Drainage Problems, 135 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

 Socio-economic impacts;  Impact on Historical and Cultural Monuments;

4.4.1.1 Land Use The details of land required (permenant and temporary) and change in land use are presented in Table 4.1. The required land (permenant & temporary) for the construction of the proposed alignment is both government as well as private land which shall be allotted by Mumbai Metropolital Regional Development Authority (MMRDA). Private land will be acquired as per the provisions of The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act 2013 (Act 30 of 2013) and Resettlement and Rehabilitation Policy for Mumbai Urban Transport Project (MUTP) notified in March 1997 and amended in December 2000. TABLE 4.1: CHANGE IN LAND USE Sr.No. Corridor Land Requirement (m2) Temporary Total casting yard Govt. Private Govt. 1. Station & facilities 2787 12373 0 15160 2. Depot 150000 0 0 150000 3. Receiving Sub Station 5000 0 0 5000 3. Casting Yards 0 0 80000 80000 Total 157787 12373 80000 250160 Source: DPR 4.4.1.2 Trees cutting The proposed metro lines are in urban/ city area and will not pass through any forests. Hence no loss to forest is anticipated due to the project. However, trees do exist in patches in the corridor selected for the project as well at Depot and Casting yards. The application has been made to MCGM for trees to be cut/transplanted/retained at project site. Compensentory plantation will be made through afforestration drive. As per guidelines for each tree felled 3 plants will be compensated. These include trees in alignment, station area and depot area. The area designated for depot is open land with plants and grassland. The area is ecologically sensitive which creates grassland ecosystem during monsoon and post monsoon.

Trees are assets in purification of urban air, which by utilizing CO2 from atmosphere, release oxygen into the air. However, with removal of these trees, the process for CO2 conversion will get affected.

The average consumption of oxygen for a person is about 182 kg/ year. Trees help carbon sequestration acting as a carbon sink. By removing the carbon and storing it as cellulose, trees release oxygen back into the air.

136 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

4.4.1.3 Issues related to Utility/ Drainage Metro lines are mostly planned to run through the urban area. The alignment will cross many properties, canals/ drains/ nalas, large number of sub-surface, surface and utility services, viz. sewer, water mains, storm water drains, telephone cables, overhead electrical transmission lines, electric pipes, roads, traffic signals etc. These utilities/ services are essential and have to be maintained in working order during different stages of construction by temporary/permanent diversions or by supporting in position. Since these affect construction and project implementation time schedule/ costs for which necessary planning/ action needs to be initiated in advance. During construction phase there will be great amount of issues will be encountered for the utility system/infrastructure facilities already existing within the alignment. The most important and hazardous aspect will be PNG pipe line network running criss cross for the residential area along the alignment. A decision has to be taken regarding encasing these pipelines as shifting/relocating will be of great inconvenience to the residential areas. Also it is a hazardous operation of relocation and therefore a proper HAZOP study (& risk analysis) has to be conducted preconstruction period for any kind of handling of this issue in concurrence with Maharashtra Gas Ltd. The similar study has to be conducted for water supply and High Tension lines with the concurrence with MCGM and MAHAGENCO respectively.

4.4.1.4 Socio-Economic Impact As such many families found to be affected due to land acquisition for the proposed Mumbai metro project. Additionally some shopowners are also getting affected. These are also getting affected and shall be compensataed as per Act 30 of 2013 and for resettlement and rehabilitation policy for Mumbai Urban Transport Project (MUTP). The issue of resettlement and rehabilitation of PAPs has been given separately in Social Impact Assessment Report. There would be an effort to restore their socio-economic status by resettling and rehabilitating them.

4.4.1.5 Impact on Historical places There is no historical monument having any archeological value in the vicinity of the proposed alignment. Thus on this aspect there would be no impact.

4.4.2 PROJECT DESIGN RELATED IMPACTS Considered impacts, due to project designs are:  Lighting,  Risk Due to Earthquake.  Project Affected People (PAPs)

4.4.2.1 Lighting The platforms, concourse, staircase and escalator areas both for elevated stations will have adequate and uniform fluorescent lighting to provide pleasant and cheerful environment. It is proposed to adopt the norms prevailing in Metro for illumination. It is pertinent to note that care has been taken at design stage itself to avoid too much illuminating the stations which could attract birds during night. Maximum illumination level proposed is 200Lux which provides normal lighting.

137 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

4.4.2.2 Earthquake The project area lies in Zone III of Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) Seismic Zoning Map (Fig. 3.1 of Chapter-3). Seismic factor proposed by India Meteorological Department (IMD) for the purpose of design of Civil Engineering structures shall be incorporated suitably while designing the structures.

4.4.2.3 Project Affected People (PAPs) There will be acquisition of private land and property in this project hence there are many PAPs as a result of the project activity. Detailed socio-economic assessment has been made for PAPs in Social Impact Assessment.

4.4.3 PROJECT CONSTRUCTION RELATED IMPACTS Although environmental hazards related to construction works are mostly of temporary nature. Appropriate measures should be included in the work plan and budgeted for. The most likely negative impacts related to the construction works are:  Soil erosion, water pollution and health risk at construction site,  Traffic diversion and risk to existing building,  Excavated soil disposal,  Air Pollution due to Dust Generation,  Increased water demand,  Impact due to Supply of Construction Material,  Generation of Construction and Demolition Waste,  Impacts due to casting yard & batching plant,  Noise Pollution  Loss of Historical and Cultural Monuments  Impacts due to labour camps

4.4.3.1 Soil Erosion, water pollution and health risk at construction site Every care has to be taken to avoid damage to the top soil (more specific) project from median, site top soil. It has to be preserved and utilized. Problems could arise from dumping of construction spoils (Concrete, bricks) waste materials (from contractor camps) etc causing surface and ground water pollution. However, it is proposed to have mix concrete directly from batching plant for use at site. Health risks include disease hazards due to lack of sanitation facilities in labour camps (water supply and human waste disposal) and insect vector disease hazards of local workers and disease hazards to the local population. Mitigation measures should include proper water supply, sanitation, drainage, health care and human waste disposal facilities. In addition to these, efforts need to be made to avoid water spills, adopt disease control measures and employment of local labour. Problems could arise due to difference in customs of workers from outside and local residents. These risks could be reduced by providing adequate facilities in worker’s camps, raising awareness amongst workers and by employment of preferably local labour.

138 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

4.4.3.2 Traffic diversion & risk to existing buildings During construction period, complete/partial traffic diversions on road will be required, as most of the construction activities are on the part of western express highway and service road. Traffic would not get affected on the HIghway but on service roads, rather than completely blocking the roads it will be advisable to make the service roads as one way to allow for operation of traffic together with construction activities. Advance traffic updates/ information on communication systems will be an advantage to users of affected roads. The rail corridor does not pose any serious risk to existing buildings since there is safe distance between buildings and proposed corridor except at a few shops the alignment is passing over the temporary shops. Here special care has to be taken for safety of the structures during construction when they will be shifted for short duration.

4.4.3.3 Excavated Soil Disposal The proposed alignment is elevated and thus the excavation would be limited to piers and their piling. The soil would be used for refilling at station site. If there would be some residual soil. Responsibility of disposal of this soil will lies with contractor and will be regulated by MCGM. Some Bentonite muck would also be generated in the project. Disposal of Bentonite would be at designated land fill site.

4.4.3.4 Air pollution due to Dust Emmission During construction phase incremental air quality levels (Suspended Particulate Matter) will be observed as per the routine experience during any such construction activity.

Transportation of earth and establishment of the material will involve use of heavy machinery like compactors, rollers, water tankers, and dumpers. This activity is machinery intensive resulting in dust generation. However, this activity will be only short-term. Protective measures shall be undertaken during construction phase. Movement of trucks and other heavy equipments at construction site would generate dust during construction phase. With the development of the activity the major issues related with ambient air quality will be the construction activity including access roads, movements of construction vehicles and whereas post-construction activity will have movement of vehicular traffic. All the measure will be taken to avoid any deviations in the air quality by adopting scientific methods, which includes mandatory EURO II certification to construction vehicles, dust entrapment, water sprinkling, etc. (ensure the contractor) Emission from above sources will have temporary but not significant impact on air quality.

Deterioration in ambient air quality during construction stage is expected to occur due to the transportation of material required for construction, various construction activities, vehicular emissions etc. But it will be kept below existing background levels.

139 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

4.4.3.5 Increased Water Demand The water demand will increase during construction phase for meeting out drinking and domestic water requirement of workers. Sufficient water for construction purpose would be made available by MCGM as it is responsible for water supply in Mumbai. Water requirement for construction of Metro will be met through the public supply. It is suggested to use treated STP water for the purpose of Construction. Proper care shall be taken while drawing water from public facilities to avoid any negative impact on the residents living in the vicinity of project whose water demand is, in any case, met by Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai supplied water.

4.4.3.6 Impact due to supply of Construction Material Metro construction is a material intensive activity. Huge quantity of different construction materials will be required for construction of metro corridor. These shall be sourced from the nearest source. Quarry operations are independently regulated activities and outside the purview of the project proponent. It is nonetheless, appropriate to give consideration to the environmental implications in selection of quarry sources since poorly run operations create dust problems, contribute noise pollution, ignore safety of their employees, or cause the loss of natural resources. So, the construction material shall be sourced only from legalized and approved quarries.

4.4.3.7 Generation of Construction and Demolition Waste (Debris) waste Construction and demolition (C&D) debris is defined as that part of the solid waste stream that results from land clearing and excavation, and the construction, demolition, remodeling and repair of structures, roads and utilities. C&D waste includes concrete, stones and dirt generated during excavation (sometimes collectively referred to as "fill material" or rubble). C& D Waste may be generated from Pile caps, residual cement bags, residual steel scrap, excess construction material stacked at site etc. It is a waste stream that is separate and distinct from residential and commercial waste, commonly called municipal solid waste (msw). The C& D waste would be handled and disposed off to C&D waste processing facility or for back filling of low lying areas, leaving no significant impact on environment.

4.4.3.8 Impact due to Casting Yard and Batching Plant During construction phase there would be establishment and operation of Batching Plant and Casting Yard which would be located in an area designated and allotted by MMRDA away from habitation. There would be requirement to get NOC (Consent to establish) and Consent to operate under water and air Acts from Maharashtra Pollution Control Board. Simultaneously, there would be requirement to get the authorization for storage and handling of hazardous chemicals to store and handle used oils and other such materials. The Application forms for seeking Consent to establish; Consent to operate and Authorization for storage of Hazardous chemicals are available from the office of Maharashtra Pollution Control Board at Mumbai.

140 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

There would be significant movement of men, material and machinery in batching plant and casting yard. It is expected that both batching and casting yard would be located at same complex. Huge quantity of Cement, aggragetes and other construction materials would be used in batching plant and casting yard. There would be generation of dust, noise, flue gases and other contaminants from the working of heavy machinery for handling and transporting the construction materials. The mitigation measures have been elaborated in EMP

4.4.3.9 Noise Pollution The noise pollution will be generated by construction activities, mainly due to digging, piling etc. and also due to the construction equipments if they are not in maintained condition. Also during such activities if existing vehicular traffic is not properly diverted then congestion and then continuous honking habits will also lead to incremental noise levels which are of indirect nature. This will also pave way for vehicular air pollution which is also to be minimized effectively. The Metro construction is equipment intensive.

Noise due to operation of construction equipments The major sources of noise during construction phase are due to operation of various construction equipments. The noise levels generated by various construction equipments are given in Table 4.2.

TABLE 4.2: AVERAGE NOISE LEVELS GENERATED BY THE OPERATION OF VARIOUS CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENTS

Equipment Noise level (dB(A)) Floating pontoon with mixer machine and crane 70 Winch machine 80 Transit mixer 75 Dumpers 75 Generators 85 Batching plant 90 Dredger 85 Booster pumps 85 Under the worst case scenario, considered for prediction of noise levels during construction phase, it has been assumed that equipment required during construction phase is operating at a common point. Likewise, to predict the worst case scenario, attenuation due to various factors too has not been considered during noise modeling. Modeling studies were conducted to assess the increase in noise level due to operation of various construction equipments, and the results of this exercise are given in Table 5.4.It would be worthwhile to mention here that in absence of the data on actual location of various construction equipments, all the equipment have been assumed to operate at a common point. This assumption leads to over-estimation of the increase in noise levels. Also, it is a known fact that there is a reduction in noise level as the sound 141 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

wave passes through a barrier. Walls of various houses or other structure will attenuate at least 30 dB (A) of noise. In addition there is noise attenuation due to the following factors.  Air absorption  Rain  Atmospheric in-homogeneities  Vegetal cover Thus, no increases in noise levels are anticipated as a result of various activities, during the project construction phase due to the following:  Assumption that all equipment are operating from a common point leads to over- estimation of increase in noise level  Attenuation of 30 dB(A) of noise by wall of any structure  Noise attenuation due to various factors.

Noise due to increased vehicular movement During construction phase, there will be significant increase in vehicular movement for transportation of construction material. At present, there is no vehicular movement near the barrage site. During construction phase, the increase in vehicular movement is expected to increase up to a maximum of 5 to 6 trucks/hour.

TABLE 4.3: INCREASE IN NOISE LEVELS DUE TO INCREASED VEHICULAR MOVEMENT Ambient noise level dB Increase in noise level due to increased Distance (m) (A) vehicular movement dB (A) 10 36 72 20 36 67 50 36 61 100 36 57 200 36 52 500 36 46 1000 36 42

As mentioned earlier, there will be significant attenuation due to various factors, e.g. absorption by construction material, air absorption, atmospheric inhomogeneties, and vegetal cover. Thus, no significant impact on this account is anticipated. Appropriate measures have been suggested as a part of Environmental Management Plan (EMP) report to minimize impacts on wildlife.

Noise generated due to drilling The noise levels monitored at a 10 m distance from the source and operator’s cabin is given in the Table 4.4.

142 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

TABLE 4.4: NOISE GENERATED DUE TO DRILLING Equipment Noise level at source dB (A) Standing idle (inside cabin) 70-72 Standing idle (10 m radius) 72-74 On load (inside cabin) 78-80 On load (10 m radius) 82-84 The noise levels during various construction activities have been compared to various standards prescribed by Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), which are being implemented in our country through rules framed under Factories Act. For 8 hour duration, equivalent noise level exposure should be less than 90 dB (A).

Impacts of noise on labour The effect of high noise levels on the operating personnel has to be considered as this may be particularly harmful. It is known that continuous exposures to high noise levels above 90 dB(A) affects the hearing acuity of the workers/operators and hence, should be avoided. To prevent these effects, it has been recommended by Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) that the exposure period of affected persons is limited (Table 4.5).

TABLE 4.5: MAXIMUM EXPOSURE PERIODS SPECIFIED BY OSHA Maximum equivalent continuous Unprotected exposure period per day for 8 Noise level dB(A) hrs/day and 5 days/week 90 8 95 4 100 2 105 1 110 ½ 115 ¼ 120 No exposure permitted at or above this level

4.4.3.10 Loss of Historical and Cultural Monuments No historical/ cultural monuments will be lost as a result of the proposed development.

4.4.3.11 Impact due to Labour camp

During the progress of the work, the construction contractors work activities provides the erection and to maintain the necessary (temporary) living habitats and allied facilities for the workforce up to their living standards and scales up to be approved by the MMRDA. In case, the camps are not properly facilitator in line to above, will be resulted in the accumulation of solid waste, creation of unhygienic conditions due to water stagnation, surface water pollution owing to discharge of bathing and washing activities.

143 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

4.4.4 IMPACTS DUE TO PROJECT OPERATION Along with many positive impacts, the project may cause the following negative impacts during operation of the project due to the increase in the number of passengers and trains at the stations:  Noise pollution,  Water supply and sanitation at Stations,  Solid waste generation at station,

4.4.4.1 Noise Pollution Operation phase is extremely important from two important environmental issues viz. noise levels and vibration levels. The noise will be generated due to friction of the rolling stocks on the tracks which will generate incremental noise levels. The major noise level generating activities includes 1. Approach and breaking of rolling stocks 2. Rolling stock leaving from station, 3. During its travel between two stations and 4. Announcements on the Metro station. These noise generations for all above activities have been recorded from past experience from existing Metros in India as well as project authorities. The following data includes various noise levels in above activities. During the operation phase the main source of noise will be from running of metro trains. Noise radiated from train operations and track structures generally constitute the major noise sources. Airborne noise is radiated from elevated structures. The noise level at 2 m distance from the rail alignment is about 73 dB(A). The noise level reduces with distance logarithmically. Refer Tables 4.6 and 4.7.

TABLE 4.6: EXTERIOR NOISE LEVELS IN METRO STATIONS

Sr. No DESCRIPTION AVERAGE NOISE LEVELS (dB)A Elevated tracks 1 Background Noise Level 64.0± 1.5 2 Train entering the PF (Max) 84.0± 1.5 3 Train leaving the PF (Max) 84.0± 0.5 4 Train stopping in PF 79.0± 0.0 5 Train stationary in PF 76.0± 0.5 6 Train starting from PF 78.5± 1.0 7 Train braking 86.0± 0.0 8 Announcement 74.0± 0.5 Overall 76.0± 7.0

TABLE 4.7: INTERIOR NOISE LEVELS IN METRO TRAINS

Sr. No DESCRIPTION AVERAGE NOISE LEVELS (dB)A Elevated tracks 1 Train stationary 62.0± 1.0 2 Train starting 62.0± 1.0 3 Train motoring 70.0± 2.5 4 Train coasting 72.0± 2.0 5 Train at max. speed 78.0± 1.0 6 Train decelerating 69.0± 0.5

144 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

7 Train stopping 64.4± 1.0 8 Train braking 74.5± 1.0 9 W/R Noise 75.0± 1.5 10 Door operations (max.) - Overall 69.0± 5.0

4.4.4.2 Water supply and Sanitation Requirements at Stations Public facilities such as water supply, sanitation and wash rooms are very much needed at the stations. The water requirement for stations would be for drinking, toilets, cleaning and also for other purpose like AC. Water Demand as per existing Metro corridors is calculated and presented in Table 4.8. It is assumed that there would be similar water requirements in Mumbai Metro as well. Raw water should be treated and brought to national drinking water standards, before used for consumption. In addition, water will be required for contractor’s camps during construction. The water requirement for the stations will be met through the public water supply system or purpose built tubewells after taking necessary approvals from CGWA. However, as an environmental conservation measure, rainwater harvesting structure will also be constructed at stations and along the via-duct.

TABLE 4.8: WATER REQUIREMENT AT STATIONS Sr. Particular Water Demand for each station No. KLD 1 At Stations for Drinking Purpose 6 2 In Elevated stations for AC, cleaning, chiller 17 and other purposes Total 23

Thus there would be total water requirement of 322 KLD in 14 stations out of which 274KLD of waste water will be generate. However, arrangement of water will have to be made at each station separately with proper drainage system for waste water.

4.4.4.3 Solid Waste Generation at Stations The collection and removal of refuse from stations in a sanitary manner is of great importance for effective vector control, nuisance abatement, aesthetic improvement and fire protection. The refuse from station includes;  Garbage,  MSW (Municipal Solid Waste)  Floor Sweepings As per the available data from Delhi Metro Phase I and II, the solid waste generation is about 0.8 – 1.2 cum/day at elevated stations. At elevated stations, the solid waste generation is more due to airborne particulates. Thus about 14 to 20 cum of solid waste will be generated from fourteen stations of this corridor of Mumbai metro. The maintenance of adequate sanitary facilities for temporarily storing refuse on the premises is considered a responsibility of the project authorities. The storage containers for this purpose need to be designed. However it is suggested that the

145 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

capacity of these containers should not exceed 50 litres and these should be equipped with side handles to facilitate handling. To avoid odour and the accumulation of fly- supporting materials, garbage containers should be washed at frequent intervals.

4.4.5 IMPACTS DUE TO DEPOT

One depot is proposed at Dahisar. There will have following facilities:  Washing Lines,  Operation and Maintenance Lines,  Workshop, and  Offices. These facilities will could generate water and noise issues. The area may have to be filled up. Problems anticipated at sites are:  Oil Spills,  Noise Pollution  Loss of trees  Water Requirement,  Sewage and effluent generation  Solid and Hazardous waste  Surface drainage.

4.4.5.1 Oil spills Oil spillage during change of lubricants, cleaning and repair processes, in the maintenance cum workshop for maintenance of rolling stock, is very common. The spilled oil should be trapped in oil and grease trap. The collected oil would be disposed off to authorised collectors, so as to avoid any underground/ surface water contamination.

4.4.5.2 Noise Pollution The main source of noise is the operation of workshop. The roughness of the contact surfaces of rail and wheels and train speed are the factors which influence the magnitude of rail - wheel noise. The vibration of concrete structures also radiates noise. Due to less activity, no impact on the ambient noise is anticipated.

4.4.5.3 Loss of trees As the trees are coming in the building structure, the trees will be cut and compensatory plantation will be done accordingly.

4.4.5.4 Water Requirement Water supply will be required for different purposes in the . The water requirement for drinking will be 500 litre per day and 1,00,000 litre per day for other requirements (Departments and Contractors office).

146 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

4.4.5.5 Sewage & Effluent Generation Waste Water generated in the , where cleaning, servicing, repair, painting etc. will be done is likely to be contaminated with Oil, Grease, Paint, Suspended Solids etc. This water will have to be either treated at the site as per the Maharashtra Pollution Control Board (MPCB) norms or transported to MPCB approved Hazardous Waste Management Facilities following all the procedures given in the Environment Protection Rules of Government of India. Proper records should be maintained for generation, treatment, quality assurance and disposal of waste water.

4.4.5.6 Solid and Hazardous Waste At per available data, it is estimated that about 2 Ton per month of solid waste will be generated from the site which will be taken by the cleaning contractor weekly and disposed to the Municipal waste disposal sites.

Sludge of the order of 250 kg/year is expected to be generated from the ETP/STP that will be stored in leak proof containers and disposed off as per State Pollution Control Board site.

Oil and grease of the order of 2652 litres/ year will be produced from the which will be disposed off through approved re-cyclers. About 2.5 ton/month of iron turning of the PWL for the wheel profiling will be generated from the .

4.4.5.7 Surface drainage

Due to the filling of the low-lying area for the construction of depot, the peripheral drainage pattern will change. Suitable permanent drainage systems will be adopted to drain out so that the stagnation of water will be nullified and the surrounding area will be neat and tied.

4.5 POSITIVE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS Based on project particulars and existing environmental conditions, potential impacts that are likely to result from the proposed Mumbai metro corridors development have been identified and wherever possible these have been quantified. This chapter deals with the positive impacts of the project. The introduction of the corridor will also yield benefits from non-tangible parameters such as saving due to equivalent reduction in road construction and maintenance, vehicle operating costs, less atmospheric air pollution and socio-economic benefits of travel time, better accessibility, better comfort and quality of life. However, all benefits cannot be evaluated in financial terms due to non-availability of universally accepted norms. The parameters such as economic growth, improvement in quality of life, reduction in public health problems due to reduction in pollution, etc have not been quantified. Various positive impacts have been listed under the following headings:  Aesthetic enhancement  Increasesd Employment Opportunities;

147 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

 Enhancement of Economy;  Mobility, Safety and reduced accidents;  Traffic Congestion Reduction;  Reduced Fuel Consumption;  Reduction in Buses/ Auto rickshaws/Taxis  Reduced Air Pollution;  Carbon Credits  Improvement of Quality of Life

4.5.1 Aesthetic enhancement The introduction of MRTS implies a change in streets through which it will operate. An architecturally well designed elevated section can be pleasing to the eyes of beholders. Recent MRTS projects have attempted to incorporate this objective in their designs. Since a low profile would cause the least intrusion, the basic elevated section has been optimised at this stage itself.

4.5.2 Increased Employment Opportunities The project is likely to be completed in a period of about 4 years. During this period manpower will be needed to take part in various activities. About 1200 persons are likely to work during peak period of activity. In operation phase of the project about 35 persons per kilo meter length of the corridor, ie (approx. 560 persons) will be employed for operation and maintenance of the proposed system in shifts. Thus the project would provide substantial direct employment. Besides, more people would be indirectly employed in allied activities and trades.

4.5.3 Enhancement of Economy The proposed transport facility of MMRDA will facilitate sub-urban population to move quickly. With the development of Andheri- Dahisar corridor, it is likely that more people will be involved in trade, commerce and allied services. MMRDA will, however, make it convenient for more people to move in the present suburban areas.

4.5.4 Mobility Safety and Reduced Accidents The metro network increases the mobility of people at faster rate. The proposed corridor will provide more people connectivity to other parts of the city. Metro journey is safe and result n reduced accidents on roads.

4.5.5 Traffic Congestion Reduction To meet the forecast transport demand in the year 2026, it is estimated that the number of buses will have to be more. During this period personalised vehicles may also grow. Together, they will compound the existing problems of congestion and delay. The proposed development will reduce journey time and hence congestion and delay. The substitution of 528690 persons on Andheri East- Dahisar metro corridor of Mumbai metro for an average trip length of 6.5 Km may reduce about 132172 Petrol Car Equivalent (PCE) units assuming a switchover of 4 Person per PCE. The Asian 148 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

Development Bank's "Transport Emissions Model" for the National Environment Commission has been used to predict/calculate the fuel consumption as well as the emissions of the harmful pollutants into the environment.

4.5.6 Reduced Fuel Consumption On implementation of the project, it is estimated that both petrol and diesel consumption will get reduced. The saving will be due to two factors namely Reduction in vehicles and decongestion on roads. On the basis of assumption of 132172 vehicle for 6.58 Km (Average trip length for the corridor in 2026) at the speed of 30 KM/hr, the daily reduction in fuel consumption would be approximately 62367 litre Petrol and 12281litre Diesel.

4.5.7 Reduction in Buses/ Auto rickshaws/Taxis At present the various modes coming to Metro Stations comprise of State Transport buses, Mini buses, Auto-rickshaws, Private cars, Two Wheelers and Bi-cycles. These can be classified in three groups of transport modes namely Public, IPT and Private. In public transport group there are Mini Buses (20 Seaters), and large buses of State Transport (50 Seaters) and Charted Buses hired by Schools and private offices. Generally the public transport in Mumbai comprises of the buses which are operated by the Transport Corporation. Auto-rickshaws are also an important part of public transports at Mumbai. After bus, it is these auto rickshaws which are the most important modes of public transport in Mumbai even though they are little expensive. Auto rickshaws are Intermediate Public Transport (IPT) Modes. Another public transport at Mumbai which can be ranked third among all is the cabs or taxis that run on the streets of Mumbai. After completion of Metro phase VII the efficient mode of travel will be made available to the commuters. This will reduce the number of buses, autos and taxis from the route.

4.5.8 Reduced Air Pollution Based on available data and assumptions, an attempt has been made to model the air quality scenario for future using Asian Devlopment Bank's "Transport Emissions Model". On the basis of above referred assumptions, daily reduction in pollutants would be as given below:

1 CO 5451.879 Kg

2 CO2 170973.967Kg 3 NOx 695.498 Kg 4 VOC 663.202 Kg 5 Particulates 13.882 Kg

6 SO2 21.254 Kg

149 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

4.5.9 Carbon Credits Due to savings in fuel and reduction in airpollution etc carbon credit would be generated during operation of the metro rail similar to the experience with Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. Details have been attached as follows:

Carbon Credit and Green House Gases (Climate Change Scenario In India): Delhi and Mumbai are among India’s largest metropolises and are also growing very fast. Delhi had a population of approximately nine million in 1991, which has since grown to approximately 18 million and is expected to grow further to 22 million by 2021(Government of Delhi 2010). Mumbai, over the same period, has grown from approximately 12 million to 20 million. On the other hand, the distinct topographical situations of Delhi and Mumbai present differences in the way climate change is perceived in the two cities. Mumbai, being a coastal city, has certain specific concerns such as the effects of sea-level rise. The rainfall pattern of the city, when seen in conjunction with its island terrain, suggests that soil erosion, landslides and flooding are likely to intensify. By contrast, Delhi, a land-locked city, is confronted by issues such as heat-island effect, dwindling water resources, waste generation and growing demands for more energy through fuels and electricity. Being an exploratory exercise, this study chose to cast its net wide, even if a bit thinly, attempting to understand the salience of climate change through diverse voices, namely, government officials, experts, scholars, activists, non-governmental organizations (NGO), journalists, green consultants and, in Mumbai, the especially vulnerable community of fisherfolk.

In the urban Indian context, the climate change conundrum gets further complicated by relative priorities around mitigation and adaptation, the former geared towards reducing the emission of GHGs while the latter is largely about increasing the resilience against the impacts of climate change. The initial simplicity of the meanings of these two terms also extends to their interrelation. Adaptation can only remain meaningful if mitigation is worked upon robustly. Beyond this broad understanding about their meanings and relation to each other, both the terms acquire much more complexities. According to UN-Habitat (2011) mitigation is the implementation of policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (through reducing resource inputs and emissions per unit of output) and to enhance carbon sinks. To date, responses have been concentrated in five sectors:  Urban Built Environment and Design, e.g. land-use planning, regeneration, increased density to reduce mobility demand, and promote walking and cycling;  The Built Environment, e.g. energy efficient materials and design, retrofitting, energy demand reduction;  Transport, e.g. mass transportation, energy/fuel efficient electric cars;  Urban Infrastructure, e.g. renewable and low carbon energy supplies, waste recycling;  Carbon Sequestration, e.g. tree planting, carbon capture and storage. Adaptation, initiatives and measures to reduce the vulnerability of natural and human systems against actual or expected climate change effects, is described in the following key sectors: 150 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

 Infrastructure and Settlements, e.g. drainage, storm surge barriers, wetland protection;  Water Management, e.g. storage and conservation due to expected shortage of clean water;  Transport, e.g. improved design and safety standards;  Energy, e.g. infrastructure strengthening, source diversification.

GHG emission in Indian Metro Rail: India has a large potential to earn carbon credits. India is currently the fourth largest GHG emitter in the world, although its per capita emissions are less than half of the world's average. India has generated 1,77,360,206 CER's through CDM till 2014 and India stands second in the world in terms of CDM projects registered and issuance of CER's next to China. Delhi Metro Rail corporation has become first ever railway project in the world to claim carbon credits because of using regenerative braking in its rolling stock. DMRC reduces 30% electricity consumption with regenerative braking system in its trains.

DMRC claimed 4,00,000 CERs for a 10 year crediting period starting December, 2007 when the project was registered by the UNFCCC. This converts to 1.2 crore per year for 10 years. DMRC has also been certified in June, 2011 by the United Nations body as the first Metro Rail and Rail based system in the world to get carbon credits for reducing GHG emissions as it has helped to reduce pollution levels in the city by 4.5 lakh tons every year, thus helping in reducing global warming. DMRC so far has helped in removing more than 91 thousand vehicles from the roads of Delhi on daily basis. Accordingly DMRC’s second CDM project has been developed, based on the shift of public travels in cars / buses and other means of road transport to the metro trains.Further, in Phase-III, lifts and escalators designed with regenerative braking are proposed so as to use the data for claiming carbon credits.

GHG Scenario for Metro VII Phase Mumbai: Sources of emission of GHG during the construction phase: 1. Direct sources: a) Material transportation vehicle b) Worker transportation vehicle c) Machineries used for construction 2. Indirect sources: a) Temporary traffic congestion (if any)

Sources of emission of GHG during the Operation phase: 1. Direct sources: a) Air conditioner used in the rolling stock

No fossil fuel is used for the operation of the Metro Railway, therefore the project will not cause any Green House Gas Emission and Carbon Foot Print in the region. Emission of heat from the engine and the Air conditioning system is not high enough to cause any significant rise in ambient temperature. 151 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

As no combustion of any fuel is done normally (except during any failure of supply of power from the grid when Diesel generator will be started to mitigate emergency), no gaseous pollutant is likely to be emitted due to the operation of electrically operated Metro Railway.

‘No Project Option’ will be extremely adverse as far as Air Pollution, Noise Pollution and Dust Pollution are concerned. Capacity of the road transport that will have to be added to match the capacity of the Metro Rail will cause a manifold increase in Air Pollution, which would not be acceptable for the inhabitants of the Metropolis. Machinery used for pile foundation and the cranes used for lifting and erecting the components will be operated with fossil fuels and emission of some combustion products emitted by these machine is likely to cause some temporary Air Pollution. A minor increase in NO and CO is expected around the area of the construction which gets shifted progressively as the construction progresses. Compared to the load of pollution caused by the road transport and other human activities in the region, this temporary source of pollution is not significant. As such this pollution is restricted to the construction time only and not during the regular operation and hence it may be accepted in the larger interest of Infrastructure Development. Based on available data and assumptions, an attempt has been made to model the air quality scenario for future using Asian Devlopment Bank's "Transport Emissions Model". Daily reduction in pollutants would be as given below: CO : 5451.879 Kg

CO2 : 170973.967Kg NOx : 695.498 Kg VOC : 663.202 Kg Particulates : 13.882 Kg

SO2 : 21.254 Kg

Carbon Credit

Each Carbon Credit represents one ton of CO2 either removed from atmosphere or saved from being emitted.

Kyoto Protocol International concern about the climate change has led to the kyoto protocol, negotiated in 1997 and came into force on 16th February, 2005. It contains legally binding emission targets for developed countries to limit or reduce greenhouse gas emission. It is an international agreement to curtail emission of green house gases (GHGs) which is responsible for global warming. Green house gas in atmosphere absorbs and emits radiations within the thermal infrared range. The 6 greenhouse gases are responsible: Carbon-di-Oxide (CO2), Methan (CH4), Nitrous Oxide (N2O), Hydrofluoro Carbons (HFCs), Per Fluoro Carbons (PFCs) and Sulphur Hexa fluoride (SFI6). The objective of the protocol was the stabilization of GHG concentration in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system.

152 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

Carbon market is the brain child of the Kyoto protocol for controlling GHG emissions. The protocol agreed ‘caps’ or quotas on the maximum amount of GHG for developed and developing countries. The protocol makes it mandatory for the commercial entities emitting above the permitted limit of Carbon dioxide to cut down their emissions to prescribed levels or they should buy carbon credits certificates which can be transacted in the market, or alternatively pay a charge for the emissions, which is referred to as carbon tax.

The Global Warming Potential (GWP) The Global Warming Potential (GWP) was developed to allow comparisons of the global warming impacts of different gases. It is a measure of how much energy the emissions of one ton of a gas will absorb over a given period of time, relative to the emissions of one ton of carbon dioxide. The larger the GWP, the more that a given gas warms the Earth compared to carbon dioxide over that time period. The time period

usually used for GWPs is 100 years. Carbon dioxide (CO2), by definition, has a GWP of 1 regardless of the time period used, because it is the gas being used as the reference.

Methane (CH4) is estimated to have a GWP of 28-36 over 100 years. Nitrous Oxide (N2O) has a GWP 265-298 times that of CO2 for a 100-year timescale. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), hydrochlorofluorocarbons

(HCFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) are sometimes called high-GWP gases because, for a given amount of mass, they trap substantially more heat

than CO2. GWP for GHG reduced during operation of Metro are given below.

GHG Reduced Amount (Kg) Reduced GWP

CO2 170973.967 170973.967

NOx 695.498 207258.404

As mentioned earlier Each Carbon Credit represents one ton of CO2 either removed from atmosphere or saved from being emitted. By considering the above table, total carbon credits can be earned by the Metro Line-7 project are 171.66 (based on the reduced amount)

CO2 emission on the WEH

Fuel consumption CO2 Emissions CO2 Emissions Vehicle WEH PCU per PCU-Km Kg/PCU-Km For WEH Two Wheeler 38793 19396.5 775.86 1874.47776 337406 Auto Rickshaw 33349 33349 1033.819 2497.706704 449587.2 Taxi 7451 7451 230.981 558.050096 100449 Car 53694 53694 5369.4 12972.4704 2335045 Mini Bus 1095 1642.5 131.4 339.2748 61069.46 BEST Bus 1401 4203 390.879 1009.249578 181664.9 Other Bus 1254 3762 349.866 903.354012 162603.7 Goods Fast 16443 49329 4094.307 10571.50067 1902870 Total Vehicles 153480 172827 12376.512 5530695 553069.5

153 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

CO2 emission Reduction on the WEH due to operation of Metro

Fuel consumption CO2 Emissions CO2 Emissions SL-4-6 PCU per PCU-Km Kg/PCU-Km For WEH Two Wheeler 6788.775 271.551 656.067216 118092.1 Auto Rickshaw 11672.15 361.83665 874.1973464 157355.5 Taxi 2607.85 260.785 630.05656 113410.2 Car 18792.9 1879.29 4540.36464 817265.6 Mini Bus 574.875 45.99 118.74618 21374.31 BEST Bus 1471.05 136.80765 353.2373523 63582.72 Other Bus 1316.7 122.4531 316.1739042 56911.3 Goods Fast 17265.15 1433.00745 3700.025236 666004.5 60489.45 4511.72085 2013996 201399.6

It is estimated that after commissioning of metro there will be 30-35% reduction in the vehicular traffic. Hence there will be reduction in traffic which will be 60489.45 PCUs. According to the reduced traffic reduced emission will be 201399.6 kg. The vehicular

traffic study will provide the detailed scenario for emission of CO2 and GHG. Hence it is recommended to proponent to carry out detailed Traffic survey.

4.5.10 Improvement of Quality of Life Development of Metro rail in the city would lead to overall improvement of quality of life of local populace by virtue of availability of better transport facility at competitive rates, better road safety, reduced pollution, improved general health etc.

4.6. EVALUATION OF IMPACTS The Environment impact of the project has been discussed in this chapter and the potential of the impact is mainly under the construction and operational phase. The type and magnitude of the impact is entirely site specific. The following standards are devised for the project under consideration to quantify the project impact.

0 = No Impact 1 = Negligible 2 = Mild 3 = Moderate 4 = Significant 5 = Severe

4.6.1 CHECKLIST OF IMPACTS The impact evaluation determines whether a project development alternative is in compliance with existing standards and regulations. It uses acceptable procedures and attempts to develop a numeric value for total environmental impact. A transformation of the review of multiple environmental objectives into a single value or a ranking or projects is the final step in impact assessment. There are about hundred methods for carrying out impact assessment, which can be grouped into the following categories:  Ad-hoc method, 154 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

 Checklist,  Matrix,  Network,  Overlays,  Environmental Index and  Cost Benefit analysis.

Each of the methods is subjective in nature and none of these is applicable in every case. Of the 7 methods listed above, checklist has been used and presented. Checklist is a list of environmental parameters or impact indicators which encourages the environmentalist to consider and identify the potential impacts. A typical checklist identifying anticipated environmental impacts is shown in Table 4.9.

TABLE 4.9: CHECKLIST OF IMPACTS Sr. Negative No Positive Parameter No. Impact Impact Impact A. Impacts due to Project Location i. Displacement of People * ii. Change of Land use and Ecology * iii. Loss of Cultural and Religious Structures * iv. Socio-economic Impacts * v. Loss of Trees * vi. Drainage & Utilities Problems * B. Impact due to Project Design i. Platforms - Inlets and Outlets * ii. Ventilation and Lighting * iii. Station Refuse * iv. Risk due to Earthquakes * C. Impact due to Project Construction i. Top Soil Erosion, Pollution and Health risk * ii. Traffic Diversions and * iii. Risk to Existing Buildings * iv. Problems of Soil Disposal and Seepage Risk * v. Dust Generation * vi. Increased Water Demand * vii. Supply of Construction Material * viii. Construction and Demolition Waste * ix. Batching Plant and Casting Yard * x. Noise * D. Impact due to Project Operation i. Oil Pollution * ii. Noise * iii. Water supply and sanitation * 155 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

Sr. Negative No Positive Parameter No. Impact Impact Impact iv. Pedestrian Issues * v. Visual Impacts * vi. Station Illumination * vii. Employment Opportunities * viii. Enhancement of Economy * ix. Mobility * x. Safety and reduced accidents * xi. Traffic Congestion Reduction * xii. Reduced fuel Consumption * xiii. Reduction in Buses/ Auto rickshaws/Taxis * xiv. Reduced Air Pollution * xv. Carbon dioxide Reduction * xvi. Improvement of Quality of Life *

4.6.2 MATRIX PROCEDURE FOR IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND QUANTIFICATION The interactive matrix presented in Table 4.10 gives a brief but full-fledged quantification of environmental impact on the project alignment. This approach is important for carrying out Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) as it gives conceptual framework for the assessment of the environmental impact. From the above Matrix is we can see that there are going to positive as well as few negative impacts due to the project. The scale of these impacts for the said project is as N3

Each of the negative impacts on the environment requires consideration of mitigate measures. An attempt has been made to indicate the required mitigate measures for each type of identified negative impact.

156 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

TABLE 4.10: MATRIX PROCEDURE FOR IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND QUANTIFICATION 1- Public Health 2- Ecology Positive effect : P 3- Water Bodies 4- Nature conservation Negative effect : 5- Tourism and recreation 6- Cultural values/Socio- N1 Nil to Negligible Eco values N2 Moderate 7- Environmental N3 Major Parameters (Air, Noise, Water, Public interest Soil, Biodiversity) 8- Employment generation (CP/OP) 9- Reduction in GHG PROJECT ACTIVITIES DURING CONSTRUCTION: Construction activities at Site N3 N2 N1 N1 N1 N1 N1 N2 P -- Rearrangement of Land use N3 N2 N1 N1 N1 N1 N1 N1 -- -- Open-site for construction N2 N1 N1 N1 N1 N1 N1 N1 -- -- material Transport of construction N2 N2 N1 N1 N1 N1 N1 N1 P -- material DURING OPERATION (Direct/ Indirect) Mainenance N2 N1 N1 N1 N1 N1 N1 N1 P P Spills N1 N1 N1 N1 N1 -- -- N1 -- -- WASTES DURING CONSTRUCTION Air N2 N2 N1 N1 N1 N1 N1 N2 -- P Water N1 N1 N2 N1 N1 N1 N1 N2 -- -- Solid Waste N1 N1 N2 N1 N1 N1 N1 N2 -- -- Noise N2 N1 N2 N1 N1 N1 N1 N2 -- -- RELATED DEVELOPMENTS Population growth -- N1 N1 -- -- P P N1 -- -- Employment P P -- -- N1 P P ------Industrial development ------(Ancillary) Trade /commerce ------

4.7 MITIGATION MEASURES This section deals with the Mitigative measures are suggested to minimize the likely negative impacts. An Environmental Management Plan is also suggested along with an estimate of Environmental Costs as an input for evaluation the economic feasibility of the project.

157 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

Each of the negative impact on the environment requires consideration of mitigative measures. Some of these measures require judicious application of road engineering design and construction methodology while others require special techniques. An attempt has been made to indicate the required mitigative measures for each type of identified negative impact. The main aim of mitigation measures is to protect and enhance the existing environment of the project. Mitigation measures have to be adopted during construction at all the construction sites including Batching Plant and Casting Yards on all the aspects. The mitigation measures to be adopted have been described under following heads:  Compensatory Afforestation,  Construction Material Management-storage and procurement  Labour Camp,  Energy Management  Hazardous Waste Management  Environmental Sanitation,  Utility Plan,  Air Pollution Control Measures,  Noise Control Measures,  Management of Constructiion & Demolition waste  Traffic Diversion/Management,  Soil Erosion Control,  Water Supply, Sanitation and Solid Waste management,  Rain water harvesting  Tree Protection  Management Plans for Depot

4.7.1 Compensatory Afforestation The objective of the afforestation program should be to develop natural areas in which ecological functions could be maintained on a sustainable basis. According to the study of Metro alighnment, it is found that about some of the trees are likely to be lost due to the project. Three saplings are to be planted for felling a single tree. Plantation program will be finalized in consultation with Forest Department and project proponent would provide the funds for compensatory afforestation as per government policy.

4.7.2 Construction Material Management – Storage and procurement The major construction material to be used for construction of the proposed corridor are coarse aggregates, cement, coarse sand, reinforcement steel, structural steel, water supply, drainage and sanitary fittings etc. The material will be loaded and unloaded by engaging labour at both the locations by the contractor. The duties of the contractor will include monitoring all aspects of construction activities, commencing with the storing, loading of construction materials and equipment in order to maintain the quality. During the construction period, the construction material storage site is to be regularly inspected for the presence of 158 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

uncontrolled construction waste. Close liaison with the MMRDA Officer and the head of the construction crew will be required to address any environmental issues and to set up procedures for mitigating impacts. The scheduling of material procurement and transport shall be linked with construction schedule of the project. The Contractor shall be responsible for management of such construction material during entire construction period of the project. Sufficient quantity of materials should be available before starting each activity. The contractor should test all the materials in the Government labs or Government approved labs in order to ensure the quality of materials before construction. This is also the responsibility of the contractor, which would be clearly mentioned in the contractor’s agreement. Care shall be taken to avoid spillage of material during construction. Procurement of material would be from environment friendly source. The materials shall be procured from nearest available source and shall be transported in coverd trucks. All the material would be stored in a manner to avoid multiple handling for use in construction activities.

4.7.3 Labour Camp The Contractor during the progress of work will provide, erect and maintain the necessary (temporary) living accommodation and ancillary facilities for labour to standards and scales approved by the MMRDA. All temporary accommodation must be constructed and maintained in such a fashion that uncontaminated water is available for drinking, cooking and washing. Safe drinking water should be provided to the dwellers of the construction camps. Adequate washing and bathing places shall be provided, and kept in clean and drained condition. Construction camps are the responsibility of the concerned contractors and these shall not be allowed in the construction areas but sited away. Adequate health care is to be provided for the work force. 1. Sanitation Facilities: Construction sites and camps shall be provided sanitary latrines and urinals. Sewerage drains should be provided for the flow of used water outside the camp. Drains and ditches should be treated with bleaching powder on a regular basis. The sewage system for the camp must be properly designed, built and operated so that no health hazard occurs and no pollution to the air, ground or adjacent watercourses takes place. Garbage bins must be provided in the camp and regularly emptied and the garbage disposed off in a hygienic manner 2. Shelter at Workplace: At every workplace, shelter shall be provided free of cost, separately for use of men and women labourers. Sheds shall be maintained in proper hygienic conditions. 3. First aid facilities: At every workplace, a readily available first-aid unit including an adequate supply of sterilized dressing materials and appliances shall be provided. Suitable transport shall be provided to facilitate taking injured and ill persons to the nearest hospital. 4. Day Crèche Facilities: At every construction site, provision of a day crèche shall be worked out so as to enable women to leave behind their children. At construction sites where 25 or more women are ordinarily employed, at least a hut shall be provided for use of children under the age of 6 years belonging to such women. Huts shall be

159 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

provided with suitable and sufficient openings for light and ventilation. Size of crèches shall vary according to the number of women workers employed.

4.7.4 Energy Management The contractor shall use and maintain equipment so as to conserve energy and shall be able to produce demonstrable evidence of the same upon MMRDA request. Measures to conserve energy include but not limited to the following:  Use of energy efficient motors and pumps,  Use of energy efficient lighting, which uses energy efficient luminaries,  Adequate and uniform illumination level at construction sites suitable for the task,  Proper size and length of cables and wires to match the rating of equipment,  Use of energy efficient air conditioner. The contractor shall design site offices maximum daylight and minimum heat gain. The rooms shall be well insulated to enhance the efficiency of air conditioners and the use of solar films on windows may be explored.

It is advised that all the stations designed will reduce burden on energy consumption. It is also advised to use LED light instead of conventional one, use of Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) elevators. It is further advised that the area beneath Metro railway Station should be as far as possible free from parking of rickshaw autos, cars etc alighting and boarding for commuters. If the road width below the station is extremely narrow then auto rickshaw wailing area should be away so as to avoid issues such as traffic congestions idling of engines, honking and microclimate issues.

4.7.5 Hazardous Waste Management The contractor shall identify the nature and quantity of hazardous waste generated as a result of his activities and shall file a ‘Request for Authorization’ with Maharashtra State Pollution Control Board along with a map showing the location of storage area. Outside the storage area, the contractor shall place a ‘display board’, which will display quantity and nature of hazardous waste, on date. Hazardous Waste needs to be stored in a secure place. It shall be the responsibility of the contractor to ensure that hazardous wastes are stored, based on the composition, in a manner suitable for handling, storage and transport. The labeling and packaging is required to be easily visible and be able to withstand physical conditions and climatic factors. The contractor shall approach only Authorized Recyclers for disposal of Hazardous Waste, under intimation to the MMRDA.

4.7.6 Environmental Sanitation Environmental sanitation also referred to as Housekeeping, is the act of keeping the working environment cleared of all unnecessary waste, thereby providing a first-line of defense against accidents and injuries. Contractor shall understand and accept that improper environmental sanitation is the primary hazard in any construction site and ensure that a high degree of environmental sanitation is always maintained. Environmental sanitation is the responsibility of all site personnel, and line management commitment shall be demonstrated by the continued efforts of supervising staff towards this activity.

160 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

General environmental sanitation shall be carried out by the contractor and at all times at Work Site, Construction, Batching Plant, Labour Camp, Stores, Offices and toilets/urinals. The contractor shall employ a special group of environmental sanitation personnel to carry out following activities:  Full height fence, barriers, barricades etc. shall be erected around the site in order to prevent the surrounding area from excavated soil, rubbish etc, which may cause inconvenience to and endanger the public. The barricade especially those exposed to public shall be aesthetically maintained by regular cleaning and painting as directed by the Employer. These shall be maintained in one line and level.  The structure dimension of the barricade, material and composition, its colour scheme, MMRDA logo and other details.  All stairways, passageways and gangways shall be maintained without any blockages or obstructions. All emergency exits passageways, exits fire doors, break-glass alarm points, fire-fighting equipment, first aid stations, and other emergency stations shall be kept clean, unobstructed and in good working order.  All surplus earth and debris are removed/disposed off from the working areas to officially designated dumpsites. Trucks carrying sand, earth and any pulverized materials etc. in order to avoid dust or odour impact shall be covered while moving.  No parking of trucks/trolleys, cranes and trailers etc. shall be allowed on roads, which may obstruct the traffic movement.  Roads shall be kept clear and materials like: pipes, steel, sand boulders, concrete, chips and brick etc. shall not be allowed on the roads to obstruct free movement of road traffic.  Water logging or bentonite spillage on roads shall not be allowed.  Proper and safe stacking of material are of paramount importance at yards, stores and such locations where material would be unloaded for future use. The storage area shall be well laid out with easy access and material stored / stacked in an orderly and safe manner.  Flammable chemicals / compressed gas cylinders shall be safely stored.  Unused/surplus cables, steel items and steel scrap lying scattered at different places within the working areas shall be removed to identified locations.  All wooden scrap, empty wooden cable drums and other combustible packing materials, shall be removed from work place to identified location(s).  Empty cement bags and other packaging material shall be properly stacked and removed.

4.7.7 Utility Plan The proposed Metro alignment runs along major arterial roads of the city, which serve Institutional, Commercial and Residential areas. A number of sub-surface, surface and overhead utility services, viz. sewers, water mains, storm water drains, telephone

161 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

cables, electrical transmission lines, electric poles, traffic signals etc. already exist along the proposed alignment. These utility services are essential and have to be maintained in working order during different stages of construction by temporary / permanent diversions or by supporting in position. As such, these may affect construction and project implementation time schedule /costs, for which necessary planning / action needs to be initiated in advance. Prior to the actual execution of work at site, detailed investigation of all utilities and location will be undertaken well in advance by making trench pit to avoid damage to any utility. While planning for diversion of underground utility services e.g. sewer lines, water pipe lines, cables etc., during construction of Metro alignment, the following guidelines could be adopted:  Utility services shall be kept operational during the entire construction period and after completion of project. All proposals should therefore, ensure their uninterrupted functioning.  The elevated viaduct does not pose any serious difficulty in negotiating the underground utility services, especially those running across the alignment. In such situation, the spanning arrangement of the viaduct may be suitably adjusted to ensure that no foundation need be constructed at the location, where utility is crossing the proposed Metro alignment. In case of utility services running along the alignment either below or at very close distance, the layout of piles in the foundations shall be suitably modified such that the utility service is either encased within the foundation piles or remains clear of them.

4.7.8 Air Pollution Control Measures During the construction period, the impact on air quality will be mainly due to increase

in PM10 along haul roads and emission from vehicles and construction machinery. Though the estimation of air quality during construction shows insignificant impact on ambient air quality, nevertheless certain mitigation measures which shall be adopted to reduce the air pollution are presented below:  The Contractor shall take all necessary precautions to minimise fugitive dust emissions from operations involving excavation, grading, and clearing of land and disposal of waste. He shall not allow emissions of fugitive dust from any transport, handling, construction or storage activity to remain visible in atmosphere beyond the property line of emission source for any prolonged period of time without notification to the Employer.  The Contractor shall use construction equipment to minimize or control of air pollution. He shall maintain evidence of such design and equipment and make these available for inspection by Employer.  Contractor’s transport vehicles and other equipment shall conform to emission standards fixed by Statutory Agencies of Government of India or the State Government from time to time. The Contractor shall carry out periodical checks and undertake remedial measures including replacement, if required, so as to operate within permissible norms.

162 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

 The Contractor shall cover loads of dust generating materials like debris and soil being transported from construction sites. All trucks carrying loose material should be covered and loaded with sufficient free - board to avoid spills through the tailboard or sideboards.  The temporary dumping areas shall be maintained by the Contractor at all times until the excavate is re-utilized for backfilling or as directed by Employer. Dust control activities shall continue even during any work stoppage.  The Contractor shall place material in a manner that will minimize dust production. Material shall be minimized each day and wetted, to minimize dust production. During dry weather, dust control methods must be used daily especially on windy, dry days to prevent any dust from blowing across the site perimeter.  The Contractor shall water down construction sites as required to suppress dust, during handling of excavation soil or debris or during demolition. The Contractor will make water sprinklers, water supply and water delivering equipment available at any time that it is required for dust control use. Dust screens will be used, as feasible when additional dust control measures are needed especially where the work is near sensitive receptors. It is a simple mitigation measure of attaching water spray system in line with the construction equipments will effectively minimize air pollution problem in a surrounding area. The water sprinkling method is easiest and effectively achievable by the contractor in order to mitigate the issue fully.  The Contractor shall provide a wash pit or a wheel washing and/or vehicle cleaning facility at the exits from work sites such as construction s and batching plants. At such facility, high-pressure water jets will be directed at the wheels of vehicles to remove all spoil and dirt.

4.7.9 Noise Control Measures There will be an increase in noise level in nearby ambient air due to construction and operation of the Metro corridors. During construction the exposure of workers to high noise levels especially near the machinery need to be minimized. This could be achieved by:  Job rotation,  Automation,  Construction of permanent and temporary noise barriers,  Use electric instead of diesel powered equipment,  Use hydraulic tools instead of pneumatic tools,  Acoustic enclosures should be provided for individual noise generating construction equipment like DG sets,  Scheduling and staggering truck loading, unloading and hauling operation,  Schedule and stagger work to avoid simultaneous activities which generate high noise levels,  Anti drumming floor and noise absorption material, 163 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

 Low speed compressor, blower and air conditioner,  Mounting of under frame equipments on anti-vibration pad,  Smooth and gradual control of door,  Provision of sound absorbing material in the supply duct and return grill of air conditioner,  Sealing design to reduce the aspiration of noise through the gap in the sliding doors and piping holes, and  Sound proof compartments control rooms etc.

Special acoustic enclosures should be provided for individual noise generating equipments, wherever possible. Workers in sections where periodic adjustment of equipment/ machinery is necessary, should be provided with sound proof control rooms so that exposure to higher noise level is reduced. During construction, there may be high noise levels due to pile driving, use of compressors and drilling machinery. Effective measures should be taken during the construction phase to reduce the noise from various sources. The noise from air compressor can be reduced by fitting exhaust and intake mufflers. The pile driving operation can produce noise levels up to 100 dB (A) at a distance of 25-m from site. Suitable noise barriers can reduce the noise levels to 70 dB (A) at a distance of 15m from the piles. A safety precaution as stipulated in IS: 5121 (1969) ‘Safety Code for Piling and other Deep Foundation’ need to be adopted. Noise level from loading and unloading of construction materials can be reduced by usage of various types of cranes and placing materials on sand or sandy bag beds. The major mitigation measures for these type of incremental noise levels includes, i. Use of barricades of adequate heights around the digging/piling area ii. Use of extremely well maintained construction equipments iii. Proper traffic diversion to avoid congestion iv. Proper signage around the construction areas

Use of barricades of adequate heights around the digging/piling area

164 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

Proper signage around the construction areas

FIG. 4.1 USE OF SIGNS FOR TRAFFIC DIVERSION AND TRAFFIC CONTROL

4.7.10 Management of Construction and Demolition Waste Waste prevention, reuse and recycling can not only save money, but also generate broad environmental benefits, including the conservation of natural resources. Reuse and waste prevention reduce the air and water pollution associated with materials manufacturing and transportation. This saves energy and reduces attendant greenhouse gas production. The recycling of many materials requires less energy than production from virgin stock, and can also reduce transportation requirements and associated impacts. Opportunities for reducing C&D waste focus on three approaches, typically expressed as Reduce-Reuse-Recycle. The source of C & D waste are pile caps, excess RMC and demolition material. An effort shall be made to recover embedded energy and to recycle the maximum quantity of C & D Waste to manufacture tiles, curb stones, paver block etc. The contractor shall store C&D waste separately at the site and sent to recycling facility periodically. There shall be no disposal of any waste along storm water drains, canals and/ or any other water body or depression. Rather C & D waste shall be collected and sent to any authorized waste recycling facility.

4.7.11 Traffic Diversion/ Management During construction, traffic is likely to be affected. Hence Traffic Diversion Plans are required in order to look for options and remedial measures so as to mitigate any traffic congestion situations arising out due to acquisition of road space during Metro construction of both corridors. Any reduction of road space during Metro construction

165 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

results in constrained traffic flow. In order to retain satisfactory levels of traffic flow during the construction period; traffic management and engineering measures need to be taken. They can be road widening exercises, traffic segregation, one-way movements, traffic diversions on influence area roads, acquisition of service lanes, etc. Maintenance of diverted roads in good working condition to avoid slow down and congestion shall be a prerequisite during construction period. Various construction technologies are in place to ensure that traffic impedance is done at the minimum. They are:  The requirement would be mainly along the central verge/ side of the road.  As regards to the alignment cutting across a major traffic corridor, 'Box Girder Construction Technology’ would be applied to prevent traffic hold-ups or diversions of any kind. Only temporary diversion plans will be required during construction of the Metro corridor. At the onset, all encroachments from road ROW will have to be removed. These encroachments vary from ‘on-street’ parking to informal activities. Keeping in view the future traffic growth and reduction of carriageway due to Metro construction, implementation of traffic management/diversion plans shall become inevitable for ensuring smooth traffic movement and similar traffic diversion plans shall be formulated and followed during the execution stage. Traffic Management Guidelines: The basic objective of the following guidelines is to lay down procedures to be adopted by contractor to ensure the safe and efficient movement of traffic and also to ensure the safety of workmen at construction sites.  All construction workers should be provided with high visibility jackets with reflective tapes as most of viaduct and station works are on the right-of-way. The conspicuity of workmen at all times shall be increased so as to protect from speeding vehicular traffic.  Warn the road user clearly and sufficiently in advance.  Provide safe and clearly marked lanes for guiding road users.  Provide safe and clearly marked buffer and work zones  Provide adequate measures that control driver behavior through construction zones.  The primary traffic control devices used in work zones shall include signs, delineators, barricades, cones, pylons, pavement markings and flashing lights.

4.7.12 Soil Erosion Control Prior to the start of the relevant construction, the Contractor shall submit to the MMRDA for approval, his schedules for carrying out temporary and permanent erosion/sedimentation control works are as applicable for the items of clearing and grubbing, roadway and drainage excavation, embankment/sub-grade construction, bridges and/ or other structures across water courses, pavement courses and shoulders. He shall also submit for approval his proposed method of erosion/sedimentation control on service road and his plan for disposal of waste materials. Work shall not be 166 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

started until the erosion/sedimentation control schedules and methods of operations for the applicable construction have been approved by the project authority. The surface area of erodible earth material exposed by clearing and grubbing, excavation shall be limited to the extent practicable. The Contractor may be directed to provide immediate control measures to prevent soil erosion and sedimentation that will adversely affect construction operations, damage adjacent properties, or cause contamination of nearby streams or other watercourses. Such work may involve the construction of temporary berms, dikes, sediment basins, slope drains and use of temporary mulches, fabrics, mats, seeding, or other control devices or methods as necessary to control erosion and sedimentation. Top soil shall be preserved by the contractor and stacked separately at designated place and utilize it to cover the refilled area and to support vegetation. The Contractor shall be required to incorporate all permanent erosion and sedimentation control features into the project at the earliest practicable time as outlined in his accepted schedule to minimize the need for temporary erosion and sedimentation control measures. Temporary erosion/sedimentation and pollution control measures will be used to control the phenomenon of erosion, sedimentation and pollution that may develop during normal construction practices, but may neither be foreseen during design stage or associated with permanent control features on the Project. Under no conditions shall a large surface area of credible earth material be exposed at one time by clearing and grubbing or excavation without prior approval of the project authority. The MMRDA may limit the area of excavation, borrow and embankment operations in progress, commensurate with the Contractor's capability and progress in keeping the finish grading, mulching, seeding and other such permanent erosion, sedimentation and pollution control measures, in accordance with the accepted schedule. Temporary erosion is sometimes caused due to the Contractor's negligence, care- lessness or failure to install permanent controls. Sedimentation and pollution control measures then become necessary as a part of the work as scheduled or ordered by the project authority, and these shall be carried out at the Contractor's own expense. Temporary erosion, sedimentation and pollution control work required, which is not attributed to the Contractor's negligence, carelessness or failure to install permanent controls, will be performed as ordered by the project authority.

4.7.13 Water Supply, Sanitation and Solid Waste Management 1. During Construction The public health facilities, such as water supply, sanitation and toilets are much needed at the stations. Water should be treated before use up to national drinking water standards. The collection and safe disposal of human wastes are among the most important problems of environmental health. The water carried sewerage solves the excreta disposal problems. The sewerage disposal systems should be adopted for sewage disposal. The water for domestic consumption shall be sourced from public

167 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

water supply or alternatively designated borewells may be installed with due permission from statuatory authority prior to installation of borewell. For Construction activity, there is a restriction to utilize groundwater all over the nation as per order of National Green Tribunal (NGT). Thus, construction water shall be sourced from Mumbai Municipal Corporation which is responsible for sewage disposal in Mumbai area. Alternatively, contractor shall arrange tie up for surface water supply or tanker water supply for construction activity. Best option is to use treated STP water for construction activity. Solid waste shall be stacked at designated place and when sufficient quantity accumulates it shall be disposed off through covered trucks to land fill site designated and authorized by MMRDA.

2. During Operations Practically, public facilities at stations have to be operated by regular staff or may be designated to any NGO working in the area in the field of sanitation as per policy of MMRDA. Requirement of drinking water supply at an elevated station is about 6 KLD. The water consumption for an elevated station to meet the requirements of its activities is 17 KLD. This shall be provided from Mumbai authority sources. Solid waste will be generated at station is about 0.8 – 1.2 m3/Day. The maintenance of adequate sanitary facilities for temporarily storing refuse on the premises is considered a responsibility of the project authority. The storage containers for this purpose need to be designed. However it is suggested that the capacity of these containers should not exceed 50 litres and these should be equipped with side handles to facilitate handling. To avoid odour and the accumulation of fly-supporting materials, garbage containers should be washed at frequent intervals. This should be collected and transported to local municipal bins for onward disposal to disposal site by municipality. During operation, as mitigation measures rainwater harvesting will be carried out at stations and along the viaduct.

4.7.14 Rain water harvesting To conserve and augment the storage of groundwater, it is suggested to construct rainwater harvesting structures of suitable capacity along the alignment and at stations. The stations shall be provided with the facility of rainwater harvesting and artififical recharge. The total length of the proposed alignment is about 16.475 km and there would be 14 stations. The estimated cost of rain water harvesting for elevated corridor is about 11 lakhs per km and 3.5 lakhs per station. The total cost of rainwater harvesting would be Rs. 226.72Lakh.

4.7.15 Tree Protection There is requirement of felling trees during construction of Metro corridors in Mumbai. An attempt shall be made to minimize the tree felling. As remediation of tree felling it is suggested to plant 3 trees for each tree felled. Moreover MMRDA 168 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

would chalk out the plantation program in close coordination with DFO Mumbai or will get plantation done through Forest Department by making the payment for plantation work including after care for five years. An attempt would be made to minimize the felling of trees to the bare minimum while working and undertaking construction work. The left out trees shall be protected by providing metal or brick tree guard around the tree at a distance of one metre surrounding the tree. Scope of transplantation of trees would also be explored with discussion with the DFO.

4.7.16 Management Plans for Depot The management plans for site includes:  Water Supply,  Oil Pollution Control,  Sewage/Effluent Pollution Control,  Improve Surface Drainage  Flood Control  Solid Waste Management,  Green belt development,  Rain water harvesting, and  Recycling of treated waste water  Compensatory afforestation 1. Water supply: About 300KLD of water will be required for operation and functioning of Depot. This could be either taken from water supply Authority or through boring tube well into the ground after taking permission from MCGM. The ground water will need treatment depending upon its use. The water treatment plant flow chart is given in Figure 4.2. The estimated cost of water supply plant is about 120.50 Lakh.

2. Oil Pollution Control: The oil tends to form scum in sedimentation chambers, clog fine screens, interfere with filtration and reduce the efficiency of treatment plants. Hence oil and grease removal tank has to be installed at initial stage of effluent treatments. Such tanks usually employ compressed air to coagulate the oil and grease and cause it to rise promptly to the surface. Compressed air may be applied through porous plates located in bottom of the tank. The tank may be designed for a detention period of 5 to 15 minutes.

3. Sewage/Effluent Pollution Control:

169 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

About 80 KLD of sewage is likely to be generated at Depot. The sewage could be treated up to the level so that it could be used for horticulture purpose in the campus and can also be discharged into the stream a process flow chart is presented in Figure 4.3. The estimated cost of sewage treatment plant is about Rs 78.00 Lakh. Expectedly about 63 KLD effluents would be generated at depot. The effluent will have oil, grease and, detergent as main pollutants. This has to be treated as per requirement of regulatory pollution control agency (Please refer Annnexure 2). Process flow chart of effluent treatment plant is shown in Figure 4.4. The estimated cost of effluent treatment plant is about Rs 88.50 Lakh.

4. Improve Surface Drainage: The area should have proper drainage. The Storm water of the depot will be collected through the drain. Rain water harvesting structures at different locations in the drains and for surplus storm water, the drainage system is to be connected to nearby disposal site. The drainage costs have been included in project cost.

5. Flood control Mumbai City and suburban Mumbai experiences moderate to high flooding during extremely heavy monsoon in the low lying area. We have gone through the records of MCGM where following areas of the alignment has record of water clogging/floods. Out of these only one spot of Kotkar nalla, Goregaon East is below the alignment. As the nallah flows below the western express highway the effect of water clogging is observed to the areas adjacent to the nallah. However a proper storm water drainage network should be established, if not present, in the alignment so that even in case of regular monsoon commuters should not face any problems alighting/boarding platforms. It is also advised that during and after the construction period no new low lying area will be created because of construction activity while there is change in topography of the alignment.

Chronic Flooding Spots near Alignment

Sr. No. Flooding Spot Distance from Alignment 1 Kotkar nalla, Goregaron (E) below the alignment 2 Rani Sati Marg, Makrani Pada, Malad (E) 650 m 3 Malad Subway, Malad (E) & (W) 933 km 4 Sambhaji Nagar, Dahisar (E) 640 km

6. Soild Waste Management The generation of solid waste in the day to day activities at depot will be segregated at source so that the waste will be managed accordingly as per the guidelines published by the competent authority.

170 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

7. Green belt development: The greenbelt development / plantation in the area not only functions as landscape features resulting in harmonizing and amalgamating the physical structures of proposed buildings with surrounding environment but also acts as pollution sink / noise barrier. In addition to augmenting present vegetation, it will also check soil erosion, make the ecosystem more diversified and functionally more stable, make the climate more conducive and restore balance. It is recommended to have a provision of Rs 30.00 Lakh in the cost estimate for the green belt development.

8. Rain Water Harvesting: To conserve and augment the storage of groundwater, it can be proposed to construct roof top rainwater harvesting structure of suitable capacity in the constructed site.

9. Recycling of Treated Waste Water: The Waste Water to be generated at depot site shall be treated by ETP & STP installed for the management of Effluent and sewage. The treated waste water will be recycled for horticulture/gardening/toilet flushing etc. at depot. Around 64 KLD treated waste water is used for horticulture. The estimated cost of recycling of treated waste water is about Rs 41 Lakh.

10. Compensatory Afforesstation

There may be requirement of felling trees during construction of depot for Metro Line-7. As far as maximum practicable the exercise will be done to save the trees so that the tree cutting will be curbed. In this regards, MMRDA give the fullest preference to save the trees in the depot as well the MMRDA will closely associated with the Forest department for further upgradation of the tree proposal and exercise.

4.7.17 Mitigation measures adopted at Casting yard and Batching Plant (CY: BP)

 Casting yards and Batching Plants should be sited sufficiently away from settlements and agricultural operations or any commercial establishments. Such plants will be located at least 1000 m away from the nearest village/settlement preferably in the downwind direction.  The Contractor shall submit a detailed lay-out plan for all such sites and Arrangements to control dust pollution through provision of windscreens, sprinklers, and dust encapsulation will have to be provided at all such sites  Hard Surface in Batching Plant and Casting Yard Areas within the Site where there is a regular movement of vehicles, hard surface is provided that is kept clear of loose surface material so that dust emission due to vehicular movement can be reduced.  Dust collector is used at every batching plant to reduce fugitive cement dust generation and air pollution.  Water sprinkling on aggregate at batching plants, water is sprinkled on aggregate so as to avoid the generation of dust and particulate matter.  The batching plant/casting yard will be barricaded and made as a compulsory PPE zone 171 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

 The drainages (temporary/permanent) shall be periodically maintained to remove the debris/rubble etc. so that the blockage of drainage will be cleared out and flow of wastewater will be proper to the outlet to avoid the stagnation of water in the surrounding area of RMC plant.  Time office, canteen, drinking water, toilet and rest place will be suitably located for the easy access to workers. All the facilities will be properly cleaned and maintained during the entire period of operation.  Manual handling of cement will be avoided to a larger extent. Whenever it is absolutely necessary the workmen will be given full body protection, hand protection and respiratory protection as a basic measure of ensuring better health.  Access roads and internal circulation roads will be well laid and maintained properly at all time.  The all equipments/instruments utilized in the Batching Plant will be fully acoustic elclosured and the D.G. sets will be fully covered and not to be used any open generator. In case the generator more than 1 year from the manufactured date, then, the D.G. sets must undergo the monitoring in line with the noise emission/air emission.  The waste generated in different types like recyclable / biodegradable / hazardous / biomedical etc. shall be segregated at source for the effective waste management system in the CY: BP.  The general house keeping and environmental sanitation to be adopted by all means throughout project tenure for the aesthetic point of view.  In case, labour camps are constructed in the plant, then the colony must be maintained by labour welfare officer/Campus supervisor for labourer’s day to day habitations and huygenic practices upon their life.  As for maximum practicable the trees must be retained and more trees to be planted as per the MCGM’s terms and conditions.

172 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

FIG. 4.2: FLOW CHART FOR WATER TREATMENT PLANT (WTP)

173 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

FIG. 4.3: FLOW CHART FOR SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT (STP)

174 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

FIG. 4.4: FLOW CHART FOR EFFLUENT TREATMENT PLANT (ETP)

175 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andheri(E)-Dahisar(E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

CHAPTER 5 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES

5.1 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES No project scenario was considered and following alternatives were suggested with their limitations. These scenario are suggested by keeping environmental issues in the view, 1. Expansion of existing Railway line: MUTP II and III are plans for expansion of existing railway network. The crowded development and urbanization in Mumbai restricts the expansion of Train system due to lack of space. 2. Elevated railway tracks above the existing local railway: This type of construction activity will require large amount of funding and will create disturbance in existing travel scenario of railway which is not at all feasible for the Mumbai city. 3. Use of electric cars: Electric cars can be good alternatives which will provide transportation mode to the commuters travelling on Western Express Highway and also will be an eco- friendly mode of transportation. To implement this project it is necessary to encourage commuters to use the electric vehicles. This process will be a time consuming and the response for the project will solely depend on the commuters will.

The alternative probable corridors were discussed with representatives of local authorities and finally a network comprising of 146.5 km was selected as Master Plan for Mumbai Metro. The most important criteria in finalizing the Master plan were:  To serve areas of population and employment concentration not served here to.  To ensure regional linkages and connectivity to rail system proposed in adjoining regions like Thane and Navi Mumbai.  Maximum inter-modal integration with existing and committed suburban rail network.  Easy connectivity to depot sites.  Feasibility of the minimum values for system parameters in terms of vertical curves, horizontal curves and gradients.

A special purpose vehicle (SPV) was formed for line no 2, viz. Charkop - Bandra - Mankhurd corridor. SPV comprises of Government of Maharashtra, Reliance Infrastructure and SNC Lavalin of Canada. However, the implementation of this Line did not take off.

An SPV named as Mumbai Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (MMRCL) is incorporated and implementation of Line -3 between Colaba- BKC-Aarey is being done by the SPV.

Line no 1 viz. Versova - Andheri - Ghatkopar has been implemented and commissioned on 8th June 2014 The work was done on Public Private Partnership (PPP) mode by a Special Purpose Vehicle, Mumbai Metro one, comprising of Government of Maharashtra, Reliance Infrastructure and VOELIA of France.

176 August 2015 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andheri(E)-Dahisar(E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

In November / December 2009, MMRDA awarded the work of preparing Detailed Project Reports for following corridors to parties as indicated below: Charkop - Dahisar (7.5 Km) M/s SPAN Consultants Andheri (E) – Dahisar (16.475) M/s SPAN Consultants BKC Kanjur Marg (19.5 Km) with extension M/s RITES from BKC to Mahim Ghatkopar - Mulund (12.5 Km) M/s Consulting Engineering Services Wadala - Carnac Bunder M/s Consulting Engineering Services

All the above reports have been submitted to MMRDA. MMRDA now intends to implement other corridors by itself. Various alternatives were explored by the DMRC (Delhi Metro Rail Corporation) before arriving at the preferred mode of transport and technical design. The project is unique in the sense that alternative alignments were not evaluated as it was the principal objective of the Comprehensive Mobility Plan to connect various parts of suburbs.

Need to Increase Public Transport Share The proposed corridor is part of MMRDA's Comprehensive Mobility Plan (CMP), which included strategies on motorized and non-motorized modes to enhance mobility and economic development. The metro was conceived in recognition to the heavy reliance of the population to private buses as public transport that is inadequate and routes are unregulated causing confusion and congestion.

177 August 2015 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andheri(E)-Dahisar(E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

CHAPTER – 6

INFORMATION DISCLOSURE, CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION

6.1 PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND DISCLOSURE Public consultation and participation is a continuous two way process, involving, promoting of public understanding of the processes and mechanisms through which developmental problems and needs are investigated and solved. The public consultation, as an integral part of environmental and social assessment process throughout the project preparation stage not only minimizes the risks and unwanted political propaganda against the project but also abridges the gap between the community and the project formulators, which leads to timely completion of the project and making the project people friendly. Public consultations with the people of different sections of the society along the project alignment, shopkeepers, and influential persons of the project area will be made. Attention shall be given to potential vulnerable people like, squatters, encroachers, schedule caste, and other backward section (OBC) of society shall be consulted to make them aware and identify adverse impacts of the project.

6.1.1 Consultation with Stakeholders As required for Category ‘B’ projects, first consultation was conducted by MMRDA on 12th May 2016 mostly involving local communities and organizations. The response to the project development was based on existing Metro running along Versova to Ghatkopar. The major issue discussed during the consultation was congestion of vehicular traffic and parking due to project construction activities and operation. Disturbance to the people residing near stations and alignment were also discussed. Maintenance of the Metro stations and alignment as a part of environment management plan was also discussed. It was assured to the public present that all the points discussed will be taken care of while implementation of project and environment management plan will be implemented. The detailed minutes of public hearing are attached as Annexure 6 Successive consultations will be conducted by the MMRDA after the initial drafting of this report that includes representatives of local communities and entities tasked with the regulation of the road development and environmental protection.

6.1.2 Compliance with Regulatory and Funding Agency Requirement As per Indian Environmental Regulations, public hearing is not required, as railway projects do not attract EIA Notification 2006, amended 2009. Meaningful consultations will be undertaken consistent with the ADB requirements. All the five principles of information dissemination, information solicitation, integration, co ordination and engagement into dialogue will be incorporated in the consultation process.

178 August 2015 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andheri(E)-Dahisar(E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

6.1.3 Disclosure of the EIA and Monitoring Reports

In compliance to the ADB Safeguard and Disclosure policies, this report will be disclosed in the websites of MMRDA and ADB at least 120 days prior to ADB Board consideration. For Details please refer Annexure 6.

179 August 2015 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andheri(E)-Dahisar(E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

CHAPTER - 7

GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM

7.1 Grievance Redressal: A grievance can be defined as any sort of dissatisfaction, which needs to be redressed in order to bring about the smooth functioning of the individual in the organization. Broadly, a grievance can be defined as any discontent of dissatisfaction with any aspect of the organization.

7.2 Situating a Grievance Redress Mechanism People adversely affected (or about to be affected) by a development project will raise their grievances and dissatisfactions about actual or perceived impacts in order to find a satisfactory solution. These grievances, influenced by their physical, situational (e.g., employment), and/or social losses, can surface at different stages of the project cycle. Some grievances may arise during the project design and planning stage, while others may come up during project implementation. Not only should affected persons (APs) be able to raise their grievances and be given an adequate hearing, but also satisfactory solutions should be found that mutually benefit both the APs and the project. It is equally important that APs have access to legitimate, reliable, transparent, and efficient institutional mechanisms that are responsive to their complaints.

7.3 Note on the Proposed Grievance Redressal Mechanism for Environmental and Social Issues of Metro VII & IIA

One of the important environmental and social safeguards required to be put in place for the ADB funded Mumbai Metro VII and IIA is the establishment of a Grievance Redressal Mechanism for environmental and social issues of the project. In the past, MMRDA has established such mechanism in the form of Field Level Grievance Redressal Committee and Senior Level Grievance Redressal Committee (FLGRC and SLGRC) has been put in place only for R&R (eligibility and entitlement) issues in the case of MUTP and Metro-3 projects. In the case of Metro VII and IIA it will be necessary to consider such mechanism for addressing environmental issues as well.

Nature of Grievances on Environmental and Construction Issues The nature of environmental / construction issues during the pre, during and post construction activities and the mechanism proposed to deal with them could be as follows:

180 August 2015 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andheri(E)-Dahisar(E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

Table 7.1: Grievances on Environmental and Construction Issues Sr. Stage of Nature of Likely Grievances Redressal Mechanism No. Project 1 Pre- Need for Metro, elevated nature of To be addressed as a construction project and alignment, station locations, part of Public (Planning) traffic concerns, cutting of trees Consultations 2 During Noise and air pollution, vibrations, To be addressed by Construction traffic diversions, disturbances to Grievance Redressal utilities, access to road, security of Committee properties, water logging during monsoon, loss of income 3 Post – Noise and air pollution, vibrations To be addressed by Construction Grievance Redressal (Operations) Committee for certain specified period (say one year) post commencement of operations.

Public Consultation meetings are proposed to be held at various stages to display and disseminate information regarding the project and suggestions made in such meetings will be duly considered.

Grievance Redressal Committee for Environmental and Construction Issues (E& C-GRC) It is proposed to set up an E&C-GRC for addressing grievances related to environmental and construction issues consisting of the following members:

1. MMRDA Metro Official - Chairman 2. MMRDA SDC Officials - Member 3. MMRDA Environmental cell officials - Member 4. Techno-Legal Official (if appointed for Metro projects) - Member 5. Representative of GC - Member 6. Representative of Contractor - Member

181 August 2015 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andheri(E)-Dahisar(E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

It is also proposed to invite officials for specific meetings of E&C GRC depending on nature of grievances from the following agencies: 1. Traffic Department 2. MCGM The E&C-GRC could meet fortnightly or more frequently as per the requirement of situations and events of emergency.

Grievance Redressal Mechanism for Social Safeguards - R&R issues As was the case for MUTP, the grievances related to R&R are mainly about the eligibility and entitlements of the PAPs. Apart from these there could be grievances related to post-R&R issues, which could be handled by the SDC and Engg. Division as is being currently done.

The FLGRC and SLGRC (one-member Committees) established for MUTP are quasi-judicial in nature and currently also handling cases of MUTP-IIB and IIT, Powai (MUTP). It is also proposed that the SLGRC will also address cases of MbPT Goods-line R&R. The FLGRC is chaired by a Tahsildar on deputation to MMRDA, in addition to her other duties and the SLGRC is chaired by a retired law officer of MMRDA. These GRC’s, particularly FLGRC, are already over burdened with work, and it will therefore be desirable to establish separate GRCs for quicker disposal of Metro VII & IIA cases.

Grievance Redressal Committee for R&R Issues (R-GRC) It is proposed to set up two-level R-GRCs for addressing grievances related to R&R issues consisting of the following:

FLGRC - Official working as Tahsildar / Dy. Collector on land acquisition matters of metro Projects

SLGRC - Official working as Dy. Collector / Addl. Collector (depending on who heads FLGRC) on land acquisition matters of metro Projects

The FLGRC and SLGRC could function as per the guidelines prepared in this regard for MUTP GRCs and carry out hearing and decide cases as frequently as necessary.

182 August 2015 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andheri(E)-Dahisar(E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

Grievance Redressal Cell A quick response and citizen friendly communication system is necessary for an effective and efficient Grievance Redressal mechanism which will provide the following:

1. A platform for complainants to register complaints and check the status (response) to their complaints. 2. A mechanism for co-coordinating between the aggrieved parties and the GRCs. 3. A system for analyzing, documenting and reporting grievances and their redressal based on volume, nature of complaints and locations etc.

It is, proposed to establish a small cell preferably headed by a Communications (PR) officer, who will act as a Nodal Officer, and assisted by secretarial staff to achieve the above objectives by carrying out the following tasks:  Receive complaints from various sources, classify them based on their nature, generate a unique complaint number and forward them to appropriate forum. Handle emergency complaints on priority.  Note the details of the complainant such as name and contact details for subsequent response.  Follow up with the GRCs for decisions / actions taken on the complaints.  Convey the complainant about the decisions / actions taken on their complaints.  Routinely compile information on complaints and their redressal and generate reports  Put up the documented reports on MMRDA website for transparency and reference point for future complaints on similar issues.

Forum for Registering Grievances The grievances could be registered in the following ways : 1. Written grievances would be received by post or directly in tapal by MMRDA/GR Cell. 2. A separate Register or Log Book could be made available at work sites / Public Information Centres (PICs). The site in-charge could upload such complaints received on the MMRDA website (scanned copies/photographs). 3. A 24 x 7 helpline telephone number managed by an external agency could be established to give information on Grievance Redressal Mechanism. 4. The phone number of the Grievance Redressal Cell could be displayed boldly at the site/ painted on the barricades for public information.

183 August 2015 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andheri(E)-Dahisar(E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

Table. 7.2: Grievances for pre- construction Sr. Grievances Redressal Responsible No. Authority 1 Resettlement &  Public consultation is already been MMRDA Rehabilitation conducted in this regard.  For resettlement of Project affected people National Rehabilitation and resettlement policy, 2007 will be used to compensate their land acquired. 2 Tree cutting:  Application has been made to concerned MMRDA Some trees are to authority (MCGM) for the permission. be felled for the  Compensatory plantation will be made development of as per the guidelines received from the the project authority.  To redress the impact onsite tree plantation along the alignment can be taken up.

Table. 7.3: Impact due to project construction

Sr. Grievances Redressal Responsible No. Authority 1. Noise level will  Coordination or dialogue with local residents Contractor increase on how to best minimize construction noise temporarily  Local residents and shop owners should be During informed of the nature and duration of construction intended activities prior to commencement and phase. kept updated as to changes in the management Sources of Noise and mitigation plan level increase:  Equipment compounds will be located off-site 1.Construction  Barricade and noise barriers with insulating activities, materials will be provided by the proponent 2. Earth Moving immediately near source and the receiver. 3. Movement of  Enclose especially noisy activities if above the construction noise limits vehicles  Employ transportable noise screens between 4. Operation of noise sources and identified noise sensitive construction areas for the duration of noisy construction equipments activities  Maximize the possibility of scheduling noisy activities at the same time to minimize the

184 August 2015 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andheri(E)-Dahisar(E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

duration of exposure

2 Vibrations from  Well maintained equipments will be used to Contractor construction minimize vibrations. equipments will be observed. 3 Water Supply,  Waters supply for the project will be from MMRDA will Sanitation & Municipal source. coordinate with Solid Waste  To prevent contamination of surface water not MCGM and under any circumstances discharge of used Contractor in water will be poured into any nearby water this regard. body.  Sewage generated can be disposed of by combination of septic tanks and soak pit facility.  Solid waste will be segregated and disposed off with the help of MCGM. 4 Air Quality:  Haul trucks shall be covered. MMRDA & Sources,  Loading and unloading of construction Contractor  dust from earth materials shall be made at designated locations works during in project area with provisions of water site fogging. preparation,  Storage areas should be located downwind of  emissions from the habitation area. the operation  Regular maintenance of machinery and of construction equipment and vehicular pollution check shall equipment and be made mandatory. machines,  Mixing plants and asphalt (hot mix) plants  fugitive shall be located at least 1 km downwind of the emissions from human settlements. Hot mix plant shall be vehicles plying fitted with stack of adequate height as may be on the road, prescribed by SPCB to ensure enough  fugitive dispersion of exit gases. emissions  Only crushers licensed by SPCB shall be used. during the  Regular water sprinkling of unpaved transport of construction areas, haul and access roads construction particularly near community areas, and materials, maintenance depot.  air emissions  Mask and other PPE shall be provided to the other than dust all construction workers. arise from  Diesel generating (DG) sets shall be fitted with combustion of stack of adequate height as per regulations. hydrocarbons

185 August 2015 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andheri(E)-Dahisar(E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

particularly  Low sulphur diesel shall be used in DG sets as from the hot well as construction machineries. mix plants, and  Air quality monitoring should be carried out  localised during construction phase. increased  If monitored parameters are above the traffic prescribed limit, suitable control measures congestion in shall be taken. construction areas 5  Impact on  Mix concrete will be sourced directly from Contractor Land and batching plant for use at site. The other Soil The construction material such as steel and bricks spillage of oil will be housed in a fenced stored yard. The from the balance material from these yards will be machinery or removed for use/disposal. cement  No excavation work will be allowed during residual from monsoon season. concrete mixer plants might contaminate the soil if not properly collected and disposed-of.

6 Socio-  Conduct safety audit. Contractor and Economical  Conduct safety training. MMRDA Impact:  Use of signages and barriers i. Safety  Prepare a safety management plan The project  Contact numbers of nearest health care construction institutions, police, and fire stations should be activities may made available on site. create various  Define active construction areas with the use of unsafe situations signages  Safety of construction workers,  Safety of road users including pedestrian and cyclists,  Safety of local community  Unsafe/

186 August 2015 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andheri(E)-Dahisar(E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

hazardous traffic conditions due to construction vehicle movement need to be considered during design and construction stage ii. Obstruction  Traffic management plan should be prepared. Contractor and  Use of signages to divert the traffic Disruption of Traffic

Table 7.4: Impact due to project operation

Sr. Grievances Redressal Responsible No. Authority 1. Noise level:  The metro rail cause minimum noise while Contractor Source, operation.  Operation of train  Noise barriers will be used to reduce impact  Activities at depot of noise at sensitive areas along the alignment.

2 Vibrations:  Low speed compressor, blower and air MMRDA Source, conditioner The movement of  Mounting of under frame equipment on anti- metro rail and vibration pad equipments at  Smooth and gradual control of door stations.  Provision of GRP baffle on the via-duct for elimination of noise transmission  Provision of sound absorbing material in the supply duct and return grill of air conditioner  Sealing design to reduce the aspiration of noise through the gap in the sliding doors and piping holes  The lower vibration level has been achieved by provision of bolster less type bogies having secondary air spring.  Structural audit of all old and dilapidated buildings. 3 Water Supply,  Waters supply for the project will be from MMRDA will Sanitation & Solid Municipal source. coordinate with

187 August 2015 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andheri(E)-Dahisar(E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

Waste  Rainwater harvesting can be undertaken at MCGM and Station locations. Contractor in  To prevent contamination of surface water not this regard. under any circumstances discharge of used water will be poured into any nearby water body.  Sewage generated can be disposed off by combination of septic tanks and soak pit facility.  Solid waste will be segregated and disposed off with the help of MCGM. 4 Socio-Economical  Safety plan for stations should be prepared. MMRDA Impact:  Safety training should be given to the Metro i. Safety operating staff.  Contact numbers of nearest health care institutions, police, and fire stations should be made available on stations.  Signages and barriers should be installed wherever required for staff and commuters.

Expected Benefits from the Project The project’s objective of reduction in congestion and improvement in mobility will enhance the economy, road safety, and reduce fuel consumption, air pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions. More specifically, the project will:  Require 1/5th energy per passenger per km compared to road-based system  Causes no air pollution in the city  Causes lesser noise level  Is more reliable, comfortable and safer than road based system  Reduces journey time by anything between 50% and 75% depending on road conditions.  Improves the efficiency of the city’s public transport and road networks;  Creates a system with the flexibility to adapt to development phased over several years;  Promote quality of life through a safe and healthy built and natural environment;  Increases overall public transport patronage on the corridors served and achieves a mode shift from the car;  Promotes equality of opportunity by improving accessibility to employment, goods and services;  Improve the overall journey experience for passengers using the system by providing high quality information, better waiting and vehicle environments and enhanced safety and security;  Assists in building vibrant, confident and cohesive communities in the city;

188 August 2015 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andheri(E)-Dahisar(E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

 Provides levels of segregation from traffic and public transport priority sufficient to ensure consistently high standards of punctuality and reliability;  Creates a system that is well integrated with the wider transport network and public real.

189 August 2015 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andheri(E)-Dahisar(E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

CHAPTER – 8

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

8.1 SAFETY, HEALTH & ENVIRONMENT This project is divided into three packages for designing, construction and implementation of EMP and three different contractors have been appointed for the said work. The first package from Andheri-Goregaon has been allotted to M/s. Simplex Infrastructure Limited. While second and third packages i. e. Goregaon-Magathane & Magathane – Ovaripada has been allotted to M/s. J. Kumar Infraprojects Limited and M/s. NCC Limited respectively. The Safety Health & Environment (SHE) plans have been prepared separately for these three packages by the abovementioned contractors. SHE plan is a guideline for all employees and personals working at the site as well as for involved subcontractors for ensuring minimum risk to Environment, property and human beings working on site or using the roads where construction activities are in progress. SHE plan covers safety policy, roles and responsibilities, safety audit and Environment Management etc. SHE plan will enable the SHE risk and help in the continual improvement of its performance. Along with SHE plan, involved contractors have also been prepared site Environment Management Plan separately for three different stretches.

8.2 ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLANS The Mumbai Metro Project will provide employment opportunity, quick mobility service and safety, traffic congestion reduction, less fuel consumption and air pollution on one hand and problems of muck disposal, traffic diversion, utility dislocation etc. on the other hand. Protection, preservation and conservation of environment have always been a primary consideration in Indian ethos, culture and traditions. Management of Environment by provision of necessary safeguards in planning of the project itself can lead to reduction of adverse impacts due to a project. This chapter, therefore, spells out the set of measures to be taken during project construction and operation to mitigate or bring down the adverse environmental impacts to acceptable levels based on the proposed Environmental Management Plan (EMP).

The following issues have been addressed in this EMP: 1. Mitigation measures for abatement of the undesirable impacts caused during construction and operation stages 2. Details of management plans 3. Institutional set up for implementation of the EMP 4. Post project environmental monitoring programme to be undertaken after commissioning of the project 5. Expenditures for environmental protection measures.

190 August 2015 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andheri(E)-Dahisar(E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

8.3 Environmental Impact Identification and Recommended Remediation Plan: Environmental Impact Identification and Recommended Remediation Measures to be adopted to minimize the negative impacts during the Construction stage is summarized in three tables via Table 8.1(a). Similarly, Environmental Impact Identification and Recommended Remediation Measures to be adopted to minimize the negative impacts during the Operation stage also are summarized in Table 8.1(b).

TABLE 8.1(a): ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT IDENTIFICATION AND RECOMMENDED REMEDIATION MEASURES DURING CONSTRUCTION Sr. Environmen Possible Impacts Severity of Remediation Residual No. tal Impact Suggested Impact Element 1 Topography Land is fully developed. Insignificant After construction Each pillar Alignment follows the obstructions to occupy initially median of the will be removed. 2mx2m Western Express land space Highway then 5th lane and 3rd lane on slip road whenever there are bridges. Road space is partially used for the construction of pillars 2 Climate GHG emission from Minor Use PUC certified Minor machinery, Heat and Fitness dispersed Certified Fuel effectively by sea breeze efficient new machines 3 Road Traffic 6m wide portion of the Significant Develop the sides Minor Diversion road will be isolated to of the Service Road 2Mx2M facilitate piling, to effect safe space construction of diversion of traffic. occupied foundation & Pillars. Restore the road to by pillars at the original every 25 m. condition after construction. Ensure circular (unidirectional) movement of transport vehicles 4 Air Quality- Dust Pollution Significant Isolate the work Minor A Dust area by Levels PM10 (210-320 Nuisance 3 constructing µg/m ) & PM2.5 (80- partitions of

191 August 2015 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andheri(E)-Dahisar(E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

105µg/m3) are within minimum 5 m limits as per the National height on the west Quality Standards of 500 side of the road. Provide dust &150 respectively. barriers on the During the Construction partition to prevent dust emission is likely to spread of dust. be high. It is a health Provide Personnel hazard to the workers and Protective the exposed public Equipment (PPE) to the workers. Excavated soil and Debris should be transported in properly covered trucks to the designated disposal site. 5 AIR quality- AAQM results indicate Significant Only PUC Significant Criteria the concentration of ‘No Project certified, Fuel but it is Pollutants pollutants within Efficient and temporary. Option’ such as SO2, acceptable limits. Fitness certified Considerin will be NOx etc as Machinery operated with new machines to be g the severe per CPCB fossil fuel will emit used for Importance criteria pollutants during construction. of the the construction period. Avoid, Fabrication project, this Air pollutants are health of Steel structures, Temporary hazards production of RCC Impact is which affect national structural acceptable economy components like, Girders, columns, platforms, staircases, lifts etc at the site. Fabricating them off-site and assembling them at the site will minimize Air Pollution, Dust Pollution and Noise Pollution. 6 Noise Noise level varied from A major Provide suitable Significant

192 August 2015 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andheri(E)-Dahisar(E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

Pollution 68-87 dB(A) at all the Health noise barriers in the Temporary. locations along the Hazard to the sensitive areas. Considerin Express Highway where workers. Provide PPE like g the the road traffic is very Moderate Ear plugs & Importance high most of the time. It health hazard Mufflers to the of the exceeds the levels to general workers and project, specified by CPCB, for public enforce the use of Temporary residential area. During it. Impact is construction the noise Provide sound acceptable level emitted by the proof cabins for the machines will exceed machine operators. permissible limits. Periodic Health Monitoring including Audiometry of workers Use new low Noise Electrical Machines. Minimize/ Avoid the use of reverse alarms for heavy mobile machines. Avoid/ minimize the use of Vibro- hammers. All machines to be fitted with approved mufflers. 7 Water No Impact Nil Not Applicable Nil Pollution 8 Flora 190 trees exist on metro 7 Highly Try to transplant as Moderate route (including stations Adverse many of the and alignments) out of affecting trees as which some of the trees possible. will felled or transplanted Compensatory or trimmed. forestation of 590 Greenery Index of the trees in 1 hectare of region defined as the ratio secured plot and of the number of people nursing / protection to the number of trees is of the plants for 5 5.25 which is very low years. (good) for a city like

193 August 2015 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andheri(E)-Dahisar(E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

Mumbai. The number of trees transplanted is only 0.04% of the total number (5, 68,499) of trees in the region as per tree census. 9 Fauna No Impact. Nil Not Applicable Nil 10 Archeologic Nil Nil Not Applicable Nil al/ Historical Monument 11 Place of Few small temples exist. Nil Save 3 major Insignifican Worship No Impact places of worship t by excluding them in the design of Station facilities and Alignment 12 Solid Waste Major solid waste will be Adverse Construction debris Insignifican Generation construction debris. will be disposed off t at designated site.

13 Casting yard Solid waste will be Moderate Construction debris Insignifican and batching generate along with Air will be disposed off t and noise pollution. at designated site. Provide suitable noise barriers around the compound wall and Dust separator for control air pollution

194 August 2015 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andheri E)-Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

TABLE 8.1 (b): ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT IDENTIFICATION AND RECOMMENDED REMEDIATION MEASURES DURING OPERATION FOR STATION/DEPOT Sr. Environmenta Possible Impacts Severity of Remediation Residual No l Impact Suggested Impact . Element 1 Topography Land is fully developed. Insignificant Provide crash Nil Alignment, on Elevated wall Viaduct follows initially protection. median of the Western Beautify the Express Highway then Crash walls 5th lane and 3rd lane on and Noise slip road whenever there Barriers. are bridges. 2 Climate No GHG emission. Heat Insignificant No Action Insignificantly from Air Conditioning needed Adverse gets dispersed by sea breeze 3 Road Traffic Flyovers at all road Minor Provide safety Insignificantly Diversion junctions. Pillars act as Adverse barriers Adverse minor obstruction at impact intervals of 25m. 4 Air Quality-& Dust Pollution Insignificant No Action Insignificantly Dust Nuisance Levels SPM 10(210-320 ly needed Adverse 3 Adverse µg/m ) & SPM 2.5 (64- 84µg/m3) are within limits as per the National Quality Standards of 500 &150 respectively. During the Operation no significant dust emission is expected as the Trains run on electric energy on elevated platform.

195 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andheri E)-Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

5 Air quality- AAQM results indicate Insignificant Generators Insignificant & Criteria the concentration of ly Adverse with Green temporary Pollutants such pollutants within Label, BEE negative as SO2, NOx acceptable limits. Metro rating for impact. etc as per Railway is normally Energy Considering CPCB operated on the main efficient and the Importance supply of electricity. Eco friendly to of the project, Diesel Generator is be installed at this Temporary providing for safe distance Impact is emergency operations from acceptable only at stations. residential, Frequency of use of sensitive and standby source of commercial energy very low. locations. Air pollutants from the generator exhaust are health hazards. 6 Noise Pollution Base Line Noise level Moderate Provide Slightly varied from 68 dBA to health suitable noise Adverse. 87 dBA at different hazard to barriers Considering locations. During general in the sensitive the Importance Operation of the Metro public areas. Use Low of the project, Rail the noise level Noise slightly emitted by the machines Electrical negative and the tracks will Machines. Impact is exceed the permissible acceptable limits of 55 dBA (day) and 45 dBA (night). In few residential locations, the target population is located at a horizontal distance <50m 7 Water pollution Waste water will be Insignificant The station Nil generated from Stations ly Adverse wastewater will and depot. be diverted in to municipal drains after treatment and wastewater generated from depot will also be treated

196 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andheri E)-Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

accordingly in STP While effluent generated in depot will be treated in ETP. 8 Flora Impact due to tree Moderately Continue to Slightly cutting. Adverse maintain the Adverse residual Afforestration impact effort. The because of newly planted/ Cutting of transplanted trees trees shall be maintained properly with record system. 9 Fauna No Impact. Nil Not Applicable Nil 1 Archeological/ Nil Nil Not Applicable Nil 0 Historical Monument 1 Place of A Few small places of Insignificant Temples Insignificantly 1 Worship worship exist. No ly Adverse Isolated Adverse Impact 1 Solid Waste Solid waste will be Adverse Solid waste Insignificantly 2 Generation generated at stations as will be well as at depot segregated and disposed off with the help of MCGM.

8.3.1 Observations: A study of the impact of the project on different elements of the Environment indicates that many remediation measures are required to be taken during the construction stage of the project for the control of Air, W a t e r , Solid waste and Noise Pollution and for the protection of the transplanted tree and compensatory Afforestation for a small loss of Greenery along the Andheri (E)-Dahisar (E) alignment.

A similar study for the operation stage has indicated the only environmental elements which are adversely impacted by the operation of the Metro Railway are the Noise Pollution and uprooting of trees. The effect of the Metro Railway Operation on all other environmental elements is only insignificantly or slightly adverse.

197 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andheri E)-Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

‘No Project Option’ will be extremely adverse as far as Air Pollution, Noise Pollution and Dust Pollution are concerned. Increase in the capacity of road transport that will have to be added to match the capacity of the Metro Rail will cause so much more of pollution, health hazard to the general public and Environmental damage and that it would not be tolerable and hence would not be acceptable for the inhabitants of the Metropolis.

8.3.2 Waste Management: Improper or incomplete management of waste and hygiene has serious implications on the quality of environment and on the quality of life of the citizens. Therefore due attention is required to be given to waste management during the construction and operation of the Metro.

8.3.2.1 Waste Management during Construction: The Soil excavated during the construction of the foundation of the pillars is the main source of solid waste spillage and dust nuisance. Loading, Transportation and unloading of the waste should be done without any exposure, spillage and dust emission.

8.3.2.2 Waste Management during Operation: Electric coaches will not generate any gaseous/ liquid/solid effluent during operation. Assuming a solid waste generation rate of 3 gm/passenger/day (source-RITE) each station is likely to generate 72 Kg/day of refuse. The characteristics of such waste are non- hazardous requiring no special pretreatment. Waste collection bins should be provided in every station and waste should be disposed off regularly into the Collection Bin provided by BMC in the near vicinity.

8.3.2.3 Liquid Waste: Water effluent generated during floor washing should be collected and disposed off in to storm water drain through an oil separator. As toilet or wash rooms are provided inside the stations, waste water generated during the operation will have to be discharged through pipe line into sewage collection line provided by BMC along the service road. During repair, regular maintenance, painting, washing, cleaning etc solid, liquid and gaseous effluents are likely to be generated. All the Environmental Protection laws and rules of MPCB and Maharashtra Government Factories Act/Rules, Labor Welfare Rules etc. applicable to any Engineering Industry will be applicable for the workshops and the design Construction and operation of these sections of the project should strictly comply with these rules.

8.3.3 Compliance with the Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Rules: The Andheri(E)-Dahisar(E) Metro Rail line passes through a fully developed urban area. At no point, the line touches the Coastal Regulation Zone. As the Metro Rail

198 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andheri E)-Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

line passes essentially through the service road of the Express Highway, the conditions of compliance applied for the Highway are applicable to the Metro Rail line also.

8.4 DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN Disasters are Events usually characterized by negative given impact and exceptional demands for intervention are inevitable. Impact can be substantially reduced the by adequate response, early warning and disaster responses. Disaster Management encompasses out aspects of planning for and responding to disasters and risks including hazard analysis vulnerability reduction (preparedness) prevention, mitigation, response, recovery and rehabilitation. Contingency planning relates to events, which major may not occur and potential responses put in place to prevent or respond to an emergency situation. It applies to management of both risks and consequences of disasters.

Mitigation is action to reduce the consequences of disasters while it may not be possible to prevent disasters, the effects can be modified or a reduced if appropriate steps are taken. Responses can be divided early and late phases. Early responses are rescuing a relief whereas later responses are Rehabilitation and Reconstruction. The first people respond to any disaster are communities/ institution themselves. There resourcefulness is the key to disaster mitigation.

Thus there is inter- connection between Disaster Management and sustainable development while good Disaster planning minimizes interruption to development, poor responses can divert scares resources, increase dependency and actually increase vulnerability to further disasters.

8.4.1 Disaster Management Disaster is an unexpected event due to sudden failure of the system, external threats, internal disturbances, earthquakes, fire and accidents. The first step is to identify the causes which develop/ pose unexpected danger to the structural integrity of Metro overhead rail. The potential causes are excessive load, cracks, failure and malfunctioning of sensing instruments, accident, etc. These need to be looked into with care.  Establishment of permanent Disaster Management line function assign to a senior post  Create a “Disaster Unit” with full time responsibilities for Disaster Planning and management, which would include: -  Develop and maintain a written and regularly updated Disaster Plan  Set up and run of Disaster operation room and team that can be activated at short notice  Establishes a central administrative data facility and functional communication network.  Liaise and network with key officials, other departments, NGO’s and with Disaster structures at all levels of Government.

199 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andheri E)-Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

 Plan / Health welfare scenario for likely or predictable Disasters.  Train and evaluate for Disaster readiness and advocate for prevention especially reduction in vulnerability and risks.

8.4.2 Preparedness for Disaster Management Being a technologically complex system with a new set of staff, intensive mock drills for the staff concerned is very essential to train them to become fully conversant with the actions required to be taken up while handling emergencies. They will be trained in appropriate communication skills while addressing passengers during incident management to assure them about their wellbeing seeking their cooperation. Since learning can only be perfected by ‘doing’ the following Mock Drills: i. Fire Drill ii. Rescue of a disabled train iii. Detrainment of passenger between stations and evacuation from station areas iv. Drill for use of rescue & relief train v. Hot line telephone communication with state disaster management authority.

8.4.3 Need for Disaster Management Measures Disaster brings about sudden and immense misery to humanity and disruptions to normal human life in established social and economic patterns. It has the potential to cause large scale human suffering. There is a need to provide efficient disaster management plan to tackle above mentioned emergency situations at metro system. The main objectives of Disaster Management Measures are as follows: i. Save life and alleviate the sufferings. ii. Provide help to stranded passengers and arrange their prompt evacuation. iii. Instil a sense of security amongst all concerned by providing accurate information. iv. Protect Metro Rail property. v. Expedite restoration of train operation as early as possible. vi. Lay down the actions required to be taken by staff in the event of a disaster in order to ensure prompt handling of crisis situation in a coordinated manner. vii. To ensure that all officials who are responsible to deal with the situation are thoroughly conversant with their duties and responsibilities in advance. It is important that these officials and workers are adequately trained in anticipation to avoid any kind of confusion and chaos at the time of the actual situation and to enable them to discharge their responsibilities with alertness and promptness.

8.4.4 Emergency planning and response procedures Emergency rarely occurs. Therefore, activities during emergencies require coordination of higher order than for planned activities, carried out according to fixed time schedule or on a routine day-to-day basis. To effectively coordinate emergency response activities, an organizational approach to planning is required. The important areas of emergency planning are Organization, Responsibilities, Procedures, Communication and Transport, Resource

200 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andheri E)-Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

Requirements and Control Centre. Developer level emergency plan requires additional planning over and above those considered under above plans, which should be properly integrated to ensure better coordination.

The emergency planning includes anticipatory action for emergency, maintenance and streamlining of emergency preparedness and ability for sudden mobilization of all forces to meet any calamity.

8.4.5 Serious Incidents Requiring Disaster Management Measures Metro specific disasters can be classified into two broad categories e.g.: Man- made and Natural. A. Man Made Disaster i. Terrorist attack ii. Bomb threat/ Bomb blast iii. Hostage Situations iv. Release of Chemical or biological gas in trains, stations or tunnels v. Fire in metro buildings, underground/ elevated infrastructures, power stations, train depots etc. vi. Metro Accident related Disaster: Collisions (with a huge number of casualties), Metro marooned (flash floods), derailments at a bridge over a river, and coaches falling down; train washed away in cyclone, derailment of a train carrying explosives or highly inflammable material, tunnel collapse on a train, fire or explosion in trains, and other miscellaneous cases etc.

When it comes to Metrorail accidents, it’s important to notice the difference in:

 Collision: A collision is defined as two or more bodies coming into rough contact unintentionally. In the case of a train, this includes the body of the train.  Derailment: A derailment is defined as one or more wheels derailing or lifting clear of the rails. It includes both main line and yard incidents and can refer to both trains and track equipment.  Fall: Defined as passengers and public falling. Some examples of the cause of falls are passenger carelessness, vandalism, being pushed, passenger crowding, trespass, weather, obstacles etc.  Strike: A strike is defined as people struck or hit by trains, vehicles, equipment or physical phenomena (electricity, smoke, gas, asbestos etc.). Does not include objects struck by other objects (see collision or potential derailment).  Signals Passed at Danger (SPAD): A train driver passing a signal at danger is a reportable safety incident. These incidents are reported in three categories, low, medium and high. Low incidents are those where a train overruns a signal at danger within the overlap, but where there is no damage to infrastructure, injuries or death. Medium incidents are those where a train overruns a signal at danger beyond the overlap, or where adjacent roads converge without catch points, plus any incidents causing infrastructure damage but no injury or death. High incidents are those

201 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andheri E)-Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

where a train overruns a signal at danger causing derailment, collision, injury or death. vii. Sabotage viii. Stampede

B. Natural Disaster i. Earthquakes- Mumbai has been located in Seismic zone III and can expect an earthquake of up to 6.5 magnitude on Richter scale. According to this, Mumbai lies in Zone III and would suffer moderate tremors in case of a quake. ii. Floods- There is possibilities and incidences of flooding in Mumbai region happened during monsoon season due to heavy rains.

8.4.6 Provisions at Metro Stations/Other Installations To prevent the emergency situation effectively, an effective system will be provided which will include Fire Detection and Suppression System, Smoke Management, Environmental Control System (ECS), Tunnel Ventilation System, Track-way Exhaust System (TES), Lighting System, Station Power Supply System, DG Sets & UPS, Seepage system, Water Supply and Drainage System, Sewage System, Station Area Lights and other facilities which may be deemed necessary.

The above said provisions are suggestive and an exhaustive set of facilities will be provided based on site conditions, location and other internal and external factors. The details of these activities will be taken up at project implementation stage. The following recommendations under a series of headings:

1. Preventive Action Once the likelihood of a disaster is suspected, action will be initiated to prevent a failure. Engineers responsible for preventive action shall identify sources of repair equipments, materials, labour and expertise for use during emergency. 2. Reporting Procedures The level at which a situation will be termed a disaster shall be specified. This will include the stage at which the surveillance requirements should be increased both in frequency and details. The Engineer-in-Chief will notify the officer for the following information:  Exit points for the public,  Safety areas in the tunnel/overhead rail, and  Nearest medical facility

3. Communication System An efficient communication system is absolutely essential for the success of any disaster management plan. This will be worked out in consultation with local authorities. More often, the entire communication system gets disrupted when a disaster occurs. The damage

202 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andheri E)-Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

areas will be clearly identified and provided with temporary and fool proof communication system. There are four communication systems in the operation building 1. Voice: The voice communication system will consist of telephone service from the Local Exchange Carrier (LEC) for the use of operation personnel and emergency telephone communication between motorist on the road and operation personnel. 2. Data: Data communications will be through a local area network (LAN) that has the ability to connect the various computer systems in the control room and the rest of the operation center together. 3. Video: Video communication will be through TV network which will broadcast the necessary action required in case of emergency. 4. Radio: Radio communication will be through radio frequency network which will broadcast the necessary action required in case of emergency.

4. Emergency Action Committee To ensure coordinates action, an Emergency Action Committee will be constituted. The representative from MMRDA may be the Chairman of this Committee. The committee will comprise of:  Station Manager concerned,  Police Officer of the area,  Representative of transport department,  Home Guard representative,  Fire Brigade representative,  Health Department representative,  Department of Information and Publicity, and  Non-Governmental Organization of the area

Emergency Action Committee will prepare the evacuation plan and procedures for implementation based on local needs and facilities available. The plan will include:  Demarcation of the areas to be evacuated with priorities,  Safe route to be used, adequacy of transport for evacuation, and traffic control,  Safe area and shelters,  Security of property left behind in the evacuated areas,  Functions and responsibilities of various members of evacuation teams, and  Setting up of joint control room

All personnel involved in the Emergency Action Plan will be thoroughly familiar with all the elements of the plan and their responsibilities. They will be trained through drills for the Emergency Action Plan. The staff at the site will be trained for problem detection, evaluation and emergency remedial measures. Individual responsibility to handle the segments in emergency plan will be allotted.

203 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andheri E)-Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

Success of an emergency plan depends on public participation, their response to warning notifications and timely action. Public shall be educated on the hazards and key role in disaster mitigation by helping in the planned evacuation and rescue operations. It is essential to communicate by whom and how a declared emergency will be terminated. There should be proper notification to the public on de-alert signals regarding termination of the emergency. The notification shall be clear so that the evacuees know precisely what to do when re-entering or approaching the affected areas.

8.5 EMERGENCY MEASURES The emergency measures are adopted to avoid any failure in the system such as lights, fire, means of escape etc. The aim of Emergency Action Plan is to identify areas, population and structures likely to be affected due to a catastrophic event of accident. The action plan should also include preventive action, notification, warning procedures and co-ordination among various relief authorities. These are discussed in following sections.

1. Emergency Lighting The emergency lights operated on battery power will be provided at each station. The battery system will supply power to at least 25% of the lights at the station, platforms, viaduct for a period of 2 hours.

2. Emergency Door The rolling stock is provided with emergency doors at both ends of the cab to ensure directed evacuation of passengers in case of any emergency including fire in the metro.

3. Ventilation system All stations and Depot will be provided with proper ventilation system. The windows will be opened together with the help of a remote device. This is proposed to ensure that if any kind of smoke or polluted air gathers inside the station/Depot, it can quickly be removed.

4. Fire Protection The building materials will be of appropriate fire resistance standard. The fire resistance period will be at least 2 hours for surface or over head structures. Wood shall not be used for any purpose, excluding artificial wood products, which are flame resistant. The materials which have zero surface burning characteristics will be used. The electrical systems will be provided with automatic circuit breakers activated by the rise of current as well as activated by over current. The design of a station will include provision for the following: 1. Fire prevention measures, 2. Safety and Security Systems

204 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andheri E)-Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

Fire Prevention and Safety Measures Fire prevention measures will be designed and implemented to minimize the risk of outbreak of fire by appropriate choice, location and installation of various materials and equipment. In stations planning, potential sources of fire can be reduced by: i. Fire Prevention  Use of non-combustible or smoke retardant materials where possible,  Rolling stock will be provided with fire retarding materials, low smoke zero halogen type electric cable will also provided,  Provision of layout which permits ease of maintenance for equipment and cleaning of the station premises,  Provision of special storage spaces for combustible materials such as paint and oil,  Prohibition of smoking in fire prone areas,  Provision of cigarette and litter bins, and  Good housekeeping.

ii. Safety  Automatic sprinkler/detection system will be provided if floor area exceeds 750sq. m  One wet riser-cum-down comer per 1000 sq. m floor area with static underground storage tank, overhead tanks and pumps of suitable capacity with hydrants, first-aid reel, etc. will be provided  Portable fire non-aqueous extinguishers of Carbon Dioxide, chemical dry powder etc. will be provided at suitable places.  Automatic smokes venting facilities will be provided.  Two separate means of exit shall be provided, if more than 10 persons are working and the area exceeds 1400 sq.m.  Fire resisting doors shall be provided at appropriate places along the escape routes to prevent spread of fire and smoke.  The travel distance for fire escape shall not exceed 20 m where escape is available in more than one direction; the distance could be upto 40 m.

Safety & Security Systems: The system will be designed and installed for safe transportation of passengers & premises safety in Metro Railway System. Requirements:  The System shall protect the passengers against the fire in train services and at the premises of Metro Railway.  The system shall protect vulnerable premises from fire.  The system shall be able to detect the unauthorized entry and exit at nominated places.  The system shall include 1. Fire alarm system. 2. Fire Hydrant and Sprinkler System. 3. Fire Extinguishers. 4. Closed circuit television with video analytics.

205 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andheri E)-Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

5. Security Gates – Metal Detector. 6. Baggage Scanner.

A. Fire Alarm System: The Fire Alarm System is a fully integrated, Fire Detection & Alarm System. It includes alarm initiating devices, alarm notification appliances, control panels, auxiliary control devices, power supplies, and wiring. Its installation is restricted to designated areas. In Metro railway this system shall be provided at the following locations: 1. At Station Control Room (SCR). 2. Station security services centre. 3. At Operational Control Centre. 4. At Depot, in depot controller room. 5. Escalator landing and inside elevators. 6. Evacuation routes. 7. Cash transfer routes on the station. 8. Equipment room. 9. Store room. 10. Any other place required.

The main panel shall be located in security / control room. All the sensors and devices shall be connected to main panel. The panel shall operate with UPS power, 210 AC and shall have its in-built battery backup with battery charger.

B. Fire Hydrant System: The entire pipeline shall be kept pressurized with water. When any of the hydrant valve opens, the pressure in the pipeline reduces drastically. Jockey pump set shall normally keep the complete system pressurized, and enables it to cope up with the system demand, which results in further fall in pressure. The fall in pressure is sensed by the designated pressure switch, which automatically starts the main fire pump set. Depending upon the type and sensitivity of the risk, diesel-engine power pump set should be installed having 100% standby capacity. Fire Hydrant System comprises of the following:  Sufficiently large water reservoir  Fire pump sets (Main and Standby)  Jockey pump set  Hydrant valves  Fire fighting hoses  Branch pipe with nozzles Hydrant System is proposed to be installed at following Places  Stair Case area.  Basement Area.  Restricted area of Depot.

206 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andheri E)-Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

C. Fire Brigade Connector: Approved fire brigade connection, shall consist of 4 nos. of 63 mm instantaneous inlets, in a glass fronted wall box, at a suitable position on the street at convenient location to make inlets accessible. The size of the wall box shall be adequate to allow hose to connect to the inlets, after breaking glass cover if need be. Sprinkler System: is proposed to be installed at following places  Building Passages.  Basement Area  OCC (Operation Control Center) room.  Equipment room.  Store room.

D. Fire Extinguishers: Fire extinguishers form a first aid action against small and incipient fire before it develops into a major hazard. These extinguishers shall be installed in the entire public, as well as service areas where the security is necessary. These appliances should be distributed, over the entire area, so that its users do not have to travel more than 15 m to reach the appliance. These appliances can be mounted or hanged on the wall at desired location.

E. Access for Fireman A secondary access to the station, not used by passengers for evacuation, will be available to fireman should the need arise. The entry point will be easily accessible from the road. Access will be available to all levels of the station. The minimum width of the stairs is 1.0 m and maximum height will not exceed 25 cm.

F. Signalling and Telecommunication The Metro will use cab signaling along with a centralized automatic train control system consisting of automatic train operation, Automatic Train Protection and automatic train signaling modules. A digital trunked radio communication system will be used on all lines to carry both voice and data information. An integrated system comprising optical fiber cable, on-train radio, CCTV, and a centralized clock and public address system will be used for telecommunication during train operations as well as emergencies.

i. Glow Signs: Different types of signs like Exit, Fire and Emergency shall be provided to ensure passengers guidance and safety. The signs can glow in the dark specially. Exit Fire and Emergency Signs help passengers to find exit and help fire fighters to locate emergency equipment.

ii. Closed Circuit Television: The objective of CCTV System is to provide High degree of Electronic surveillance system to the entire premises. It is essential to have recorded images to be stored at least for 30 days of all critical area’s to facilitate investigations of reported cases. CCTV provision facilitates effective management.

207 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andheri E)-Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

Strategically placed video surveillance cameras help to enhance security by providing motion based / continuous monitoring of all corners / areas of premises. CCTV monitoring shall cover the following areas:  Station Control Room (SCR)  Station security services  Platform Supervisor Booth  Operational Control Centre and Traffic Controller (TC)  Depot controller (DC) in Depot  Escalator landing and inside elevators Evacuation routes  Cash transfer routes at the station CCTV comprises of the following components:  Integrated Port Camera (IP Cameras)  Computer  Software

iii. Daily inspections: Daily inspections will be recorded on a printed checklist which indicates the condition of the component, and the abnormalities noted. The daily inspection record book shall include for each day a statement to be completed by the person in charge of inspections

iv. Evacuation Plan:  Metro will be provided with a means to evacuate passengers from coaches at all positions along the line of travel. Each station will be equipped with a first-aid kit and emergency lighting. The minimum requirements on first-aid kit contents are set by OSH.  All the platforms and concourses will also be equipped with emergency exit doors so that commuters can be evacuated during any emergency situation.  Metrorail Emergency Evacuation Maps: Maps for each entrance to Metrorail stations include bus service available from the station, walking distance to the next station, and a street map designating bus stop locations and bus routes.  Exit signs will be provided at all stations to guide passengers towards safe exit.  Metro employees will be provided with a disaster management manual which has all details about the measures taken to handle emergency situations. All the crisis management devices like fire extinguishers, water pipelines, and ventilation systems will be regularly checked through mock trials to ensure that they are ready for any emergency situation.  The measures like installing fire and explosion resistant lights and cross passage will help to tackle emergency situations and successfully evacuate people in the event of breakdown of services due to major technical faults.

v. Safety Tips:

A. Construction Phase:

208 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andheri E)-Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

Construction Safety Tips Throughout the construction process, Metro places the highest priority on the safety of our workers and the community. Construction Safety Awareness Program will take a proactive approach in promoting safe behaviors near construction sites and increasing construction safety awareness for students, senior citizens and stakeholders in the areas along the project. This effort will include a schools-based program, community awareness campaign and classroom curriculum for teachers. Please check back for updated information, resources and materials regarding the program and review the safety tip below. Here are few simple safety rules to help public stay safe:  Avoid going near a construction zone whenever possible. Heavy machinery and debris can be hazardous.  Do not walk, run, ride or play in a construction area or around construction equipment, dirt piles and work areas.  Always walk on the sidewalk or designated walkway. Watch for sidewalk closure signs and remain alert to posted notices of temporary walkways.  To avoid distraction, do not use cell phones, headphones, video games or other hand held devices in construction zones. Staying alert to your surroundings reduces the likelihood of an incident.  Stop, look and listen for construction vehicles like bulldozers and dump trucks, as dust can impede your vision. Always be prepared for sudden stops and wide turns.  See and be seen. Cross only at intersections and make eye contact with drivers and construction vehicles.  Slow down and follow signs that tell you where to walk, skateboard or bicycle.  Be aware of your surroundings and falling objects in construction zones, even if they are not directly overhead. Wind can blow them in your direction.  Respect the construction, signage and any instructions by those working on the project.  Stay outside orange cones, construction fences and chain link fences.

B. Operation Phase:

Safety around trains  It’s a good idea to arrive at the station earlier than timetabled service to give enough time to touch on and board the train safely.  Spread out along the platform – this helps avoid crowding carriages.  When waiting for a train, stand behind the yellow line at all times.  Stand aside and allow other people to get off before boarding the train.  Never attempt to hold a train door open or to force it open.  Mind the gap between the train and the platform. This can vary depending on the type of train you are exiting and the platform onto which commuters are stepping.  When the warning tone sounds to close a train’s automated doors, please ensure hands, arms and bags are safely on board or removed to the platform.

209 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andheri E)-Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

 Only ever cross the train track at designated level crossings. Not only is crossing at an unmarked spot extremely dangerous, it’s also illegal.

Safety at night  If travelling alone, board the first carriage, closest to the driver’s cabin. Also, try to sit in carriages with other customers.  Check the Metro website or metro Notify app for the latest service information, including line disruptions and delays.  While waiting for the train, stand in a well-lit area, or, if available on the platform, stand in the yellow safety zones located at many of our stations.

At the station  Avoid running at stations, especially in wet weather. Stations may have different surfaces, so take care when moving to and from the train.  Remember, rollerblading, skateboarding and cycling are not permitted on platforms.  Do not board the train if unwell. If unwell while on board, if possible exit the train at the next station and alert a Metro employee. If an employee is not immediately available, press the red, emergency, button on the station platform to speak to a staff member.  Use station bins for litter to avoid creating possible obstacles for other customers.  Please also avoid littering on trains

i. Details Details of nearest Hospitals, Police stations, Fire stations will be provided at all the stations for emergencies. These details are given in Table 8.2. Google images of nearest fire stations and Police stations are given in Figures 8.1 and 8.2 respectively. DMP for accident risk scenario is given in Figure 8.3

TABLE 8.2: DETAILS OF NEAREST FIRE STATIONS, HOSPITALS, POLICE STATIONS

Sr. No. Emergency Services Locations Approx. Nearest Metro Distance (m) Station from nearest Metro station HEALTH AND CARE HC-1 Shalyak hospital Jogeshwari 53 JVLR Junction East HC-2 Rane hospital Jogeshwari 172 JVLR Junction East HC-3 Balasaheb Thackerey Jogeshwari 50 JVLR Junction Trauma Care Municipal East Hospital HC-4 Riddhi vinayak critical care Malad East 291 Kurar Village

210 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andheri E)-Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

centre HC-5 Asha hospital Malad East 290 Kurar Village HC-6 Datar Nursing Home Malad East 330 Bandongri HC-7 Shraddha hospital Malad East 240 Kurar Village HC-8 Sanchaiti hospital Kandivali East 210 Mahindra & Mahindra HC-9 Alap hospital Kandivali East 135 Mahindra & Mahindra HC-10 Arogya Maternity Nursing Kandivali East 550 Thakur Complex Home HC-11 Gokul hospital Kandivali East 313 Thakur Complex HC-12 Vansh hospital Kandivali East 420 Thakur Complex HC-13 Aditi hospital Kandivali East 380 Thakur Complex HC-14 Sanjeevani Hospital Borivali East 140 Thakur Complex HC-15 Sanjeenvan hospital Borivali East 196 Thakur Complex HC-16 Narendra hospital Borivali East 35 Borivali Bus Stop HC-17 Pramar hospital Borivali East 132 Borivali Omkareshwar HC-18 National hospital Borivali East 160 Borivali Omkareshwar HC-19 Mohit hospital Borivali East 150 Borivali Omkareshwar HC-20 Purnima hospital Borivali East 260 Borivali Omkareshwar HC-21 Vasan eye care hosptal Borivali East 70 Borivali Omkareshwar HC-22 Siddhi hospital Borivali East 84 Borivali Omkareshwar HC-23 Mauli Nursing Home Borivali East 93 Shrinath Nagar HC-24 Shantivan Hospital Borivali East 125 Shrinath Nagar HC-25 Ashok hospital Dahisar East 180 Shrinath Nagar HC-26 Elite hospital Dahisar East 182 Shrinath Nagar

POLICE STATIONS 1 Kajuwadi Police Station Andheri East 600 Andheri 2 Andheri Police Station Andheri East 900 Andheri 3 Meghwadi Police Station Andheri East 840 Shankarwadi 4 Jogeshwari East Police Jogeshwari 80 JVLR Junction Station East 5 SRPF (State Reserve Police Jogeshwari 730 Bombay Exhibition Force) Camp East Centre 6 Amboli Police Station Jogeshwari 940 JVLR Junction East 7 Goregaon East Police Goregaon East 150 Hub Mall Station 8 Jawahar Nagar Police Goregaon 930 Vishweshwar Nagar Chowky West

211 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andheri E)-Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

9 Aarey Road Police Station Goregaon East 440 Vishweshwar Nagar 10 Aarey Police Station Goregaon East 1460 Vishweshwar Nagar 11 Gokuldham Police Chowky Goregaon East 1120 Vitt Bhatti 12 Kurar Police Station Malad East 270 Kurar Village 13 Dindoshi Police Station Malad East 850 Kurar Village 14 Malad Traffic Police Station Malad East 1000 Kurar Village 15 Samata Nagar Police Station Kandivali East 275 Mahindra & Mahindra 16 Poisar Police Chowky Kandivali East 930 Thakur Complex 17 Magathane Police Chowky Kandivali East 430 Thakur Complex 18 Kasturba Police Station Borivali East 780 Borivali Bus Stop 19 Borivali Traffic Police Borivali East 330 Borivali Station Omkareshwar 20 Daulat Nagar Police Borivali East 450 Borivali Chowky Omkareshwar 21 S.V. Road Police Chowky Dahisar East 470 Shrinath Nagar 22 Dahisar Police Station Dahisar East 420 Dahisar

FIRE STATIONS 1 BMC Dahisar Fire Station Dahisar East 460 Shrinath Nagar 2 Kandivali Kamraj Nagar Kandivali Fire Station West 1280 3 Dindoshi Fire Station Malad/Gorega 600 Aarey Road Junction on East

212 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andheri E)-Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

FIGURE 8.1: GOOGLE IMAGE SHOWING NEAREST FIRE STATIONS

213 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andheri E)-Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

FIGURE 8.2: GOOGLE IMAGE SHOWING NEAREST POLICE STATIONS

214 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andheri E)-Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

FIG: 8.3: DMP FOR ACCIDENT RISK SCENARIO

Metro in Charge

Safety and Local Collector Local Police Evacuation of Representative Station Passenger

Hospitalization Local Ambulance Help

215 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andheri E)-Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

Fig: 8.4: DMP FOR MEDICAL SAFETY SCENARIO

Metro In Charge

Safety In Charge

Medical Officer

Paramedical Team/ Rescue Team

Ambulance Hospitalization Temporary Relief and Assistance Shelter Transport Action

216 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andheri E)-Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

8.6 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN IMPLEMENTATION The environmental impacts stemming out of the proposed project can be mitigated with simple set of measures, dealing with careful planning and designing of the metro alignment and structures. Adequate provision of environmental clauses in work contracts and efficient contract management will eliminate or reduce significantly all possible problems. A common problem encountered during implementation of environmental management plans of such projects is lack of environmental awareness among engineers and managers concerned with day to day construction activities, which can be solved through regular environmental training programs. A set of preliminary EMP Implementation is presented in Table 8.3, which defines actions to be undertaken during the design stage, pre-construction, construction and operation stage of the project. The effectiveness of environmental considerations will, however, depend on appropriate inclusion of these in the work contracts. The major concern during the construction stage is that the contractors, due to lack of enforcement, would not practice good environmental sanitation (housekeeping) may intend to get unauthorized use of the easily available natural resources and other available infrastructure like roads and water resources. This would result in degradation of ambient air quality, water resources and land environment around the construction sites and workers camp. Improper management of earthwork and bridge construction activities would disrupt the natural drainage and increase soil erosion. Improper management may result in spillage of explosives into the hands of unsocial elements. Finally the implementation of the mitigation actions requires that the project implementation unit would record an end-of-construction mitigation checklist, before releasing the final payment of any work contract. Additionally, project authority should prepare and established Environmental and Health Policy and Procedures as per earlier Phases and that should become an integral part of contract document. Operational phase mitigation would involve good environmental sanitation (housekeeping) practice at metro establishments including effective solid waste collection and disposal, wastewater disposal, upbringing of plantations and green area. Protection of earth slopes in landslide prone area would be a very important task. During the operation period, the metro operating unit will be required to confirm receipt of the construction period mitigation report through the MMRDA and prepare a follow on timetable of actions.

217 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andheri E)-Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

8.6.1 ESTABLISHMENT OF AN ENVIRONMENTAL DIVISION MMRDA already has the setup for environmental Management and the proposed corridor is an extension of already existing operative line, additional set-up for environmental management is not recommended. Existing set up for environmental management can also handle this extension.

8.6.2 IDENTIFICATION OF IMPLEMENTING AUTHORITY The responsibility for the implementation of the EMP will be with the Promoter and Contractor (P & C). An environmental management cell (EMC) can be established by the P & C for implementing the mitigative measures. To mobilize the appropriate expertise to design diverse type of mitigation measures. The P & C need to be collaborating with order institutions in the public and private sector viz. State forest Department, State Public Health Engineering Department, State Traffic Department, and State Police Department etc. The EMC will ensure timely implementation of various mitigative measures at different stages of the project i.e. during construction and operation stage and the completion of the project within scheduled time frame. In addition, an Environmental Officer will be appointed by project authorities for management of the project with the objective of reviewing and assessing the progress made by the concession company in implementing the suggested mitigative measures

218 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andheri E)-Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

TABLE 8.3: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ACTION PLAN (EMP) FOR STATIONS/DEPOT Environmental Mitigation Measures Taken or To Be Time Frame Implementing Organization Responsible Impact Taken Organization Implement Supervision DESIGN PHASE Metro Alignment The proposed corridor alignment was During Design Detailed Design General Consultant MMRDA selected to minimize the land disturbance to Consultant avoid environmentally sensitive areas. Cultural Heritage No Cultural Heritage in the area ------Flood Elevated alignment shall be well designed During Design Detailed Design General Consultant MMRDA Consultant Inadequate Make sure that design provides for safety of DPR and Detailed Design General Consultant MMRDA design provision structures against worst combination of detailed design Consultant for safety against forces in the probability of an earthquake stage seismological likely to occur in seismic zone-III. hazard PRE –CONSTRUCTION STAGE Water The requirement of water for construction Pre Contractor General Consultant MMRDA/EMP requirement purpose etc shall be planned and shall be construction implementing arranged from available and authorized stage agency sources in order to avoid digging of Tube wells. Disposal of final Options for final disposal shall be studied and During design Contractor General Consultant MMRDA/EMP treated effluent the suitable disposal route shall be decided stage / and pre implementing from treatment carefully to minimize the impact on receiving construction of agency bodies. As far as possible zero discharge

219 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andheri E)-Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

Environmental Mitigation Measures Taken or To Be Time Frame Implementing Organization Responsible Impact Taken Organization Implement Supervision plant rules may be adopted. treatment plant Batching Plant These facilities to be located away from During Pre- Contractor General Consultant MMRDA/EMP and Casting Yard habitation. Consent to Establish and Consent construction implementing to Operate to be taken from MSPCB and to Stage agency comply with all stipulations. CONSTRUCTION PHASE Environmental This will include institutional requirements, During and Contractor General Consultant MMRDA/EMP Management and training, environmental management and after implementing Monitoring monitoring construction agency Dust Water should be sprayed during construction During Contractor General Consultant MMRDA/EMP phase, wherever it is required to avoid dust. construction implementing Vehicles delivering materials should be agency covered to reduce spills and dust blowing off the load. Air Pollution Vehicles and machinery are to be regularly Beginning with Contractor General Consultant MMRDA/EMP maintained so that emissions conform to and continuing implementing National and State AAQ Standards. No throughout agency vehicle without valid PUC certificate would construction be allowed at Construction Sites. period Equipment Construction plants and equipment will meet During Contractor General Consultant MMRDA/EMP Selection acceptable standards for emissions and will construction implementing maintenance and be maintained and operated in a manner that agency operation ensures that relevant air, noise, and discharge

220 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andheri E)-Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

Environmental Mitigation Measures Taken or To Be Time Frame Implementing Organization Responsible Impact Taken Organization Implement Supervision regulations are met. Noise Noise standard at processing sites, will be Beginning and Contractor General Consultant MMRDA/EMP strictly enforced as per GOI noise standards. through implementing Workers in vicinity of strong noise will wear construction agency earplugs and their working time should be limited as a safety measure. At construction sites within 150m of sensitive receptors construction will be stopped from 22:00 to 06:00. Machinery to be provided noise barriers (Stone walls and plantation) for silence zones including schools and hospitals. Vibration The vibration level limits at work sites Beginning and Contractor General Consultant MMRDA/EMP adjacent to the alignment shall conform to the through implementing permitted values of peak velocity as given in construction agency guidelines, if any. WATER Contamination All justifiable measures will be taken to Throughout Contractor General Consultant MMRDA/EMP from Wastes prevent the wastewater produced in construction implementing construction from entering directly into any period agency rivers, drainage and irrigation system Wastage of water Measures shall be taken to avoid misuse of Beginning with Contractor General Consultant MMRDA/EMP water. Construction agency shall be and continuing implementing instructed accordingly to follow strict throughout

221 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andheri E)-Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

Environmental Mitigation Measures Taken or To Be Time Frame Implementing Organization Responsible Impact Taken Organization Implement Supervision procedures while using the water for construction agency construction and drinking purpose. Sewerage If any water source is present in alignment a Throughout Contractor General Consultant MMRDA/EMP disposal during minimum distance of any sewage or toilet construction implementing construction at facility should be 200 meters from it. period agency Service Centers Sanitation and Sufficient measures will be taken in the Before and Contractor General Consultant MMRDA/EMP Waste Disposal construction camps, i.e. provision of garbage during building implementing in Construction tank and sanitation facilities. Waste in septic of construction agency Camps tanks will be cleared periodically. camps Drinking water will meet Indian National Standards. Garbage will be collected in a tank and disposed off daily. Special attention shall be paid to the sanitary condition of camps. Camps will be located at a minimum distance of 200 m from water sources. SOIL Quarrying Quarrying will be carried out at approved and During Contractor General Consultant MMRDA/EMP licensed quarries only. All environmental construction implementing mitigation measures shall be enforced at agency Quarry site also.

222 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andheri E)-Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

Environmental Mitigation Measures Taken or To Be Time Frame Implementing Organization Responsible Impact Taken Organization Implement Supervision FLORA AND FAUNA Loss of trees and Areas of tree plantation cleared will be During and Forest Department General Consultant MMRDA with Avenue replaced according to Compensatory after Consultation of Plantation afforestration Policy under the Forest completion of Forest Conservation Act. Ten trees will be planted construction department against every tree felled as per norms. activities SOCIAL Loss of Access Temporary access should be built at the During Contractor General Consultant MMRDA/ Traffic interchange and other roads. construction department Traffic jams and If there are traffic jams during construction, During Contractor General Consultant MMRDA/ Traffic congestion measures should be taken to relieve the construction department congestion with the co-ordination of transportation and traffic police department

223 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andheri E)-Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

Environmental Mitigation Measures Taken or To Be Time Frame Implementing Organization Responsible Impact Taken Organization Implement Supervision Safety with  Safety education and fines. During Contractor General Consultant MMRDA/ Traffic vehicles, people construction department and livestock and  Allow for adequate traffic flow around signage construction areas  Provide adequate signage, barriers and flag persons for safety precautions.  Communicate to the public through radio, TV & newspaper announcements regarding the scope and timeframe of projects, as well as certain construction activities causing disruptions or access restrictions Increase in Make certain that there is good drainage at all During Contractor General Consultant MMRDA/EMP disease construction areas, to avoid creation of construction implementing Water-borne stagnant water bodies. agency Insect-borne Provide adequate sanitation and waste At start-up disposal at construction camps. Communicable diseases Provide adequate health care for workers and locate camps away from vulnerable groups, if Throughout any construction Location of Location of camps depots and storage areas Throughout Contractor General Consultant MMRDA/EMP camps depots shall be as per the contract specifications. construction implementing and storage areas agency

224 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andheri E)-Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

Environmental Mitigation Measures Taken or To Be Time Frame Implementing Organization Responsible Impact Taken Organization Implement Supervision OPERATION PHASE Noise and Suitable measures should be considered After MMRDA/EMP General Consultant MMRDA/EMP Vibration where warranted. The public shall be completion of implementing implementing educated about the regulations of noise and construction agency agency vibration pollution and its implications. WATER Maintenance of The urban drainage systems will be Beginning and MMRDA/EMP General Consultant MMRDA/EMP Storm Water periodically checked and cleared so as to end of implementing implementing Drainage System ensure adequate storm water flow. monsoon agency agency SEWAGE Sewage Sewage generated will be treated with On Regular MMRDA/EMP General Consultant MMRDA/EMP management appropriate facilities. basis from implementing implementing implementation agency agency of project SOLID WASTE Solid Waste Solid waste generated during construction During and MMRDA/EMP General Consultant MMRDA/EMP Management and operation phase will be disposed off after implementing implementing through authorized organization. construction. agency agency Throughout the operation.

225 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andheri E)-Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

8.7 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN Monitoring is an essential component for sustainability of any developmental Project. It is an integral part of any environmental assessment process. Any Development project introduces complex inter-relationships in the project area between people, various natural resources, biota and the many developing Forces. Thus, a new environment is created. It is very difficult to predict with complete certainty the exact post-project environmental scenario; hence, monitoring of critical parameters is essential in the post-project phase. Environmental Monitoring Plan is given in Table 8.4. Monitoring of environmental indicators signal potential problems and facilitate timely prompt implementation of effective remedial measures. It will also allow for validation of the assumptions and assessments made in the present study. Monitoring becomes essential to ensure that the mitigation measures planned for environmental protection function effectively during the entire period of projects Operation. The data so generated also serves as a data bank for prediction of post-project scenarios in similar projects.

Environmental monitoring during the construction phase shall comprise checking:  Appropriate permits, certificates, authorizations and  Compliance with the EMP and governmental regulations

This can be ensured through use of checklists for:  Site Establishment.  Monthly Audit.  Site Closure.  Environmental Management Plan implementation  Monitoring during the construction phase.

226 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andheri E)-Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

TABLE 8.4: ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN

Monitoring Institutional responsibility Standard Location (Chainage) Frequency Duration Implementation Supervision Air Construction PM10, PM2.5, Air (Prevention All locations where During entire civil 24 hours Contractor MMRDA Stage SO2, NOx, and Control of baseline monitoring construction stage Twice a CO, Pb Pollution) Rules, has been carried out. month CPCB, 1994 Operation PM10, PM2.5, Air (Prevention All locations where Twice a week for 24 hours BOT Operator MMRDA Stage SO2, NOx, and Control of baseline monitoring 2 weeks in each Twice a CO, Pb Pollution) Rules, has been carried out. location in every month CPCB, 1994 season (except monsoons) Noise Construction Noise levels Noise Standard by All locations where During entire civil 24hours Contractor MMRDA Stage on dB (A) CPCB baseline monitoring construction stage Once a scale has been carried out. or even later week

Operation Noise levels Noise Standard by All locations where Reading to be Continuous BOT Operator MMRDA Stage on dB (A) CPCB baseline monitoring taken in one 24 hours scale has been carried out. location once in a season. Soil Construction Monitoring Threshold for each At an accident/spill Once in a season - Contractor MMRDA, Stage of Pb, oil and contaminant set by location involving for 3 seasons through an grease IRIS database of approved USEPA until monitoring national standards agency are promulgated

227 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andheri E)-Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

Operation Monitoring Threshold for each At an accident/spill Once in a season - - MMRDA, Stage of Pb, oil and contaminant set by location involving for 3 seasons through an grease IRIS database of bulk transport (except approved USEPA until carrying hazardous monsoons) monitoring national standards material 50 m from agency are promulgated road centre line Water Construction Surface, Water standards All locations where During entire civil Once a Contractor MMRDA Stage Groundwater by CPCB baseline monitoring construction stage month quality (IS has been carried out. or even later 10500:1991) Operation Surface, Water standards All locations where During entire civil Once a BOT Operator MMRDA Stage Groundwater by CPCB baseline monitoring construction stage month quality (IS has been carried out. or even later 10500:1991) Green Belt Construction Monitoring - All along the During the - Contractor in BOT Stage of existing corridor construction phase consultation Operator trees along with Forest MMRDA alignment. Department Operation Maintenance - Road side plantation Every year for 3 - BOT Operator MMRDA Stage of plantation years (Greenbelt)

The monitoring data will be compared with baseline data regularly. Mitigation measures will be implemented in case of increase in any pollution level which is likely to be negligible in this project. Continuous modeling will generate a data which can be further evaluated by respective software. Noise modeling can be conducted by taking extent of noise traveled into consideration. Further this data can be analyzed in the software like Breezsoft, DhwaniPro, soundPLAN etc. studies of Vibration will be done by transducer probe containing accelerometer. Further that data can be analyzed in software like ABRAVIBE and SpectraPLUS. GHG emission can be measured by calculating Green house gases emitted by all possible sources and then convert all obtained values in CO equivalent which will give total emissions. Measurement of the gases emitted will be assessed during the air quality monitoring.

228 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andheri E)-Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

8.8 BUDGETS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN The mitigative measures suggested in the preceding chapters forms costs related to measures incorporated into engineering design; project scheduling, site planning and preparation of tender documents. The cost on this account will be covered with the construction budget and should not be seen as items of cost for implementing Environmental Management Plan. The estimated environmental cost considered here includes: a) During Construction phase 1. Provision of air, noise, and dust vegetative barrier/ special screens- both side of project area 2. Dust suppression 3. Solid barrier to check noise pollution for sensitive receptors like school etc. 4. Solid waste management due to construction activity. 5. Economic compensation to tree construction debris b) During Operation phase 1. Air pollution monitoring 2. Noise monitoring 3. Water quality monitoring

The environmental cost is consists of monetary value of the mitigative measures adopted to minimize the negative impact of project on environment. Environmental cost is divided into two categories, i.e. capital cost and operation and maintenance cost. Capital cost is the cost of all the structural measures proposed for environmental protection during construction phase while the operation an maintenance cost include the cost of monitoring air, noise, soil and water and maintaining the structural measures over project life.

8.8.1 SUMMARY OF COSTS All costs involved in Environmental mitigation and management and monitoring to be put on the account of Mumbai Metro Project corridors. A summary of these is presented in Table 8.5. TABLE 8.5: ENVIRONMENTAL COSTS Sr. No. ITEM COST Rs. lakh 1. Rain Water Harvesting at stations and along alignment 237.50 2. Air, Noise, vibration, Water, Waste Water, Solid waste, 12.50 during construction and operation 3. Ecological monitoring 5.00 4. Tree Plantation 570 trees @ Rs.2000/- per tree 11.40 5. Water Treatment Plant 120.50 6. Sewage Treatment Plant 78.00

229 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andheri E)-Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

7. Effluent Treatment Plant 88.50 8. Green Belt at Depot 30.00 9. Rain water harvesting at Depot 25.00 10. Recycling of treated waste water 41.00 Total 649.40

The compensation for loss of land, fire control, information systems and contractor’s obligations has been incorporated in project costs. The Environmental management plan should be implemented in phases so that optimum benefit could be achieved and should be synchronized with the construction schedules.

8.9 CONCLUSION The proposed Metro line is proved to have significant positive effects to the development of Mumbai City. Benefits to the economy, traffic congestion reduction, quick and safety transport, employment opportunities, fuel consumption reduction, and air quality improvement are the obvious positive effects from this Metro line. Besides, the potential adverse environmental impacts on air quality (during construction phase), water environment, noise, solid waste, ecology, population resettlement are also taken into consideration. Hence the current project is classified as Category 'B' as per the ADB Guidelines. Based on these detailed potential adverse environmental impacts, appropriate mitigation measures have been developed for consideration. The EIA concluded that project impacts from both construction and operation will be minimal, and can be mitigated through the use of prevailing current practices and appropriate technologies. With the implementation of the EMP and the monitoring plan, the Project is not expected to have significant environmental impacts.

230 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andheri E)-Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

CHAPTER – 9

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Mumbai is the Commercial Capital of India and its fast growth especially in the suburbs is causing heavy stress on all infrastructures, especially the Transport. Being a linear city, the existing suburban rail services are very effective and the modal split in favour of public transport is about 88%, which is very high. Since the existing transport infrastructure has been heavily loaded, it has been observed that the population of private vehicles is increasing and it was also predicted that, the modal split in favour of public transport may also recede. Hence, it is proposed by MMRDA to introduce a rail based Mass Transportation System in Greater Mumbai and a master plan has been prepared for the same. It is proposed to take up the Andheri (E)–Dahisar (E) Corridor with route length of 16.475 Kms immediately for implementation. It is also proposed that extension of this corridor from Andheri end to Domestic Airport of Mumbai should closely follow for which DPR may be got prepared by the consultants. Prima facie the extension to Domestic Airport , Mumbai is feasible with some portion elevated and underground thereafter. By doing so it will give connectivity to the public coming from Dahisar(E) end to Colaba with one interchange at Domestic Airport.

A detailed Environmental Impact Assessment Study was carried out for the project. As a part of this Study, comprehensive environmental baseline data was collected, and both positive and negative impacts of the project were assessed in detail. The project has many positive environmental impacts like reduction in traffic congestion, saving in travel time, reduction in air and noise pollution, lesser fuel consumption, lesser road accidents etc, with a few negative impacts (especially during implementation phase of the project) for which Environmental Management Plan has been suggested.

Conclusions: The environmental assessment of the project identified potential significant adverse impacts. However, through detailed analysis on noise it was found that the project is unlikely to cause any significant residual environmental impacts. Adequate mitigation measures to avoid significant impacts have been included in the technical design of the metro rail as well as a site specific EMP. In addition stringent monitoring requirements and actions have been included in the EMOP on noise and vibration levels that will be generated during construction. The Executing Agency shall ensure that site specific EMP together with the Safety Health and Environment (SHE) guidelines forms part of civil works contract. The same shall be revised if necessary during project implementation or if there is any change in the project design and with approval of ADB. The MMRDA is currently implementing the Andheri (E) to Dahisar (E) corridor of the Mumbai Metro Rail Project referred to as Alignment 7 and proposed for partial funding by the ADB. The project is classified environmental category “B” in accordance with Safeguard Policy Statement 2009 requiring preparation of environmental impact assessment report. The environmental screening has been carried out as per ADB Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS) 2009.

231 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andheri E)-Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

The screening of significant impacts attributable to project construction included: vibration and ground settlement near identified Physical Cultural Resources (PCRs), surface noise from excavation equipment, chance find of artefacts, demolition and restoration for the construction of stations, spoil disposal, groundwater extraction, disruption of essential services, occupational and community health and safety, and clean-up and prior to decommissioning.

During operation, vibration and noise monitoring will continue as a regular program of to ensure PCRs are protected from the metro operation. The environmental assessment of the project indicated that the significant adverse impacts can be mitigated and is unlikely to cause any significant residual environmental impacts. The Executing Agency shall ensure that EMP and EMOP is included in Bill of Quantity (BOQ) and forms part of civil works contract. The same shall be revised if necessary during project implementation or if there is any change in the project design and with approval of ADB.

During the preparation of this report for the development of the proposed development, it is observed and established that most of the negative impacts on the environment can be mitigated and has potentially short term low significant effect. The positive impacts are highly rated and will benefit all stakeholders and the residents at large. The project proponents have proposed to adhere to prudent implementation of the environmental management and monitoring plan. The contractor is committed to obtaining all necessary permits and licenses from the relevant authorities and have qualified and adequate personnel to do the project as proposed. The proponent has proposed adequate safety and health mitigation measures as part of the relevant statutory requirements.

Noise modeling was conducted and its predictions are as follows, Prediction of Impacts on Community: During construction phase general population of surrounding areas will be exposed to higher noise levels during day time. During night time if construction activities are not carried out noise levels will be within permissible limits, hence, impact will be negligible. During operation phase from 05:00 AM to 11:45 PM trains will operate. People living near trucks will be exposed to higher noise level intermittently with a gap of only a few minutes, which will create annoyance as well as health problems related to noise, particularly during 5 AM to 6 AM and 10 PM to 12 AM. In order to mitigate these impacts necessary measurement like installation of parapet wall with noise absorbent material should be taken along the both sides of the train lines. Prediction of Impact on Occupational Health: Equivalent sound pressure level, 8 hrs average, (Leq 8 hrs), is used to describe exposure to noise in workplaces. The damage risk criteria for hearing loss, enforced by Occupational Safety and Health Administration, (OSHA), USA and stipulated by other organizations, is that noise levels upto 85 dB(A) are acceptable for eight hour exposure per day. Ministry of Labour, Government of India has also recommended similar criterion vide factories Act, Schedule No. XXIV (Government Notification FAC/1086/CR-9/Lab-4, dated 8/2/1988).

232 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andheri E)-Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

Recommendations: It is the duty of MMRDA to subject to annual environmental audits once it has been commissioned. This will be in compliance with the Environmental Management and Coordination and the Environmental Impact Assessment and Audit Regulations, and environment policies. After carrying out detailed Environment Impact Assessment and other related studies it is to recommend that,  The said project could be environmentally sustainable project. It is further recommended that effective sustainability could be achieved by strengthening the project.  Further it is recommended that to develop the environmental strategic and planning framework with specific environmental quality objectives as well as targets and deadlines, in the context of the sustainable development strategy;  pursue efforts to use cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness analyses in policy setting and implementation;  It is also recommended to set up capacity building mechanisms to help MMRDA carry out new environmental management tasks resulting from the territorial government reform; foster exchange of expertise among local authorities and stake holders.  adopt a national action plan for promoting environmental technology based on appropriate economic analysis, and implement it;  In case of air environment which is one of the prime attribute, it is recommended to continue

to reduce emissions of NOx and VOCs from mobile sources, including through the use of economic instruments in the most cost-effective way;

 To strengthen the management of particulate matter, including the monitoring of PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations and emissions.  In case of biodiversity and ecology it is recommended to undertake avenue plantation all along the project location and it should consists native plant species.  In case of Noise it is recommended that during construction the workers are expected to work in a single shift of 8 hours. They would be intermittently exposed to equipments generating noise levels of more than 85 dB (A) for about 30-60 minutes at a given time during the shift of 8 hrs with due precautions of using PPE. Thus, maintaining their noise-level-exposure and duration will keep them well within the stipulated standards of OSHA.

233 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers ANNEXURES EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

ANNEXURE - 1 DRINKING WATER QUALITY STANDARDS (IS 10500:1991) S. Substance or Requirement Undesirable Effect Permissible No. Characteristic (Desirable outside the Desirable limit in the Limit) limit absence of alternate source Essential Characteristics 1 Colour, Hazen units, Max 5 Above 5, consumer 25 acceptance decreases 2 Odour Unobjectionable - - 3 Taste Agreeable - - 4 Turbidity NTU, max 5 Above 5, consumer 10 acceptance decreases 5 pH Value 6.5 to 8.5 Beyond this range the No relaxation water will affect the mucous membrane and/or water supply system

6 Total Hardness (as CaCO3) 300 Encrustation in water 600 mg/l, Max supply structure and adverse effects on domestic use 7 Iron (as Fe) mg/l, max 0.3 Beyond this limit 1.0 taste/appearance are affected, has adverse affect on domestic uses and water supply structures and promotes iron bacteria 8 Chloride (as Cl) mg/l, Max 250 Beyond this limit, test, 1000 corrosion and palatability are affected 9 Residual free Chlorine, 0.2 - - mg/l, Min 10 Fluoride (as F) mg/l, Max 1.0 Fluoride may be kept as 1.5 low as possible. High fluoride may cause fluorosis 11 Dissolved solids mg/l, Max 500 Beyond this palatability 2000 decreases and may cause gastro intestinal irrigation 12 Calcium (as Ca) mg/l, Max 75 Encrustation in water 200 supply structure and adverse effects on 234 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

S. Substance or Requirement Undesirable Effect Permissible No. Characteristic (Desirable outside the Desirable limit in the Limit) limit absence of alternate source Essential Characteristics domestic use 13 Magnesium (as Mg) mg/l, 30 Encrustation in water 100 Max supply structure and adverse effects on domestic use 14 Copper (as Cu) mg/l, Max 0.05 Astringent taste, 1.5 discoloration and corrosion of pipes fitting and utensils will be caused beyond this 15 Manganese (as Mn) mg/l, 0.1 Beyond this limit 0.3 Max taste/appearance are affected, has adverse effect on domestic uses and water supply structures

16 Sulphate (as SO4) mg/l, 200 Beyond this causes gastro 400 Max intestinal irritation when magnesium or sodium are present

17 Nitrate (as NO2) mg/l, Max 45 Beyond this 100 methemoglobinemia takes place 18 Phenolic compounds (as 0.001 Beyond this, it may cause 0.002 C6H5OH) mg/l, Max objectionable taste and odour 19 Mercury (as Hg) mg/l, Max 0.001 Beyond this, the water No relaxation become toxic 20 Cadmium (as Cd), mg/l, 0.01 Beyond this the water No relaxation Max become toxic 21 Selenium (as Se), mg/l, 0.01 Beyond this the water No relaxation Max become toxic 22 Arsenic (as As), mg/l, Max 0.05 Beyond this the water No relaxation become toxic 23 Cyanide (as CN), mg/l, 0.05 Beyond this the water No relaxation Max become toxic 24 Lead (as Pb), mg/l, Max 0.05 Beyond this the water No relaxation become toxic 25 Zinc (as zn), mg/l, Max 5 Beyond this limit it can 15

235 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

S. Substance or Requirement Undesirable Effect Permissible No. Characteristic (Desirable outside the Desirable limit in the Limit) limit absence of alternate source Essential Characteristics cause astringent taste and an opalescence in water 26 Anionic detergents (as 0.2 Beyond this limit it can 1.0 MBAS), mg/l, Max cause a light froth in water 27 Chromium (as Cr+6) mg/l, 0.05 May be carcinogenic No relaxation Max above this limit 28 Polynuclear aromatic - May be carcinogenic - hydrocarbons (as PAH) g/l, Max 29 Mineral oil mg/l Max 0.01 Beyond this undesirable 0.03 and odour chlorination place 30 Pesticides mg/l Max Absent Toxic 0.001 31 Radioactive materials a) Alpha emitters Bq/l - - 0.1 max

b) Beta emitters pci/l, - - 1 Max 32 Alkalinity mg/l Max 200 Beyond this limit taste 600 becomes unpleasant 33 Aluminium (as Al), mg/l 0.03 Cumulative effect is report 0.2 Max to cause dementia 34 Boron, mg/l, mg/l Max 1 - 5

236 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

ANNEXURE - 2 EFFLUENT DISCHARGE STANDARDS (INLAND SURFACE WATER) S.No. Parameter Unit Standards 1 Colour & Odor -- All efforts should be made to remove colour and unpleasant odor as far as practicable. 2 Suspended Solids Max. mg/l 100 3 Particle size of Suspended Solids -- Shall pass 850 micron IS Sieve 4 pH value -- 5.5 to 9.0 5 Temperature, Max. oC Shall not exceed 5C above the receiving water temperature 6 Oil and grease, Max. mg/l 10 7 Total residual Chlorine, Max. mg/l 1.0 8 Ammonical Nitrogen (as N), Max. mg/l 50 9 Total Kjeldah Nitrogen (as N), Max. mg/l 100

10 Free Ammonia (as NH3), Max. mg/l 5 11 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (5 days at mg/l 30 20C), Max. 12 Chemical Oxygen Demand Max. mg/l 250 13 Arsenic (as As), Max. mg/l 0.2 14 Mercury (as Hg), Max. mg/l 0.01 15 Lead (as Pb), Max. mg/l 0.1 16 Cadmium (as Cd), Max. mg/l 2.0 17 Hexavalent Chromium (as Cr+6), Max. mg/l 0.1 18 Total Chromium (as Cr) Max. mg/l 2.0 19 Copper (as Cu), Max. mg/l 3.0 20 Zinc (as Zn), Max. mg/l 5.0 21 Selenium (as Se), Max. mg/l 0.05 22 Nickel (as Ni), Max. mg/l 3.0 23 Cyanide (as CN), Max. mg/l 0.2 24 Fluorides (as F), Max. mg/l 2.0 25 Dissolved phosphates (as P), Max. mg/l 5.0 26 Sulphides (as S), Max. mg/l 2.0

237 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

S.No. Parameter Unit Standards

27 Phenolic compounds (as C6H5OH), Max. mg/l 1.0 28 Radioactive Materials mg/l  Emitters, curie/ml, Max. 10-7 -6  Emitters, curie/ml, Max. 10 29 Bio-assay test mg/l 90% survival of fish after 96 hours in 100% effluent 30 Manganese (as Mn) mg/l 2.0 31 Iron (as Fe) mg/l 3.0 32 Vanadium (as V) mg/l 0.2 33 Nitrate Nitrogen mg/l 10.0

238 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

ANNEXURE - 3 TOLERANCE LIMITS FOR INLAND SURFACE WATER QUALITY Characteristic Designated Use Class of Inland Waters A B C D E pH value 6.5 to 8.5 6.5 to 8.5 6.5 to 8.5 6.5 to 8.5 6.0 to 8.5 Dissolved Oxygen, mg/l, Min. 6 5 4 4 - Biochemical Oxygen Demand (5 2 3 3 - - days at 200C), mg/l Total coliform organisms, MPN/100 50 500 5000 - - ml. Max. Colour Hazen units 10 300 300 - - Chlorides (as Cl), mg/l Max. 250 - 600 - 600 Sodium Adsorption ratio Max. - - - - 26 Boron (as B), mg/l. Max. - - - - 2

Sulphates (as SO4), mg/ l 400 - 400 - 1000 Nitrates (as NO), mg/l Max. 20 - 50 - -

Free Ammonia (as NH3), mg/l - - - 1.2 - Conductivity at 25o C microhm / cm - - - 1000 2250 Max. Arsenic (as As), mg/l. Max. 0.05 0.2 0.2 - - Iron (as Fe), mg/l 0.3 - 50 - - Fluorides (as F), mg/l 1.5 1.5 1.5 - - Lead (as Pb), mg/l. Max. 0.1 - 0.1 - - Copper (as Cu), mg/l 1.5 - 1.5 - - Zinc (as Zn) mg/l/ Max. 1.5 - 1.5 - - Manganese (as Mn), mg/l 0.5 - - - - Total Dissolved Solids, mg/l 500 - 1500 - 2100

Total Hardness (CaCO3), mg/l 300 - - - - Magnesium (as Mg), mg/l 100 - - - - Chlorides (as Cl), mg/l 250 600 - - 600 Cyanides (as CN), mg/l 0.05 0.05 0.05 - - A: Drinking Water Source without conventional treatment but after disinfections; B: Outdoor bathing organized; C: drinking water source with conventional treatment followed by disinfections; D: propagation of wildlife and fisheries; E: irrigation, industrial cooling, controlled waste disposal. Source: Central Pollution Control Board

239 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

ANNEXURE - 4 RAPID ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT CHECKLIST

Instruction 1. The project team completes this checklist to support the environmental classification of a project. It is to be attached to the environmental categorization form and submitted to the Environment and Safeguards Division (RSES), for endorsement by Director, RSES and for approval by the Chief Compliance Officer. 2. This checklist focuses on environmental issues and concerns. To ensure that social dimensions are adequately considered, refer also to ADB's (a) checklists on involuntary resettlement and Indigenous Peoples; (b) poverty reduction handbook; (c) staff guide to consultation and participation; and (d) gender checklists. 3. Answer the questions assuming the "without mitigation" case. The purpose is to identify potential impacts. Use the "remarks" section to discuss any anticipated mitigation measures.

Country / Project Title: India: Andheri(E)- Dahisar(E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Sector Division. Transport Sector

Screening questions Yes No Remarks A. Project Siting Is the project area adjacent to or within any of the following environmentally sensitive areas? Cultural heritage site √ No cultural heritage site is located close to the corridor Wildlife Protected Area √ Sanjay Gandhi National Park is located close to the alignment.

Wetland √ No protected or classified wet land is located close to the project alignment. Mangrove √ Project road is not located in Coastal Area Estuarine √ No Estuary is located in the project area. Buffer zone of protected area √ No such area is located in the project vicinity.

Special area for protecting bio- √ No such area is located in the project diversity alignment. B. Potential Environmental Impacts Encroachment on historical/cultural √ The topography of the project area is mainly areas; disfiguration of landscape by plain. There is no encroachment of historical embankments, cuts, fills, and places. Opening of New Quarries is not envisaged. quarries? Only operational and licensed quarry will be used for sourcing materials for the project

Encroachment on precious ecology √ Only cutting of few trees is involved. Attempts Remarks have been made to minimise the cutting of trees

240 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

(e.g. Sensitive or protected areas)? Sanctuaries or any other similar eco-sensitive areas in the project area. Only cutting of few trees is involved. Attempts have been made to minimise the cutting of trees.

Alteration of surface water √ The proposed metro alignment crosses many hydrology of waterways crossed by nallahs. No waterways is there. project alignment, resulting in increased sediment in streams affected by increased soil erosion at construction site? Deterioration of surface water quality √ Adequate sanitary facilities will be provided at due to silt runoff and sanitary wastes construction camps, which will be set-up away from worker-based camps and from habitat and water bodies. chemicals used in construction? No harmful ingredients are likely to be used in the construction activities. As such, no impact on surface water quality is anticipated due to construction. Increased local air pollution due to √ Localised air pollution level is likely to rock crushing, cutting and filling increase for short duration during works, and chemicals from asphalt construction period due to construction vehicle processing? movement and asphalt processing. The asphalt mixing plant (hot mix plant) will be located away from habitat areas with adequately high stack for effective dispersion of likely emissions. Dust separation measures like spraying of water on unpaved vehicle movement areas are proposed to minimise the dust generation.

Risks and vulnerabilities related to √ Workers may get exposed to dust and noise occupational health and safety due to during construction activities. However, the physical, chemical, biological, and exposure levels are likely to be short and radiological hazards during project insignificant. Workers will be provided requisite construction and operation? PPEs to minimise such exposure and associated harmful occupational health effects. As such, no occupational health hazard is anticipated during operation phase.

Noise and vibration due to blasting √ No blasting is involved. No significant noise and other civil works? generation is expected during construction activities except normal construction equipment's operational noise. These noise levels will be impulsive in nature and its impact will be confined within few meters of either side of the project alignment. All stationary noise making sources equipment like DG set, compressors will be installed with acoustic enclosures. Provision of noise barriers will be made wherever noise level is likely to increase beyond the prescribed ambient noise levels

241 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

Screening questions Yes No Remarks Dislocation or involuntary √ The project-affected persons are expected to resettlement of people be very less as the metro corridor will generally follow the road. There will be need for small land acquisition at stations for making provision for entry and exits. This aspect will be addressed as per Govt. rules and ADB"s Social Safeguard Policies (SPS- 09) separately. Dislocation and compulsory √ Compensation as per Govt. rules has been resettlement of people living in right- provided for the displaced persons. of-way? Disproportionate impacts on the √ No such impact is anticipated. poor, women and children, Indigenous Peoples or other vulnerable groups? Other social concerns relating to √ No such social concern is expected. inconveniences in living conditions in Concern may arise during construction the project areas that may trigger stage due to increase in ambient air cases of upper respiratory problems and pollution level, which is expected to be stress? localised and temporary in nature. This aspect will be effectively controlled with the proposed dust suppression and other mitigation measures. Hazardous driving conditions where √ Hazardous driving condition may arise construction interferes with existing around construction areas. To minimize the roads? impact suitable traffic management plan will be designed and implemented by the contractor to prevent any hazardous driving condition in above situations. Poor sanitation and solid waste √ Proper provisions for sanitation, health disposal in construction camps and care (drinking water supply and periodic work sites, and possible transmission of health check-ups) and solid waste disposal communicable diseases from workers facilities will be made at each construction to local populations? camp. Awareness will be created amongst the workers about hygiene and health protection.

Creation of temporary breeding √ No such condition is anticipated. habitats for mosquito vectors of disease? Accident risks associated with √ Adequate safety measures will be adopted to increased vehicular traffic, leading to avoid accidents during construction and accidental spills of toxic materials operation stages. Measures, like signage, and loss of life? speed control; crash barriers will be taken close to sensitive locations such as schools, temple or hospitals.

242 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

Increased noise and air pollution √ Increase in noise and air pollution is resulting from traffic volume? expected during construction phase but is likely to be confined within few meters of either side of the project alignment. Adequate mitigation measures will be adopted to minimise the same. During operation stage, metro will provided a comfortable travel and provide pollution free alternate mode for commuters.

Screening questions Yes No Remarks Increased risk of water pollution from √ This possibility is minimal but cannot be oil, grease and fuel spills, and other ruled out. Controlled construction activities materials from vehicles using the and proper drainage system will reduce this road? possibility. Large population influx during project √ Most of the workers will be hired locally. construction and operation that The small construction camps are unlikely to causes increased burden on social cause any significant burden on social infrastructure and services (such as infrastructure and services. water supply and sanitation systems)?

Social conflicts if workers from other √ Most of the workers will be hired locally. regions or countries are hired?

Risks to community health and safety √ The construction material (aggregate from due to the transport, storage, and use approved quarries, borrow earth, bitumen) and/or disposal of materials such as will be sourced from nearby and approved explosives, fuel and other chemicals sources. No explosive or chemicals are during construction and operation? likely to be used. Bitumen waste if any generated during construction and garbage from stations will either be recycled or disposed of in controlled manner. Community safety risks due to both √ No such impacts are anticipated. Adequate accidental and natural causes, awareness will be created amongst people and especially where the structural workers through information disclosure, elements or components of the safety signage and public consultation about project are accessible to members of the safety aspects. affected community or where their failure could result in injury to the community throughout project construction, operation and decommissioning.

243 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

Climate Change and Disaster Risk Yes No Remarks

Is the Project area subject to hazards √ The project area is located in Mumbai and as such as earthquakes, floods, per BIS categorization falls in Zone III landslides, tropical cyclone winds, indicating low earthquake hazard risk. The storm surges, tsunami or volcanic area is not subject to natural hazards like eruptions and climate changes tropical cyclone winds, storm surges, tsunami or volcanic eruptions and climate changes. Could changes in temperature, √ The proposed project for funding will be precipitation, or extreme events underground. The project design was patterns over the Project lifespan based on projects already in operation in other affect technical or financial cities with similar climatic conditions. The sustainability (eg. increased erosion or project area is not subject to erosion or landslides could increase landslide etc. Technical or financial maintenance costs, permafrost sustainability of the project is unlikely to be melting or increased soil moisture affected due to any extreme event pattern. content could affect sub-grade). Are there any demographic or socio- √ No such condition exists or anticipated. The economic aspects of the Project area that project location is within the densely are already vulnerable (eg., high developed metropolitan city with limited open incidence of marginalized spaces to encourage emergence of illegal populations, rural-urban migrants, settlement, rural-urban migration etc. illegal settlements, ethnic minorities, women or children)? Could the Project potentially increase √ No such condition is anticipated. the climate or disaster vulnerability of the surrounding area (e.g., by encouraging settlement in areas that will be more affected by floods in the future, or encouraging settlement in earthquake zones)?

244 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

ANNEXURE – 5 LAB CIRTIFICATES Air Quality Reports

245 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

246 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

247 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

Wind Analysis Report

248 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

Noise Analysis Reports

249 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

250 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

251 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

252 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

253 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

254 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

255 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

256 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

257 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

258 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

Water Analysis Reports

259 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

260 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

261 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

262 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

263 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

264 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

265 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

266 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

267 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

ANNEXURE – 6

Minutes of the Public Consultation Meeting Environmental and Social Aspects of the Mumbai Metro Line 7- Andheri (E) to Dahisar (E) and Mumbai Metro Line 2A – Dahisar to D.N. Nagar projects

The work for Mumbai Metro Line – 7 Andheri (E) to Dahisar (E) and Mumbai Metro Line 2A – Dahisar to D.N. Nagar has been undertaken by MMRDA with the approval of Govt of Maharashtra and assistance of DMRC. These projects are designed to minimise the environmental and social impacts. The civil works for the project will be financed by MMRDA while financial assistance is being sought from ADB for the rolling stock, signalling, communications systems, E&M, AFC, etc. The EIA and SIA reports prepared for these projects are being revised incorporating alignment changes and specific site conditions. R&R of the PAPs of the project will be carried out as per the Mumbai Urban Transport Project (MUTP) Policy. Public consultations being held in accordance with the ADB’s Safeguards Policy for Information Disclosure, Consultation and Participation. Public Announcement in Newspapers: A public consultation meeting focusing on the environmental and social aspects of the Mumbai Metro line 7: Andheri (E) to Dahisar (E) and Metro line 2A: Dahisar to D.N. Nagar project was organised on May 12, 2016. A notice regarding the schedule of the meeting was advertised in prominent daily newspapers in three languages i.e. English, Hindi and Marathi on the 30th April, 2016 to inform the general public. The copies of the notices published in the newspapers are attached as Annexure-I. The details of the date, time and place of the Public consultation meeting were as follows: Date Time Place 12/05/2016 3:00 p.m. to 5:00 p.m. The Auditorium, New MMRDA building, G-Block, Bandra Kurla Complex, Bandra (E), Mumbai - 400051.

The following officers from MMRDA and DMRC addressed the meeting: Sr. No. Metro Representatives Designation 1. Shri P.R.K. Murthy Director (Projects) Metro, Metro PIU 2. Shri P.K. Sharma Director, DMRC 3. Shri V.G. Patil Chief, SDC 4. Smt. K. Vijayalakshmi Chief, T&C

268 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

5. Shri Dilip Kawathkar Dy. Metropolitan Commissioner (Admin), 6. Smt. Indurkar Tahsildar

The meeting started with introductions of officials and a power-point presentation on the project comprising of the Metro Master Plan, details including alignment, station locations and facilities, project status, method of construction, costs and financial obligations, measures that will be taken for traffic movement and minimising nuisance to public along the corridor, the environmental and social impacts and safeguards, clearances to be obtained, eligibility, entitlement and grievance redressal framework for R&R etc. was made. A copy of the presentation is placed as Annexure II. The technical aspects of the project were presented by Shri. P.K. Sharma and environmental and social aspects were presented by Shri. V.G. Patil. The consultation meeting was attended by fifteen persons. The list of attendees along with the attendance record consisting of their names, organisation represented and the contact details is attached as Annexure – III. The photographs of the meeting are attached as Annexure – IV. The details of the points raised by the public and the reply to their queries were as follows: Sr. The points that were raised by the Public Response provided by officers No. 1. Shri Ulhas Chaudhari from Paryawarniya The need for these metro projects was Grahak Chalwal raised concerns regarding established based on comprehensive environmental effects and carbon emissions transport study and as a part of during the project execution caused by assessment and feasibility of these congestion, debris below the elevated projects. An extensive EIA study was structures viz a viz reduction after the being carried out to assess the baseline project is implemented, . He also raised the conditions and projected impacts question regarding the feasibility and need which would take into account the of the metro project viz a viz strengthening impacts and suggest mitigation the existing western railway and public bus measures. Such measures will be transport system run by the BEST in the implemented. city. He also raised concern on the water requirements and planning for its provision for the project. Drawing references of the previous infrastructure projects commissioned by various government

269 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

bodies in the city, he pointed concerns on the quality, site management during and after the project implementation phases. He also submitted a detailed letter regarding his concerns. The letter is attached as Annexure – V 2. Shri Sunil Sampatrao Shinde from the It was indicated that legal opinion was Aanyay Nivaran Samajik Santha raised sought before awarding the contract to concerns about awarding the contract to the said contractor. J.Kumar against whom FIR was launched by the Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai in case of some other work.

270 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

Annexure 6(a) : Advertisements placed in Marathi, English and Hindi newspapers

271 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

272 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

273 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

Annexure 6 (b) : Public Consultation meeting Presentation copy

274 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

275 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

276 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

277 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

278 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

279 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

280 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

281 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

282 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

283 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

284 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

285 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

286 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

287 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

Annexure 6(c): List of Attendees

288 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

289 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

290 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

Annexure 6(d): Photographs of the Public Consultation meeting

291 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

Annexure 6(e) : Letter by Shri Ulhas Chaudhari from Paryawarniya Grahak Chalwal

Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers 292 EIA report of proposed Andher (E) –Dahisar (E) Corridor of Mumbai Metro Project by MMRDA

293 Prepared by Fine Envirotech Engineers