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Chapter 6: Everglades Research and Evaluation Edited by Fred Sklar and Thomas Dreschel

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Chapter 6: Everglades Research and Evaluation Edited by Fred Sklar and Thomas Dreschel 2017 South Florida Environmental Report – Volume I Chapter 6 Chapter 6: Everglades Research and Evaluation Edited by Fred Sklar and Thomas Dreschel SUMMARY The studies and findings discussed in this chapter are presented within four main fields: (1) wildlife ecology, (2) plant ecology, (3) ecosystem ecology, and (4) landscape patterns and ecology. Programs of study are based on the short-term operational needs and long-term restoration goals of the South Florida Water Management District (SFWMD or District), including large-scale and regional hydrologic needs in relation to regulation schedules, permitting, Everglades Forever Act (Section 373.4592, Florida Statutes [F.S.]) mandates, and the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan (CERP). This chapter summarizes Water Year 2016 (WY2016) (May 1, 2015–April 30, 2016) hydrology in the Everglades Protection Area (EPA), followed by an overview of key Everglades studies on wildlife, plants, the ecosystem, and landscapes (Table 6-1). Table 6-1. WY2016 Everglades research findings in relation to operational mandates. Projects Findings Mandates a Hydrology In the Everglades Protection Area, this dry season was the wettest on record since the 1957–1958 dry season. As a result, stages were exceptionally high during the dry season causing deep water stress for tree islands and lack of regular recession rates for Hydrologic Patterns for wading birds. Similar patterns were observed in the Marl Prairies in ROS WY2016 the southern Everglades causing unsuitable nesting for the Cape MFL Sable seaside sparrow. At the other end of the spectrum, Florida Bay experienced a Minimum Flows and Minimum Water Levels (MFL) Rule violation due to extremely low cumulative rainfall during the WY2016 wet season. Wildlife Ecology An estimated 18,637 wading bird nests were initiated in the ROS Everglades. This is 45 percent lower than the decadal average. All Wading Bird Nesting CERP focal indicator species (white ibis, wood stork, great egret, snowy Patterns egret, and tricolored heron) exhibited reduced nesting effort in MFL 2016 (between 23 and 74 percent below the decadal average). FEIM Plant Ecology Studies of Loxahatchee Impoundment Landscape Assessment (LILA) tree islands highlight how transpiration can govern Trees: a Geomorphic Agent subsurface moisture dynamics, water–mineral interactions, soil CERP Governing Landscape porosity, and hydraulic conductivity. Evidence from constructed EFA Evolution tree islands demonstrate the increases in aboveground biomass ROS during early stand development triggers transpiration-driven ion (i.e., nutrient) accumulation in soils. 6-1 2017 South Florida Environmental Report – Volume I Chapter 6 Table 6-1. Continued. Projects Findings Mandates a Restoration of ghost tree islands may be possible with planting Deploying Tree Saplings in saplings in peat bags because it is low cost and provides about LTP Peat Bags as a Potential 1.5 feet (0.45 meter) of additional elevation and substrate for ROS Restoration Technique: A initial root growth. Peat bag planting experiments indicate that Field Study at LILA bags with one sapling, one fertilizer spike, and no additional RS floatation were most effective. The CERP vegetation mapping program has been focused on Big Cypress National Preserve and the ENP for the last 10 years. Status of Everglades Base maps have been mosaicked from photos taken in 2006, National Park (ENP) 2009, and 2014. All accuracy assessment data were collected CERP Mapping within one year of image acquisition. The ENP is 52 percent completed and Big Cypress National Preserve will be mapped starting in fall 2016. Ecosystem Ecology Soils data collected within CHIP highlight the importance of longer-term studies when evaluating the effect of restoration activities on biogeochemistry. Conclusions of elevated floc TP concentrations were only accurate for the first 3-4 years; 8-10 Cattail Habitat year post-study initiation, TP values were significantly decreased. LTP Improvement Project (CHIP) The change in vegetation community, a primary driver of the ROS change in nutrient storage, was enabled by the switch to a RS selective herbicide for cattail control. The CHIP study also highlighted the long-term use of these created openings by wading birds and waterfowl with significantly greater numbers of birds than those recorded in unenriched parts of the landscape. The localized drought in South Florida that began in 2014 and continued in 2015 resulted in reduced freshwater flows to the bay. These flows rapidly increased during the very wet dry season beginning in late November 2015. In addition, a Temporary Emergency Deviation to the WCA-3A/3B Water Control Plan CERP Florida Bay Water Quality beginning on February 12, 2016, resulted in additional water MFL Conditions and Status flowing into ENP and likely Florida Bay. The higher nutrients and ROS chlorophyll a (Chla) in the central region at the end of WY2016 may be attributable to the increased precipitation and freshwater inflows, the release of nutrients from decaying submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV), or a combination of both. Adult survival and clonal reproduction of new short shoots increases Ruppia coverage vegetatively, essential to maintenance CERP Ruppia in the Mangrove of the population. But continued persistence of Ruppia in the MFL Transition Zone transition zone appears to depend upon both vegetative ROS production and recruitment of new adults from seed. Within central and western Florida Bay, the elevated salinities and above average temperatures initiated a large seagrass die-off. Future monitoring will be essential to detect and assess any CERP Florida Bay Benthic continuing and cascading effects of this die-off. The eastern bay MFL Vegetation appears much different for two reasons: (1) Ruppia maritima has ROS not rebounded from the declines of WY2011–WY2012 and (2) Thalassia testudinum continues to increase downstream of many coastal creeks. The 2015 seagrass die-off indicates that the gains in the quality of SAV habitat over the past several years are precarious and can CERP SAV Indicators for Florida be reversed within an annual timescale. The Composite SAV MFL Bay 2015–2016 Index indicated that the SAV status for WY2015–2016 regressed ROS in two areas: the Transition Zone and the Central Bay Zone. 6-2 2017 South Florida Environmental Report – Volume I Chapter 6 Table 6-1. Continued. Projects Findings Mandates a Landscape Determining elevation differences between tree islands and their surrounding marsh-slough environment is important to provide a better understanding of how water management decisions affect the ecological integrity of the ridge-slough-tree island Tree island Stability and ecosystem. These data of the shallow SETs indicate that the Resilience Assessed through CERP active root zones of three hydrologically different tree islands are Integrated Sediment not producing enough root biomass to compensate for soil ROS Elevation Tables (SETs) oxidation, and even though deposition of material on the ground surface of these islands can be significant, ranging between 2.5 and 6.1 millimeters per year (mm/yr), none of these islands are building elevation. (1) A fluorescein dye study indicated a surface water movement to the east from culverts east of the One-mile Bridge. West of the One-mile Bridge, flows were towards Shark River Slough. CERP (2) Surface and bottom water measurements of salinity, S-356 Pump Test: MFL conducted in Manatee Bay and Barnes Sound showed that Ecological Monitoring following an initial large release from the S-197 structure, ROS subsequent small releases did not appreciably reduce salinity MFL further, though the cumulative effect was to maintain reduced salinity throughout the dry season. This third DPM flow event demonstrated that (1) experimental sheetflow treatments increased water velocities and sediment transport in sloughs compared to ridges; (2) sustained flow Interim Findings of the operations of 8 to 10 weeks, rather than multiple pulses, are CERP Decomp Physical Model needed to maximize slough velocities, sediment transport, and MFL (DPM) sediment redistribution; (3) if just 5 percent of transported slough sediments entered ridges, this could theoretically increase ROS sediment accumulation by 100 percent; and 4) there is a potential shift in algal taxonomy, abundance and biomass with increasing flow rates. a. Mandates CERP Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan EFA Everglades Forever Act, Section 373.4592, F.S. FEIM Florida Everglades Improvement and Management LTP Long-Term Plan for Achieving Water Quality Goals in the Everglades Protection Area MFL Minimum Flows and Minimum Water Levels, Section 373.042, F.S., Chapter 40E-8, Florida Administrative Code ROS Regulation and Operational Schedules RS Restoration Strategies for Clean Water for the Everglades HYDROLOGY Rainfall in the Everglades for WY2016 was exceptionally low in the early part of the water year, especially in Florida Bay causing the 5-creek cumulative flow to dip below the 105,000 acre-feet (ac-ft) Minimum Flows and Minimum Water Levels (MFL) Rule threshold by some 27,000 ac-ft. and causing central Florida Bay salinities to go hypersaline. The dry wet season was followed by an exceptional wet dry season beginning in December 2015. Over the entire District, rainfall was nearly one foot (ft) above average from November through May. As a result, for most of the entire Greater Everglades, tree islands experienced deep water stress, wading bird foraging depths were too deep, and there
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