Bim-Driven Islamic Architecture

AYAD KHALID ALMAIMANI

A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA

2018

To Allah first and last for the support I have been blessed with

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Firstly, I am grateful to Allah for guiding me to choose to work on BIM of Islamic architecture and guide me to be at University of Florida with one of the most experts in Building

Information Modeling Associate Professor Nawari Nawari, Who stand and support me until I became what I am now with all blessing. Professor Nawari is my advisor and committee chairman that has all of my sincere regards and gratitude. I’m also grateful to my advisor and committee co-chair Dr. R. Raymond Issa for his support throughout this research project. I am also thankful to Associate Professor Michael Kuenstle and Professor Fazel Najafi for their support, guidance, effort and feedback. Thank you for being a valuable part of this research. I am thankful to the Department of Architecture, College of Environmental Design, at King Abdul

Aziz University (KAU) for supporting me as a Faculty Member in the architectural department to pursue my higher education to achieve my Ph.D. degree. My dear wife Reem, thank you for your support and understanding. Without your love and patience, I would not be able to succeed in my journey. My parents, thank you for your invocation. I am forever grateful to your love and support.

TABLE OF CONTENTS page

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...... 4

LIST OF TABLES ...... 7

LIST OF FIGURES ...... 8

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ...... 11

ABSTRACT ...... 12

CHAPTER

1 INTRODUCTION ...... 14

Statement of Purpose ...... 17 Significance ...... 19 Scope and Limitation ...... 21 Research Question ...... 22 Objectives ...... 22

2 LITERATURE REVIEW ...... 26

Introduction ...... 26 Islamic Architecture ...... 27 General ...... 27 Ottoman Khilafah (Empire) ...... 28 Area of Research ...... 29 Jeddah ...... 29 What is the Hejazi Islamic Architecture Character? ...... 30 The Connection between HIAC with Other Architectural Characters and Styles ...... 32 The Differences between the Bay Windows of Jeddah, Cairo, and Aleppo ...... 37 Building Models ...... 38 Digital Classification Library ...... 39 BIM ...... 41 1-BIM Tool Used ...... 48 2- Visual Studio ...... 53

3 METHODOLOGY ...... 81

Method ...... 81 BIM Tools ...... 82 The Revit® API is a tool ...... 83 Taxonomy ...... 83

4 ANALYSIS ...... 86

Data Collection ...... 86 Zaha Hadid, Norman Foster, and SOM Architectural Firms. Location: Middle East .....88 Architectural Firms ...... 89 Library Development ...... 90 Build The Three-Dimensional Objects of The HIAC ...... 90 BIM components ...... 90 Framework for BIM components ...... 91 Structure of nested components ...... 94 Program a Plug-in Application ...... 95 Organize Data that Accompanies each Three-Dimensional Model :Schema and Classification...... 97 Examine the Effects of Using the Library on Reductions of Time in the Project Concept, Architectural Plans, and Architectural Perspectives Phases...... 100 Digital Library ...... 102 Applications: Plug-In ...... 104

5 CONCLUSION ...... 150

6 FUTURE WORK ...... 154

APPENDIX

A STUDY AND ANALYZE THE PROJECTS AT THE MIDDLE EAST DESIGNED BY ZAHA HADID ARCHITECTURAL FIRM ...... 156

B STUDY AND ANALYZE THE PROJECTS AT THE MIDDLE EAST DESIGNED BY NORMAN FOSTER ARCHITECTURAL FIRM ...... 163

C STUDY AND ANALYZE THE PROJECTS AT THE MIDDLE EAST DESIGNED BY SOM ARCHITECTURAL FIRM ...... 172

D APPLY THE USE OF THE BIM-IA APPLICATION ON ONE OF THE PROJECTS AT THE MIDDLE EAST DESIGNED BY ARCHITECTURE FIRMS OF NORMAN FOSTER ...... 178

LIST OF REFERENCES ...... 183

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH ...... 191

LIST OF TABLES

Table page

4-1 An example of classification details of IA...... 148

4-2 Comparison between Two Design Approaches...... 149

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure page

1-1 Digital library application process...... 24

1-2 Appended metadata when accessing the proposed digital library...... 25

2-1 The Islamic Architecture Styles Timeline...... 55

2-2 Location of Jeddah on a World Map modified from Google Maps...... 55

2-3 The reach of the Ottoman Empire...... 56

2-4 Port Cities Have the Ottoman Style...... 57

2-5 Traditional Old Jeddah Recognized by UNESCO...... 58

2-6 Al-Shafai Mosque, Al-Shafai building, Jamjom Building, and Nasif House. The UNESCO recognizes all of these buildings...... 59

2-7 Metaphoric picture represents Old Jeddah buildings destruction...... 60

2-8 French Consulate at Jeddah 1917 AD...... 61

2-9 British Consulate 1917 AD...... 62

2-10 Jeddah traditional house 1917 AD...... 63

2-11 The interior plan of the house air cross ventilation...... 64

2-12 Air Cross Ventilation...... 65

2-13 HIAC and Cairo Residential Building ...... 66

2-14 The courtyard of Al-Suheimi house at Cairo and Alshafai House, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia...... 67

2-15 Casement window at Cairo...... 68

2-16 Bay window illustration...... 69

2-17 One of the Hejazi Casement Windows...... 69

2-18 One of the Hejazi Bay Windows...... 70

2-19 One of Alshafai House Bay Windows...... 70

2-20 Ottoman residential buildings...... 71

2-21 Ottoman Bay window at Aleppo...... 72

2-22 Aleppo Kishk in Syria...... 73

2-23 Differences between the Window in Aleppo and Hijaz...... 74

2-24 Two types of Ottoman Bay Windows...... 75

2-25 BIM is the center of Interoperability for various file formats and users...... 76

2-26 Integrated BIM model...... 76

2-27 BIM’s Influence on Overall Project Cost Over Project Life Cycle...... 77

2-28 BIM Model Data Pyramid...... 77

2-29 Parametrical door at Autodesk Revit® Software...... 78

2-30 Autodesk Revit® Main Categories Modified and Adopted From ...... 79

2-31 External Tool added to Revit®...... 79

2-32 New panels and controls added to Revit®...... 80

3-1 Outline of modeling using BIM as a simulation source...... 84

3-2 Developing Bay Window into a modern design...... 85

4-1 Sources used for research...... 105

4-2 Designers Time Consumed All Day ...... 105

4-3 The projects Locations in the Arabic countries (Middle East)...... 106

4-4 The ability to adjust the gate according to the need of the architect...... 107

4-5 Examples of Minarets Models...... 108

4-6 Examples of data provided by the BIM-driven Islamic Construction...... 108

4-7 Examples of application of the BIM-driven Islamic Architecture library...... 109

4-8 Examples of application of the BIM-driven Islamic Architecture library...... 110

4-9 The HIAC minaret...... 111

4-10 The complete component and separated parts of HIAC minaret...... 112

4-11 Phases of combining the minaret parts and elements...... 113

4-12 HIAC components digital library...... 114

4-13 Nested components in modeling Minaret...... 116

4-14 Nested components in modeling windows...... 118

4-15 One of the minarets of HIAC accuracy example...... 119

4-16 BIM Components Three Various Types...... 120

4-17 Dulux’s BIM Solution Website...... 121

4-18 Placing The VB File in The Project Template Path...... 121

4-19 Building the solution...... 122

4-20 Classification Chart of Islamic Architecture...... 123

4-21 Hierarchal Schema of The Digital Classification of IA...... 123

4-22 Classification System Showing Hijazi Islamic Architecture Character (HIAC)...... 124

4-23 Hierarchal Schema of The Digital Classification of HIAC...... 125

4-24 Classification Chart and Hierarchal Schema Process Concentrating on Hijazi Islamic Architecture Character (HIAC)...... 126

4-25 An Example of HIAC Categorization for Window Details...... 127

4-26 Architectural Elements...... 128

4-27 Updated Architectural Elements...... 134

4-28 Application of BIM-driven Islamic Architecture library in the design of a mosque...... 140

4-29 Preliminary Design of the ICG Minaret...... 141

4-30 Preliminary Design of the ICG Minaret...... 142

4-31 Examples of eras and styles forming the BIM library...... 143

4-32 Plug-in for Autodesk Revit®...... 144

4-33 Developed Plug-in for Autodesk Revit®...... 145

4-34 Final Developed Plug-in for Autodesk Revit®...... 146

4-35 The Setup of the Plug-in for Autodesk Revit®...... 147

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

AEC Architecture, Engineering, and Construction.

AKPIA Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture.

AKVA Aga Khan Visual Archive.

BIM Building Information Modeling.

BIM-IAS’s Building Information Modeling Islamic Architecture Styles.

DC-AKP-IAHU Documentation Center of the Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture at Harvard University. HIAC Hijazi Islamic Architecture Character.

IA Islamic Architecture.

IA-OTT Islamic Architecture Ottoman.

VB Visual Basic.NET

VS Visual Studio.

Abstract of Dissertation Presented to the Graduate School of the University of Florida in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy

BIM-DRIVEN ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE

Ayad Khalid Almaimani

May 2018

Chair: Nawari Nawari Cochair: R. Raymond Issa Major: Design, Construction, and Planning

This research focuses on developing Building Information Modelling (BIM) library for

Islamic Architecture. It is a technical research project that aims to digitalize the Islamic architecture styles. Islamic Architecture (IA) components contain a massive amount of information, which requires classification so they can be used correctly in the design phases of a project. The proposal of this research has two main parts, the first, is creating BIM-driven three- dimensional object libraries of Islamic Architecture’s: styles, construction methods, structural elements, and architectural components. Second, applications of the proposed BIM-IA library, be demonstrated by designing an Islamic facility. This example illustrates how the BIM- library can assist designers in making decisions about designing Islamic facility and function while also preserving valuable time and resources that are often devoted to searching for data and making optimum design choices. Actual validations conduct on a mosque design project in Saudi Arabia

(to be determined). Also, the library demonstrated in a conceptual mosque design in Gainesville

Florida. The study centers on Hijazi Islamic Character, which is a part of Ottoman architectural styles.

The HIAC library allows architects and engineers to use parametrical three-dimensional objects of Hejazi architecture in a typical BIM design process. The main objective is providing

library and guidelines for Hejazi Islamic Architecture Character. This library contains components that are organized in accordance with the architecture category found in BIM authoring software tools. The research results are examined by using practical examples to demonstrate the applicability and effectiveness of the BIM-IA library.

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

Building information Modeling (BIM) is a process that produces digital representations of physical objects. This process is utilized to produce a digital library of BIM-Driven Islamic

Architecture. A design digital library can add a large amount of data to the existing Architectural

Components Library. A massive amount of data regarding the Hejazi Islamic Architecture

Character (HIAC) is currently scattered throughout a variety of different sources and written in many different languages. Establishing a BIM library for these various sources allows designers to use a centralized source in a coherent and effective manner. This digital library is a compendium of information about Hejazi Architecture character which covers a period of over two hundred years.

The digital library synchronizes data with three-dimensional forms in an attempt to capture the style found in Hejazi Islamic architecture fully. Furthermore, it catalogs Hejazi

Islamic architectural forms and elements which can then be used to evolve into future design practices. The library aims to help designers access a wide variety of architectural and structural forms and styles of the Othmani Style in Hejaz. These include, for example, Islamic aesthetic features such as brick patterning, the clever use of marble and stone in bands of contrasting colors when the stone is a major building material, laying emphasis on ingenious symmetry in design as well as in the organization of inner spaces and architectural motifs. The Islamic

Philosopher Ibn Khaldun (1377) described the subject of aesthetics in Islamic architecture as techniques, languages, and materials in which the walls come to look like colorful flower beds.

The research contributes to the current body of literature and enables interested parties to utilize this work which has to be classified and organized because “Architects are in need of organized architectural application libraries” (Arms, 1997). Furthermore, this topic is a part of

an extension which may lead to an increase in the interest of IAS’s culture. The Islamic architecture is clearly defined by Associate Professor Spahic Omer in his paper "The paper concludes that Islamic architecture is an architecture that through its multidimensionality embodies the message of Islam. It both facilitates the Muslims' realization of the Islamic purpose and its divine principles on earth and promotes a lifestyle generated by such a philosophy and principles.” (Omer, 2009) Furthermore, Islamic Architecture is a huge source to be taught as His

Highness Aga Khan mentioned in one of his interviews, that the people from outside the Islamic world felt that there was a lot to be learned from and about the Islamic culture. (Ivy, 2001).

HRH President of SCTH Prince Sultan Bin Salman Al-Saud in his speech at the International

Conference on Protecting Cultural Heritage of the Muslim World said, that “the Islamic world is passing through a critical phase, which requires from all of us more efforts and cooperation towards the preservation of our heritage as the key component of our identity and position among the nations and for the future of our young generation” (Heritage, 2017). The main focus on the Ottoman Architecture style from this era has not been a priority, “Thus Ottoman monuments were rarely cataloged, studied, and preserved in their own right, and were at best neglected.” (Watenpaugh, 2007). The availability of BIM-IAS classified database aids the users in the comprehension of IA culture virtually results in increasing the awareness and knowledge of the IA styles varieties and differences exists in the elements and components form the buildings “… increasing numbers of architects have acknowledged the fact that digital three- dimensional modeling can help better understanding of data and are moving beyond static 2D representation” (Muir & O'Neill, 1994). This area has suffered from many issues and as a topic of study and analysis vary between the limited access to sources or the lack of various textual and visual primary sources due to building destruction or modernization of existing architecture

(Um, 2012). One of the reasons to research BIM-driven Islamic Architecture on the HIAC is the strong connections that lead to the introduction of a bigger understanding about the architectural culture of the port cities of the Red Sea area.

The contribution of this research pertains to the Architectural culture of Hejazi Islamic

Architecture Character (HIAC) derived from the Ottoman Architecture Style through innovative development of a parametric and a digitalized architectural Islamic style library that includes a catalogue of design development.

According to what is mentioned above, the new information and knowledge this proposal outlines is that there is a lack of a digital BIM libraries that covers the Historical IA. The research focuses primarily on the Ottoman Architectural Style specifically on the Hejazi Islamic

Architecture Character, the research goals include:

Primary

1. enhance the historic Architectural Culture;

2. assist to initiate new architectural contemporary typology;

3. assist to preserve the traditional architecture of The Ottoman Style;

4. studying the comparison and differences of the patterns of The Ottoman Style specifically on the Hejazi Islamic Architecture Character, like the windows details.

Secondary

1. education; 2. technical construction methods; 3. comprehending the new contemporary designs especially in sustainability methods.

The development of the library allows the project to have an overarching sense of unity that contribute to the development of a single unified style language built upon similar shapes, elements, constructions, and structures. The data provided helps influence design decisions quickly because of testimonies provided in the application and due to the ease of its accessibility.

This allows designers to readily use any information on Hejazi Islamic Architectural Character found in the BIM library. For instance, a state’s history, the most famous buildings or, more importantly, the architectural forms and elements of windows, domes, and spires are readily accessible. The details about windows, domes, and spires, in particular, are ready to be taken to fabrication machines to start to produce physical models. Every form can be combined with data to enrich the user experience and enhance structural and architectural design information.

Statement of Purpose

The main purpose of this research is to build three-dimensional objects that are accompanied with contextual information concerning the character of Hejazi Islamic

Architecture. Information regarding HIAC is currently unavailable in architectural software design tools. There are also a very limited number of references using architectural terms and figures to explain HIAC objects either in three or two dimensions. Furthermore, none of these elements or data are readily accessible in one location, and it is the intent of this research to solve this problem by bringing all of this information together in a one BIM library.

A secondary benefit of creating a BIM-HIAC library is the preservation and revitalization of historical Islamic architecture. This ultimately makes it easier for designers by providing them information directly from a BIM- HIAC library. As this library is created and implemented into existing architecture software as an add-in application, it contributes to the distribution of Islamic architecture styles and models.

One of the main issues regarding the historic Islamic Architecture is the fact that sources in forms of books that discuss architecture, civilization, and the history of famous cities like

Damascus, Baghdad, Riyadh, Sanaa, Aden, Cairo and other cities around the world but those references are not readily accessible and they often do not contain architecture-specific information. Architects are in need of organized architectural application libraries like the

Photoshop Components Library or the materials library of Max and Lumion or even the Revit® applications that have already been developed by various companies (Arms, 1997). None of these architects deny their extreme reliance on these component libraries due to the amount of time that is saved when the libraries are used. The libraries reduce the time required to finish a project while also enabling the addition of contextual details to existing designs. This understanding is according to my experience and the experience of other colleagues working as professional architects. The fact that these libraries already exist is a clear indication that they provide a lot of benefits to architects. On the other hand, some websites provide architectural components for free while others are offered for purchase, for instance, Familit and Revit City are websites that hold more than twenty thousand architectural components which are open for circulation and downloading. Yet, despite the myriad of websites that provide digital libraries, not a single one offers three-dimensional objects or components for the Hejazi Islamic

Architecture Character and the prove I was searching and using those websites for more than ten years.

Furthermore, the study seeks to provide the BIM-HIAC library to aid in the first place the

Saudi architectural firms and any other architectural firms to meet many of the demands that arise when designing Islamic themed architecture. Also, the application encourages architects to support the HIAC application when designing new buildings because the data connected to the three-dimensional elements increase the user’s efficiency. Furthermore, these benefits can be transferred to neighboring Gulf Countries and Middle Eastern Firms because of similarities between their cultures, environments, climates, available materials, and owners’ demands.

Additionally, International Firms able to enter into new markets with the ability to produce designs that are in accord with preferences of that region. The BIM-HIAC library allows these

international firms to overcome common misunderstandings when choosing elements for foreign designs.

The Research process includes three sections, first, architectural data for specific buildings in Old Jeddah be collected. Second, architectural details and elements that are characteristic of the Hejazi architecture be modeled. Third, the application contents programmed and organized so as to form a Revit Architectural Library. Figure 1-1 outlines these research steps.

Significance

The Hejaz region in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia is an old city with very traditional architectural characteristics predominantly displayed on ancient buildings in Old Jeddah. These ancient buildings are a great source of architectural history that many academics and construction firms strive to study and emulate. My own personal experience as a student at King Abdul Aziz

University’s Department of Architecture in the College of Environmental Design and my time working as a trained architect in local firms has shown me the need for a better understanding of the construction and structure of these ancient buildings. This need has also been echoed by many other students studying architecture as well as professional architects working in Jeddah.

To solve this problem, I have proposed the development of a library that helps solve the students’ issues of understanding these ancient buildings and their component objects’ details which also happens to solve the needs of professionals. Professionals will be able to reduce the time required to design buildings using components of these ancient buildings making their design periods more efficient.

Building a library is the most direct method for aggregating data from Old Jeddah which is not readily accessible. Part of the difficulty in aggregating this data is that some of it only exists within the libraries of prominent residents of Jeddah who work for the local government or

those who have lived in the Old City prior to recent expansions (which began approximately 40 years ago). Very few of these resources are available online, not to mention that the resources available online are at times ambiguous and difficult to comprehend, making it difficult for students and architects.

This research focuses on building a BIM library of ancient buildings that display the

Hejazi character which emerged from Ottoman styles. The Hejazi character is primarily located in Old Jeddah which is situated along the Red Sea in the Middle East. Hejazi character buildings used to be prominent all around what is now known as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. This includes cities like Makkah, Madinah, Jeddah, Taif, and other small cities. However, not many cities with this character are left standing. The majority of the remaining Hejazi character buildings are found in Old Jeddah with a few remaining in Taif. Building a library of these

Hejazi character serves to historically preserve the ornamentation and components used by the

Ottoman Empire. Thus allowing future architects and academics to draw upon these styles in a consistent and readily accessible fashion. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia’s Ministry of Tourism has recognized the importance of Old Jeddah and has enrolled the old city with UNESCO, as a world heritage site to save it from destruction. A library that retains the Hejazi character thus allows future architects to build upon these ancient styles and incorporate them into future designs.

About 200 years ago master craftsmen had the skills necessary to implement Hejazi character in buildings. These days, no such craftsmen remain. The library, by making components available in three dimensions, allows future designers to build these components using sophisticated machines that take the place of these now instinct craftsmen. This dream is only possible if a library of three-dimensional objects and components, accompanied with most

of the data supporting the explanation for these elements, is developed. But making these objects available in three dimensions is only possible if shapes found in books are drawn accurately and to scale without excluding all of the small details. This can only be done by visiting these locations. The development of this library delivers all of this data in one readily accessible location so that students and professionals do not have to waste time and resources searching for it themselves.

Working in a city like Old Jeddah may, at times, requires architects to design modern buildings that also reflect HIAC characteristics. An objective of this research is to be able to help these architects so that they do not have to conduct time-consuming independent research using a variety of disjointed sources.

Old Jeddah is one of the cities in the Middle East that retains the Hejazi character

(Historic Jeddah, the Gate to Makkah, 2014). Hejazi Character is representative of a history that many architects are trying to revive and preserve by using it’s style as an accent on modern architectural designs. This allows them to retain the spirit or theme of Hejazi Islamic

Architecture while also allowing the development of modern buildings. These efforts are supported by King Salman Ibn Abdul Aziz Al-Saud the ruler of Saudi Arabia (Saudi

Commission for Tourism & National Heritage, 2015, 2016) who has expressed an interest in preserving the architectural culture and character of Saudi Arabia’s Hejazi region.

Scope and Limitation

Scope. The scope of the study covers the development of contextual information and three-dimensional forms of the Hejazi Islamic Architecture character by creating a BIM library.

The application consists of a database of Hejazi Islamic Architecture character composed of two parts:

1. information and datum,

2. architectural and structural elements.

Limitation. The limitation of this library include:

1. Does not cover all the Islamic Architecture Styles.

2. Doesn’t cover Band Motifs, City Gates, Door Knockers, House Furniture, House Corners, Internal Cupboards Doors, ornamented roofs, Paintings on the Walls, Plaster Decorations Tangil, Plaster Decorations Floral, Plaster Decorations Geometric, Walls.

3. The research is centered on developing only the following BIM components: Arches, Carved Stone Door-Hoods, Domes, Doors, Doors Frames, Lattice-work grilles (shish or Shareikha), Mihrab (Sanctuary), Mimbar (Rostrum), Minaret, Niches, Panelling (Khaswa), Parapet Denticulations, Plasterworks Door Decoration, Wood Works, Windows (three parts forming the window) of the Hijazi Architecture Character.

4. The library does cover the entire IAS.

5. The plug-in works only on Autodesk Revit®.

Research Question

1. How does BIM assist in preserving the Islamic architecture? 2. How BIM can assist in designing contemporary facilities with Islamic cultural styles? 3. What is the influence of the application on the architect design during design process? 4. How the BIM library assist to develop an innovative new architectural typology?

Objectives

There are Four Objectives of this research. The first one deals with the development of data and classification schema for Islamic architecture with a focus on Hijazi Architecture.

Second, a plug-in application developed which can present these three-dimensional objects to architects of interest. Third objective is to organize data that accompany the three-dimensional objects. Fourth objective demonstrates the application of the BIM library in practical design cases.

Architects gain a number of benefits from the development of this application. The first benefit is the creation of Building information models of Hejazi Islamic Architecture which assist in identifying different models, shapes, forms of construction, structures, and ornaments by

using BIM as a database environment for these data. Also, this requires the development of a full

BIM architecture manual in Revit® which achieved by creating templates that guide architects toward the design style they want to apply in their projects. Once the Revit application is started, it prepares a template that the architect can use with specific design elements of the Hejazi

Ottoman Islamic Architecture style automatically included.

An added benefit for architects using the HIAC library is that data extracted from various sources included alongside the objects. One of these sources is a book called the Dictionary of

Islamic Architecture, written by Andrew Petersen (1996). The goal of implementing this data into the library is that it broaden the scope and access architects have towards supplementary data that stems from otherwise unreachable and unknown resources. Many firms do not have access to this information simply because architects do not know about it or perhaps they do not have the time to search for these resources on their own time. This is why the HIAC automatically include relevant information alongside objects. In addition to supplementary information, these books provide a number of pictures of objects which can be translate into three-dimensional models for the sake of architects that want to design buildings using Hejazi

Islamic Architecture principles. Hejazi Islamic Architecture is full of so many designs, concepts, ideas, and multifunction buildings that choosing the right model and the right function may cause trouble even for specialists. The proposed BIM library provides architects and engineers with all the relevant data for designing Islamic style buildings (Figure 1-2).

Figure 1-1. Digital library application process. (Almaimani A. K., 2018)

Figure 1-2. Appended metadata when accessing the proposed digital library. (Almaimani & Nawari, BIM-Driven Islamic Construction: Part 2—Digital Libraries, 2015)

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

Introduction

Islamic Architecture (IA) throughout history has special characteristic features that manifest the diversity of regions in the Islamic and non-Islamic countries. These can be seen in various Mosques, houses, and gardens which display distinctive arches, tile designs, towers and interior spaces. Islamic Architecture is a vessel of Islamic civilization; the two components work reciprocally with the intent that each identifies and promotes the existence of the other. As defined by Grube (1987), IA displays a set of architectural and spatial features, such as introspection and privacy, that are ‘inherent in Islam as a cultural phenomenon’. In the last decade, building information modeling (BIM) has been demonstrated to have a great influence on design majors. It leads to more innovation in design software technologies and Models design such that “the improvement of technology and virtual design and construction (VDC) processes is consistently the subject of countless publications.” (Giel, 2009).

Within this field, some information has been published regarding the Digitalization and classification of Islamic Architecture using Building Information Modeling. This literature reviews the current information presented on BIM of the Hejazi Islamic Architecture, and the effects of Software applications have on making rapid changes in BIM technology. Including an examination of how the utilization BIM has been used historically and how models that include contextual data can affect the design process. Current information on IA exists but the data is scattered, and the models do not exist in digital forms.

Islamic Architecture

General

Islamic architecture consists of architecture styles first found in the 7th century AD up through the present day. Every single one of those styles has their special architectural, structural, and constructional features that can be found during certain time periods, Figure 2-1.

Some researchers and specialists in Islamic Architecture History believe that Islamic buildings designs can be categorized as either mundane or religious. Some categories include Mosques,

Palaces, Forts, Schools, and urban buildings. Furthermore, there are the buildings that require less attention unless that building has architectural features that distinguish it from the other buildings in the vicinity. Some of these buildings are communal baths, gardens, and local buildings. Islamic Architecture has diversity in building types, styles, and components (Saoud,

2010; Kavuri-Bauer, 2012; Britannica, 2014). The major Islamic States or locales also have their styles that vary between the simple to the sophisticated with regards to their exteriors, interiors, plans, and elevations. Some well-known states include Umayyad, Abbasi, Ayuobi, Andalusi, and the Ottoman State which was also the name-sake of the last Islamic Empire.

The Islamic civilization by 750 AD stretched from the West, Andalusia (Spain) and

Morocco to the east, Central Asia. After that, over the next two hundred years through 1920 AD, multiple competing states emerged. There are many different plans, elevations, and ornamentations found amongst these varied styles. Historians of Islamic architectural history have different categories for IA, one of these categories is based on regional, dynastic, and chronology. (Islamic Architecture of the Middle East, 2016). There are certain architectural and structural elements most often associated and connected to the Islamic Architecture facilities: domes and arches. Most of the Islamic facilities gain their architectural identity according to the region and historical styles. Competition between the various states in the Islamic World led to

encourage ingenuity in various architectural building design projects to embody the superiority and progress of the region. There are three types of architectural styles that impacted the Islamic architecture which are the Persian, Byzantine, and the Spanish-Visigoth style. The Byzantine architecture style left the greatest impact on the Islamic architecture and art; especially the radix of the dome and arabesque design. Every Islamic architecture style has it is own identity, for instance, the great mosque of Isfahan has various major expansions and modifications which were added to the mosque every time a new powerful empire took control over the area start. The

Turks from Central Asia utilize the gilded domes in their style, compared to the Safavid State with their distinct style of using turquoise and navy blue which recognized the Persian Islamic architecture. The Ottoman Empire distinguished their major buildings, like the mosque, with the semi-domes and the Turkish cone style minarets. (Islamic Architecture, 2016).

Ottoman Khilafah (Empire)

Many regions in the Middle East were ruled by the Ottoman Empire. The architecture in the Middle East during that era was almost reflective of natural life cycles. Examples of Ottoman

Architecture can be found in the former Ottoman Islamic Empire, capital Istanbul, located in modern day Turkey. The Ottomans’ architectural heritage influenced by Byzantine architecture and the Mamluk State, located in Cairo, Egypt. Ottoman Architecture has more than 400 years of applied style which extended to every corner of the empire. This style has its building techniques, design, plans, elevations, objects and elements which make it unique from other IA

(Peterson, 1996).

In this research, the focus is on Hejazi architecture, models, information, and drawings. If no reliable data for certain Hejazi components exist, the information substituted with similar styles that originated from the Egyptian and Sudanese architectural heritage during that same era.

This is standard practice when certain data are not reliable or do not exist, “In a report prepared

by Jeddah Municipality on the architectural characteristics of Old Jeddah, the traditional houses are explained simply by the use of a Turkish or an Egyptian model.” (Al-lyaly, P.46,1990). Such substitutions are being made so as to create a complete library rather than one that has missing components. The source for this data comes from a famous home in Cairo Egypt: the house of

Zaynab Hatun Al- as-Suhaymt Althahabi. Other famous buildings and houses to be used, include those in Suakin Sudan, for instance, the main Mosque (Jamie), Sharifa Miryam, Shennawi,

Khorshid, and other houses. Furthermore, all have similar components to the components from homes found in Jeddah, Makkah, Madinah, and Yanbu in the Hejaz region like the house and mosque of Al-Shafai Nassif, and the rest of the old Jeddah city houses. (Greenlaw, 1990; Ragette,

2003).

Area of Research

Jeddah

Jeddah, Saudi Arabia (Figure 2-2) is located on the Red Sea and is one of the most well- known cities in the Middle East. According to the Moroccan traveler Ibn Battuta (died 1377

AD), Jeddah "…is an ancient town on the coast of the sea... there was little rain this year, and water was brought to Jeddah over the course of an entire day; and pilgrims would ask for water from the residents of its houses". The people of Jeddah built a number of buildings during the

Ottoman period (Figure 2-3). The primary construction materials for these buildings came from local resources like the nearby mountains and a lake. While other construction materials, like timber, were imported from neighboring areas such as Wadi Fatima or from abroad (especially from India). Some of the most famous examples of these ancient buildings that still stand are the

House of Naseef and the House of Jamjoum. King Salman Bin Abdul Aziz Al-Saud. He has made it clear that Old Jeddah ought to be preserved because it is one of the remaining cities in the world that still has buildings that embody the Ottoman style. These buildings are composed

of unique objects, designs, and shapes which represent the identity of the city and the entire

Hejazi region. (Alharbi (1989), Al-lyaly,1990).

The Figure 2-4 below clarifies two points: first, the red points represent the port cities that influenced by the Ottoman Style. Second, the Hejazi Islamic Architecture Character which is derived from the Ottoman style.

What is the Hejazi Islamic Architecture Character?

Old Jeddah City is treated as one of the oldest cities in Saudi Arabia as evidenced by its recognition as a UNESCO World Heritage site. Old Jeddah City covers an area of 17.92

Hectares. According to the Saudi Arabia of the organizational districts, planning is located at Al-

Balad District close to the Red Sea coast and was overlooking the Red Sea shore. Below, Figures

2-5, 2-6, and 2-7 outline Old Jeddah and areas under the UNESCO jurisdiction are within the black line.

There is a non-crafted specialist that maintains and preserves building or elements forming the buildings. Buildings outside the UNESCO zone have issues of being demolished and fall because of lack of maintenance, minimal renovation, and demolition to replace them with new contemporary buildings. The UNESCO area contains more than 250 historical building. The bay window (Roshan) is deemed as one of the significant features of the Old Jeddah architecture

Character. Those bay and casement windows have various colors, sizes, patterns, and forms.

These windows were prepared with sustainability features that manage and control ventilation, sunlight, and privacy levels. The Hejazi Islamic Architecture Character elements, in the form of

BIM technology, support various aspects of architectural sustainability. Old Jeddah’s traditional architectural elements were designed to cope with harsh desert conditions. Also, these houses do not contain courtyards, but there are small zones called Kharjah distributed around the house.

Most of the homes are detached or semi-detached. The building heights vary from one to six

floors, as it appears from the building exterior, but from within the homes are typically divided according to the level system.

The only place in Hejaz which still has this character and is considered a replica of other maritime cities which overlook the Red Sea is Old Jeddah. There are demands from the public sector and private sectors to preserve this architectural style and to ensure its future use in new projects.

The Ottoman Empire gave France and Great Britain the first privilege to open their consulates in Jeddah. The reason was to arrange and organize their citizens who had arrived there to perform their religious rituals at Makkah and Madinah within the Hejaz region. The consulates opened in 1825 and are located in the Al-Shami quarter. Other consulates and embassies including Dutch, Italy, Belgium, Persia, and Russia were open by 1890. The embassies were housed in Jeddah’s traditional dwellings. The American embassy was housed in Al-Butterji and the Dutch embassy in the Zenal House, which can be seen in the Figures 2-8, 2-9, and 2-10. (Al-

TURATH, 2015). These buildings represent one of the high-end designs in Jeddah at that time.

The old Jeddah architectural style had some traditional solutions to deal with the harsh climatic problems.; these solutions depend on the house design and architectural elements. The solution uses cross-ventilation system which was appropriate for early mornings and late evenings. It takes advantage of cool air "pools" in detached or semi-detached facilities and provides shaded areas. Rawshan plays the key role in cooling out a room because it is a part of the ventilation system of the house. Rawshan apertures ease the breeze to stream through the entire room. Rawshan wooden louvers angles are adjustable to keep out the hot air, noise, and the sunshine. (Al-Lyaly, 1990).

The Connection between HIAC with Other Architectural Characters and Styles

This research adopted the Hejazi Architectural character derived from Ottoman

Architectural Style to add new knowledge to the architectural world. The desire to connect the

Hejazi Islamic architecture character with the other cities at the Red Sea is rooted in the idea that both were found during the rule of the Ottoman Empire and most of these port cities were built under the supervision of the Ottoman government. Hejazi Islamic architecture character is one of the entities of the Ottoman architecture style on the Red Sea region. According to assistant professor Nancy Um at Binghamton University, a specialist in Islamic Art and Architectural

History, when talking about the architectural style of the Red Sea region she observed “This marker has never been contested or challenged, but at the same time, it has never been explored in any thoroughgoing or critical manner.”

In terms of what is mentioned above, those comprehending the Islamic Architecture

Styles lead to two questions: Is there any endeavor that aspires to revive the Ottoman architecture style on the Red Sea? Moreover, how have these architectural elements impacted the architectural design of port cities around the world?

In regard to evolving, any architectural process aspires to rise and reviving the Ottoman style. This provides an opportunity to share and gain knowledge with other nations and port cities which do not have any more documents to aid, revive or renovate their architectural culture effectively.

Derek Mathew, a British architect, in 1953 AD observed in 1953 this architecture style shared the same architectural culture. Matthews defines some parameters. Those parameters are building materials and other similar visual aspects that tie together Red Sea buildings. Theses parameters can be found in the major ports of the cities on the Red Sea, such as Jeddah, Al-

Wajh, al-Qunfudha, Kamarān, Farasān, Sabya, and Yanbu al-Baḥr in Saudi Arabia, Suakin in

Sudan, Massawa and Assab in Eritrea. Also, there are three ports in Yemen the Mocha, al-

Ḥudayda, and al-Luḥayya. All these port cities were seized by the Ottoman rulers in the sixteenth century. After the Ottomans captured Cairo in 1517, they took control of every port in the Red

Sea that the Mamluks once managed. With time the Ottomans founded new sites like Mocha in

1538 AD and Massawa in 1556 AD. According to Um “… however, it appears that the Red Sea architectural traditions in question emerged under the Ottoman rule and that the shared administration of these ports facilitated the traditions’ dispersal.” The elaborated woodwork appears in various forms on the facade of the Red Sea facilities. (Um, 2012)

The Bay window (Roshan) is a projected window and performs different architectural functions which increase the window’s features. This window is known in their diversity in forms, ornamentation, and façade location. This architectural element is found in all the main port Red Sea cities. The elements are highly similar and demonstrate the relationship with the other maritime cities, which UM recognized, “the Red Sea style represents a tangible case of sustained cross-cultural contact across a linked maritime region and thus moves beyond the conventional modern limits of continent and nation” (Um, 2012). Furthermore, there is a city called Zanzibar at Tanzania, which has similarities to the HIAC in its use of coral in buildings and to some extent the house design.

In some research, there are various interpretations of the Bay Windows, and some of the

Arabic names are roots of the word. For instance, one of the Bay windows names is mashrabiyyah which in the Arabic root means “to drink”. The Mashrabiyya is a latticework panel of turned Wood. One of the Mashrabiyya functions is a cooling device for jugs of water.

The other name of the Bay Window is the Rawshan, which comes from Persian roots, it means

“light”. Also, there is another Persian term for Rawshan called Rawzan that means aperture,

window, hole, outlet, and eye. A further interpretation claims the word Rawshan roots from

“rushandan,” which is a pierced ventilator found in North Indian architecture and means to give light. (Salloum, 1983; Omer, 2016). Mashrabiyyah is used more often than Rawshan.

The similarities between the HIAC and Ottoman architectural elements amongst the domestic architecture of Ottoman Anatolia was also transferred to other areas at the Red Sea region. Furthermore, a UNESCO report about Suakin introduced by E. Hansen in 1972, reveals a correspondence by window carpenters in Turkish architecture. The Sultan Mahmud Khan wrote about the Rawshan as a scion of projecting windows in the higher floors in Turkey. The

Mamluki Rule in the late fourteenth century adopted Mashrabiyyah window style, when the

Ottoman Empire captured Egypt in 1517 AD; this Architectural element is one of the recognized features of IA. (Omer, 2016).

The visual and structural form of two bay windows, the Hejazi architecture character

Rawshan and Mediterranean Mashrabiyyah, appear nearly identical but there are differences.

Regarding the materials used to build the Windows, ebony or Beachwood are the Mashrabiyyah materials. Usually, Rawshan used imported materials like teak. Furthermore, Rawshan styles employ flat carved openwork screens. (Um, 2012; Omer, 2016). Mashrabiyyah has more design patterns that differ based on locations in the house, courtyard and exterior facades. The diagram below demonstrates the main similarities and differences which can be utilized to describe other

Bay Windows.

Similarities:

• Ornamentations are in the three parts of the Bay window, Top, Middle, Bottom. • There are four similar areas in the Roshan and Mashrabiyyah. • Variety in the patterns design. • Variety in window size. • Managing the light penetration and air ventilation of windows. • Wood is the main material used to build the window.

Differences:

• The Mashrabiyyah ornamentations design of the Ottoman Architecture style of Cairo has more sophisticated crafted wood work.

• There are more window design types in the Ottoman Architecture style of Cairo.

• Complicated design patterns in the Mashrabiyyah compared to the Roshan.

• Materials of Mashrabiyyah are locally sourced.

• Privacy solutions of Roshan are complicated because most of the bay windows designs have two layers in the middle part of the body in contrast to the Mashrabiyyah which solve the privacy issue via ornamentations and small window openings.

There are more differences to clarify not just the aspects of the windows but also from the other views of design. The multiplicity of the Bay windows vary according to geographical regions. The term Roshan represents the HIAC and the port cities overlooking the Red Sea.

Mashrabiyyah is the Cairene term, and Shanashil is the Iraqi one. The main focus is building up the comparison between the use of the Rawshan and Mashrabiyyah in the HIAC and other similar architectural components in the same era under the Ottoman style in other regions such as

Cairo, Baghdad, and Aleppo. The home designs in these regions support the distinguished location of Bay windows and rooms of the house to overlook an internal courtyard. Some of the windows are placed on houses exteriors. Compared to those in Jeddah, these Bay windows are just placed and located on the main facades of the building as shown in Figure 2-14.

From the Figure 2-14 the analysis aid demonstrates the following differences:

1. most of the Hejazi region buildings are without any courtyards;

2. the fenestration of al-Suhaymi exists on the exterior and courtyard interior, but in Jeddah, the fenestration exists on the exterior facades;

3. comparing the two building exteriors, Alshafai House has more openings than Alsuhaymi. This example is applied to the rest of the buildings in Old Jeddah and other Hejaz cities, but not to the other maritime towns which some of them have the courtyards system like the one in Cairo built as an Ottoman Architecture Style;

4. the fenestrations of the courtyard are varied in the type of windows and openings compared to the exterior of the Hejazi Buildings.

In one of the UNESCO report for the World Heritage Committee, the Mashrabiyyah window utilized in the Cairo houses courtyard was mentioned. Also, in the report, it assumes that this kind of bay window impacted the HIAC especially buildings in Jeddah, with respect to the style of wooden patterned screen designs (UNESCO, 2014; Um, 2012).

Figure 2-15 below demonstrates the variety in pattern design, shown in the gradation of the size openings, which manage and control the air, sunlight, and privacy. From the top of the window, the openings are wider than the rest of the other parts and the rectangular shape can be noticed. Toward the bottom of the window, the opening sizes diminish until the end where the residents of the house can see who is outside with full privacy, with a feature of small windows to give the capability to communicate with anyone outside without being exposed.

There are various sizes and decorations of the Roshans in the Red Sea region, especially in Suakin and Jeddah. In Jeddah, the sizes in some houses are larger. The size of a single

Rawshan is associated with human body dimensions. The width of Rawshan is 2.30 to 2.40 meters which provide ample space to rest comfortably. The height is enough to stand up on it; the clear internal height varies between 2.80 m. and 3 m. The projection is about 60 centimeters toward the street. Also, by adding the 50 to 60 centimeters of the wall thickness, the depth will be 1.10 to 1.20 Meters. The Rawshan Size is about 2.30 meters wide by 1.10 - 1.20 meters’ deep, and will provide a space for two people to sit comfortably.

Furthermore, Roshan defines the number of the bays, for example, at the ground-floor available with three bays, then it varies between four bays or more up to five bays which were common in Jeddah. Roshans are diverse in quality and size according to the home owner’s financial and social status. Roshans might be built as a single unit or attached with other

Roshans in a vertical or horizontal orientation while some unique buildings place them in both directions.

Roshans are divided into two types:

The first type is shaded and has a central crest called the burneita. In the Burneita type, the top of the Roshan is shaded with a wide overhanging hood (rafraf) as shown in Figures 2-16 and 2-17.

The second type is crowned or corniced. The head of which was crowned by a cornice but had no overhanging hood. Figure 2-18 and 2-19.

The Differences between the Bay Windows of Jeddah, Cairo, and Aleppo

There was an explanation about the Roshan of the Hejaz Region and the Cairene

Mashrabiyyah, and how both of these two bay windows are connected and influenced via the

Ottoman Architecture style. The points below explains the differences between the two Ottoman windows of the Hejaz, Cairo and Aleppo, a city in Syria, I explained this window separately from the other two windows because it is different:

1. This type of window known in Aleppo as Kishk.

2. Kishk Windows Vary from the Windows in Cairo and Red Sea region cities in size, material, and design.

3. Most of the residential building facades employ the Kishk type which is contrary to the buildings in Cairo and Jeddah; there are different kinds of casements and bay windows located on higher elevations. As seen in Figures 2-20.

4. Some of the Kishks hold an attached bay window as in Figure 2-21(A), others contain normal casement openings in the Kishk (B), and it appears in some cases Kishk have the same size of Roshan with respect to length, width, and depth.

5. The window openings are less prominent in size and number compared with those of the Roshans and Mashrabiyyah. As seen in Figure 2-22 below the penetration of the light and wind are more controlled and managed than in Cairo and Jeddah.

6. The Kishk as seen in Figure 2-23, does not have much decoration or ornamentation. The ornamentation design of Kishk is only one type. The Roshan and Mashrabiyyah have multiple types and designs not just for the whole bay window but instead for every part. For instance, there are designs for the top, middle and bottom. Also, the design of the openings is the same for all Kishk windows.

7. Most of the time the Kishk base construction is from stone, while in Roshan and Mashrabiyyah windows the base is constructed of wood.

8. In most cases, the Kishk is wider and larger than the Roshan and Mashrabiyyah. (Mediterranean Rehabilitation Experiences, 2008).

Building Models

Models in architecture have always played an important role throughout history. Ancient

Egyptians used models in the form of drawings and physical objects. Plans of the Tomb of

Rameses IV and the drawing of the shrine from Ghorâb are good examples (Clarke &

Engelbach, 2014). Models also existed in ancient Greece and Rome (Schattner, 1990). During the Middle Ages, models were used increasingly for the design and construction of cathedrals

(Kostof, 1977). These models were planned as an integral part of the design of building exteriors as well as in their interior decoration. The Roman architect Vitruvius (European Architecture

Series) had traced the origination of architecture to the imitation or modeling of nature. He observed that seeking shelter, humans learned lessons from swallows and bees that built their habitations. Then, they started using natural materials to create forms that are based on the shapes and proportions found in nature. Vitruvius affirmed that the figure of a man could be inscribed both in the circle and the square; the fundamental geometrical forms on which the design of the universe was ordered. This is akin to “…virtual modeling [which] becomes helpful in design development” (Groat & Wang, 2013).

An example of these research efforts includes the work of Baik, A; Alitany, A; Boehm, J; and Robson, S (2014) titled Jeddah Historical Building Information Modeling "JHBIM"- Object

Library. In this research, they show how Terrestrial Laser Scanning, Architectural

Photogrammetry, and Autodesk Revit® can be used to build models of homes without losing most of the exterior details of the house. Also, because of using these tools and software they were able to build three-dimensional objects of the house. They also have the ability to edit and adjust the final result of the three-dimensional object.

Another example of these research efforts includes the work of Alitany, A, et.al (2013) titled The 3D Documentation Projected Wooden Window (The Roshans) in The Old City of

Jeddah (Saudi Arabia) Using Image-Based Techniques. This research describes every part of

Roshan using Image-based 3D modeling and Modeling processes in the Rhinoceros software suite. They draw the details of Roshan to define every part. All of these researchers did not and do not currently plan on doing their work open source for other architects to use because it is not prepared and organized into a library. In addition to this, the research reviewed above does not combine historical data alongside three-dimensional models as is intended for my research project.

Digital Classification Library

In the digital era, modeling has advanced significantly in the last decades. Particularly, building information modeling (BIM), which is fundamentally changing the role of computation in building design by creating a database of building objects that can be used for all aspects of the building process from design to construction and beyond (Nawari et. al 2014).

Establishing digital classification of IA helps in facilitating a better understanding of IA and provide a mechanism by IA can be easily utilized in the design realm. Presently, there are a limited number of research efforts in the digital classification of Islamic Architecture. An example of these efforts includes the work of Djibril et.al (2006) who developed a region based indexing and classification system for Islamic star pattern images using rotational symmetry information. Their classification is based on the number of folds in which an image characterized

by its fundamental region and class. Okamura et. al (2007) established semantic digital resources of Islamic historical buildings focusing on Isfahan Islamic architecture. Their research demonstrated that a topic maps-based semantic model applied to collaborative metadata management paradigms can be easily exploited as a tool to enhance the traditional architectural design and cross-disciplinary studies. A further example is the research effort by Djibril et.al

(2008), who investigated geometrical patterns in IA and developed indexing and classification system using discrete symmetry groups. It is a general computational model for the extraction of symmetry features of Islamic Geometrical Patterns (IGP) images. In their work, the IGP classified into three categories. The first pattern category describes all the patterns generated by translation along one direction. The second type of pattern contains translational symmetries in two independent directions. The third called rosettes describe patterns which begin at a central point and grow radially outward. These studies demonstrate efforts to classify certain geometric patterns in Islamic Architecture into specific categories, but they do address the overall categorization of all aspects of Islamic structure into a general purpose digital classification system.

In contrast to the previously cited work, this proposal aims to develop a digital library of

IA by classifying, categorizing, and labeling all the elements, forms, and data of the Islamic architecture. This work strives to enrich the creativity and skills of the designer when interacting with Islamic architecture and culture. In order for this to occur a BIM library for Hejazi Islamic

Architecture needs to be developed. There are a very limited number of research papers that touch on BIM of Jeddah. Some research, papers, lectures and other resources discuss aspects of

Jeddah, but these sources are not beneficial for use by architects. An example of these research efforts include the works of Baik, A., Boehm, J., and Robson, S. et.al (2013) titled Jeddah

Historical Building Information Modeling “JHBIM” Old Jeddah- Saudi Arabia. The researchers used the Terrestrial Laser Scanning and Architectural Photogrammetry to document and manage the heritage houses. They chose a home located in historical area of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia to examine the effectiveness of their machines on preparing the BIM. This resulted in them preparing drawings by using the Terrestrial Laser Scanning and image survey data. Another example is the research effort conducted by Baik, A., Boehm, J., and Robson, S. et.al (2013) titled From the Point Cloud to JHBIM: Jeddah Historical Building Information Modeling Old

Jeddah - Saudi Arabia. This research created full engineering drawings from Building

Information Modelling (BIM) that had been derived from Terrestrial Laser Scanning and image survey data.

There are a few other examples from big brand name companies who are seeking to prepare libraries that consist of their company’s products and three-dimensional objects. Most of these objects are commercial items not readily available to the public. ARCAT is one such company that provides this service to architecture firms and other engineering companies like

General Electric. ARCAT has one of the most organized classification models accompanied by information about the model. Sketch up, a software company owned by Google also has one of the largest digital libraries of models. Their models can be used in many different architectural programs and are not exclusively bound to the Sketch up software. However, these models community driven and so some created by professionals whereas other created by those in training which results in models that are not accurately categorized or models that lack sufficient contextual and historical information to accompany them.

BIM

There are numerous definitions for Building Information Modeling. Many resources have described and defined BIM and its use in many different formats. BIM is a software platform

that allows users to sort, organize and preserve designs in a single Building Information Model file which includes three-dimensional elements and embedded data. The BIM objects in the file can be edited and controlled according to a user’s needs (Denis, 2015). BIM objects are digital, three-dimensional, measurable, and comprehensive in the sense that they meet the designer’s intent, a building’s performance needs and other functions, are accessible to the entire AEC, and reusable during all phases of the design process. Also, as defined in the original NBIMS document, "BIM is a digital representation of physical and functional characteristics of a facility.

As such it serves as a shared knowledge resource for information about a facility forming a reliable basis for decisions during its lifecycle from inception onward." (National BIM Standard,

2016).

The origins of BIM started in the late of 1970s at the advent of global economic changes

(Eastman et al., 2008). BIM is referred to, in some original sources, as Building Product Models in the United States and as Product Information Model in Europe. The first article published about BIM was in 1975 in the AIA Journal by Charles M. “Chuck” Eastman known by the name

Building Description System (BDS) (Eastman et al., 2008).

Nawari and Kuenstle (2015) described in their book, Building Information Modeling

Framework for Structural Design, how BIM Software applications differ from CAD, in the methods of thinking and creativity. Furthermore, BIM provides users with parametric models of building elements which can be during AEC project phases. Also, BIM is well regarded as an auspicious evolution in the AEC industry. Furthermore, BIM is able to provide various services needed to model buildings and facilitate the integration between the design phase and construction process (Alves de Souza et al.,2009; Eastman et al., 2008).

According to Eastman, any technology that gives the user the ability to output a parametric model is considered BIM. One of the main issues addressed is the fact that all models are not parametric and thus are not considered BIM objects. For example, when the three- dimensional model does not include data integration and design analysis, the parametric models are not responsive to design changes, and if the models use multiple 2D CAD files as a reference to define the building, then it cannot be considered BIM.

By using BIM as an information repository, every single data the owner requests about the elements related to a facility or an architecture style throughout its life made available electronically. (NBIMS-US™, 2015) Much of this data, typically regarding historical or ancient architectural buildings, is limited, not organized and not compiled in a way that makes it easy for the user to extract the information they seek. The similarity found from BIM-IAS and the

National Institute of Building Sciences building SMART alliance® is that both works aim to serve the end-user through the use of BIM to efficiently compile the required and requested data in one place. One difference is that IAS contains three-dimensional models attached with data that can be employed as is, or modified according to the need of the user during the design stages or studying one of the architectural and structural elements of the Islamic Architectural styles.

The NBIMS-US focuses more on the side of the construction life cycle because it developed as a standard document, where version three, helps to improve “the competitiveness of the construction industry and the efficiency and effectiveness of U.S. government agencies and the international efforts.” (NBIMS-US™, 2015). Furthermore, the data collected during the life cycle of a constructed facility gathered in a standardized manner can be helpful and useful to related groups through all phases: design, construction, operations, and maintenance of the various facilities.

Most of the current usage of BIM within architecture, engineering, and the construction

AEC industry is in the construction phase. Especially, BIM which used as a vital tool for multidisciplinary design approaches and construction. Most AEC firms apply BIM in different ways because of the collaboration and sharing capability provided via the BIM software. These capabilities make every professional specialist do their editing and modifying in the design realm according to so that others can understand their design with minimal conflict or miscommunication. Furthermore, BIM is the optimal method to deliver an integrated design project through open various approaches for the design decisions. BIM assists users in preparing seamless virtual building data between the project team members by creating a central file database where the building information is backed up; every member can manage and work on a particular portion of the file copy, and the data is always updated. Furthermore, there other approaches to exchange the BIM data and share it, especially if there are external members who work on the project in a particular phase. The formats used to exchange the files, and the BIM system supports are the following types: Industry Foundation Classes (IFC), DXF/DWG which is an AutoCAD drawing version, and other formats. Those mentioned above are the most familiar types used by specialists (Bynum, 2010; Nawari et al., 2015).

Some of the Building Information Modeling Specialists like Popov et al. (2006) and

Khemlani (2007) described the BIM concept and features in the AEC professional’s realm as:

• The improvements in the project phases strategies of design, structure, construction, maintenance and the building life cycle lead mainly into managed project procedures, efficient implementation of the combination of the graphics and informational data, and managing the individual's participations to which team and their AEC resolution should take.

• The capability of working on any project size, with any amount of AEC and MEP drawing details, managing the team member’s tasks of the project without interfering with the other’s design work.

• The capability to work with architecture different project phases since the preliminary conceptual design until ending up with highly-photorealistic renderings, then be transferred to the structural and MEP specialists, then modifying it before and after delivering the BIM project of the construction phases. Also, documenting the quantities of the materials, and other related issues.

• Capabilities of using the objects of various architectural and structural libraries, uploading various add-ins, plug-ins, applications for the sake of getting more features to assist in design and analysis of structure’s energy, cost estimation, and project management.

The services BIM offers during the transition from design to construction places the burden on the side of collecting the data and deciding on project issues. One of the features BIM possesses is the ability to allocate data from various disciplines, companies, and other projects accomplished which belong to the same company. The expected result is increasing efficiency, availability of resources, and other benefits.

Owners benefit from projects prepared using BIM technology. Particularly for large projects in a size of residential complexes, hotels, offices, and any other project which has a database of spaces, rooms, and equipment. BIM allows these databases to be used during facility operations and maintenance. (Eastman et al., 2008).

There is some popular BIM platform software. These platforms are Autodesk Revit®,

ArchiCAD, Bentley Architecture, and Tekla Structures. Autodesk Revit® is the primary example used to express the ideas and examples in the proposal and the rest of the dissertation.

One of the issues facing BIM is the interoperability of information with other software platforms. The Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) have been supported through the efforts of some organizations like Building SMART and the International Alliance for Interoperability

(IAI), to prepare the file exchange between the AEC software applications and the consistent data of BIM. (Eastman et al., 2008; Nawari et al., 2015).

In BIM the professional user can draw the component and set it as a parametric model, then apply different values and use it in the project according to a design decision. Furthermore, the model can be used multiple times as a base model to create another version of it in outside the current project using the family system to apply it to other projects. As it appears as an example in the BIM-Driven Islamic Construction: Part 2 – Digital Libraries. (Almaimani et al.,

2015; Nawari et al., 2015).

The differentiation between using CAD systems and BIM technology. The first one, the user has to draw everything in two dimensions then prepare some of in three dimensions using the CAD system. As Krygiel and Nies (2008) noted, “a BIM model contains the building’s actual constructions and assemblies rather than a two-dimensional representation of the building that commonly found in CAD-based drawings.” The BIM technology gives the user the privilege to work with inelegant objects to build up the project design. Any changes applied and occurred in any place or side of the project, in the three-dimensional view, or elevation is applied directly to the project. Also, in BIM technology when the user works on one of the models from the building, any alterations affect the whole model and update it automatically. On the contrary, the

CAD system requires that every view be updated and modified manually. The approach of modeling the building using built components from the appended library is made using components like walls, beams, windows, doors, and furniture.

The information of the BIM model builds through the project phases; every time the project proceeds the info becomes more reliable and precise for use after every design phase is completed and every structure is prepared. As described in the book BIM framework for

Structural Design, information in the BIM process expand in a pyramid form (Figure 2-28)

(Nawari et al., 2015).

Building information data is appended to every object in the building, a report can then generated with each object estimated usage. This type of service is not available in the CAD system unless the user does it manually. All original data that exists in the BIM system can be utilized to produce many different operations, for example, the specifications and standards, schedules and documents of the materials, components, and any other object in the project. All this information increases the level of trust in the BIM technology. The benefits the designer gains from using BIM elements varies between the level of details compared with other object sources, the credibility of the sources, and decreased redundancy in the collected data.

BIM opens to the architect and designer the opportunity to examine then analyze various solutions that can be through one of the different kinds of the parametric molding software as a part of the BIM technology. The iterative process leads the design team to a solution that fits the project requirements. The collaboration of the BIM software eases transferring between them which gives the designer the ability to provide more options to the other team members from other fields to collaborate efficiently on the project. Especially when it comes to the aspect of architectural and constructional documents synchronizing and matching which BIM technology has been applied.

The distinct differences between two and three-dimensional forms and whether they regarded as BIM is the data appended with the geometry and the use of the smart building elements with the objects. For example, a three-dimensional Revit® door can have its own parametric model and data. Compare this to a Sketch Up model imported into Revit® as a three- dimensional model without and connected data (i.e. the Sketch up door does not provide the primary data that serves the user when needed) as in Figure 2-29 (Eastman et. al 2008, Levy,

2012).

BIM technology aids the architect by guiding the direction of the design and abbreviating the amount of time spent determining whether certain priorities of the project accomplished.

Also, finding out the solutions whether that is for producing a project focusing on sustainability or interested in producing a traditional building style for a particular region. The obstacle in working on traditional styles is that the architect does not have access to an authenticated, organized, and classified BIM digital library for the architectural and structural elements. This

BIM library transfers the possibility of making the appropriate decision which does not contradict with other majors. A BIM library guides architects and designers to use tools that make a project well-rounded and readily accessible through the database to owners, planners, realtors, appraisers, designers, engineers, estimators, specifies, safety, occupational health, environmentalists, contractors, subcontractors, fabricators, code officials, operators, and renovators. There are multiple design methods and approaches developed over time; BIM technology was one of the approaches developed in the last few decades to bring change to the way databases and tools which accelerate the design process and decision to produce a project are used. The existence of the equipped BIM-IA supports achieving the goals of the project from exploiting the architectural and structural data of the elements and the appended information to control and manage the schedules, fabrications, materials quantity, and other benefits to be valuable for the software user.

1-BIM Tool Used

In this work, the BIM tool chosen is Autodesk Revit®, and this is due to a number of factors. There are some firms who are planning to become a source in BIM construction or architecture. One of these companies is Reed Construction Data of Atlanta. The owner decided to purchase another company that has a massive amount of construction and structural data. The purchase, for an undisclosed sum, will combine Reed's massive data and marketing resources

with Tectonics’ software, potentially expanding the efficiency of Autodesk's Revit® building information modeling (BIM) system for architects and other professionals (Millard, 2008).

Another report shows that there are a few firms who use BIM software. About 16 percent of firms have acquired building information modeling BIM software and about 10 percent are actually using it for billable work. Among the firms that have BIM software, nearly two-thirds are using it for billable work, ranging from 60 percent among sole practitioners to 86 percent among 100-plus-employee firms. Design development, schematic design, and construction documentation are common uses of BIM. Less frequent uses are programming (35%), construction administration (29%), and bidding (23%). (AIA,2006).

Revit® is a software tool used in BIM libraries and was created in 1997 then purchased by

Autodesk in 2002. Revit® was designed specifically for the field of architecture by architects and is intended to be used in BIM libraries. Revit® has also expanded its application into fields other than and related to Architecture. It is considered the most advanced tool used by architects for completing their tasks (Arieff, 2013).

Autodesk first included Revit® add-in to its suite of applications in 2008. Architects and programmers then began their experiments on Revit® because they wanted to be sure to develop on a platform that is accessible and used by many of their colleagues. Revit® is so well regarded because, “The second generation of computer‐aided systems, such as the Revit® software, is

“smarter” in that the system responds to a change made by the user by updating all other conditions affected by that change” (Groat & Wang, 2013). Many different companies and individuals have even developed Revit®-centric websites and information portals. Autodesk has also created one such website with the intent of helping anyone interested in learning how to use their software. Many of the existing websites share their own particular expertise and also

provide general assistance for many issues that users face. This large community has helped a number of Revit® based add-ins grow at astonishing rates. The key to building a Revit add-in application, however, is writing the code.

There are four types of Autodesk Revit® available for use which support various fields.

There is Revit® Architecture, Revit® Structure, Revit® MEP, and Autodesk Revit®, which contains four templates: Architecture, Structure, Construction, and Mechanical. Autodesk Revit® is the full version. The other three programs run separately from each other but are connected through the Revit® extension (. RVT). Autodesk Revit® is the designer station for various operations including the design, detailed drawings, and lists of objects and materials used in the project that feeds the Building Information Modeling technology system. According to Lachmi

Khemlani in the paper Need for Professional Guidelines on Leveraging BIM said: “ Revit® is currently benefiting adopters as a better and more efficient tool for the designer.” (Khemlani,

2004).

There are three types of elements: model elements, datum elements, and view-specific elements. All element types are pre-prepared or will be equipped by the designer as parametrical models. Some of these models are available to use directly from the Revit® library in the project or created through the Revit® family system to support the project. These objects are parametric if prepared by the designer appropriately and adequately (Revit Fundamentals, 2016).

Revit® has the capability to import and export files to facilitate the use of the program and be a center for all operations without the need to use other programs and waste the time by going back and forth between programs. The extension files can be imported and exported from and to AutoCAD extensions, for instance, DWG, DXF, and others. Also, the picture extensions vary between JPG, TIFF, PNG, and others, with the ability to produce them with high quality.

Revit® is considered the foremost program among BIM providers in the AEC industry to prop and assist the user in facilitating their project mission (Eastman et al., 2008).

There are two ways to build and design or modify family components in Revit®. The first approach is while the user is working in the project file. The other approach is starting a new family file, that does not have any connection to a project, and then choosing the type, and then starting to draw the component or the object, then be able to download it and use in any project.

On the contrary, the one edited within a project is only utilized in the same project but is not available to use in any other projects unless software tricks, as discussed in my proposal, are used.

Most family models already placed in the Revit® library have some prepared parameters to help the user modify and adjust the component according to the project requirements and to allow flexibility of the elements. It helps the user control and manages the height and width of the components. Also, some elements have more complicated parametric features, for example, there is an ability to modify specific parts, width height, and depth, of the model. Furthermore, the user has the capability to add and remove various types of parameters when creating a new model design using the Revit® family technology.

There is a hierarchical classification of objects in Autodesk Revit® that starts with the category, disseminates into family, type, and instance. Autodesk Revit® is the essential organization of the building model database. There are four main categories in Revit® which are

Model, Annotation, Datum, and View. Each Category holds a group of elements used to model or document a building design. A family is a group of elements under one category. From a family descends the type which varies user creation. The Instance is the sole model of a type

used in the project model. (Nawari & Kuenstle, Building Information Modeling Framework for

Structural Design, 2015).

API is an abbreviation for Application Programming Interface. API is used by software developers. The API is needed in AEC firms to customize special development add-ins and applications for their user-specific BIM elements. The API allows the user to program an application to work in Revit®. The .NET a language containing the Visual Basic.NET, C#, and

C++/CLI used when coding these development add-ins (Team, Revit 2014 Platform API

Developers Guide, 2014).

A Revit® API first released in the Revit® Building 8. Revit® 2009 focused on the API-

Centric Development. The Autodesk Revit® version 2012 contains the Revit® Platform API. The first step in getting advantages of the API is installing the software development Kit (SDK).

Furthermore, choosing a software like the Visual Studio 2013, to facilitate the code writing, compiling, and debugging. Also, the user has to determine which of the programming languages he has to use. There are two programming languages suggested for use in Visual Studio (VS), C sharp (C#) and Visual Basic (VB. NET). The application the user designed and built should be in a compatible programming language with Microsoft. NET Framework 3.5 and higher versions

(Network, 2014)

There are several areas consider appropriate for API use through Autodesk Revit®:

Creating Add-ins in the Autodesk Revit® User Interface, Extracting the project database to create analysis, reports, and documentation automatically, and assists to create new elements and parameter values (Team, Revit SDK, API Reference Documentation, Macro Samples, 2016).

The first step to understand the API is to comprehend and utilize the Autodesk Revit®.

Microsoft.NET Framework V4.5 is mandatory in Autodesk Revit® API to edit and debug the

user API designed application. When The user develops an application for Autodesk Revit® API, the project references are in the form of DLLs. The references should be named consistently such as RevitAPI.dll and RevitAPIUI.dll. Autodesk Revit API allows the user to add new commands to Autodesk Revit® User Interface which helps create an add-in. There are two types of DLLs.

First is the External Commands; it appears in the add-ins tab beneath the external tools. Second is the External Applications; it is a new panel beneath the Add-ins Tab as shown in Figures 2-31 and 2-32 (Team, Revit SDK, API Reference Documentation, Macro Samples, 2016).

2- Visual Studio

Revit® add-ins are built by using Visual Studio (VS), a software development tool created by Microsoft. Most BIM applications are coded using VS then applied to existing software.

Jeremy Tammik is an expert in coding new Revit®-based applications. He is one of the first programmers who started coding in Revit® and is considered a reference in this field. His contributions serve as user guides, and highly recommended as a valid source of information by multiple other websites and technical sources. He is a mentor of the Autodesk community and answers all the complicated question about coding. Furthermore, he suggests that new Revit® applications use C# or Visual Basic.NET because these two languages are the most suitable to use with Revit®.

Autodesk company suggested two different approaches to programming an application in

Revit®. Developers have the choice to select between two programming environments, Microsoft

Visual Studio or Microsoft Visual Studio Tools for Applications (VSTA). Selecting one of these programming environments is depending on the project type. Program developers can utilize in both of them the either the Visual Basic.NET or C#, but VS has better abilities than VSTA in dealing with Revit®. Regarding which one is easier to develop applications with secure source code and access to a next-generation user interface, VS is better than VSTA on this side. Each

one of these programs has their approach in install the application. Visual Studio created applications activated once Revit® initiated. (Mason, 2009).

Figure 2-1. The Islamic Architecture Styles Timeline. (ARCHNET, 2013).

Figure 2-2. Location of Jeddah on a World Map modified from Google Maps.

Figure 2-3. The reach of the Ottoman Empire.(“Ottoman Empire: geography -- Kids Encyclopedia | Children’s Homework Help | Kids Online Dictionary | Britannica,” 2015)

Figure 2-4. Port Cities Have the Ottoman Style. (Almaimani A. K., 2018)

Figure 2-5. Traditional Old Jeddah Recognized by UNESCO. (UNESCO W. H., 2014)

Figure 2-6. Al-Shafai Mosque, Al-Shafai building, Jamjom Building, and Nasif House. The UNESCO recognizes all of these buildings. (Program Architecture & Design Days Jeddah, 2012)

Figure 2-7. Metaphoric picture represents Old Jeddah buildings destruction. (Historic City of Jeddah and Diriyah, 2011)

Figure 2-8. French Consulate at Jeddah 1917 AD. (Fessi & Grant, 1996).

Figure 2-9. British Consulate 1917 AD. (Fessi & Grant, 1996)

Figure 2-10. Jeddah traditional house 1917 AD. (Fessi & Grant, 1996).

Figure 2-11. The interior plan of the house air cross ventilation Modified and Adopted From (Al- Lyaly, 1990).

Figure 2-12. Air Cross Ventilation Modified and Adopted From (Al-Lyaly, 1990).

Figure 2-13. HIAC and Cairo Residential Building of Zaynab Khatun, Courtyard.(Almaimani & Nawari, The Role of BIM in Sub- Tropic Architectural Resiliency, 2017)

Figure 2-14. The courtyard of Al-Suheimi house at Cairo. (Rabbat , n.d.), and Alshafai House, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. (Almaimani & Nawari, The Role of BIM in Sub-Tropic Architectural Resiliency, 2017),(Almaimani A. K., 2018).

Figure 2-15. Casement window at Cairo. (ARCHNET, Manzil Sitt Wasila, Cairo, Egypt, 2013)

Figure 2-16. Bay window illustration. (Greenlaw , 1995)

Figure 2-17. One of the Hejazi Casement Windows. (Almaimani A. K., 2018).

Figure 2-18. One of the Hejazi Bay Windows. (Al-Lyaly, 1990).

Figure 2-19. One of Alshafai House Bay Windows. (Almaimani A. K., 2018).

A B

Figure 2-20. Ottoman residential buildings. A) Aleppo residential building (Syria, n.d.), B) Jeddah residential building (Almaimani A. K., 2018).

A B

Figure 2-21. Ottoman Bay window at Aleppo. A) Traditional building at Aleppo. (A Street in Aleppo, in French-mandate Syria., 2014) , B) Bay window at Aleppo. (Lafforgue, 2006)

Figure 2-22. Aleppo Kishk in Syria. (Lafforgue, 2006)

Figure 2-23. Differences between The Window in Aleppo and Hijaz. (Lafforgue, 2006) (Left), (Almaimani A. K., 2018) (Right). (Almaimani A. K., BIM-Driven Islamic Architecture, 2018)

A B

Figure 2-24. Two types of Ottoman Bay Windows. A) The Bay Windows of Aleppo. (Mediterranean Rehabilitation Experiences, 2008). B) Bay Window of Hijaz. (Al- Lyaly, 1990)

Figure 2-25. BIM is the center of Interoperability for various file formats and users. (Almaimani A. K., BIM-Driven Islamic Architecture, 2018)

Figure 2-26. Integrated BIM model (source: Krygiel 2008).

Figure 2-27. BIM’s Influence on Overall Project Cost Over Project Life Cycle. (Almaimani A. K., BIM-Driven Islamic Architecture, 2018)

Figure 2-28. BIM Model Data Pyramid. (Nawari & Kuenstle, Building Information Modeling Framework for Structural Design, 2015)

Figure 2-29. Parametrical door at Autodesk Revit® Software. (Levy, 2012).

Figure 2-30. Autodesk Revit® Main Categories Modified and Adopted From (Nawari & Kuenstle, 2015).

Figure 2-31. External Tool added to Revit®. (Team, Revit SDK, API Reference Documentation, Macro Samples, 2016).

Figure 2-32. New panels and controls added to Revit®. (Team, Revit SDK, API Reference Documentation, Macro Samples, 2016)

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY

Method

Simulation defined in the English dictionary as the representation of the behavior or characteristics of one system through the use of another system, especially a computer program designed for the purpose (dictionary.com 2015). In Architectural, Engineering, and Construction

(AEC) domain, Building Information Modeling (BIM) represents an essential simulation concept in the 21s century. This simulation is also becoming an important architectural research strategy.

Building information modeling understood in its generic sense, not only the dynamic models buildings spatially and operationally in 3D, but also it can model construction management sequences of a building project which is known as 4D, project cost ( also called

5D), structural performance, energy consumption, and many more which is regarded now as nD

(any number of Dimensions) . BIM currently can simulate many characteristics of a facility.

Also, includes payroll data, legal information, etc. (Figure 3-1).

The aim of this work is to use BIM technology to simulate Islamic architectural component in general and specifically Hejazi Islamic Architecture Character (HIAC) architectural objects, references, and descriptions and make them available to use on BIM software applications. This research also focuses on developing information library containing

Hejazi Islamic architectural content so that designers does not have to design any elements from the Hejazi character without the proper knowledge and tools. Architects able directly use or adjust objects according to the need of the project’s design. For example, the architect can select an original Ottoman style Hejazi character window, then develop it into a modern window. But by using the HIAC library the architect became capable of designing a window while also holding the spirit of the history behind the design. With this approach designer would still have

the option to employ a new sophisticated design commensurate with the building design while also preserving the original qualities of style as demonstrated in Figure 3-2.

The traditional design process begins with the gathering of information from a variety of sources which can include both texts, images, existing plans, elevations, etc. BIM workflow is different from the traditional and does give designers more information from the conceptual phase to the design, and to the construction phase and beyond. In the context of BIM-drive

Islamic design, the digital library provides basic information about the design of buildings, guide and inspire the designers throughout the life cycle of the project. Also, the availability of the

BIM Islamic components offers designers the opportunity to be more productive and collaborative.

As it has been described previously, the primary purpose of this project is creating a library of three-dimensional objects extracted from many famous buildings in Jeddah. Moreover, all these elements accompanied with data used to explain the historical significance of these objects. The motive for including this information is that the data on Jeddah’s historical architecture does not exist digitally. They are primarily found in few publications. Some of these publications cannot be easily accessed and comprehended. This then allows architects to easily browse through the BIM objects and the data associated with them.

BIM Tools

Understanding the motivations of building a Hejazi Islamic architectural library is dependent on understanding what Building Information Modeling (BIM) libraries are and how they are populated with resources. According to Michael Bergin (2015), a researcher at the

Architecture Research Lab, “BIM software must be capable of representing both the physical and intrinsic properties of a building as an object-oriented model tied to a database.” (Quirk, 2012).

Building information modeling is the process of making a database of three-dimensional models

that also contains information related to the design and construction of the models. “BIM is not only a new technology tool for generating design documents but also a comprehensive process for information management and analysis...” (Nawari & Alsaffar, Planning and Development of

BIM Curriculum for Kuwait, 2016).

The Revit® API is a tool that allows power users and external application developers to integrate their applications into Autodesk-Revit®. APIs are application programming interfaces, and the Revit® API allows users to build their own Revit add-ins with minimal complexity. The

Revit API consists of a code library that aids the programmer in running design applications on

Autodesk-Revit®. The user after programming the add-in using the API can choose between running the application as IExternalCommand interfaces or as IExternalApplication interfaces.

Taxonomy

The term “Taxonomy” stems from Greek. In Greek, “taxis” means order and organization. Thus, taxonomy refers to the study of the principles of technical classification. It is based on the utilization of taxonomic units to classify and arrange otherwise random objects in a hierarchical structure. For example, a shear wall is a subtype of walls, so a shear wall is a wall, but not every wall is a shear wall.

The classification and organization of the historic Islamic Architecture and Structure play a major role in advancing the usability of this knowledge system to achieve many purposes such as preserving, maintaining or developing new building topologies. Additionally, this taxonomy is designed to improve data management of IA to support better query functionality, and various investigations such as structural analyses, energy simulation, and ventilation studies.

Figure 3-1. Outline of modeling using BIM as a simulation source. (Nawari & Kuenstle, Building Information Modeling: Framework for Structural Design, 2015).

(a) Original shape of Roshan (b)The new version of the Roshan window window

Figure 3-2. Developing Bay Window into a modern design. (Almaimani A. K., 2018)

CHAPTER 4 ANALYSIS

Data Collection

There are a very few people in Jeddah that are interested in preserving the remaining portions of Jeddah’s old city and who recognize the importance of these heritage homes.

Professor Sami Angawi is the only one in Jeddah who mimicked the idea of these traditional houses and built his own house according to the spirit and function of them. His house took, according to him, more than twenty years to get to the shape and form that it is in now. There is a private lecture that was taped in his home which clarifies a lot of the knowledge and secrets that he knows about the other heritage homes (2010). Professor Adnan Adas are also considered knowledgeable on how to construct these Jeddah traditional houses. There are some YouTube videos showing him talking about materials and the way they are used now for rebuilding and the names of the old construction methods (2012). There is another idea of data collection, the book effort conducted by Greenlaw, J. et al. (1995), which describes the Suakin buildings of this small city one by one. It is the first and only architectural reference for these buildings intended for architects. Coral Buildings of Suakin Book, by Jean-Pierre Greenlaw, used the architectural sketches to clarify the construction methods, structure, ornaments, and other objects that an architect may need as a reference for these houses. The book is missing some of the measurements that clarify the sizes that lead to more studies about the residents of these houses.

One of the other ways of data collection, the book effort conducted by Ragette, F. et al. (2003), which talking about the author journey to many places in the Middle East to study their traditional houses. One of these areas were Hejaz, and the city was Jeddah. He used the technic of hand drawings and sketches to draw the plans, elevations, and exterior, interior perspectives.

The book Traditional Domestic Architecture of the Arab Region has a collection of more than

two hundred examples from thirteen countries. Some of the issues for the architect are not reachable as a source on-line, the other is how to draw one of these building if the dimensions do not exist, and the consumption of the time.

Validation

Validations conducted to determine the time it takes to complete a design while using the

BIM-IA application and concentrate on using the HIAC of the Ottoman Architecture Style. Time is a valuable resource and a cause for suffering for architects during the project development phase. Many architects are faced with the problem of spending valuable time trying to find information instead of working on completing a design (Figure 4-2). This problem is exacerbated if the information they are looking for is inaccessible or inappropriately cataloged. So, any project that helps a designer to be more efficient is considered a valuable resource.

There are a number of controlled variables to choose from when deciding which architectural firms can be used to evaluate the usability of the HIAC application. Those variables are, the similarity in the amount and variety of projects completed locally and internationally, the number of architects employed by the firm, the firm’s collaborative partners and that the firm’s age in the market should be over a decade. If there are other variables that are deemed pertinent, they can be added later while the research is developed. Firms from Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, and

Florida, United States, were selected because a bulk of the data is located from the former while the latter was selected because of its proximity to the University of Florida.

The method of validating how the HIAC application affects efficiency was done by asking the firm to compare previously completed but similar projects with new projects that the office is working on. Every firm usually has a time frame for their projects so, the firm, especially the design department, should be able to readily observe the difference in the amount of time it takes to complete a project when using the HIAC application during the design

process. The other method is to divide the design department into two teams where both teams then design the same project but one of them uses the application and the other does not. The goal is to determine which team can complete their design first. The control variable that needs to be added here is that all the firms ought to be nearly equal regarding their years of experience.

However, because of the time frame limitations and the research requirements need to complete, the researcher decides to validate this research using two varying approaches:

First, the researcher applied the data and elements of the digital library on one of the projects in Gainesville, Florida. Second, because of concentrating on building up and preparing the research data and publishing papers related to the research topic, the researcher has explored another approach to test the BIM-IA application through studying three famous architecture firms who designed many projects in the Middle East. In the second approach of the Validation, each project was observed, analyzed, and criticized. The researcher chose one of them to analyze the project and suggest solutions regarding the data available in the BIM-IA digital library plug- in that could assist and guide the architect's team to develop the project.

Zaha Hadid, Norman Foster, and SOM Architectural Firms. Location: Middle East

There are various size architectural companies from within and without predominantly

Islamic countries. The most famous architectural firms work in the middle east, and North Africa are Foster and Partners (architect Norman Foster), Zaha Hadid Architects (architect Zaha Hadid), and (SOM) Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP. All three companies have designed and implemented different project sizes. The goal from present their projects in the Middle East and

North Africa is to prove the lack of data, information, and guidance toward the projects designed except some of them. Few of these firm’s projects took advantage of region history and hired some local companies to guide and aid them. In the list of the projects below most of the projects did not consider the historical background of the region. It might be helpful for these

architectural firms all around the world to possess access to Islamic Architectural Styles as the one proposed in this research. The map below manifests the projects that have been finalized in the Middle East and North Africa which shows the connection between the IAS’s digital classified library and their projects and the necessity of it. The figure below shows countries from the Arabic countries from Asia and Africa. The countries have these projects are, Morocco,

Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, and Emirates.

Architectural Firms

Norman Foster firm designed twelve projects in the Middle East. These projects expand from Morocco to the Arabian Gulf. Most of the projects focus on the concept of sustainability, lights and shades, and ventilation. Zaha Hadid projects focus on the concept of deconstructionism and use nature as a primary source of inspiration but not history. SOM architectural orientation is the International Style. SOM’s former structural engineer Fazlur Khan stated SOM’s theme as, "Technology is our art form." SOM combines architectural, structural, constructional, and technology to produce a unique architectural orientation. The aim of presenting the projects below in the Appendix A, B, and C at the Middle East and North Africa is not to judge on any of the success of the project but to analyze them from the perspective of the research topic and contents.

Even though some of the significant and famous, well-known, and large architectural firms succeed in presenting some of their projects to connect with local historical architecture.

Though the other architects suffer from producing a design depends on the local historical architecture and synchronized with new technology. Most of the Norman Foster firm Middle

Eastern designs did not depend on one of the IA styles or the region architecture history. The

Appendix D is discussing if the designers used the IAS’s plug-in on one of the Norman Foster

Firm projects at Middle East.

Library Development

Build The Three-Dimensional Objects of The HIAC

Choose a number of buildings that are available via the certified and authenticated resources which have revised architectural plans, elevations, and other architectural details.

Those buildings should have unique architectural elements. Those forms can then be built using an Architectural Revit® family and accompanied with information relevant to that element including information on the building and era from which it came. Figure 4-4 below demonstrates how an architect can readily adjust the shape of an object according to his or her need without the added step of having to build that object from scratch. Also, Figure 4-5 demonstrates examples of model components built for the HIAC library.

Any Islamic Architecture project requires much data and references to educate the designer about the vocabulary and style history and other related details. The digital classification aids in providing key information about IA to enhance and enrich design ideas and processes (Figure 4-6). Examples include what was the most famous buildings in the same category, what was the story, concept and philosophy of the projects, and construction methods.

BIM components

Each HIAC architectural, structural and constructional object is defined and controlled by its parametric three-dimensional representation as well as the attached datasets described in the previous sections. Figure 4-7 below depicts the application of the BIM-IA library and explicates how BIM-IA components can be used in projects. Each element’s width, length, and depth can be defined to fit specific projects, and these changes can be made to either the whole BIM component or only to a specific part of it.

Each HIAC construction component is defined by its parametric three-dimensional representation and it is attached dataset as described in the previous sections. Figure 4-8

illustrates an example of how HIAC components can be utilized in projects. Each component geometric parameters such as width, length, and depth can be controlled to adjust to specific conditions. These adjustments can make to either the whole component or only to a specific part of its subcomponents.

Framework for BIM components

Islamic architecture styles in this research have included two types of data. The first is data on the styles. The second is reciprocal for three-dimensional geometries. This amount of massive quantity of data consists of fourteenth centuries of the Islamic Architecture elements, which can be found scattered throughout a variety of sources and only vaguely exist as BIM elements. This data has not been classified in a digital library but it the goal of this research to begin the work of classifying these components, and creating digital parametric models for each of them. This allows every single part is forming the element to be modified from the Revit® file directly without returning to the family file to edit it. Although, the limited comprehending of many architects in the Islamic Architecture Styles evoke to form these diverse architectural, structural, and constructional elements per IAS.

One of the most significant Islamic architectural pieces is the Minaret of The Ottoman

Islamic Architecture Style in the Hejazi Character. In order for the Minaret to be customizable, any digital representation of the Minaret should have parametric features. The step of creating a parametric library comes after drawing the shape based on primary sources from which the shape is extracted. The Hejazi minaret formed from different architectural and structural elements.

Technically, every one of these elements created in separate file accompanied and combined with it is an own parametric library. Although, it can be downloaded to any file and combined with other elements to form a new minaret type and design. There is another method, used in

creating the BIM IAS library, which includes a minaret file that is accompanied with a specific parametric library as demonstrated in Figure 4-9 below.

The process of combining the minaret parts and elements has to be clarified and explained by providing an example on one of the minarets as displayed in Figure. 4-10. First, one of the features of the minaret the designer need to know, that every subsequent element can be arranged serially. This allows the user the opportunity to choose from similar parts in the same category position allowing for continuity when using an element. This approach is called stage one. In the next step, called stage two, the designer can build the final model by duplicating and pairing parts of an element. Moreover, because the BIM elements are accompanied with a built- in parametric library there are multiple ways to use these elements and parts in the design process. According to the architect design, one of the elements of category number one is the part needed to be used in the minaret illustration. Figure 4-11 explicit once the element downloaded in the project file the user has a three ways to duplicate the element with a new name to make the required changes for the design purposes which is called stage two.

Minaret is one of the architectural characteristic monument that exists in the mosques and considered one of the main element according to references and definitions related Islamic architecture. The shape of the minaret is unique because of its high length as it looks a tall, slender tower attached to the mosque or next to it, and includes balconies where the Muezzin which is a person who calls for prayer stand. Minaret consists three parts Bottom: the base and transition segment, Middle: the shaft, Top: gallery or balcony. Figure 4-9 and Figure 4-11 are representing the clarifications of every division meaning.

The BIM-Driven Islamic Architecture and Structure components are centered on hierarchal order and nesting of components. Figures 4-12 A and B, 4-13, and 4-14 demonstrate

how the segments of a component are assembled and then combined with other components.

There are two examples; one on a minaret, (Figures 4-12 A and 4-13) and the other on a window,

(Figures 4-12B and 4-14). For instance, if the designer decided to exchange a part of the minaret’s design with an alternative design, then the designer has the ability to choose from a variety of other subcomponents for specific segments of the Minaret. For example, the top of the minaret consists of the top segment but also contains a base and balcony segment which make up the middle segment and bottom segments. Each of these can be exchanged using an alternative style. Figure 4-13 demonstrates how the top segment of the Minaret which displays similar family style balcony segments can be utilized to make changes to the balcony segment by using the BIM authoring tool. Furthermore, Figure 4-12A serves as a proof of concept of the favourable outcome achieved when using the HIAC library to modify IAS components.

Another example, if designers intended to add a window to their building, they also have the options to select various subcomponents for a particular segment of the window (top, middle, and bottom) (Fig. 4-12 B). Figure 4-14 demonstrates how the various window’s segments can be designed using a BIM authoring tool.

Preparing every one of these parts and elements in a nested fashion required a group of procedures and steps to ensure the highest accuracy and efficiency in controlling the created library parameters of each shape. The drawing and illustration techniques used to avoid the development of non-scaling technical issues on the end-user side of the application were as follows:

• Draw every single element when it combined formed the minaret element in a separated file contains the main parametric library.

• Assure the parametric dimensions and references are responsive to changes and can be manipulated independently.

• Be assure when the there are other parts need to be nested with other parts to add new parameters serve the newly created model. Especially, when it comes to the portion of thickness, depth, and array.

The necessity of accurately drawing individual parts of the Hejazi Islamic architecture minaret necessitated the creation of reference objects which can be used in a parametric system.

Figure 4-16 displays the method by which reference objects were drawn: starting from down to up select the dimension type button to create a dimension line, choose the purple line of the shape then choose the reference line, this allows the shape to be enlarged in the opposite direction of the reference line. The reason why this is done in this manner is that upon creation of the reference shape the parametric system refused to accept an object where the dimension type and reference line were placed between the two purple lines of the shape. By drawing multiple reference lines, the accuracy of the three-dimensional component is ensured which in turn ease the use, utilization, and employment of the HIAC or other IAS products by designers. From the researchers’ points of view, as professional architects and users of BIM, knowing that every part of the minaret can be manipulated as independent pieces to form new minaret designs is a great benefit to designers.

Structure of nested components

My former and current experience as an architect have led me to conclude that there are a deficiency and scarcity in the BIM of IAS’s. According to my practice, as shown in Figure 4-16,

BIM elements need to be available in three various types to be used efficiently in architectural and design. The first type, Individual Parts, is the use of elements designed and built based on authentic and accurate resources that also happen to be built using a parametric library. The second type, Component, are HIAC BIM elements that are aggregated with other parts and elements to form the main form which can be used directly in the design process. This requires that be no need to build the element from scratch because it is already prepared for the designer

to use, and also happens to be reinforced by a parametric library. The third type, Sub

Component, are those where the main form is nested in a file with other main forms which allows the designer to switch between designs and to be able to edit the parameters of the selected form to fit the design as needed. The expected outcome of the availability and variety of

HIAC BIM elements is to control design environment guidelines and standards.

Program a Plug-in Application

There are a lot of examples on programming an application to work on Revit®. Many companies have Revit® applications that can be used to aid architects. Dulux®, a paint manufacturer, has one such company which allows for the easy selection of colors during the design phase of a project. This application makes it easy to switch colors when the project owner decides that they are not happy or it also allows for the easy approval of colors since what is presented in the application can be purchased directly from the company without having to search for similar colors figure 4-17.

Using Dulux BIM, the architect ables to print out the colors, information, codes, and serial number for the owner which allows for easy ordering from Dulux®. Those programmed applications overcome many issues that architects usually suffer from during design phases as well as after projects are completed.

The HIAC research went through a long journey in discovering how to program an application that can be published on Autodesk Revit®. There are steps the architect has to follow to start designing and programming an application. Those steps are, reading about Revit API, installing the Revit API kit, installing the SDK, installing Autodesk Application Manager, learning one of two programming languages C# or Visual Basic.NET, installing Visual Studio, installing Windows 7 Service Pack 1 x86 retail symbols all languages, and learning how to use a

Macro inside Revit® (as another way of programming and writing codes). Anyone interested in

programming should take a look at the Autodesk Company website and search for “my first plug-in training.” That training affords beginners a better understanding of how the programming works and what is needed to be successful, and learning how to use and practicing Revit® professionally (more than five years at least) according to my experience. In this methodology section, there is a brief explanation about designing the application of Islamic Architecture Style which containing the Hejazi Islamic Architecture Character. Programming the Hejazi Islamic

Architecture Character application: there are two steps: The first step requires inputting prepared code and the second requires the generation of manually written code. The prepared code, the architect needs to download the wizard of VB from the website of Building Coder. The name of the wizard is Add-in Wizard for Revit® 2014. Prepared by Jeremy Tammic. Unzip the file, then paste the contents into the file system of visual basic: the address is

C:\Users\Ayad\Documents\Visual Studio 2013\Templates\Project Templates\Visual Basic. Note that as a user, it is better to place the compressed file, and all the uncompressed file in VB file or if you are going to use the C# put it in the C# file (Figure 4-18). Note: these pictures are from researcher computer.

Launch VS, choose new project, choose Revit add-in VB, give the file a name. After preparing the appropriate codes, there a series of codes solutions has to be added to the VS by choosing VB language; the next step is to build the solution from BUILD then build the solution.

(Figure 4-19).

The Application plug-in ready to use in Revit®. Once the developer of the application went through some issues or need to develop it, has to return to the VS to debug the code problem and build the solution then reinitiating Revit®.

Organize Data that Accompanies each Three-Dimensional Model :Schema and Classification

The general objective of this work is to enhance the understanding and awareness of

Islamic Architecture vocabulary, proportions, canonical nonfigurative repertoire of ornaments, and spatial order along with its disposition. Classification of Islamic Architecture according to a historical timeline, style and element type assists in identifying its main characteristics, symbolic discourse, semiotic specificity, and richness. Organizing the IA data bonded with three- dimensional forms assist architects during the conceptual and final design phases of their projects.

There is a myriad of architectural vocabulary and styles used throughout the reign of the

Islamic empire. In order to clarify these styles and their appropriate eras, this work developed a classification chart depicted in Figure 4-20. It illustrates data classification along with element types. The classification in this chart is based on the historical timeline, style, and building object type. It is based on the hierarchal schema shown in Figure 4-21. This preliminary chart represents the initial schema for the Islamic Architecture database digital library.

The data used to generate this chart is extracted from genuine Islamic Architectural references accredited and recommended primarily by Harvard and MIT universities through the

Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture (Islamic architecture - Aga Khan Documentation

Center, 2015). Other references include Art of Islam by Titus Burckhardt (2009), Historical Atlas of The Islamic World (Malise Ruthven and Azim Nanji (2004), and Atlas Tarikh Aleslam by

Hussain Moans (1987).

Almaimani & Nawari (2015a, 2015b) developed the general classification chart system of the BIM – Driven Islamic architecture library. This paper aims to demonstrate how the styles included in the BIM-IA classification system can be used to create a BIM library. The

classification of three-dimensional HIAC components is restricted to styles that have originated from the Hijaz region as indicated by the blue color outline in Figure 4-22. In this figure, the methods of classification used in the BIM-IA library are delineated. The first is the historical period in which the style can be found, which in this example is the Ottoman Khilaphia period.

The second classification type uses building names as a category that then subdivides into subclasses of object types.

Figures 4-23 and 4-24 outline the hierarchical schema of the digital classification system used to organize the BIM-IA library. The data used to generate these figures is extracted from various Islamic Architectural references collected by the Aga Khan Program for Islamic

Architecture (Islamic architecture - Aga Khan Documentation Center, 2015). Additional sources of data include: The Coral Buildings of Suakin by Jean-Pierre Greenlaw (1995), The Traditional

House of Jeddah: A Study of The Interaction Between Climate, Form and Living Patterns by

Sameer Al-Lyaly (1990), Suakin: On Reviving an Ancient Red Sea Port City by Abdel Rahim

Salim (1997), and The Development of Housing in Jeddah: Changes in Built Form The

Traditional to The Modern by Thamer Alharbi (1989).

The hierarchal schema presented in Figure 4-23 outlines the organization for the Ottoman time period and the Hijazi styles. For instance, if one seeks information about an HIAC window then that window’s origin, style, period and building could be readily identified. Figure 4-23 is also a representation of the general logic of classification and how well each object in the BIM-

IA is synchronized. For example, windows and other components are each assigned a unique identification number (ID) that describes the design origin of each object so that other similar styles can be easily cross-referenced. Figure 4-24 illustrates how all of the data found in Figures

4-22 and 4-23 are connected via a sequenced classification system that includes data on objects’ origin, style, and relationship to other similar objects.

The figures below, Figure 4-22 and Figure 4-23, are examples on a sophisticated use of the classification.

Figure 4-24 outlines the hierarchical schema of the digital classification system used to organize the BIM-IA library. Figure 4-24 illustrates how all of the data found in Figure 4-20 and

4-21 are connected via a sequenced classification system that includes data on objects’ origin, style, and relationship to other similar objects.

Table 4-1 below illustrates a rudimentary example, the first layout, of details of the main

Islamic Architecture classification for the digital library. It displays character and vocabulary categorized according to historical chronology. All architectural and structural elements are assorted by the period, maintaining all the characteristics of that empire until its collapse.

When a BIM-IA user selects an HIAC object such as a window, that window displays various details about different designs, types and related information (Figure 4-25). The schematic workflow with the library begins by seeing window details from Figure 4-20 and proceeds to Figures 4-21 and 4-24. As the user identifies and then selects a particular component, such as a window, details of that component are then displayed. Forty total HIAC components have been collected and classified so far in the BIM-IA library. Each component includes details that describe: component themes, element type, style history, character history, as well as additional architectural styles through the use of pictures and illustrations. All of these details can be essential to designers who seek to employ the HIAC into their buildings as well as to those who are interested in similar styles. The BIM-driven library for HIAC encompasses details about various architectural objects such as window’s details, design types, and related

information (Figure 4-26). The updated version of Figures 4-26. Architectural Elements are

Figures 4-27.

Examine the Effects of Using the Library on Reductions of Time in the Project Concept, Architectural Plans, and Architectural Perspectives Phases.

Islamic Architecture is full of designs, concepts, ideas, and building multi functions that might prove very difficult to disseminate even for specialists. Overcoming the disarray can only be done by using an application that supports the architect with all the necessary types of data that fills any gaps of knowledge or missing details about Islamic construction. The example below illustrates the application of the BIM-driving Islamic construction library in the design of a mosque (Figure 4-28).

Figure 4-28 A depicts a plan of a mosque illustrating some of the key elements that can be designed with the help of the proposed digital library. Figure 4-28 B is a 3D view showing additional key objects in the design of a mosque. In Figures 4-28 C and 4-28 D, designers can choose the type of ornamentation and material from a specific era provided by the proposed digital library. For the design of Mehrab (Figure 4-28 E), the BIM-driven library provides the designer with many assistance in terms of geometric properties and type character. The digital library offers also various options for columns and walls (Figure 4-28 F and 4-28 G). Examples of further options for the design of windows, doors and entrances are given in Figures 4-28 H and 4-28 K.

The application of the HAIC component library has been demonstrated in the conceptual structural design of the Islamic Center of Gainesville (ICG) (Figure 4-29). The location of the site is at 1010 W University Ave, Gainesville, FL 32601. The block size is 21m x 75m. In this example, the focus is on the structural components of the Minaret which are defined as structural

100

elements. The preliminary design procedure using the HAIC components library is illustrated in the following steps (refer to Figure 4-29 and 4-30):

Step 1 Locating the project site and the structural plan. Determine the location of the minaret in the structural plan (Figure 4-29_A).

Step 2 Choosing the appropriate Islamic architecture Style for the project. In this case, it is the HIAC.

Step 3 Start combining the elements and parts to form the minaret.

Step 4 Alternative approach of combining elements is to use the prepared configured sub-models.

Step 5 In this stage, a suitable form can be used by combining the parametrical models.

Step 6 The designer decides which of the minarets are going to be used:

1. Alternative design one. 2. Alternative deign two.

Figure 4-30 shows detailed steps for designing the minarets. The plan in image 1G in

Figure 4-30 was largely determined by reading the data appended with the components and the

HIAC era. The developed library guides the designer towards the appropriate direction of

Muslims’ Qibla (the orientation towards the Kaaba (the holy building at Makkah), to which

Muslims turn at prayer). Furthermore, it assists in describing the features of the major Islamic structure characters for the HIAC Mosque that are needed for the worshipers. Illustrations 1H and 2H in Figure 4-30 represent the design alternatives derived as a result of utilizing the HIAC

BIM library. Diagram 1H of Figure 4-30 delineates the traditional model of the Islamic architecture and the components used to design the mosque employed without any major change in their parametrical features. This design option represents traditional Islamic structural design style. The design in Figure 2H reveals the capability of the components of the HIAC library to

101

express more contemporary design approach. The design delineated in 2H can be derived from stages D, then E of Figure 4-29 to gain a design based on the spirit of the Islamic character but reflect contemporary design style.

The benefits of this approach include that the same model can be utilized to perform various simulations and analyses such as structural, energy and caustic among others. When a designer decides to apply an idea, the BIM-IAS’s library guides the designer through various details about Islamic historic Architectural and structural components enabling the selection of the appropriate objects for the specific project, thus improving efficiency and accuracy. In contrast to the above-proposed approach, if designers decided to use the traditional BIM workflow, many issues would arise. These include, for instance, getting authentic data about the minaret styles, domes, arches as related to the project. Next, the designer must draft these elements in traditional CAD files manually. Thus, design changes and alternatives are time and resource intensive while also may result in errors and emissions. Moreover, the CAD file cannot be shared for collaboration with other designers to perform further analysis and simulations. The

Table 4-2 below summarizes the comparison between the two design approaches.

Digital Library

Models in architecture have always played an important role throughout history. Ancient

Egyptian used models in form of drawings and physical objects. Plans of the Tomb of Rameses

IV and the drawing of the shrine from Ghorâb are good examples (Clark and Engelbach, 2014).

Models also existed in ancient Greeks and Romans (Shattner, 1990). During the middle ages, models were used increasingly for the design and construction of cathedrals (Kostof, 1977).

These models were planned as an integral part of the design of building exteriors as well as in their interior decoration. The Roman architect Vitruvius (European Architecture Series) had traced the origination of architecture to the imitation or modeling of nature. Seeking shelter,

102

humans learned lessons from swallows and bees built their habitations. Then, they started using natural materials to create forms that are based on shapes and proportion of nature. Certainly,

Vitruvius affirmed that the figure of a man could be inscribed both in the circle and the square; the fundamental geometrical forms on which the design universe was ordered.

In the digital era, modeling has advanced significantly in the last decades. Particularly, building information modeling (BIM), which is fundamentally changing the role of computation in building design by creating a database of the building objects to be used for all aspects of the building from design to construction and beyond (Nawari et. al 2014). This research aims to develop BIM library for Islamic Architecture.

Islamic Architecture has intensive data about its nature and character. These databases has to be digitalized to be more organized to ease their use and availability for architects around the world. His highness Aga Khan mentioned in one of his interviews, with Architectural Record

Magazine (August 31, 2001), that the people from outside the Islamic world felt that there was a lot to be learned from and about the Islamic culture. So to get to these Islamic Architectural design elements, architects need to have access to the BIM library of Islamic Architecture an endeavor that allows of a thorough understanding of IA design elements. Those prepared three- dimensional model libraries that are synchronized with Islamic architecture data educates and train the architect to complete designs successfully and on time. Not every architectural firm or architect has the ability to collect the information they need, but this digital library is going to make all these design ideas and concepts available digitally through BIM libraries and represents a critical step forward in Islamic Architecture informatics.

Using the digital classification presented in part 1 (Ayad and Nawari, 2015a), a BIM library developed by using Autodesk Revit® software. This digital library is sorted by historical

103

chronology where the architectural elements assorted by the period they belong to. For example, the BIM-Islamic Architecture library for the Ottoman period maintains all the architecture elements for that period from the time of its founding to its collapse (Figure 4-31).

Applications: Plug-In

The BIM-Driven Islamic Architecture (BIM-IA) plug-in is an extension built for use with

Autodesk Revit®. The BIM-IA plug-in is a catalog of Islamic Architecture characters that can be accessed via the Add-In software ribbon found in Revit®. It was developed using Microsoft’s

Visual Studio and each architectural style presented in the digital library includes a description

(both of chronology and usage), as well as a three-dimensional model. The intent is that the

BIM-IA used as a reference for architects, engineers, interior designers, landscape architects, planners, and other related fields. Hijazi Islamic Architecture Character (HIAC) is an example of the first completed set of data in the BIM-IA library.

The preliminary design of the application plug-in is displayed in Figure 4-32 and represents part of the vision of creating a complete BIM IAS application. This vision has progressed as shown in Figure 4-33. The current iteration of the plug-in includes explanations and guidelines on the sequence of choosing IAS components and represents how the IAS system functions. The user notice according to the first step and to the figures of the application that there is an introduction to every single Islamic Architecture Style. The final application Plug-in for Autodesk Revit® developed as shown in Figures 4-34 and the application is ready to uploaded to the Revit® software by the other users as shown in Figures 4-35. This is intended to help the user have enough understanding of a particular style so that the user can decided whether or not to incorporate the style into the project design. This also allows the user to determine which component or subcomponent ought to be used.

104

Surveys and studies of HIAC

Figure 4-1. Sources used for research.

Figure 4-2. Designers Time Consumed All Day (Almaimani A. K., BIM-Driven Islamic Architecture, 2018).

105

Figure 4-3. The projects Locations in the Arabic countries (Middle East). (Almaimani A. K., BIM-Driven Islamic Architecture, 2018).

106

Figure 4-4. The ability to adjust the gate according to the need of the architect. (Almaimani A. K., 2018)

107

Figure 4-5. Examples of Minarets Models. (Almaimani A. K., 2018)

A B

Figure 4-6. Examples of data provided by the BIM-driven Islamic Construction. A) Era: Ottoman style; Character: Hijazi; Form: Doorway. B) Era: Ottoman styel; Character: Hijazi; From: Maqad. (Almaimani & Nawari, BIM-Driven Islamic Construction: Part 1—Digital Classification (ASCE), 2015)

108

Figure 4-7. Examples of application of the BIM-driven Islamic Architecture library. A) Style: Ottoman; Character: Hijazi; Form: (a) Doorway. B) Arch: Agd Mawshah.(Almaimani & Nawari , BIM-Driven Library for Islamic Architecture, 2016), (Almaimani A. K., 2018)

109

Figure 4-8. Examples of application of the BIM-driven Islamic Architecture library. A) Style: Ottoman; Character: Hijazi; Form: (a) Doorway. B) Arch: Agd Mawshah (Almaimani & Nawari, BIM-Driven components library for Islamic Facilities (BIM-IF), 2017), (Almaimani A. K., BIM-Driven Islamic Architecture, 2018)

110

Figure 4-9. The HIAC minaret. (Almaiman & Nawari, 2017) (Almaimani A. K., 2018),

111

Figure 4-10. The complete component and separated parts of HIAC minaret. (Almaiman & Nawari, 2017), (Almaimani A. K., 2018)

112

Figure 4-11. Phases of combining the minaret parts and elements. (Almaiman & Nawari, 2017), (Almaimani A. K., 2018)

113

Figure 4-12. HIAC components digital library. A) Hierarchal nested components of the Minaret of HIAC components digital library. (Almaiman & Nawari, 2017), (Almaimani A. K., 2018). B) ) Hierarchal nested components of the Windows of HIAC components digital library. (Almaimani & Nawari, BIM-Driven components library for Islamic Facilities (BIM-IF), 2017).

114

Figure 4-12. Continued.

115

Figure 4-13. Nested components in modeling Minaret. (Almaiman & Nawari, 2017), (Almaimani A. K., BIM-Driven Islamic Architecture, 2018).

116

Figure 4-13. Continued.

117

Figure 4-14. Nested components in modeling windows. (Almaimani & Nawari, BIM-Driven components library for Islamic Facilities (BIM-IF), 2017), (Almaimani A. K., BIM- Driven Islamic Architecture, 2018).

118

Figure 4-15. One of the minarets of HIAC accuracy example. (Almaiman & Nawari, 2017), (Almaimani A. K., 2018)

119

Figure 4-16. BIM Components Three Various Types. (Almaiman & Nawari, 2017), (Almaimani A. K., 2018)

120

Figure 4-17. Dulux’s BIM Solution Website.

Figure 4-18. Placing The VB File in The Project Template Path. (Almaimani A. K., 2018)

121

Figure 4-19. Building the solution. (Almaimani A. K., 2018)

122

Figure 4-20. Classification Chart of Islamic Architecture. (Almaimani & Nawari, BIM-Driven Islamic Construction: Part 1—Digital Classification (ASCE), 2015)

Figure 4-21. Hierarchal Schema of The Digital Classification of IA. (Almaimani & Nawari, BIM-Driven Islamic Construction: Part 1—Digital Classification (ASCE), 2015)

123

Figure 4-22. Classification System Showing Hijazi Islamic Architecture Character (HIAC). (Almaimani & Nawari, BIM-Driven components library for Islamic Facilities (BIM- IF), 2017)

124

Figure 4-23. Hierarchal Schema of The Digital Classification of HIAC. (Almaimani & Nawari, BIM-Driven components library for Islamic Facilities (BIM-IF), 2017)

125

Figure 4-24. Classification Chart and Hierarchal Schema Process Concentrating on Hijazi Islamic Architecture Character (HIAC). (Almaimani & Nawari, BIM-Driven components library for Islamic Facilities (BIM-IF), 2017)

126

Figure 4-25. An Example of HIAC Categorization for Window Details. (Almaimani & Nawari , BIM-Driven Library for Islamic Architecture, 2016) (Almaimani A. K., BIM-Driven Islamic Architecture, 2018)

127

Figure 4-26. Architectural Elements. (Almaimani A. K., BIM-Driven Islamic Architecture, 2018)

128

Figure 4-26. Continued.

129

Figure 4-26. Continued.

130

Figure 4-26. Continued.

131

Figure 4-26. Continued.

132

Figure 4-26. Continued.

133

Figures 4-27. Updated Architectural Elements.

134

Figures 4-27. Continued.

135

Figures 4-27. Continued.

136

Figures 4-27. Continued.

137

Figures 4-27. Continued.

138

Figures 4-27. Continued.

139

Figure 4-28. Application of BIM-driven Islamic Architecture library in the design of a mosque. (Almaimani & Nawari, BIM-Driven Islamic Construction: Part 2—Digital Libraries, 2015)

140

Figure 4-29. Preliminary Design of the ICG Minaret. (Almaiman & Nawari, 2017), (Almaimani A. K., BIM-Driven Islamic Architecture, 2018)

141

Figure 4-30. Preliminary Design of the ICG Minaret. (Almaiman & Nawari, 2017), (Almaimani A. K., BIM-Driven Islamic Architecture, 2018)

142

Figure 4-31. Examples of eras and styles forming the BIM library. (Almaimani & Nawari, BIM- Driven Islamic Construction: Part 2—Digital Libraries, 2015)

143

Figure 4-32. Plug-in for Autodesk Revit®. (Almaimani & Nawari, BIM-Driven components library for Islamic Facilities (BIM-IF), 2017) (Almaimani A. K., BIM-Driven Islamic Architecture, 2018).

144

Figure 4-33. Developed Plug-in for Autodesk Revit®. (Almaiman & Nawari, 2017), (Almaimani A. K., BIM-Driven Islamic Architecture, 2018)

145

First, Choose the Appropriate IAS’s.

Second, Choose the Appropriate Region then the Components.

Figure 4-34. Final Developed Plug-in for Autodesk Revit®. (Almaimani A. K., BIM-Driven Islamic Architecture, 2018)

146

The Downloaded Component in The Revit® Components Library.

Figure 4-34. Continued.

Figure 4-35. The Setup of the Plug-in for Autodesk Revit®. (Almaimani A. K., BIM-Driven Islamic Architecture, 2018)

147

Table 4-1: An example of classification details of IA. (Almaimani & Nawari, BIM-Driven Islamic Construction: Part 1—Digital Classification (ASCE), 2015) Style Period Architectural and Main Buildings & features structural elements Umayyad style i. Umayyad Mosque in A.D(661-750)H(40-132) • Domes. Damascus. Have four

• Ornamented niches, four domes, three ceilings. minarets (spires), and four • Doors. doors. Mosaic cover all the • Columns. ceilings, walls, aisles, • Ornaments and arches, and exterior walls. Inscriptions. ii. Dome of the Rock Mosque. • Walls The only mosque with Octagonal plan. iii. Stone was the main material for construction. Bno Alnaser i. Curitiba Mosque. A.D(1232-1492), Style, South of • Accentuated the ii. Alhambra Palaces. Andalus curvature of the iii. Alhambra City. horseshoe. • Ornamentations. • Decorations. • Arabic Pools (Birka). • quadripartite garden Abbasid style i. Most of the buildings A.D 750-1250, H(132-656) • Variety in affected by the Persian and Minarets/spires Iraqis. shapes. ii. Adobe was the main • More ornamented material for construction. buildings. iii. Samarra Mosque. • Separated iv. Spiraling cone of the Minbars. minaret. • More using of v. Ibn Toulon Mosque. muqarnas vi. Baghdad City. • Massive courtyard in the main mosques. • Plaster

148

Table 4-2. Comparison between Two Design Approaches. (Almaiman & Nawari, 2017), (Almaimani A. K., BIM-Driven Islamic Architecture, 2018) Traditional BIM IAS approach

1- Searching and hiring various 1- Designers do not need to hire or search specialists in the architecture style in the for any data because all design and details region. Also, looking for collaborators in data about the historic IA structures data the particular region is not an easy task. are available in the proposed BIM IAS and the architectural firms to collaborate library. with them to supply the office in the United States with the necessary data to start the work

2- The designers often do not have the 2- BIM IAS library has the assorted time, and resources, to collect data database, diverse knowledge resources, related to historic IA structures. the architecture and structural elements classified according to the style.

3- The design firm needs to look for 3- There are a number of examples and examples and case studies to investigate case studies with details about how other the project before starting the design. designers through the history employed the IA in their project.

4- Quality of the outcomes can be 4- The quality of outcomes is considerably challenging due to the difficulties of enhanced due to the availability of the early input from key participants and library at the early stages of the design that coordination. assist all participants to get involved in making input to the design decisions.

149

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION

Islamic civilizations have provided us with a unique perspective on architectural design.

The various building styles, forms, characters, functions and construction methods used by

Islamic civilizations are emblematic of how cultural values and geography influenced their design choices. In an effort to document Islamic Architecture (IA) a BIM-driven library, intended to provide enhanced guidance and a wealth of details about IA, was developed. The library will serve as a compendium of information available to designers using an interactive

BIM interface. The library also contains digital, parametric BIM models that are paired with detailed information thus allowing designers to better understand the context in which each model has been used historically. This combination of both spatial and temporal information provides designers unparalleled access to using IA design concepts in contemporary projects.

Current technological solutions lack a necessary amount of data paired alongside structural components, some do not use parametric components that can be adjusted to fit any project, and some are unnecessarily cumbersome resulting in unstable and slow software. This

BIM driven library is an alternative solution that can readily be adapted by regions dominated by

Islamic Architecture. Islamic Architecture’s distinctive design concepts, spatial features, forms, façades, and building functions need to be made available to designers and engineers. And this information must include accurate details and descriptions of Islamic construction and philosophy so that the digital data classification of Islamic Architecture is holistic in nature.

Classifications include information such as historical chronology, location, vocabulary, style as well as technical details. Information amended to each component aims to enlighten designers with a comprehensive overview of relevant data regarding Islamic construction.

150

The use of BIM-driven libraries to improve process work flows and integrate intelligent objects into design projects is rapidly being adopted across architectural fields. However, standardized and structured data can be hard to come by especially for less well-known datasets like those found in Islamic architectural styles. A prototype BIM library was thus created to demonstrate its usefulness in the design phase of a project. The prototype library was composed of architecture found during a time when the Ottoman Empire ruled much of the Middle East.

The geographical locale selected was that of the Hijaz region, which primarily consisted of the cities located on present-day Saudi Arabia’s Red Sea Coast. Hijazi Architecture was then categorized according to component types which helped organize each component, consisting of differing geometric, material and historical parameters, into overarching categories. The thesis focuses on the area of Hijazi Islamic Architecture Character which is a part of the Islamic

Architecture.

The HAIC component library was then used to design a project for the Islamic Center of

Gainesville (ICG), Florida, USA. The library allowed the designer to save time and resources during the design phase of the project while also allowing for the blending of Hijazi

Architecture-Islamic Character (HAIC) elements with contemporary design aesthetics.

Furthermore, this thesis uses the example of Minarets (Spires) and windows to demonstrate the usability and usefulness of a novel BIM driven tool that can be used by designers to both restore historical Islamic-styled architecture while also serving as a mechanism by which more classical architectural components can be incorporated into modern and contemporary designs. And because each component has been supplemented with historical usage data, designers and engineers can readily gauge how to implement historical components into their designs.

151

The BIM library of Islamic Architectural structure elements endeavors to enable the use of the historic Islamic structural style while maintaining optimum accuracy and efficiency in designing new facilities or retrofitting existing structures. It is also expected that the BIM library will be a valuable tool for designers who have been tasked with restoring historical buildings.

Some of the three-dimensional parametric models created for the library were sourced from two dimensional non-electronic sources. In the past, designers may have been forced to seek out these architectural elements on their own but now that they have been aggregated in a single location, thus they can be used as needed for any project.

The design of Islamic architecture is approached differently than other civilizations and contains a variety of building styles composed of diverse forms, characters, functions, and construction methods. This diversity is owed to the unique social and geographical conditions found across regions that have been influenced by Islam. Creating a BIM library of these architectural components ensures that Islamic Architecture is readily available to designers in a manner that has not been available in the past. Additionally, the information included in the library extends beyond traditional technological implementations of BIM libraries and aims to include accurate usage details for each component which have been reinforced using historical context found in scattered primary sources. The collection of this information in one central location in the form of a BIM driven library offers designers an opportunity to expand their knowledge on specific components while simultaneously gaining creative design ideas for new projects. This dissertation uses the capabilities of BIM to build a library digitally classified and assorted informatics data of the Hejazi Islamic Architecture character (HIAC). These informatics data also include architectural and structural HIAC designs and illustrations in their completed forms. Hence, the library provides designers a variety of architectural and structural components,

152

accompanied with parametric models and data to choose from through a software application, that are categorized based on style and chronology. The dissertation presents development steps of the digital library, and also demonstrates application examples on the Islamic historical structures. The proposed BIM library provides economic and time advantages in the different phases of a restoration project of historic nature or new contemporary project. The application of this library will increase the productivity of architects and engineers who use it to remodel and design new projects while also serving as a scaffold on which future architectural styles can be aggregated into their own BIM libraries.

153

CHAPTER 6 FUTURE WORK

As work on Islamic architecture continues there will be a need to expand the library to cover alternative styles, both historical and contemporary. Future styles could be included in the library in order to increase its comprehensiveness and overall usefulness to architects, designers and their firms. This type of work will require collaboration with architectural firms wherein the

IAS’s digital library plug-in can be demoed and utilized in real world scenarios. More specifically, the plug-in can be used on Iconic projects across major cities in the Middle East.

Data gathered from these types of use cases can be used to further refine the components that make up the plug-in and enhance the library.

To demonstrate the usefulness of the library the plug-in can be utilized to create studies that compare two different projects using different architectural eras as case studies. The case studies should include data that include measurements of how much light passes through certain

IAS components, levels of ventilation, and various dimensional aspects that can only be calculated using sophisticated software. The case studies would also include measurements of components like columns, doors, windows, arches and minarets. This information would all be summed up with extra information such as the sizes of various components in relation to the structure at large, the materials they are composed of, and how they are utilized in various construction scenarios. A specific example is conducting a study of The Red Sea Project, created by HRH Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman using the BIM IAS’s digital database. The study would answer the question of ‘What Architecture Style ought to be used for this type of

Project?’. Subtopics that could be explored are whether styles should be representative of the

Arabian Peninsula, or the various International styles used around the world in resorts and spas.

Such an example would include a cost-based analysis of a variety of construction related

154

expenses. Furthermore, the library could be used to examine the historical similarities between

Andalusian Islamic Architecture and Traditional Architecture in South American cities like

Lima, Peru.

The BIM IAS is a digital library and database that aims to enhance and support the use of

IA components in future architectural projects. Its use of 3D BIM driven models provides architects and designers with spatial and contextual information during all design phases of a project. This novel use of a BIM driven library collecting Islamic Architectural components that are scattered across a variety of paper sources are the first steps towards the continued use of IA components in contemporary designs and historical renovations. There is a bright future ahead for BIM driven libraries and this dissertation is one contribution to that future.

155

APPENDIX A STUDY AND ANALYZE THE PROJECTS AT THE MIDDLE EAST DESIGNED BY ZAHA HADID ARCHITECTURAL FIRM

156

Project Zaha Hadid number

1 Central Bank of Iraq, 2011

The architect Zaha Hadid designed the building to imitate the new spirit of the country.

http://www.akt-uk.com/projects/central%20bank%20of%20iraq Nature of the project: The design is not related to the Islamic architecture. If the architect has the BIM-IAS plug-in: The Architect has various choices of Islamic architecture styles. It varies between Umayyad, Abbasside, up to the Ottoman architecture included different characters instead of a design represent the designer method.

2 Abu Dhabi Performing Arts Center, 2007

157

The architect Zaha Hadid designed the building to flow from the Saadiyat Cultural District towards the Arabian Gulf.

http://www.saadiyatculturaldistrict.ae/en/saadiyat-cultural-district/performing-arts-centre/architectural-design- performing-centre/ Nature of the project: The design is not related to the Islamic architecture.

If the architect has the BIM-IAS plug-in: The architect might be able to add some architectural elements represents the region style instead of a design represent the designer method.

3 King Abdullah Financial District Metro Station, 2013

158

“The walls and roof of the building will appear as a series of undulating waves interspersed with curved Mashrabiya screens. The architects describe it as "a three-dimensional lattice defined by a sequence of opposing sine-waves."

https://www.dezeen.com/2013/05/16/king-abdullah-financial-district-metro-station-by-zaha-hadid-architects/

Nature of the project: The first project utilized a piece of part of an Islamic architecture element concept. If the architect has the BIM-IAS plug-in: Unfortunately, she used it in the wrong local project because Mashrabiyyah in general used in Hejaz region, not in Najd region. This leads to that Zaha Hadid team did not have the appropriate sources to gain the adequate data and analysis. In this case, the BIM-IA plug-in would have saved them from this type of architectural design misunderstanding.

4 Urban Heritage Administration Centre, a preservation center for a UNESCO-protected site in Diryah’s, Saudi Arabia.

159

The design relates to Diryah’s local vernacular, not through mimicry or a limiting adherence to references of the past, but by developing a deeper understanding of its traditions and composition – expressed in a contemporary interpretation informed by the same natural forces that defined Diryah’s historical architecture. https://www.dezeen.com/2016/10/24/urban-heritage-administration-centre-zaha-hadid-architects-diriyah-saudi-arabia/

Nature of the project: The second project that has utilized a local Islamic architecture heritage.

If the architect has the BIM-IAS plug-in: This type of selection supports the Najd region architecture character. It did not reflect this character clearly in the design or showed any sign of that original spirit. This leads to the fact that Zaha Hadid team did not have the appropriate sources to gain the adequate data and analysis of the cultural identity design elements. In this case, the BIM-IA plug-in would have saved them from this type of architectural design misinterpretation.

160

5 King Abdullah Ⅱ house of culture and art, Amman, Jordan

The new performing arts center influenced by the ancient city Petra. Zaha Hadid described Petra as an interplay between architecture and nature. http://www.designboom.com/architecture/zaha-hadid-king-abdullah-ll-house-of-culture-and-art/ Nature of the project: Nothing related to the cultural design identity. It depends on local historical and ancient city buildings to inspire her design.

If the architect has the BIM-IAS plug-in: The architect might have been able to add some architectural elements represents the region style instead of a design represent the designer concept.

161

6 Headquarters for Middle Eastern environmental company Bee'ah. The United Arab Emirates.

Bee'ah Headquarters building formed by the desert context and orientated toward the North winds.”

https://www.dezeen.com/2015/03/23/zaha-hadid-architects-bee-ah-fly-through-uae/ Nature of the project: Does not reflect the local historical culture. If the architect has the BIM-IAS plug-in: The architect might be able to add some architectural elements represents the region style instead of a design represent the designer method.

162

APPENDIX B STUDY AND ANALYZE THE PROJECTS AT THE MIDDLE EAST DESIGNED BY NORMAN FOSTER ARCHITECTURAL FIRM

163

Project Norman Foster number

1 Haramain High Speed Rail, 2009, Makkah, Jeddah, and Madinah:

http://www.fosterandpartners.com/projects/haramain-high-speed-rail/

Nature of the project: Took one Islamic Architectural element as a design concept --which is the arch. “Drawing on Islamic architecture, the design concept takes the traditional gateway arch form as the basis for its roof design.” This is the only design that picks an Islamic element with one exception, is that arch element representing the region? Let’s assume that there are no arches found in that specific area and the design team has to resort to utilizing the Islamic Architecture Arches Library in the design which has one arch type. Also, when an architect looks into the design, nothing in the pictures show any other thing related to the Islamic architecture or the region or Saudi

164

Arabia rich cultures, either from the modern or ancient history, of the rail stations architecture design.

If the architect has the BIM-IAS plug-in: The architect might have used different architectural components related to the region’s Islamic architecture styles.

2 Masdar Institute, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates 2007 – 2015

The principles and goals of Masdar to create a prototypical and sustainable city and is the first building of its kind to be powered entirely by renewable solar energy.

http://www.fosterandpartners.com/projects/masdar-institute/

Nature of the project: Some of the architectural elements in the project such as the windows and ornamentations inspired from some Islamic architectural elements. The Roshan is the component that the architect used and the concept of the openings and ornamentations to utilize it in the design.

165

If the architect has the BIM-IAS plug-in: Unfortunately, the architect used a component that does not belong to the local Islamic architecture because Roshan is one of the components that used in Hejaz region. This leads to that Norman Foster team did not have the appropriate sources to gain the adequate data and analysis. In this case, the BIM-IA plug-in would save them from this type of architectural design misunderstanding. 3 World Trade Center Souk Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates 2006 – 2014,

Some of the exterior and interior panels of the buildings patterns developed via a scholar of Islamic arts. It is wrapping the podium of the building.

166

http://www.fosterandpartners.com/projects/world-trade-center-souk/

Nature of the project: The podium of the building has some Islamic elements, but the towers do not have any relationship with the podium design. If the architect has the BIM-IAS plug-in: The architect might use different architectural components related to the region Islamic architecture styles.

4 2-Queen Alia International Airport Amman, Jordan 2005 – 2012.

The domes branch out from the supporting columns like the leaves of a desert palm and daylight floods the concourse through split beams at the column junctions. Echoing the veins of a leaf, a geometric pattern based on traditional Islamic forms is applied to each exposed soffit. Between these volumes, open-air courtyards draw on vernacular Arabic architecture and contribute to the terminal’s environmental strategy.

http://www.fosterandpartners.com/projects/queen-alia-international-airport/

167

Nature of the project: Used an elementary idea to develop the design. Nothing specific in the concept to relate directly to the traditional heritage of the area or the country. If the architect has the BIM-IAS plug-in: The architect might use different architectural components related to the region Islamic architecture styles. 5 1-BMCE Branches Casablanca, Fez, Rabat, Marrakech, Eljadida, Morocco 2007 – 2009

the branches in Casablanca and Rabat reflect their compact sites in the financial and civic centers on Morocco's coast; the Fez branch has subtle details that express the city's artisan heritage.

The soffit of the dome is rendered in tadelakt, a local plaster technique, and the exterior is clad in zellige - a traditional ceramic tile. The screens follow a geometric design based on Islamic patterns.

http://www.fosterandpartners.com/projects/bmce-branches/

168

Nature of the project: The best project Norman built in the Middle East because everything is depending directly on the local Moroccan heritage and Islamic history related to that place and city. However, to design a project like this indeed it consumes the firm a lot of time and money.

If the architect has the BIM-IAS plug-in: The firm resorted to local firms to succeed in design and fulfill the construction. The architect might have used different architectural components related to the region Islamic architecture styles. 6 Al Faisaliah Complex Riyadh, Saudi Arabia 1994 – 2000:

http://www.fosterandpartners.com/projects/al-faisaliah-complex/

169

Nature of the project: Does not reflect the local historical culture.

Architecturally, the aim has been to combine a highly efficient, contemporary form with elements of traditional Arabic design and hospitality to create a museum that is sustainable, welcoming and culturally of its place.

http://www.fosterandpartners.com/projects/zayed-national-museum/ My impression about this project: What is the traditional Arabic design? Nothing related to the Islamic architecture.

170

If the architect has the BIM-IAS plug-in: The architect depends on the ventilation method used in the Arabian Gulf region to ventilate the buildings. There are no components related to the Islamic Architecture components used in the design. Using the BIM-IAS might impact on the building design and assist to add components related to the region design style. 8 Al Raha Beach Development Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates 2007

The design strategy is a highly specific response to the climate and topography of this dramatic coastal site, and the building has evolved through a process of sophisticated environmental computer analysis.

http://www.fosterandpartners.com/projects/al-raha-beach-development/ Nature of the project: The design is not related to the Islamic architecture.

If the architect has the BIM-IAS plug-in: The architect might be able to add some architectural elements represents the region style instead of a design represent the designer method.

171

APPENDIX C STUDY AND ANALYZE THE PROJECTS AT THE MIDDLE EAST DESIGNED BY SOM ARCHITECTURAL FIRM

172

Project number SOM:

1 1-NATIONAL COMMERCIAL BANK, SOM, 1983, Jeddah, SOM emerged two main features existed in traditional Islamic architecture of the region: the natural ventilation and inward orientation. Architect: Gordon Bunshaft.

173

https://issuu.com/musabbadahdah/docs/ncb http://www.som.com/projects/national_commercial_bank

My impression about this project: The designer employed two significant features of the Islamic architecture which are the natural ventilation and inward orientation. These two features are the central concept of designing a house in Traditional Jeddah city. The architect did not use any Islamic architecture components of the region. If the architect has the BIM-IAS plug-in: The architect depends on the on the concept of the ventilation method used in the traditional houses windows. There are no components related to the Islamic Architecture components used in the design. Using the BIM-IAS might impact on the building design and assist to add components related to the region design style. 2 2-AL HAMRA TOWER, Location: Kuwait City, Kuwait, Project Completion: 2011, A desire to maximize views of the Arabian Gulf while minimizing solar heat gain inspired the building’s asymmetrical form, which calls to mind the traditional robes worn by Kuwaitis.

174

http://www.som.com/projects/al_hamra_tower Nature of the project: The design is not related to the Islamic architecture.

If the architect has the BIM-IAS plug-in: The architect might be able to add some architectural elements represents the region style instead of a design represent the designer method 3 3-MUQARNAS TOWER, King Abdullah Financial District (KAFD), The building facades influenced by the traditional “muqarnas” which is an Islamic ornamented vaulting component.

175

http://www.som.com/projects/muqarnas_tower Nature of the project: The Muqarnas is one of the renowned Islamic architectural elements. This type of elements is not part of the Islamic architecture in this region. There are various parts completed each other to form the Muqarnas, which does not appear in the façade design. If the architect has the BIM-IAS plug-in: The architect might be able to employ other architectural elements represents the region style instead of a design represent the designer method.

176

4 5-KING ABDULAZIZ INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT – HAJJ TERMINAL, SOM employee the Bedouin tent as an identifiable form, which creates the world’s largest cable-stayed, fabric-roofed structure.

http://www.som.com/projects/king_abdulaziz_international_airport__hajj_terminal

Nature of the project: The design is not related to the Islamic architecture.

If the architect has the BIM-IAS plug-in: The architect might be able to employ other architectural elements represents the region style instead of a design represent the designer method.

177

APPENDIX D APPLY THE USE OF THE BIM-IA APPLICATION ON ONE OF THE PROJECTS AT THE MIDDLE EAST DESIGNED BY ARCHITECTURE FIRMS OF NORMAN FOSTER

178

Norman Foster Firm Project: Haramain High-Speed Rail, 2009, Makkah, Jeddah, and Madinah:

http://www.fosterandpartners.com/projects/haramain-high-speed-rail/

Suggestions:

1- Norman and partners firms have two options either: a. Design a traditional architectural project represents the area background which means, all the architectural elements represent one of the Islamic Architecture styles or the Hejaz Architecture character, which the BIM- IA plug-in considers the high option that assists and support the architect to express the Hejaz architecture region. b. If the firm design team decided to design a high-tech project rely on dismantling the traditional architectural elements, therefore, the data and elements are the primary demand to apply them in the design, which is also available in the BIM-IA plug-in library.

179

2- One of the walls in the train station should be built from Manqabi Stone because it represents the traditional architectural character of Hejaz Region from the Ottoman style. Furthermore, if the firm depended on the digital library data might build one of the walls according to the Hejazi character. The bearing wall system is considered the leading approach to construct the buildings, which gives a broad meaning to the building related to the region and history.

3- The architect mentioned in one of the paragraphs that there is an External Mashrabiyyah. After revising the project, the architect provided a standard screen design on the facade, which allow the light and air to penetrate to the glass façades. It is not a screen derived from the traditional bay or casement windows. The architect can use one of the bay windows provided in the BIM digital library plug-in as a base and guideline to produce a design holds the spirit of Hejaz architecture character. Furthermore, the designs applied to the facades ceilings, floors, and others do not have any relation to a specific Islamic style, or to the Hejazi character.

4- The architect did not use any of the Hejaz Architectural character screen designs, which are available in Bay and Casement windows of the Hejaz Architecture Character that is derived from Ottoman Style.

5- The firm did not provide some traditional exterior or interior materials or elements in the building.

6- It is not apparent why the architect uses this type of Arch in the project and what is the historical background this arch represent to the region?

180

Continue …

181

182

LIST OF REFERENCES

A Street in Aleppo, in French-mandate Syria. (2014). Retrieved September 10, 2016, from Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/HistoryPorn/comments/1ko25x/a_street_in_aleppo_in_frenchm andate_syria_17_july/ Albert , F., Valiente, J., & Gomis, J. (2005). A computational model for pattern and tile designs classification using plane symmetry groups. CIARP'05 Proceedings of the 10th Iberoamerican Congress conference on Progress in Pattern Recognition, Image Analysis and Applications, 11. Retrieved November 11, 2014, from http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2099369.2099458&coll=DL&dl=GUIDE Al-Lyaly, S. M. (1990). The Traditional House Of Jeddah: A Study Of The Interaction Between Climate, Form And Living Patterns. University of Edinburgh, Department of Architecture. University of Edinburgh. Retrieved October 6, 2014, from http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.536548 Almaiman, A., & Nawari, N. (2017, November). BIM-Driven Library For Historic Islamic Structures. (K. Ruikar , Ed.) Journal of Information Technology in Construction (ITcon), 21 Pages. Retrieved from https://www.itcon.org/papers/2017_14-ITcon-Almaimani.pdf Almaimani, A. K. (2018). BIM-Driven Islamic Architecture. Gainesville: University of Florida. Retrieved 05 01, 2014 Almaimani, A., & Nawari , N. (2016). BIM-Driven Library for Islamic Architecture. In N. Yabuki, & K. Makanae (Ed.), International Conference on Computing in Civil and Building Engineering (ICCCBE2016). Osaka, Japan: ICCCBE2016 Organizing Committee. Retrieved July 10, 2016 Almaimani, A., & Nawari, N. (2015, June 21–23). BIM-Driven Islamic Construction: Part 1— Digital Classification (ASCE). In W. O’Brien, & S. Ponticelli (Ed.). (pp. 453-459). American Society of Civil Engineers. Retrieved July 1, 2015, from http://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/9780784479247.056 Almaimani, A., & Nawari, N. (2015, June 21–23). BIM-Driven Islamic Construction: Part 2— Digital Libraries. In W. O’Brien, & S. Ponticelli (Ed.). (pp. 460-467). American Society of Civil Engineers. Retrieved July 1, 2015, from http://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/9780784479247.057 Almaimani, A., & Nawari, N. (2016). BIM-Driven Library for Islamic Arch. CIB W78 Conference 2016 (p. 8 Pages). CIB W78 Conference. Retrieved from http://itc.scix.net/data/works/att/w78-2016-paper-016.pdf Almaimani, A., & Nawari, N. (2017, April 18). BIM-Driven components library for Islamic Facilities (BIM-IF). Visualization in Engineering, 11 Pages. doi:10.1186/s40327-017- 0041-6

183

Almaimani, A., & Nawari, N. (2017). The Role of BIM in Sub-Tropic Architectural Resiliency. iNTA (p. 12). Gainesville, Florida: University of Florida. Al-haramin Train Station. Retrieved ,محطة قطار الحرمين .(Alriyadh , N. (2014, November 26 September 08, 2017, from Alriyadh News Paper: http://www.alriyadh.com/997639 Al-TURATH, I. &. (2015). Historic Preservation Spring Training Program The Case Study For The Historical City of Jeddah. . Jeddah: IRCICA & Al-Turath Islamic Urban Heritage Program. Retrieved 10 12, 2014 Alves de Souza, L., Leusin de Amorim, S., & de Magalhães Lyrio Filho, A. (2009, November ). IMPACT FROM THE USE OF BIM IN ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN OFFICES: REAL ESTATE MARKET OPORTUNITIES. Design Management and Technology, 1(2), pp. 26-53. doi:10.4237/gtp.v4i2.100 ARCHNET. (2013, April). Manzil Sitt Wasila, Cairo, Egypt. Retrieved from ARCHNET: http://archnet.org/media_contents/91811 ARCHNET. (2013). TIMELINE. ( the Aga Khan Trust for Culture and the Aga Khan Documentation Center at MIT Libraries) Retrieved 10 02, 2014, from ARCHNET: http://archnet.org/timelines/48 ARCHNET Timeline. (2002). (Aga Khan Trust for Culture and the Aga Khan Documentation Center at MIT Libraries) Retrieved september 10, 2014, from http://archnet.org/timelines/48 Arieff, A. (2013, July 31). New Forms That Function Better. Retrieved September 20, 2014, from MIT Technology Review: https://www.technologyreview.com/s/517596/new- forms-that-function-better/ Arms , W., Blanchi , C., & Overly, E. (1997, February ). An Architecture for Information in Digital Libraries. (Corporation for National Research Initiatives) Retrieved April 1, 2015, from Architecture for Information in Digital Libraries: http://www.dlib.org/dlib/february97/cnri/02arms1.html Baik, A., Alitany, A., Boehm, J., & Robson, S. (2014). JEDDAH HISTORICAL BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING "JHBIM"-. ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences. II-5, pp. 41-47. Riva del Garda, Italy: ISPRS Technical Commission V Symposium. Retrieved 02 14, 2015, from http://www.isprs-ann-photogramm-remote-sens-spatial-inf-sci.net/II- 5/41/2014/isprsannals-II-5-41-2014.pdf Baik, A., Boehm, J., & Robson, S. (2013). JEDDAH HISTORICAL BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING "JHBIM". International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences. XL-5/W2, pp. 73-78. Strasbourg: XXIV International CIPA Symposium. Retrieved 10 22, 2014, from http://www.int-arch- photogramm-remote-sens-spatial-inf-sci.net/XL-5-W2/73/2013/isprsarchives-XL-5-W2- 73-2013.pdf

184

Baik, A., Yaagoubi, R., & Boehm, J. (2015). INTEGRATION OF JEDDAH HISTORICAL BIM AND 3D GIS FOR DOCUMENTATION. The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences. XL-5/W7, pp. 29-34. Taipei, Taiwan: 25th International CIPA Symposium. Retrieved 9 16, 2015 Britannica, E. (2014, july 22). Encyclopædia Britannica. (E. Britannica, Editor) Retrieved from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/631310/Vitruvius Bynum II, W. P. (2010). Building Information Modeling in Support of Sustainable Design and Construction. (Doctoral Dissertation), UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA, BUILDING CONSTRUCTION, Gainesville. Retrieved August 06, 2016, from http://etd.fcla.edu/UF/UFE0041667/bynum_w.pdf Clarke, S., & Engelbach, R. (2014). Ancient Egyptian Construction and Architecture. Dover Publications. Retrieved Febraury 20, 2016 Denis, F. (2015). Building Information Modelling – Belgian Guide for the construction Industry (2015 ed.). ADEB-VBA, Avenue Grandchamp/Grootveldlaan 148 – 1150 Brusse. Retrieved 08 02, 2016, from http://adeb-vba.be/the-guide-to-bim.pdf Djibril , M., Hadi , Y., & Haj Thami , R. (2006). Fundamental region based indexing and classification of islamic star pattern images. (A. Campilho, & M. Kamel, Eds.) ICIAR'06 Proceedings of the Third international conference on Image Analysis and Recognition, 4142, 865-876. doi:10.1007/11867661 Djibril , M., Hadi , Y., & Haj Thami , R. (2006). Fundamental region based indexing and classification of islamic star pattern images. ICIAR'06 Proceedings of the Third international conference on Image Analysis and Recognition , Volume Part II, 11. Retrieved October 28, 2014, from http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2110938.2111024&coll=DL&dl=GUIDE Djibril, M., & Haj Thami, R. (2008). Islamic geometrical patterns indexing and classification using discrete symmetry groups. Journal on Computing and Cultural Heritage (JOCCH), 1(2), 14. doi:10.1145/1434763.1434767 Eastman, C., Teicholz, P., Sacks, R., & Liston, K. (2008). BIM Handbook: A Guide to Building InformationModeling for Owners, Managers,Designers, Engineers, and Contractors. Hoboken, New Jersey, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Retrieved 02 13, 2014 Fessi, W., & Grant, G. (1996). The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in the Eyes of First Photographers. Riyadh: King Abdulaziz Foundation for .المملكة العربية السعودية في عيون اوائل المصورين Research and Archives. Retrieved September 22, 2014 , from http://www.darahlibrary.org.sa/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=14S7340177EQ6.261407&profil e=darah-- 1ara&source=~!horizon&view=subscriptionsummary&uri=full=3100008~!1826~!0&ri= 1&aspect=subtab11&menu=search&ipp=20&spp=20&staffonly=&term=%C3%99%C2 %81%C3%99%C2%8A%C3%

185

Giampa, P. (2011). Creating your first Revit Ribbon. RTC Events Management. Jupiters Gold Coast, Australia: Revit Technology Conference (RTC). Retrieved September 08, 2015, from http://www.revitconference.com.au/rtc2011au/materials/Session_8_Creating_your_first_ Revit_Ribbon_Introduction_to_the_Revit_SDK_&_API_Peter_Giampa_Handout.pdf Giel, B. K. (2009). Return on Investment Analysis of Building Information Modeling in Construction. University of Florida. Gainesville: University of Florida. Retrieved August 31, 2015, from http://etd.fcla.edu/UF/UFE0024953/giel_b.pdf Greenlaw , J.-P. (1995). The coral buildings of Suakin: Islamic architecture, planning, design and domestic arrangements in a red sea port (Re: 9780710304896 | Coral Buildings Of Suakin | Edn. 1 | Hardback | Origin UK ed.). London, Bognor Regis, Sussex,, England: Taylor & Francis Group. Retrieved February 10, 2015 Groat, L., & Wang, D. (2013). Architectural Research Methods. Hoboken, , New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Retrieved November 12, 2014 Grube , E. J. (1973). The World of Islam (Landmarks of the World's Art). United States : Feltham and New York. Retrieved July 10, 2015 Heritage, S. C. (2017, November 03). SCTH President: The Custodian gives priority to Islamic heritage, especially to Prophet's biography sites. Retrieved from Saudi Commission for Tourism and National Heritage: https://www.scta.gov.sa/en/MediaCenter/News/GeneralNews/Pages/z-g-1-2-11-17.aspx Heritage., S. C. (2015, February 24). Efforts of the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques King Salman bin Abdul Aziz in support of tourism and heritage. Retrieved March 27, 2015, from Saudi Commission for Tourisiom & National Heritage.: https://scth.gov.sa/en/mediaCenter/PSalmanBinAbdulAziz/Pages/default.aspx Hillenbrand , R. (1994). Islamic Architecture form, function and meaning. Columbia University Press. Retrieved 02 02, 2016 Hisham, N. (2006). Manzil Zaynab Khatun. Retrieved September 10, 2016, from ARCHNET: https://archnet.org/sites/4404/media_contents/43405 Historic City of Jeddah and Diriyah. (2011, February 01). Retrieved October 22, 2015, from sky Scraper City: http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?t=1228755 Hogarth, B. (2014). Islam and the Arts of the Ottoman Empire. San Francisco: Asian Art Museum. How to Talk about BIM/Revit without Knowing that Much about BIM/Revit. (2011, March 18). Retrieved November 12, 2014, from BIMuzer: http://www.bimuzer.com/2011/03/18/how-to-talk-about-bimrevit-without-knowing-that- much-about-bimrevit/

186

Ibn Khaldon , A. (1377). The Muqaddimah: an Introduction to History (Abridged edition ed.). (N. J. Dawood, Ed., & F. Rosenthal, Trans.) Princeton University Press. Retrieved August 02, 2014 Islamic Architecture. (2016). Retrieved April 10, 2016, from Questia: https://www.questia.com/library/art-and-architecture/architecture/islamic-architecture Islamic Architecture of the Middle East. (2016). Retrieved from Victoria and Albert Museum The world's leading museum of art and design: http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/v/videos-islamic-architecture-of-the-middle-east/ Ivy, R. (2001, August 31). Interview with His Highness the Aga Khan. (Architectural Record Magazine) Retrieved May 06, 2015, from AGA KHAN DEVELOPMENT NETWORK: http://www.akdn.org/speech/interview-his-highness-aga-khan Kavuri-Bauer, S. (2012, March 9). Islamic Architecture. Retrieved December 16, 2014, from Islamic Arts and Architecture: http://islamic-arts.org/2012/islamic-architecture/ Khemlani, L. (2004, March 22). AUTODESK REVIT: IMPLEMENTATION IN PRACTICE. Arcwiz, 19 Pages. Retrieved August 16, 2016 Kostof, S. (1977). The Architect: Chapters in the History of the Profession (illustrated, reprint ed.). University of California Press. Retrieved January 06, 2015 Krygiel, E., & Nies, B. (2008). Green BIM: Successful Sustainable Design with Building Information Modeling (1st Edition ed.). Indianapolis, Indiana , USA: Wiley Publishing, Inc, . Retrieved September 20, 2016 Lafforgue, E. (2006, October 05). Syria. Retrieved Novmber 04, 2016, from flickr: https://www.pinterest.com/pin/307018899573962548/ Levy, F. (2012). BIM in Small-Scale Sustainable Design. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Retrieved July 02, 2016 Mason, M. (2009, March 15). Extending BIM Design Value Using the Revit Api. Retrieved September 30, 2016, from Autodesk User Group International (AUGI): https://www.augi.com/articles/detail/extending-bim-design-value-using-the-revit-api (2008). Mediterranean Rehabilitation Experiences. Barcelona,: THE EUROPEAN UNION. Retrieved 10 24, 2016, from http://www.rehabimed.net/Publicacions/Experiencies_rehabilitacio_Mediterranies/Experi encias_de_rehabilitacion_mediterraneas/Experiences%20EN_1.pdf Millard, B. (2008, January 02). THE Journal of The American Institute of Architects (ARCHITECT). Retrieved September 07, 2014, from Reed's Acquisition of Tectonic Could Accelerate BIM Revolution: http://www.architectmagazine.com/practice/reeds- acquisition-of-tectonic-could-accelerate-bim-revolution_o

187

Morancy, M. (2014, July 29). WHAT IS THIS THING CALLED LOD? Retrieved October 1, 2016, from The American Institute of Architects, AIA Knowledge Net: http://network.aia.org/HigherLogic/System/DownloadDocumentFile.ashx?DocumentFile Key=6a27a32c-93e0-4ebc-8ec1-f31c52cf71a4 Muir, E., & O'Neill, R. (1994). The paperless design studio. Retrieved September 22, 2015, from Columbia University Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation: https://www.arch.columbia.edu/DDL/paperless/NEWSLINE.html National Institute of Building Scinces. (2015, May). National BIM Standard-United States ®. Retrieved September 02, 2016, from National Institute of Building Scinces: https://www.nationalbimstandard.org/files/NBIMS-US_FactSheet_2015.pdf Nawari , N., & Alsaffar, A. (2016). Planning and Development of BIM Curriculum for Kuwait. Journal of Civil Engineering and Science (JCES) , 5th(1st), 15-32 . Retrieved July 10, 2016 , from www.academicpub.org/DownLoadPaper.aspx?paperid=17103 Nawari, N., & Kuenstle, M. (2014). Building Information Modeling: Framework for Structural Design (Vol. 1). CRC Press. Retrieved november 28, 2014 Nawari, N., & Kuenstle, M. (2015). Building Information Modeling Framework for Structural Design. CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group. Retrieved January 14, 2016 Nawari, N., & Kuenstle, M. (2015). Building Information Modeling Framework for Structural Design. CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group. Retrieved January 14, 2016 Network, A. K. (2014, July 22). Getting Started. Retrieved September 08, 2014, from Help: Revit API Developers Guide: http://help.autodesk.com/view/RVT/2017/ENU/?guid=GUID-93BC4416-FA94-44B3- AA66-931839DA44B4 Okamura, T., Fukami, N., Robert, C., & Andres, F. (2007, June). Digital Resource Semantic Management of Islamic Buildings Case Study on Isfahan Islamic Architecture Digital Collection. International Journal of Architectural Computing, 5(Volume 5, Number 2 / June 2007). doi:10.1260/1478-0771.5.2.356 Omer, S. (2009). A Conceptual Framework for Sustainability in Islamic Architecture: The Signifigance of The Concepts of Man and Environment. International Symposium in Developing Economies Commonalities Diversities (pp. 486 - 496, 12 pages). Penang, Malaysia: CIBW107 and Universiti Sains Malaysia. Retrieved May 10, 2016, from https://www.irbnet.de/daten/iconda/CIB18159.pdf Omer, S. (2016, April 14). The Origins of Rawashin and Mashrabiyyahs. Retrieved September 02, 2016, from medinanet: https://medinanet.org/2016/04/1058/ Peterson, A. (1996). Dictionary of Islamic architecture (first edition ed.). london: routlege.

188

Popov, V., Mikalauskas, S., Migilinskas, D., & Vainiūnas, P. (2006). Complex usage of 4D information modelling concept for building design, estimation, sheduling and determination of effective variant. Ukio Technologinis ir Ekonominis Vystymas - Technological and Economic Development of Economy, XII(2), pages 91-98 . Retrieved September 09, 2016 Program Architecture & Design Days Jeddah. (2012, October 9, 10, & 11). Retrieved September 10, 2015, from AIA Meiddle East: http://www.sesam- uae.com/jeddah/images/Jeddah%20Tour%20Map%20Day%2001.jpg Quirk, V. (2012, December 07 ). A Brief History of BIM. Retrieved Febraury 04, 2016, from http://www.archdaily.com/302490/a-brief-history-of-bim Rabbat , N. (n.d.). Ottoman Architecture in Cairo: The Age of the Mamluk Beys. Retrieved 06 20, 2015, from MIT Education Handout: http://web.mit.edu/4.615/www/handout16.htm Rabbat, N. (2012, Number 6). What is Islamic architecture anyway? Journal of Art Historiography(6), 15. Retrieved Novmber 12, 2014, from https://arthistoriography.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/rabbat1.pdf Revit Fundamentals. (2016, June 16). Retrieved April 02, 2015, from Autodesk Revit Help: https://knowledge.autodesk.com/support/revit-products/getting- started/caas/CloudHelp/cloudhelp/2017/ENU/Revit-GetStarted/files/GUID-03565843- BB48-4707-B54C-39D6E8E51880-htm.html?v=2017 Ruthven, M., & Nanji, A. (2004). Historical Atlas of Islam. Harvard University Press. Retrieved November 05, 2014 Salloum, A. (1983). "El Rawshin" of Jeddah Saudi Arabia. In S. Yannas (Ed.), Passive and Low Energy Architecture, Proceedings of The Second International PLEA Conference (p. 847). Crete, Greece: Pergamon Press. Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books?id=qlEJAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA245&lpg=PA245&dq=As hraf+Salloum,+%E2%80%9C%E2%80%98El+Rawashin%E2%80%99+of+Jeddah+Sau di+Arabia&source=bl&ots=M0WtmQonZK&sig=iOD5Z6iF8EP5xY0G- dUzKurAUM8&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjR_sSPt-LPAhVI2R4KHeL5A2EQ6AE Saoud, R. (2010, January). Introduction to Islamic Architecture. (Foundation for Scince Technology and Civilisation ) Retrieved December 12, 2014, from Muslim Heritage: http://muslimheritage.com/article/introduction-islamic-architecture Schattner, T. G. (1990). Griechische Hausmodelle: Untersuchungen zur frühgriechischen Architektur (Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Athenische Abteilung. Beiheft) (First Edition ed.). Germany : Mann. Retrieved January 16, 2015 Syria. (n.d.). Retrieved November 04, 2016, from The Library of Congress: http://memory.loc.gov/phpdata/pageturner.php?type=contactminor&cmIMG1=/pnp/ppms ca/17400/17416/00082t.gif&agg=ppmsca&item=17416&caption=82

189

Tammik, J. (2012, January 18). The Genesis of Revit and its API. Retrieved 04 18, 2015, from The Building Coder, Blooing about the Revit API.: http://thebuildingcoder.typepad.com/blog/2012/01/the-genesis-of-revit-and-its-api.html Team, A. C. (2014). Revit 2014 Platform API Developers Guide. Retrieved 2014, from Autodesk Revit 2014: http://help.autodesk.com/view/RVT/2017/ENU/?guid=GUID-C574D4C8- B6D2-4E45-93A5-7E35B7E289BE Team, A. C. (2016, April 18). Revit SDK, API Reference Documentation, Macro Samples. Retrieved October 2014, from Autodesk Revit: https://knowledge.autodesk.com/support/revit-products/learn- explore/caas/CloudHelp/cloudhelp/2014/ENU/Revit/files/GUID-D7E8694D-7DB3- 41CA-A0F3-AF64DC2DA015-htm.html The Aga Khan Documentation Center at MIT Libraries. (n.d.). Islamic architecture - Aga Khan Documentation Center. Retrieved February 16, 2015, from MIT Libraries: http://libguides.mit.edu/islam-arch Um, N. (2012). Reflections on the Red Sea Style: Beyond the Surface of Coastal Architecture. Northeast African Studies, 12(1), 243-271. Retrieved 10 10, 2016, from https://www.jstor.org/stable/41960564?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents UNESCO. (2014). Evaluations of Nominations of Cultural and Mixed Properties. Doha,: UNESCO, World Heritage Convention. Retrieved 10 16, 2016, from http://whc.unesco.org/archive/2014/whc14-38com-inf8B1-en.pdf UNESCO, W. H. (2014, June 15). Historic Jeddah, the Gate to Makkah. Retrieved January 15, 2015, from UNESCO World Heritage Centre: http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1361/ Watenpaugh, H. Z. (2007). An Uneasy Historiography: The Legacy of Ottoman. Muqarnas, 24, 316. Retrieved 02 13, 2015

190

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH

Ayad Almaimani was born in Makkah City, Makkah Almukramh Region, Western region of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. He received his education at Jeddah city, Saudi Arabia until graduated from high school. Then, He joined King Abdul-Aziz University at Jeddah to gain his bachelor’s degree in architecture. During that time, he built up his knowledge and awareness of computer-aided design and various architectural software. After he graduated in 2008; he became a demonstrator at the Architecture Department, College of Environmental Design, King

Abdul-Aziz University. His experience with different architectural firms while he was studying bachelor’s degree and his scientific superiority urged him to apply for an academic job. He worked as a demonstrator for one year, during this year he taught various architecture studio levels and prepared himself to continue his higher education and research. He awarded a scholarship from King Abdul-Aziz University to continue his higher education.

In fall 2011, He started his master degree in Architecture from College of Architecture and planning at the University of Utah. He focused during his master on the Architecture and

Urban Design Knowledge. He graduated with a Master of Architecture in spring 2013. Then, He got an acceptance to study the Ph.D. at the Architecture Department, College of Design

Construction and Planning at the University of Florida in spring 2014.

Ayad’s architectural education background and design profession experience fed his research interest in the sophisticated Building Information Modeling (BIM) technology. He has a goal after returning to his country which is to pursue a tenure-track position at King Abdul-Aziz

University where he can promote the architecture and BIM vision acquired while studying in the

United States.

191